ICE3BS03LJG - Infineon Technologies

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Off-Line SMPS Current Mode

Controller with integrated 500V

Startup Cell ( Latched and

frequency jitter Mode )

Never stop thinking.

Power Management & Supply

Version 2.0, 6 Dec 2007

Edition 2007-12-6

Published by

Infineon Technologies AG,

81726 Munich, Germany,

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of any third party.

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F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Revision History: 2007-12-6 Datasheet

Previous Version: 1.0

Page Subjects (major changes since last revision)

Type Marking Package FOSC

ICE3BS03LJG 3BS3LJ PG-DSO-8 65kHz

Version 2.0 3 6 Dec 2007

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

CVCC

CBulk Converter

DC Output

ICE3BS03LJ ( Latch & Jitter )

Snubber

Power

Management

PWM Controller

Current Mode

85 -- 270 VAC

Typical Application

RSense

Gate

Startup Cell

Precise Low

Tolerance Peak

Current Limitation

VCC

Control Unit

Active Burst Mode

Auto Restart Mode

Latch off Mode GND

Off-Line SMPS Current Mode Controller with

integrated 500V Startup Cell ( Latched and

frequency jitter Mode )

P-DSO-8-3, -

PG-DSO-8

Description

The ICE3BS03LJG is the latest version of the F3 controller

for lowest standby power and low EMI features with both

auto-restart and latch off protection features to enhance

the system robustness. It targets for off-Line battery

adapters, and low cost SMPS for low to medium power

range such as application for the DVD R/W, DVD Combi,

Blue Ray DVD player and recorder, set top box, charger,

note book adapter, etc. The inherited outstanding features

includes 500V startup cell, active burst mode (achieve the

lowest standby power; i.e. <100mV at no load with

Vin=270Vac) and propagation delay compensation

(accurate output power limit for wide range input),

modulated gate drive (low EMI), etc. The newly added

technology and features can further enhance the features.

It includes BiCMOS technology (further lower power

consumption and extend Vcc operating range to 26V),

frequency jittering feature (low EMI), built-in soft start,

built-in blanking window with extendable blanking time for

high load jump, external latch off enable pin (feasible for

extra protection), etc. Therefore, ICE3BS03LJG is a

versatile PWM controller for low to medium power

application.

Product Highlights

• Active Burst Mode to reach the lowest Standby Power

Requirements < 100mW

• Built-in latched Off protection Mode and external latch enable

function to increase robustness of the system

• Built-in and extendable blanking Window for high load jumps to

increase system reliability

• Frequency jitter for low EMI

• Pb-free lead plating; RoHS compilant

Features

• 500V Startup Cell switched off after Start Up

• Active Burst Mode for lowest Standby Power

• Fast load jump response in Active Burst Mode

• 65kHz internally fixed switching frequency

• Built-in Latched Off Protection Mode for

Overtemperature, Overvoltage & Short Winding

• Auto Restart Protection Mode for Overload, Open

Loop & VCC Undervoltage

• Built-in Soft Start

• Built-in blanking window with extendable blanking

time for short duration high current

• External latch off enable function

• Max Duty Cycle 75%

• Overall tolerance of Current Limiting < ±5%

• Internal PWM Leading Edge Blanking

• BiCMOS technology provide wide VCC range

• Frequency jitter and soft gate driving for low EMI

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Table of Contents Page

Version 2.0 4 6 Dec 2007

1 Pin Configuration and Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

1.1 Pin Configuration with PG-DSO-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

1.2 Pin Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

2 Representative Blockdiagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

3 Functional Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

3.2 Power Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

3.3 Improved Current Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

3.3.1 PWM-OP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

3.3.2 PWM-Comparator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

3.4 Startup Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

3.5 PWM Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

3.5.1 Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

3.5.2 PWM-Latch FF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

3.5.3 Gate Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

3.6 Current Limiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

3.6.1 Leading Edge Blanking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

3.6.2 Propagation Delay Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

3.7 Control Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

3.7.1 Basic and Extendable Blanking Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

3.7.2 Active Burst Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

3.7.2.1 Entering Active Burst Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

3.7.2.2 Working in Active Burst Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

3.7.2.3 Leaving Active Burst Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

3.7.3 Protection Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

3.7.3.1 Latched Off Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

3.7.3.2 Auto Restart Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

4 Electrical Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

4.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

4.2 Operating Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

4.3 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

4.3.1 Supply Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

4.3.2 Internal Voltage Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

4.3.3 PWM Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

4.3.4 Soft Start time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

4.3.5 Control Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

4.3.6 Current Limiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

4.3.7 Driver Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

5 Outline Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

6 Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Version 2.0 5 6 Dec 2007

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Pin Configuration and Functionality

1 Pin Configuration and Functionality

1.1 Pin Configuration with PG-DSO-8

Figure 1 Pin Configuration PG-DSO-8(top view)

1.2 Pin Functionality

BL (extended Blanking and Latch off enable)

The BL pin combines the functions of extendable

blanking time for entering the Auto Restart Protection

Mode and the external latch off enable. The extendable

blanking time function is to extend the built-in 20ms

blanking time by adding an external capacitor at BL to

ground. The external latch off enable function is an

external access to latch off the IC. It is triggered by

pulling down the BL pin to less than 0.25V.

FB (Feedback)

The information about the regulation is provided by the

FB Pin to the internal Protection Unit and to the internal

PWM-Comparator to control the duty cycle. The FB-

Signal is the only control in case of light load at the

Active Burst Mode.

CS (Current Sense)

The Current Sense pin senses the voltage developed

on the series resistor inserted in the source of the

Power MOSFET. If CS reaches the internal threshold

of the Current Limit Comparator, the Driver output is

immediately switched off. Furthermore, this current

information can be used to realize the Current Mode

operation through the PWM-Comparator where it

compares with FB signal.

