TRC105 - RFM - Datasheet.Directory

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Key Features

• Modulation: FSK or OOK with frequency hop-

ping spread spectrum capability

• Frequency range: 300 to 510 MHz

• High sensitivity: -112 dBm in circuit

• High data rate: up to 200 kb/s

• Low receiver current: 2.7 mA typical

• Low sleep current: 0.1 µA typical

• Up to +13 dBm in-circuit transmit power

• Operating supply voltage: 2.1 to 3.6 V

• Programmable preamble

• Programmable packet start pattern

• Integrated RF, PLL, IF and bas e- ba nd circui tr y

• Integrated data & clock recovery

• Programmable RF output power

• PLL lock output

• Transmit/receive FIFO size programmable up

to 64 bytes

• Continuous, buffered and packet data modes

• Packet address recognition

• Packet handling features:

• Fixed or variab le pac ket length

• Packet filtering

• Packet formatting

• Standard S PI interf ac e

• TTL/CMOS compatible I/O pins

• Programmable clock output frequency

• Low Batter y Detect ion

• Low cost 12.8 MHz crystal reference

• Integrated RS SI

• Integrated cry stal oscillator

• Host processor interrupt pins

• Programmable data rate

• External wake-up event inputs

• Integrated packet CRC error detection

• Integrated DC-balanced data scrambling

• Integrated Ma nc hester enc oding/d ec od ing

• Interrupt signal mapping function

• Support for multiple channels

• Four power-saving modes

• Low external component count

• TQFN-32 SMT package

• Standard 13 inch reel, 3K pieces

Applications

• Active RFID tags

• Automated meter reading

• Home & industrial automation

• Security systems

• Two-way remote keyless entry

• Automobile immobilizers

• Sports performance monitoring

• Wireless toys

• Medical equipment

• Low power two-way telemetry systems

• Wireless mesh sensor networks

• Wireless modules

TRC105

300-510 MHz

RF Transceiver

Product Overview

TRC105 is a single chip, multi-channel, low power UHF transceiver. It is

designed for low cost, high volume, two-way short range wireless applica-

tions in the 300 to 510 MHz frequency range. The TRC105 is FCC & ETSI

certifiable. All critical RF and base-band functions are integrated in the

TRC105, minimizing external component count and simplifying and speeding

design-ins. A microcontroller, RF SAW filter, 12.8 MHz crystal and a few pas-

sive components are all that is needed to create a complete, robust radio

function. The TRC105 incorporates a set of low-power states to reduce cur-

rent consumption and extend battery life. The small size and low power con-

sumption of the TRC105 make it ideal for a wide variety of short range radio

applications. The TRC105 complies with Directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS). Pb

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Table of Contents

1.0 Pin Configuration.....................................................................................................................................4

1.1 Pin Description..................................................................................................................................4

2.0 Functional Description.............................................................................................................................5

2.1 RF Port..............................................................................................................................................7

2.2 Transmitter........................................................................................................................................7

2.3 Receiver............................................................................................................................................8

2.4 Crystal Oscillator...............................................................................................................................9

2.5 Frequency Synthesizer...................................................................................................................10

2.6 PLL Loop Filter........................................................................................................... .....................11

3.0 Operating Modes...................................................................................................................................11

3.1 Receiving in Continuous Data Mode ..............................................................................................12

3.2 Continuous Mode Data and Clock Recovery..................................................................................14

3.3 Continuous Mode Start Pattern Detect...........................................................................................14

3.4 RSSI................................................................................................................................................15

3.5 Receiving in Buffered Data Mode...................................................................................................15

3.6 Transmitting in Continuous or Buffered Data Modes .....................................................................17

3.7 IRQ0 and IRQ1 Mapping ................................................................................................................18

3.8 Buffered Clock Output ....................................................................................................................19

3.9 Packet Data Mode ..........................................................................................................................19

3.9.1 Fixed Length Packet Mode ...................................................................................................19

3.9.2 Variable Length Packet Mode...............................................................................................20

3.9.3 Extended Variable Length Packet Mode...............................................................................20

3.9.4 Packet Payload Processing in Transmit and Receive ..........................................................22

3.9.5 Packet Filtering......................................................................................................................23

3.9.6 Cyclic Redundancy Check ....................................................................................................23