Gate

The Gate pin is the output of the internal driver stage

connected to the Gate of an external power MOSFET.

HV (High Voltage)

The high voltage Pin is connected to the rectified DC

input voltage. It is the input for the integrated 500V

Startup cell.

VCC (Power supply)

The VCC pin is the positive supply of the IC. The

operating range is between 10.5V and 26V.

GND (Ground)

The GND pin is the ground of the controller.

Pin Symbol Function

1 BL extended Blanking and Latch off

enable

2 FB Feedback

3 CS Current Sense

4 Gate Gate driver output

5 HV High Voltage input

6 n.c. Not Connected

7 VCC Controller Supply Voltage

8 GND Controller Ground

Package PG-DSO-8

GNDBL

VCC

N.C.

Gate HV

Version 2.0 6 6 Dec 2007

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Representative Blockdiagram

Internal Bias Voltage

Reference

Oscillator

Duty Cycle

max

x3.2

Current Limiting

PWM OP

Current Mode

Soft Start

25.5V

Power Management

VCC

85 ... 270 VAC C

Bulk

Converter

DC Output

OUT

PWM

Comparator

4.0V

Gat e

Dri ver

0.72

Clock

Sense

10kΩ

C6a

3.0V

1.23V C10

Auto

Restart

Mode

0.9V

Power-Down

Reset

BL GND

PWM

Secti on

Control Unit

FF1

C12

0.25V

Leading

Edge

Blanki ng

220ns

25kΩ

2pF

5.0V

G10

1pF

Propagation-Delay

Compensation

5.0V

Undervoltage Lockout

csth

ICE3XS03LJ-F3 PWM controller ( Latch and Jitter Mode )

Snubber

VCC

Startup Cell

C6b

3.5V

G11

Active Burst

Mode 0.6V

10.5V

18V

# : optional external components;

#1 : CBK is used to extend the Blanking Time

#2 : TAE is used to enable the external Latch off feature

Freq. jitter

20ms

Blanki ng

Time

20ms Blanking

Time

120us

Blanking Time

Soft

Start

Block

Soft-Start

Comparator

Spike

Blanki ng

30us

3.25kΩ

5.0V

T3 0.6V

IBK

VCC

Latch off

Enabl e

Signal

TAE

0.25V

C11

1.66V

Spi ke

Blanki ng

190ns

Latched off

Mode Reset

VCC < 6.23V

Spike

Blanking

30us

G3 Latch off

Mode

Thermal Shutdown

Tj >130°C

Gate

1 ms

counter

2 Representative Blockdiagram

Figure 2 Representative Blockdiagram

Version 2.0 7 6 Dec 2007

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Functional Description

3 Functional Description

All values which are used in the functional description

are typical values. For calculating the worst cases the

min/max values which can be found in section 4

Electrical Characteristics have to be considered.

3.1 Introduction

ICE3BS03LJG is an enhanced version of the F3 PWM

controller (ICE3xS02) for the low to medium power

application. The particular enhanced features are the

built-in features for soft start, blanking window and

frequency jitter. It also provides the flexibility to

increase the blanking window by simply adding

capacitor in BL pin. To increase the robustness and

flexibility of the protection feature, an external latch-off

enable feature is added. Moreover, the proven

outstanding features in F3 PWM controller are still

remained such as the active burst mode, propagation

delay compensation, modulated gate drive, protection

for Vcc overvoltage, over temperature, over load, open

loop, etc.

The intelligent Active Burst Mode at Standby Mode can

effective obtain the lowest Standby Power at minimum

load and no load conditions. After entering this burst

mode, there is still a full control of the power conversion

by the secondary side via the same optocoupler that is

used for the normal PWM control. The response on

load jumps is optimized. The voltage ripple on Vout is

minimized. Vout is on well controlled in this mode.

The usual externally connected RC-filter in the

feedback line after the optocoupler is integrated in the

IC to reduce the external part count.

Furthermore, a high voltage Startup Cell is integrated

into the IC which is switched off once the Undervoltage

Lockout on-threshold of 18V is exceeded. The external

startup resistor is no longer necessary as this Startup

Cell can directly connected to the input bulk capacitor.

Power losses are therefore reduced. This increases the

efficiency under light load conditions drastically.

Adopting the BiCMOS technology, it can further

decrease the power consumption and provide a even

better standby input power. Besides, it also increases

the design flexibility as the Vcc voltage range is

extended to 26V.

The built-in soft start time at 20ms can provide

sufficient timing to reduce the over-stress at power

MOSFET and the output rectifier during startup.

There are 2 modes of blanking time for high load

jumps; the basic mode and the extendable mode. The

blanking time for the basic mode is set at 20ms while

the extendable mode will increase the blanking time at

basic mode by adding external capacitor at the BL pin.

During this time window the overload detection is

disabled. With this concept no further external

components are necessary to adjust the blanking

window.

In order to increase the robustness and safety of the

system, the IC provides 2 levels of protection modes:

Latched Off Mode and Auto Restart Mode. The

Latched Off Mode is only entered under dangerous

conditions which can damage the SMPS if not switched

off immediately. A restart of the system can only be

done by recycling the AC line. In addition, for this

enhanced version, there is an external Latch Enable

function provided to increase the flexibility in protection.

When the BL pin is pulled down to less than 0.25V, the

Latch Off Mode is triggered.

The Auto Restart Mode reduces the average power

conversion to a minimum under unsafe operating

conditions. This is necessary for a prolonged fault

condition which could otherwise lead to a destruction of

the SMPS over time. Once the malfunction is removed,

normal operation is automatically retained after the

next Start Up Phase.