3.9.7 Manchester Encoding ...........................................................................................................24

3.9.8 DC-Balanced Scrambling......................................................................................................25

3.10 SPI Configuration Interface...........................................................................................................25

3.11 SPI Data FIFO Interface...............................................................................................................27

4.0 Configuration Register Memory Map ....................................................................................................29

4.1 Main Configuration Registers (MCFG) ...........................................................................................30

4.2 Interrupt Configuration Registers (IRQCFG)..................................................................................33

4.3 Receiver Configuration Registers (RXCFG)...................................................................................35

4.4 Start Pattern Conf igura t ion Reg is ters (SYNCFG) ..........................................................................38

4.5 Transmitter Configuration Registers (TXCFG)...............................................................................38

4.6 Oscillator Configuration Register (OSCFG)....................................................................................39

4.7 Packet Handler Configuration Registers (PKTCFG) ......................................................................39

4.8 Page Configuration Register (PGCFG) ..........................................................................................40

4.9 Low Battery Configuration Registers (LBCFG)...............................................................................41

5.0 Electric al Char acteristics................................................................................................. ......................42

5.1 DC Electrical Characteristics..........................................................................................................42

5.2 AC Electrical Charac teristics ..........................................................................................................43

6.0 TRC105 Design In Steps.......................................................................................................................45

6.1 Determining Frequency Specific Hardware Component Values....................................................45

6.1.1 SAW Filters and Related Component Values.......................................................................45

6.1.2 Voltage Controlled Oscillator Component Values.................................................................46

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6.2 Determining Configuration Values for FSK Modulation..................................................................46

6.2.1 Bit Rate Related FSK Configuration Values .........................................................................46

6.2.2 Determining Transmitter Power Configuration Values..........................................................48

6.3 Determining Configuration Values for OOK Modulation.................................................................49

6.3.1 Bit Rate Related OOK Configuration Values .......................................................................49

6.3.2 OOK Demodulator Related Configuration Values.................................................................51

6.3.3 OOK Transmitter Related Configuration Values...................................................................52

6.4 Frequency Synthesizer Channel Programming for FSK Modulation..............................................53

6.5 Frequency Synthesizer Channel Programming for OOK Modulation.............................................54

6.6 TRC105 Data Mode Selection and Configuration ..........................................................................55

6.6.1 Continuous Data Mode .........................................................................................................55

6.6.2 Buffered Data Mode..............................................................................................................57

6.6.3 Packet Data Mode.................................................................................................................59

6.7 Battery Power Manag e ment Configurati on Va lues.........................................................................63

7.0 Package Dimensions and Typical PCB Footprint - QFN-32.................................................................65

8.0 Tape and Reel Dimensions...................................................................................................................66

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1.0 Pin Configuration

9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6

3 2 3 1 3 0 2 9 2 8 2 7 2 6 2 5

2 4

2 3

2 2

2 1

2 0

1 9

1 8

1 7

G N D

V D D _ V C O

TANK-

TANK+

P L L -

P L L +

G N D

n L O W _ B A T

P L L _ L O C K

I R Q 1

I R Q 0

D A T A

C L K O U T

S C K

S D I

G N D P A D

O N B O T T O M

O F P A C K A G E

G N D

X T A L -

X T A L +

G N D

N C

n S S _ C O N F I G

n S S _ D A T A

S D O

R F +

R F -

G N D

V D D _ P A

V D D _ D I G

VDD_ANA

V D D

1.1 Pin Description

PIN TYPE NAME DESCRIPTION

1 - GND CONNECT TO GND

2 - GND CONNECT TO GND

3 O VDD_VC O REGUL ATED SUPPL Y FO R VC O

4 I/O TANK- VCO TANK

5 I/O TANK+ VCO TANK

6 I/O PLL- PLL LOOP FILTER OUTPUT

7 I/O PLL+ PLL LOOP FILTER INPUT

8 - GND CONNECT TO GND

9 - GND CONNECT TO GND

10 I/O XT A L + CRYSTAL CONNECTIO N (OSCI LLATOR OUTPUT )

11 I/O XT AL- CRYSTAL CONNECTIO N (OSCI LLATO R INP UT )

12 - GND CONNECT TO GND

13 - NC NO CONNECTION - FLOAT PIN

14 I nSS_CONFIG SLAVE SE LECT FOR SPI CONFIGURATION DATA

15 I nSS_DAT A SLAVE SELECT FOR SPI TX/RX DATA

16 O SDO SERIAL DATA OUT

17 I SDI SERIAL DATA IN

18 I SCK SERIAL SP I CL O CK IN

19 O CLKOUT BUFFERED CLOCK OUTPUT

20 I/O DATA TRANSMIT/RECEIVE DATA

21 O IRQ0 INTERRUPT OUTPUT

22 O IRQ1/DCLK INTERRUP T OUTPUT/ RECOVERED DATA CLOCK (CONT MODE)

23 O PLL_LOCK PLL LOCKED INDICATOR

24 O nLOW_BA TT LOW BATTERY DE TECT (LEAVE UNCONNE CT ED IF NOT USED)

25 - GND CONNECT TO GND

26 I VDD MAIN 3.3 V SUPP L Y VO L TAGE

27 O VDD_ANA REGULATED SUPPLY FOR ANALOG CIRCUITRY

28 O VDD_DIG REGULATED SUPP LY FOR DIGITA L CIRCUI T RY

29 O VDD_PA REGULATED SUPPLY FOR RF POWER AMP

30 - GND CONNECT TO GND

31 I/O RF- RF I/O

32 I/O RF+ RF I/O

PAD - GROUND GROUND PAD ON PKG BOTTOM

Table 1

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2.0 Functional Description

The TRC105 is a single-chip transceiver that can operate in the 300-510 MHz frequency range. The TRC105 sup-

ports two modulation schemes - FSK and OOK. The TRC105’s highly integrated architecture requires a minimum

of external components, while maintaining design flexibility. All major RF communication parameters are pro-

grammable and most can be dynamically set. The TRC105 is optimized for very low power consumption (2.7 mA

typical in rec ei ver m ode) . It complies with Eur o pea n ETSI, FCC Part 15 and Canadian RSS-21 0 regu la tory stan-

dards. Advanced digital features including the TX/RX FIFO and the packet handling data mode significantly re-

duce the load on the host microcontroller.

T X L O 2 - I

T X L O 2 - Q

T X L O 1 - I

T X L O 1 - Q

R X L O 1

R X L O 2 - I

R X L O 2 - Q

P L L

L o o p

F i l t e r

C h a r g e

P u m p V C O

P h a s e

D e t e c t o r

R e f e r e n c e

F r e q u e n c y

D i v i d e r

V C O

F r e q u e n c y

D i v i d e r

C r y s t a l

O s c i l l a t o r

D i v i d e r &

B u f f e r

F I F O

D a t a &

C l o c k

R e c o v e r y

R S S I

F S K

D e t e c t o r

O O K

D e t e c t o r

L i m i t e r

I F A m p l i f i e r

D i v i d e

b y 8

D i v i d e

b y 8

I & Q

P h a s e

B u t t e r w o r t h

o r

P o l y p h a s e

F i l t e r

R - C

L o w - p a s s

F i l t e r

R - C

L o w - p a s s

F i l t e r

B u t t e r w o r t h

o r

P o l y p h a s e

F i l t e r

R e c e i v e r

B a n d - p a s s

F i l t e r

L N A V G A

I F A m p l i f i e r

A n t i -

a l i a s i n g

F i l t e r

DAC

T r a n s m i t

W a v e f o r m

G e n e r a t o r

DAC

A n t i -

a l i a s i n g

F i l t e r

C o n t r o l

P o w e r

A m p D r i v e r

O O K

M o d u l a t i o n

I n p u t

S C K

S D I

S D O

n S S _ D A T A

n S S _ C O N F I G

D A T A

I R Q 1 / D C L K

I R Q 0

P L L _ L O C K

C L K O U T

R F +

R F -

X T A L -

X T A L +

P L L -

P L L +

V C O -

V C O +

R X L O 1

R X L O 2 - I

R X L O 2 - Q

T X L O 1 - I

T X L O 1 - Q

T X L O 2 - I

T X L O 2 - Q

T X L O 2 - I

T X L O 2 - Q

T R C 1 0 5 B l o c k D i a g r a m

Figure 1

The receiver is based on a superheterodyne architecture. It is composed of the following major blocks:

• An LNA that provides low noise RF gain followed by an RF band-pass filter.