The internal precise peak current control reduces the

costs for the transformer and the secondary diode. The

influence of the change in the input voltage on the

maximum power limitation can be avoided together

with the integrated Propagation Delay Compensation.

Therefore the maximum power is nearly independent

on the input voltage, which is required for wide range

SMPS. Thus there is no need for the over-sizing of the

SMPS, e.g. the transformer and the output diode.

Furthermore, this enhanced version implements the

frequency jitter mode to the switching clock and

modulated gate drive signal at the Gate pin such that

the EMI noise will be effectively reduced.

3.2 Power Management

The Undervoltage Lockout monitors the external

supply voltage VVCC. When the SMPS is plugged to the

main line, the internal Startup Cell is biased and starts

to charge the external capacitor CVCC which is

connected to the VCC pin. This VCC charge current is

controlled to 0.9mA by the Startup Cell. When the VVCC

exceeds the on-threshold VCCon=18V, the bias circuit

are switched on. Then the Startup Cell is switched off

by the Undervoltage Lockout and therefore no power

losses present due to the connection of the Startup Cell

to the Drain voltage. To avoid uncontrolled ringing at

switch-on a hysteresis start up voltage is implemented.

The switch-off of the controller can only take place after

Active Mode was entered and VVCC falls below 10.5V.

The maximum current consumption before the

controller is activated is about 250µA.

When VVCC falls below the off-threshold VCCoff=10.5V,

the bias circuit switched off and the soft start counter is

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Functional Description

Version 2.0 8 6 Dec 2007

reset. Thus it is ensured that at every startup cycle the

soft start starts at zero.

Figure 3 Power Management

The internal bias circuit is switched off if Latched Off

Mode or Auto Restart Mode is entered. The current

consumption is then reduced to 250µA.

Once the malfunction condition is removed, this block

will then turn back on. The recovery from Auto Restart

Mode does not require re-cycling the AC line. In case

Latched Off Mode is entered, VCC needs to be

dropped below 6.23V to reset the Latched Off Mode.

This is done usually by re-cycling the AC line.

When Active Burst Mode is entered, the internal Bias is

switched off most of the time but the Voltage Reference

is kept alive in order to reduce the current consumption

below 450µA.

3.3 Improved Current Mode

Figure 4 Current Mode

Current Mode means the duty cycle is controlled by the

slope of the primary current. This is done by comparing

the FB signal with the amplified current sense signal.

Figure 5 Pulse Width Modulation

In case the amplified current sense signal exceeds the

FB signal, the on-time Ton of the driver is finished by

resetting the PWM-Latch (see Figure 5).

The primary current is sensed by the external series

resistor RSense inserted in the source of the external

power MOSFET. By means of Current Mode

regulation, the secondary output voltage is insensitive

Internal Bias

Voltage

Reference

Power Management

Latched Off Mode

Reset

VVCC < 6.23V

5.0V

Latched Off

Mode

Undervoltage Lockout

18V

10.5V

Power-Down Reset

Active Burst

Mode

Auto Restart

Mode

Startup Cell

VCCHV

Soft Start block

x3.2

PWM OP

Improved

Current Mode

0.6V

PWM-Latch

Driver

Soft-Start Comparator

Amplified Current Signal

Ton

0.6V

Driver

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Functional Description

Version 2.0 9 6 Dec 2007

to the line variations. The current waveform slope will

change with the line variation, which controls the duty

cycle.

The external RSense allows an individual adjustment of

the maximum source current of the external power

MOSFET.

To improve the Current Mode during light load

conditions the amplified current ramp of the PWM-OP

is superimposed on a voltage ramp, which is built by

the switch T2, the voltage source V1 and a resistor R1

(see Figure 6). Every time the oscillator shuts down for

maximum duty cycle limitation the switch T2 is closed

by VOSC. When the oscillator triggers the Gate Driver,

T2 is opened so that the voltage ramp can start.

In case of light load the amplified current ramp is too

small to ensure a stable regulation. In that case the

Voltage Ramp is a well defined signal for the

comparison with the FB-signal. The duty cycle is then

controlled by the slope of the Voltage Ramp.

By means of the time delay circuit which is triggered by

the inverted VOSC signal, the Gate Driver is switched-off

until it reaches approximately 156ns delay time (see

Figure 7). It allows the duty cycle to be reduced

continuously till 0% by decreasing VFB below that

threshold.

Figure 6 Improved Current Mode

Figure 7 Light Load Conditions

3.3.1 PWM-OP

The input of the PWM-OP is applied over the internal

leading edge blanking to the external sense resistor

RSense connected to pin CS. RSense converts the source

current into a sense voltage. The sense voltage is

amplified with a gain of 3.2 by PWM OP. The output of

the PWM-OP is connected to the voltage source V1.

The voltage ramp with the superimposed amplified

current signal is fed into the positive inputs of the PWM-

Comparator C8 and the Soft-Start-Comparator (see

Figure 6).

3.3.2 PWM-Comparator

The PWM-Comparator compares the sensed current

signal of the external power MOSFET with the

feedback signal VFB (see Figure 8). VFB is created by an

external optocoupler or external transistor in

combination with the internal pull-up resistor RFB and

provides the load information of the feedback circuitry.

When the amplified current signal of the external power

MOSFET exceeds the signal VFB the PWM-

Comparator switches off the Gate Driver.

PWM OP

0.6V

10kΩ

Oscillator

T2R1

PWM-Latch

Gate Driver

Voltage Ramp

VOSC

Soft-Start Comparator

time delay

circuit (156ns)

X3.2

PWM Comparator

VOSC

0.6V

max.