• A first mixer which down-converts the RF signal to an intermediate frequency equal to 1/9th of the carrier

frequency.

• A variable gain first IF preamplifier followed by two second mixers which down convert the first IF signal to

I and Q signals at a low frequency (zero-IF for FSK, low-IF for OOK).

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• A two-stage IF filter followed by an amplifier chain for both the I and Q channels. Limiters at the end of

each chain drive the I and Q inputs to the FSK demodulator function. An RSSI signal is also derived from

the I and Q IF amplifiers to drive the OOK detector. The second filter stage in each channel can be con-

figured as either a third-order Butterworth low-pass filter for FSK operation or an image reject polyphase

band-pass filter for OOK operation.

• An FSK arctangent type demodulator driven from the I and Q limiter outputs, and an OOK demodulator

driven by the RSSI signal. Either detector can drive a data and clock recovery function that provides

matched filter enhancement of the demodulated data.

The transmitter chain is based on the same double-conversion architecture and uses the same intermediate fre-

quencies as the receiver chain. The main blocks include:

• A digital waveform generator that provides the I and Q base-band signals. This block includes digital-to-

analog converters and anti-aliasing low-pass filters.

• A compound image-rejection mixer to up convert the base-band signal to the first IF at 1/9th of the carrier

frequency, and a second image-rejection mixer to up-convert the IF signal to the RF frequency

• Transmitter driver and power amplifier stages to drive the antenna port

The frequency synthesizer is based on an integer-N PLL having an typical frequency step size of 12.5 kHz. Two

programmable frequency dividers in the feedback loop of the PLL and one programmable divider on the reference

oscillator allow the LO frequency to be adjusted. The reference frequency is generated by a crystal oscillator run-

ning at 12.8 MHz.

The TRC105 is controlled by a digital block that includes registers to store the configuration settings of the radio.

These registers are accessed by a host microcontroller through an SPI style serial interface. The microcontroller’s

serial connections to the TRC105’s SDI, SDO and SCK pins are shown in Figure 2 (component values shown are

for 418.00-434.79 MHz operation; see Tables 57 and 58 for other frequency bands). On-chip regulators provide

stable supply voltages to sensitive blocks and allow the TRC105 to be used with supply voltages from 2.1 to

3.6 V. Most blocks are supplied with a voltage below 1.6 V.

Figure 2

C17

1.2 pF

C16

DNP

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2.1 RF Port

The receiver and the transmitter share the same RF pins. Figure 3 shows the implementation of the common

front-end. In transmit mode, the PA and the PA regulator are on; the voltage on VDD_PA pin is the nominal volt-

age of the regulator, about 1.8 V. The external inductances L1 and L4 are used for the PA. In receive mode, both

PA and PA regulator are off, and VDD_PA is tied to ground. The external inductances L1 and L4 are used for bi-

asing and matching the LNA, which is implemented as a common gate amplifier.

L N A

P o w e r

A m p D r i v e r

R e c e i v e r

+ +

R X O N

S A W

F i l t e r

V D D _ P A

A n t e n n a

L 1 L 4

I n t e r n a l R F P o r t D e t a i l

V R E G

Figure 3

2.2 Transmitter

The TRC105 is set to transmit mode when MCFG00_Chip_Mode[7..5] bits are set to 100. In Continuous data

mode the transmitted data is sent directly to the modulator. The host microcontroller is provided with a bit rate

clock by the TRC105 to clock the data; using this clock to send the data synchronously is mandatory in FSK con-

figuration and optional in OOK configuration. In Buffered and Packet data modes the data is first written into the

64-byte FIFO via the SPI interface; data from the FIFO is then used by the modulator.

At the front end of the transmitter, I and Q signals are generated by the base-band circuit which contains a digital

waveform generator, two D/A converters and two anti-aliasing low-pass filters. The I and Q signals are two quad-

rature sinusoids whose frequency is the selected frequency deviation. In FSK mode, the phase shift between I

and Q is switched between +90° and -90° according to the input data. The modulation is then performed at this

stage, since the information contained in the phase shift will be converted into a frequency shift when the I and Q

signals are combined in the first mixers. In OOK mode, the phase shift is kept constant whatever the data. The

combination of the I and Q signals in the first mixers creates a fixed frequency signal at a low intermediate fre-

quency which is equal to the selected frequency deviation. After D/A conversion, both I and Q signals are filtered

by anti-aliasing filters whose bandwidth is programmed with the register TXCFG1A_TXInterpfilt[7..4]. Behind the

filters, a set of four mixers combines the I and Q signals and converts them into two I and Q signals at the second

intermediate frequency which is equal to 1/8 of the LO frequency, which in turn is equal to 8/9 of the RF fre-

quency. These two new I and Q signals are then combined and up-converted to the desired RF frequency by two

quadrature mixers fed by the LO signals. The signal is then amplified by a driver and power amplifier stage.

MCFG05_PA_Ramp[7..6] TPA (µs) Rise/fall (µs)

00 3 2.5/2

01 8.5 5/3

10 15 10/6

11 23 20/10

Table 2

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OOK modulation is performed by switching on and off the power amplifier and its regulator. The rise and fall times

of the OOK signal can be configured in register MCFG05_PA_Ramp[7..6], which controls the charge and dis-

charge time of the regulator. Figure 4 shows the time constants set by MCFG05_PA_Ramp[7..6]. Table 2 gives

typical values of the rise and fall times as defined in Figure 4 when the capacitance connected to the output of the

regulator is 0.047 µF.

D A T A

P o w e r A m p

R e g u l a t o r

R F E n v e l o p e

95%

R i s e / F a l l

T i m e s

6 0 d B

R i s e / F a l l

T i m e s

O O K M o d u l a t i o n W a v e f o r m s

Figure 4

2.3 Receiver

The TRC105 is set to receive mode when MCFG00_Chip_Mode[7..5] is set to 011. The receiver is based on a

double-conversion architecture. The front-end is composed of an LNA and a mixer whose gains are constant. The

mixer down-converts the RF signal to an intermediate frequency which is equal to 1/8 of the LO frequency, which

in turn is equal to 8/9 of the RF frequency. Behind this first mixer there is a variable gain IF amplifier that can be

programmed from maximum gain to 13.5 dB less in 4.5 dB steps with the MCFG01_IF_Gain[1..0] register.

After the variable gain IF amplifier, the signal is down-converted into two I and Q base-band signals by two quad-

rature mixers which are fed by reference signals at 1/8 the LO frequency. These I and Q signals are then filtered

and amplified before demodulation. The first filter is a second-order passive R-C filter whose bandwidth can be

program med to 16 values with the register RXCFG10_LP_filt[7..4]. The second filter can be configured as either

a third-order Butterworth active filter which acts as a low-pass filter for the zero-IF FSK configuration, or as a

polyphase band-pass filter for the low-IF OOK configuration. To select Butterworth low-pass filter operation, bit

RXCFG12_PolyFilt_En[7] is set to 0. The bandwidth of the Butterworth filter can be programmed to 16 values

with the regist er RXCFG10_BW_Filt[3..0]. The low-IF configuration must be used for OOK modulation. This con-

figuratio n is enabled when the bit RXCFG12_PolyFilt_En[7] is set to 1. The center frequency of the polyphase

filter can be programmed to 16 values with the register RXCFG11_PolyFilt[7..4]. The bandwidth of the filter can

be programmed with the register RXCFG10_BW_Filt[3..0]. In OOK mode, the value of the low-IF is equal to the

deviation frequency defined in register MCFG02_Freq_dev. In addition to channel filtering, the function of the

polyphase filter is to reject the image. Figure 5 below shows the two configurations of the second IF filter. In the

Butterworth configuration, FCBW is the 3 dB cutoff frequency. In the polyphase band-pass configuration FOPP is the

center frequency given by RXCFG11_PolyFilt[7..4], and FCPP is the upper 3 dB bandwidth of the filter whose off-

set, referenced to FOPP, is given by RXCFG10_BW_Filt[3..0].