Duty Cycle

Gate Driver

Voltage Ramp

156ns time delay

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Functional Description

Version 2.0 10 6 Dec 2007

Figure 8 PWM Controlling

3.4 Startup Phase

Figure 9 Soft Start

In the Startup Phase, the IC provides a Soft Start

period to control the maximum primary current by

means of a duty cycle limitation. The Soft Start function

is a built-in function and it is controlled by an internal

counter.

Figure 10 Soft Start Phase

When the VVCC exceeds the on-threshold voltage, the

IC starts the Soft Start mode (see Figure 10).

The function is realized by an internal Soft Start

resistor, an current sink and a counter. And the

amplitude of the current sink is controlled by the

counter (see Figure 11).

Figure 11 Soft Start Circuit

After the IC is switched on, the VSFOFTS voltage is

controlled such that the voltage is increased step-

wisely (32 steps) with the increase of the counts. The

Soft Start counter would send a signal to the current

sink control in every 600us such that the current sink

X3.2

PWM OP

Improved

Current Mode

PWM Comparator

Soft-Start Comparator

0.6V

Optocoupler

RFB

PWM-Latch

Soft-Start

Comparator

Soft Start

Gate Driver

0.6V

x3.2

PWM OP

Soft S tart counter

Soft Start

Soft Start finish

SoftS

VSoftS

VSoftS2

VSoftS1

RSoftS

Soft Start

Counter

SoftS

32I

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Functional Description

Version 2.0 11 6 Dec 2007

decrease gradually and the duty ratio of the gate drive

increases gradually. The Soft Start will be finished in

20ms (TSoft-Start) after the IC is switched on. At the end

of the Soft Start period, the current sink is switched off.

Figure 12 Gate drive signal under Soft-Start Phase

Within the soft start period, the duty cycle is increasing

from zero to maximum gradually (see Figure 12).

Figure 13 Start Up Phase

In addition to Start-Up, Soft-Start is also activated at

each restart attempt during Auto Restart.

The Start-Up time TStart-Up before the converter output

voltage VOUT is settled, must be shorter than the Soft-

Start Phase TSoft-Start (see Figure 13).

By means of Soft-Start there is an effective

minimization of current and voltage stresses on the

external power MOSFET, the clamp circuit and the

output overshoot and it helps to prevent saturation of

the transformer during Start-Up.

3.5 PWM Section

Figure 14 PWM Section Block

3.5.1 Oscillator

The oscillator generates a fixed frequency of 65KHz

with frequency jittering of ±4% (which is ±2.6KHz) at a

jittering period of 4ms.

A capacitor, a current source and a current sink which

determine the frequency are integrated. The charging

and discharging current of the implemented oscillator

capacitor are internally trimmed, in order to achieve a

very accurate switching frequency. The ratio of

controlled charge to discharge current is adjusted to

reach a maximum duty cycle limitation of Dmax=0.75.

Once the Soft Start period is over and when the IC goes

into normal operating mode, the switching frequency of

the clock is varied by the control signal from the Soft

VSOFTS32

VSoftS

Gate

Driver

TSoft-Start

VSoftS

VSOFTS32

4.0V

TSoft-Start

VOUT

VFB

VOUT

TStart-Up

Oscillator

Duty Cycle

max

Gate Driver

0.75

Clock

PWM Section

FF1

Soft Start

Comparator

PWM

Comparator

Current

Limiting

Frequency

Jitter

Soft Start

Block

Gate

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Functional Description

Version 2.0 12 6 Dec 2007

Start block. Then the switching frequency is varied in

range of 65KHz ± 2.6KHz at period of 4ms.

3.5.2 PWM-Latch FF

The output of the oscillator block provides continuous

pulse to the PWM-Latch which turns on/off the external

power MOSFET. After the PWM-Latch is set, it is reset

by the PWM comparator, the Soft Start comparator or

the Current -Limit comparator. When it is in reset mode,

the output of the gate driver is shut down immediately.

3.5.3 Gate Driver

Figure 15 Gate Driver

The driver-stage is optimized to minimize EMI and to

provide high circuit efficiency. This is done by reducing

the switch on slope when exceeding the external power

MOSFET threshold. This is achieved by a slope control

of the rising edge at the gate driver’s output (see Figure

16).

Figure 16 Gate Rising Slope

Thus the leading switch on spike is minimized.

Furthermore the driver circuit is designed to eliminate

cross conduction of the output stage.

During power up, when VCC is below the undervoltage

lockout threshold VVCCoff, the output of the Gate Driver

is set to low in order to disable power transfer to the

secondary side.

3.6 Current Limiting

Figure 17 Current Limiting Block

There is a cycle by cycle peak current limiting operation

realized by the Current-Limit comparator C10. The

source current of the external power MOSFET is

sensed via an external sense resistor RSense. By means

of RSense the source current is transformed to a sense

voltage VSense which is fed into the pin CS. If the voltage

VSense exceeds the internal threshold voltage Vcsth, the

comparator C10 immediately turns off the gate drive by

resetting the PWM Latch FF1.

A Propagation Delay Compensation is added to

support the immediate shut down of the external power

MOSFET with very short propagation delay. Thus the

influence of the AC input voltage on the maximum

output power can be reduced to minimal.

In order to prevent the current limit from distortions

caused by leading edge spikes, a Leading Edge

VCC

PWM-Latch

Gate Driver

Gate

ca. t = 130ns

C11

Current Limiting

C10

1.66V

C12

0.25V

Leading

Edge

Blanking

220ns

G10

Spike

Blanking

190ns

Over Power Protection

Vcsth

Active Burst

Mode

PWM Latch

FF1

10k

1pF

PWM-OP

Latched Off

Mode

OPP

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Functional Description

Version 2.0 13 6 Dec 2007

Blanking is integrated in the current sense path for the

comparators C10, C12 and the PWM-OP.

The output of comparator C12 is activated by the AND

Gate G10 if Active Burst Mode is entered. When it is

activated, the current limiting is reduced to 0.25V. This

voltage level determines the maximum power level in

Active Burst Mode.

Furthermore, the comparator C11 is implemented to

detect dangerous current levels which could occur if

there is a short winding in the transformer or the

secondary diode is shorten. To ensure that there is no

accidentally entering of the Latched Mode by the

comparator C11, a 190ns spike blanking time is

integrated in the output path of comparator C11.

3.6.1 Leading Edge Blanking

Figure 18 Leading Edge Blanking

Whenever the power MOSFET is switched on, a

leading edge spike is generated due to the primary-

side capacitances and reverse recovery time of the

secondary-side rectifier. This spike can cause the gate

drive to switch off unintentionally. In order to avoid a

premature termination of the switching pulse, this spike

is blanked out with a time constant of tLEB = 220ns.

3.6.2 Propagation Delay Compensation

Figure 19 Current Limiting

In case of overcurrent detection, there is always

propagation delay to switch off the external power

MOSFET. An overshoot of the peak current Ipeak is

induced to the delay, which depends on the ratio of dI/

dt of the peak current (see Figure 19).

The overshoot of Signal2 is larger than of Signal1 due

to the steeper rising waveform. This change in the

slope is depending on the AC input voltage.

Propagation Delay Compensation is integrated to

reduce the overshoot due to dI/dt of the rising primary

current. Thus the propagation delay time between

exceeding the current sense threshold Vcsth and the

switching off of the external power MOSFET is

compensated over temperature within a wide range.

Current Limiting is then very accurate.

For example, Ipeak = 0.5A with RSense = 2. The current

sense threshold is set to a static voltage level Vcsth=1V

without Propagation Delay Compensation. A current

ramp of dI/dt = 0.4A/µs, or dVSense/dt = 0.8V/µs, and a

propagation delay time of tPropagation Delay =180ns leads

to an Ipeak overshoot of 14.4%. With the propagation

delay compensation, the overshoot is only around 2%

(see Figure 20).

Figure 20 Overcurrent Shutdown

Figure 21 Dynamic Voltage Threshold Vcsth

VSense

Vcsth tLEB = 220ns

ISense

ILimit

tPropagation Delay

IOvershoot1

Ipeak1

Signal1Signal2

IOvershoot2

Ipeak2

0,9

0,95

1,05

1,1

1,15

1,2

1,25

1,3

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2

with compensation without compensation

dVSense s

Sense

Vcsth

VOSC

Signal1 Signal2

VSense Propagation Delay

max. Duty Cycle

off time

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Functional Description

Version 2.0 14 6 Dec 2007

The Propagation Delay Compensation is realized by

means of a dynamic threshold voltage Vcsth (see Figure

21). In case of a steeper slope the switch off of the

driver is earlier to compensate the delay.

3.7 Control Unit

The Control Unit contains the functions for Active Burst

Mode, Auto Restart Mode and Latched Off Mode. The

Active Burst Mode and the Auto Restart Mode both

have 20ms internal Blanking Time. For the Auto

Restart Mode, a further extendable Blanking Time is

achieved by adding external capacitor at BL pin. By

means of this Blanking Time, the IC avoids entering

into these two modes accidentally. Furthermore those

buffer time for the overload detection is very useful for

the application that works in low current but requires a

short duration of high current occasionally.

3.7.1 Basic and Extendable Blanking Mode

Figure 22 Basic and Extendable Blanking Mode

There are 2 kinds of Blanking mode; basic mode and

the extendable mode. The basic mode has an internal

pre-set 20ms blanking time while the extendable mode

has extended blanking time to basic mode by

connecting an external capacitor to the BL pin. For the

extendable mode, the gate G5 is blocked even though

the 20ms blanking time is reached if an external

capacitor CBK is added to BL pin. While the 20ms

blanking time is passed, the switch S1 is opened by

G2. Then the 0.9V clamped voltage at BL pin is

charged to 4.0V through the internal IBK constant

current. Then G5 is enabled by comparator C3. After

the 30us spike blanking time, the Auto Restart Mode is

activated.

For example, if CBK = 0.22uF, IBK = 13uA

Blanking time = 20ms + CBK x (4.0 - 0.9) / IBK = 72ms

The 20ms blanking time circuit after C4 is disabled by

the soft stat block such that the controller can start up

properly.

The Active Burst Mode has basic blanking mode only

while the Auto Restart Mode has both the basic and the

extendable blanking mode.

3.7.2 Active Burst Mode

The IC enters Active Burst Mode under low load

conditions. With the Active Burst Mode, the efficiency

increases significantly at light load conditions while still

maintaining a low ripple on VOUT and a fast response on

load jumps. During Active Burst Mode, the IC is

controlled by the FB signal. Since the IC is always

active, it can be a very fast response to the quick

change at the FB signal. The Start up Cell is kept OFF

in order to minimize the power loss.

Figure 23 Active Burst Mode

The Active Burst Mode is located in the Control Unit.

Figure 23 shows the related components.

4.0V

1.23V

0.9V

Control Unit

Active

Burst

Mode

Auto

Restart

Mode

5.0V

CBK

20ms

Blanking

Time

20ms

Blanking

Time

Spike

Blanking

30us

#IBK

Soft Start

block

4.0V

C6a

3.5V

1.23V

Control Unit

Active

Burst

Mode

Internal Bias

G10

Current

Limiting

C6b

3.0V

G11

20 ms Blanking

Time

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Functional Description

Version 2.0 15 6 Dec 2007

3.7.2.1 Entering Active Burst Mode

The FB signal is kept monitoring by the comparator C4.

During normal operation, the internal blanking time

counter is reset to 0. When FB signal falls below 1.23V,

it starts to count. When the counter reach 20ms and FB

signal is still below 1.23V, the system enters the Active

Burst Mode. This time window prevents a sudden

entering into the Active Burst Mode due to large load

jumps.

After entering Active Burst Mode, a burst flag is set and

the internal bias is switched off in order to reduce the

current consumption of the IC to approx. 450uA.

It needs the application to enforce the VCC voltage

above the Undervoltage Lockout level of 10.5V such

that the Startup Cell will not be switched on

accidentally. Or otherwise the power loss will increase

drastically. The minimum VCC level during Active Burst

Mode depends on the load condition and the

application. The lowest VCC level is reached at no load

condition.

3.7.2.2 Working in Active Burst Mode

After entering the Active Burst Mode, the FB voltage

rises as VOUT starts to decrease, which is due to the

inactive PWM section. The comparator C6a monitors

the FB signal. If the voltage level is larger than 3.5V, the

internal circuit will be activated; the Internal Bias circuit

resumes and starts to provide switching pulse. In

Active Burst Mode the gate G10 is released and the

current limit is reduced to 0.25V. In one hand, it can

reduce the conduction loss and the other hand, it can

reduce the audible noise. If the load at VOUT is still kept

unchanged, the FB signal will drop to 3.0V. At this level

the C6b deactivates the internal circuit again by

switching off the internal Bias. The gate G11 is active

again as the burst flag is set after entering Active Burst

Mode. In Active Burst Mode, the FB voltage is changing

like a saw tooth between 3.0V and 3.5V (see Figure

24).

3.7.2.3 Leaving Active Burst Mode

The FB voltage will increase immediately if there is a

high load jump. This is observed by the comparator C4.

As the current limit is app. 25% during Active Burst

Mode, a certain load jump is needed so that the FB

signal can exceed 4.0V. At that time the comparator C4

resets the Active Burst Mode control which in turn

blocks the comparator C12 by the gate G10. The

maximum current can then be resumed to stabilize

VOUT.

Figure 24 Signals in Active Burst Mode

1.23V

3.5V

4.0V

VFB

0.25V

1.06V

VCS

10.5V

VVCC t

450uA

IVCC

2.5mA

VOUT

20ms Blanking Time

Current limit level

during Active Burst

Mode

3.0V

Entering

Active Burst

Mode

Leaving

Active Burst

Mode

Blanking Timer

Version 2.0 16 6 Dec 2007

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Functional Description

3.7.3 Protection Modes

The IC provides several protection features which are

separated into two categories. Some enter Latched Off

Mode and the others enter Auto Restart Mode. Besides

the pre-defined protection feature for the Latch off

mode, there is also an external Latch off Enable pin for

customer defined Latch off protection features. The

Latched Off Mode can only be reset if VCC falls below

6.23V. Both modes prevent the SMPS from destructive

states.The following table shows the relationship

between possible system failures and the chosen

protection modes.

3.7.3.1 Latched Off Mode

Figure 25 Latched Off Mode

The VCC voltage is observed by comparator C1. If the

VCC voltage is > 25.5V, the overvoltage detection is

activated. It enters the latch off mode.

The internal Voltage Reference is switched off most of

the time once Latched Off Mode is entered in order to

minimize the current consumption of the IC. This

Latched Off Mode can only be reset if the VVCC < 6.23V.

In this mode, only the UVLO is working which controls

the Startup Cell by switching on/off at VVCCon/VVCCoff.

During this phase, the average current consumption is

only 250µA. As there is no longer a self-supply by the

auxiliary winding, the VCC drops. The Undervoltage

Lockout switches on the integrated Startup Cell when

VCC falls below 10.5V. The Startup Cell is switched off

again when VCC has exceeded 18V. Once the Latched

Off Mode was entered, there is no Start Up Phase

whenever the VCC exceeds the switch-on level of the

Undervoltage Lockout. Therefore the VCC voltage

changes between the switch-on and switch-off levels of

the Undervoltage Lockout with a saw tooth shape (see

Figure 26).

Figure 26 Signals in Latched Off Mode

The Thermal Shutdown block monitors the junction

temperature of the IC. After detecting a junction

temperature higher than latched thermal shutdown

temperature; TjSD, the Latched Off Mode is entered.

The signals coming from the temperature detection and

VCC overvoltage detection are fed into a spike

blanking with a time constant of 30µs in order to ensure

the system reliability.

Furthermore, a short winding or short diode on the

secondary side can be detected by the comparator C11

which is in parallel to the propagation delay

compensated current limit comparator C10. In normal

operating mode, comparator C10 controls the

maximum level of the CS signal at 1.06V. If there is a

VCC Overvoltage Latched Off Mode

Overtemperature Latched Off Mode

Short Winding/Short Diode Latched Off Mode

BL pin < 0.25V Latched Off Mode

Overload Auto Restart Mode

Open Loop Auto Restart Mode

VCC Undervoltage Auto Restart Mode

Short Optocoupler Auto Restart Mode

25.5V

Spike

Blanking

30us

Thermal Shutdown

Tj >130°C

Latched

Off Mode

VCC

C11

1.66V

Spike

Blanking

190ns

Voltage

Reference

Control Unit

Latched Off

Mode Reset

VCC < 6.23V

TLE

Latch

Enable

signal

30us

Blanking

Time

0.25V

1ms

counter

UVLO

10.5V

IVCCStart

0.9mA

VOUT

VVCC

18V

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Functional Description

Version 2.0 17 6 Dec 2007

failure such as short winding or short diode, C10 is no

longer able to limit the CS signal at 1.06V. Instead the

comparator C11 detects the peak current voltage >

1.66V and enters the Latched Off Mode immediately in

order to keep the SMPS in a safe stage.

In case the pre-defined Latch Off features are not

sufficient, there is a customer defined external Latch

Enable feature. The Latch Off Mode can be triggered

by pulling down the BL pin to < 0.25V. It can simply add

a trigger signal to the base of the externally added

transistor, TLE at the BL pin. To ensure this latch

function will not be mis-triggered during start up, a 1ms

delay time is implemented to blank the unstable signal.

3.7.3.2 Auto Restart Mode

Figure 27 Auto Restart Mode

In case of Overload or Open Loop, the FB exceeds

4.0V which will be observed by comparator C4. Then

the internal blanking counter starts to count. When it

reaches 20ms, the switch S1 is released. Then the

clamped voltage 0.9V at VBL can increase. When there

is no external capacitor CBK connected, the VBL will

reach 4.0V immediately. When both the input signals at

AND gate G5 is positive, the Auto-Restart Mode will be

activated after the extra spike blanking time of 30us is

elapsed. However, when an extra blanking time is

needed, it can be achieved by adding an external

capacitor, CBK. A constant current source of IBK will start

to charge the capacitor CBK from 0.9V to 4.0V after the

switch S1 is released. The charging time from 0.9V to

4.0V are the extendable blanking time. If CBK is 0.22uF

and IBK is 13uA, the extendable blanking time is around

52ms and the total blanking time is 72ms. In combining

the FB and blanking time, there is a blanking window

generated which prevents the system to enter Auto

Restart Mode due to large load jumps.

In case of VCC undervoltage, the IC enters into the

Auto Restart Mode and starts a new startup cycle.

Short Optocoupler also leads to VCC undervoltage as

there is no self supply after activating the internal

reference and bias.

In contrast to the Latched Off Mode, there is always a

Startup Phase with switching cycles in Auto Restart

Mode. After this Start Up Phase, the conditions are

again checked whether the failure mode is still present.

Normal operation is resumed once the failure mode is

removed that had caused the Auto Restart Mode.

4.0V

0.9V

Control Unit

Auto

Restart

Mode

5.0V

CBK

20ms

Blanking

Time

Spike

Blanking

30us

#IBK

Version 2.0 18 6 Dec 2007

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Electrical Characteristics

4 Electrical Characteristics

Note: All voltages are measured with respect to ground (Pin 8). The voltage levels are valid if other ratings are

not violated.

4.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings

Note: Absolute maximum ratings are defined as ratings, which when being exceeded may lead to destruction

of the integrated circuit. For the same reason make sure, that any capacitor that will be connected to pin 7

(VCC) is discharged before assembling the application circuit.

4.2 Operating Range

Note: Within the operating range the IC operates as described in the functional description.

Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Remarks

min. max.

HV Voltage VHV -500V

VCC Supply Voltage VVCC -0.3 27 V

FB Voltage VFB -0.3 5.0 V

CS Voltage VCS -0.3 5.0 V

Junction Temperature Tj-40 150 °C

Storage Temperature TS-55 150 °C

Thermal Resistance

Junction -Ambient

RthJA -185K/W

ESD Capability (incl. Drain Pin) VESD - 2 kV Human body model1)

1) According to EIA/JESD22-A114-B (discharging a 100pF capacitor through a 1.5kΩ series resistor)

Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Remarks

min. max.

VCC Supply Voltage VVCC VVCCoff 26 V

Junction Temperature of

Controller

TjCon -25 130 °C Max value limited due to thermal

shut down of controller

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Electrical Characteristics

Version 2.0 19 6 Dec 2007

4.3 Characteristics

4.3.1 Supply Section

Note: The electrical characteristics involve the spread of values within the specified supply voltage and junction

temperature range TJ from – 25 °C to 125 °C. Typical values represent the median values, which are

related to 25°C. If not otherwise stated, a supply voltage of VCC = 18 V is assumed.

4.3.2 Internal Voltage Reference

Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Test Condition

min. typ. max.

Start Up Current IVCCstart - 150 250 µAVVCC =16.5V

VCC Charge Current IVCCcharge1 --5.0mAVVCC = 0V

IVCCcharge2 0.55 0.90 1.60 mA VVCC = 1V

IVCCcharge3 -0.7-mAVVCC =16.5V

Leakage Current of

Start Up Cell

IStartLeak -0.250µAVHV = 450V,

VVCC=18V

Supply Current with

Inactive Gate

IVCCsup1 -1.52.5mA

Supply Current with Active Gate IVCCsup2 -2.54.2mAIFB = 0A, CLoad=1nF

Supply Current in Latched Off

Mode

IVCClatch -250-µAIFB = 0A

Supply Current in

Auto Restart Mode with Inactive

Gate

IVCCrestart -250-µAIFB = 0A

Supply Current in Active Burst

Mode with Inactive Gate

IVCCburst1 - 450 950 µAVFB = 2.5V

IVCCburst2 - 450 950 µAVVCC = 11.5V,VFB = 2.5V

VCC Turn-On Threshold

VCC Turn-Off Threshold

VCC Turn-On/Off Hysteresis

VVCCon

VVCCoff

VVCChys

17.0

9.8

18.0

10.5

7.5

19.0

11.2

Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Test Condition

min. typ. max.

Trimmed Reference Voltage VREF 4.90 5.00 5.10 V measured at pin FB

IFB = 0

Version 2.0 20 6 Dec 2007

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Electrical Characteristics

4.3.3 PWM Section

4.3.4 Soft Start time

Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Test Condition

min. typ. max.

Fixed Oscillator Frequency fOSC1 56.5 65 73.7 kHz

fOSC2 59.8 65.0 70.2 kHz Tj = 25°C

Frequency Jittering Range fjitter -±2.6-kHzTj = 25°C

Max. Duty Cycle Dmax 0.70 0.75 0.80

Min. Duty Cycle Dmin 0- - VFB < 0.3V

PWM-OP Gain AV3.0 3.2 3.4

Voltage Ramp Offset VOffset-Ramp -0.6-V

VFB Operating Range Min Level VFBmin -0.5-V

VFB Operating Range Max level VFBmax - - 4.3 V CS=1V, limited by

Comparator C41)

FB Pull-Up Resistor RFB 9 15.4 22 kΩ

1) The parameter is not subjected to production test - verified by design/characterization

Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Test Condition

min. typ. max.

Soft Start time tSS -20-ms

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Electrical Characteristics

Version 2.0 21 6 Dec 2007

4.3.5 Control Unit

Note: The trend of all the voltage levels in the Control Unit is the same regarding the deviation except VVCCOVP

and VVCCPD

Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Test Condition

min. typ. max.

Clamped VBL voltage during

Normal Operating Mode

VBLclmp 0.85 0.90 0.95 V VFB = 4V

Blanking time voltage limit for

Comparator C3

VBKC3 3.85 4.00 4.15 V

Over Load & Open Loop Detection

Limit for Comparator C4

VFBC4 3.85 4.00 4.15 V

Active Burst Mode Level for

Comparator C5

VFBC5 1.12 1.23 1.34 V

Active Burst Mode Level for

Comparator C6a

VFBC6a 3.35 3.50 3.65 V After Active Burst

Mode is entered

Active Burst Mode Level for

Comparator C6b

VFBC6b 2.88 3.00 3.12 V After Active Burst

Mode is entered

Overvoltage Detection Limit VVCCOVP 24.5 25.5 26.5 V

Latch Enable level at BL pin VLE 0.17 0.25 0.33 V > 30µs

Charging current at BL pin IBK 9.1 13.0 16.9 µA Charge starts after the

built-in 20ms blanking

time elapsed

Latched Thermal Shutdown1)

1) The parameter is not subjected to production test - verified by design/characterization. The thermal shut down

temperature refers to the junction temperature of the controller.

TjSD 130 140 150 °C

Built-in Blanking Time for

Overload Protection or enter

Active Burst Mode

tBK - 20 - ms without external

capacitor at BL pin

Inhibit Time for Latch Enable

function during Start up

tIHLE - 1.0 - ms After IC turns on

Spike Blanking Time before Latch off

or Auto Restart Protection

tSpike -30-µs

Power Down Reset for

Latched Mode

VVCCPD 5.2 6.23 7.8 V After Latched Off Mode

is entered

Version 2.0 22 6 Dec 2007

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Electrical Characteristics

4.3.6 Current Limiting

4.3.7 Driver Section

Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Test Condition

min. typ. max.

Peak Current Limitation

(incl. Propagation Delay)

Vcsth 0.99 1.06 1.13 V dVsense / dt = 0.6V/µs

(see Figure 20)

Peak Current Limitation during

Active Burst Mode

VCS2 0.21 0.25 0.31 V

Leading Edge Blanking tLEB -220-ns

CS Input Bias Current ICSbias -1.5 -0.2 - µAVCS =0V

Over Current Detection for

Latched Off Mode

VCS1 1.57 1.66 1.76 V

CS Spike Blanking for

Comparator C11 tCSspike -190-ns

Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Test Condition

min. typ. max.

GATE Low Voltage VGATElow --1.2VVVCC = 5 V

IGate = 1 mA

--1.5VVVCC = 5 V

IGate = 5 mA

-0.8-VIGate = 0 A

-1.62.0VIGate = 20 mA

-0.2 0.2 - V IGate = -20 mA

GATE High Voltage VGATEhigh -10.0-VVVCC = 26V

CL = 680pF

-9.0-VVVCC = 15V

CL = 680pF

-8.0-VVVCC = VVCCoff + 0.2V

CL = 680pF

GATE Rise Time

(incl. Gate Rising Slope)

trise -150-nsVGate = 2V ...9V1)

CL = 680pF

1) Transient reference value

GATE Fall Time tfall -55-nsVGate = 9V ...2V1)

CL = 680pF

GATE Current, Peak,

Rising Edge

IGATE -0.17 - - A CL = 680pF2)

2) The parameter is not subjected to production test - verified by design/characterization

GATE Current, Peak,

Falling Edge

IGATE - - 0.39 A CL = 680pF2)

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Outline Dimension

Version 2.0 23 6 Dec 2007

5 Outline Dimension

Figure 28 PG-DSO-8 (PB-free Plating Plastic Dual Small Outline)

Dimensions in mm

PG-DSO-8

(Plastic Dual Small

Outline)

Version 2.0 24 6 Dec 2007

F3 PWM controller

ICE3BS03LJG

Marking

6Marking

Figure 29 Marking for ICE3BS03LJG

Marking

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our staff. Total Quality in thought and

deed, towards co-workers, suppliers

and you, our customer. Our guideline is

“do everything with zero defects”, in an

open manner that is demonstrated

beyond your immediate workplace, and

to constantly improve.

Throughout the corporation we also

think in terms of Time Optimized

Processes (top), greater speed on our

part to give you that decisive

competitive edge.

Give us the chance to prove the best of

performance through the best of quality

– you will be convinced.

http://www.infineon.com

Total Quality Management

Published by Infineon Technologies AG