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C B W

O P P

C P P

2 * F

O P P

- F

C P P

B u t t e r w o t h L o w - p a s s F i l t e r f o r F S K

P o l y p h a s e B a n d - p a s s F i l t e r f o r O O K

T R C 1 0 5 S e c o n d I F F i l t e r D e t a i l s

Figure 5

After filtering, the I and Q signals are each amplified by a chain of 11 amplifiers having 6 dB of gain each. The

outputs of these amplifiers and their intermediate 3 dB nodes are used to evaluate the received signal strength

(RSSI). Limiter are located behind the 11 amplifiers of the I and Q chains and the signals at the output of these

limiters are used by the FSK demodulator. The RSSI output is used by the OOK demodulator. The global band-

width of the whole base-band chain is given by the bandwidths of the passive filter, the Butterworth filter, the am-

plifier chain and the limiter. The maximum achievable global bandwidth when the bandwidths of the first three

blocks are programmed at their upper limit is about 350 kHz.

2.4 Crystal Oscillator

Crystal specifications for the TRC105 reference oscillator are given in Table 3. RFM recommends the XTL1020

crystal which is specifically designed for use with the TRC105. Note that crystal frequency error will directly trans-

late to carrier frequency, bit rate and frequency deviation error.

Specification Min Typical Max Units

Nominal frequency - 12.80000

(fundamental) - MHz

Load capacitanc e for Fs 13.5 15 16.5 pF

Motional resistance - - 50 Ω

Motional capacit ance 5 - 20 fF

Shunt capacitance 1 - 7 pF

Calibration tolerance at 25 °C - ±10 ppm (1)

Stabilit y over t emperature range

(-40 °C to 85 °C) 1 - ±15 ppm

Aging in first 5 years - - ±2 ppm/yr

Table 3

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2.5 Frequency Synthesizer

The TRC105 VCO operating frequency range is covered in six bands. Operation in each band requires a specific

VCO inductor value and configuration parameter setting, as shown in Table 4 below:

MCFG00_Band[4..2] Frequency Band MHz

000 300-330

001 330-365

010 365-400

011 400-440

100 440-470

101 470-510

110 to 111 not used

Table 4

Each of these bands is divided into four subbands to provide a low phase noise VCO frequency trimming mecha-

nism. Subbands are selected as shown in Table 5 below:

MCFG00_Subband[1..0] Subband 400-440 MHz example

00 1st quarter 400-410

01 2nd quarter 410-420

10 3rd quarter 420-430

11 4th quarter 430-440

Table 5

Using the VCO as discussed above, the frequency synthesizer generates the local oscillator (LO) signal for the

receiver and transmitter sections. The core of the synthesizer is implemented with an integer-N PLL architecture.

The frequency is set by three divider parameters R, P and S. R is the frequency divider ratio in the reference fre-

quency path. P and S set the frequency divider ratio in the feedback loop of the PLL. The frequency synthesizer

includes a crystal oscillator which provides the frequency reference for the PLL. The equations giving the relation-

ships between the reference crystal frequency, the local oscillator frequency and RF carrier frequency are given

below:

FLO = FXTAL*(75*(P + 1) + S)/(R + 1), with P and S in the range 0 to 255, S less than (P + 1), R in the

range 64 to 169, and FLO and FXTAL in MHz.

RF = 1.125*FLO, wher e FRF and FLO are in MHz

FLO is the first local oscillator (VCO) frequency, FXTAL is the reference crystal frequency and FRF is the RF channel

frequency. FLO is the frequency used for the first down-conversion of the receiver and the second up-conversion of

the transmitter. The intermediate frequency used for the second down-conversion of the receiver and the first up-

conversion of the transmitter is equal to 1/8 of FLO. As an example, with a crystal frequency of 12.8 MHz and an

RF frequenc y of 434 MHz, FLO is 385.8 MHz and the first IF of the receiver is 48.2 MHz.

There are two sets of divider ratio registers: SynthR1[7..0], SynthP1[7..0], SynthS1[7..0], and SynthR2[7..0],

SynthP2[7..0], SynthS2[7..0]. The MCFG05_RF_Freq[0] bit is used to select which set of registers to use as the

current frequency setting. For frequency hopping applications, this reduces the programming and synthesizer set-

tling time when changing frequencies. While the data is being transmitted, the next frequency is programmed and

ready. When the current transaction is complete, the MCFG05_RF_Freq[0] bit is complemented and the fre-

quency shifts to the next freq according to the contents of the divider ratio registers. This process is repeated for

each frequency hop.

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2.6 PLL Loop Filter

The loop filter for the frequency synthesizer is shown in Figure 6.

PLL Loop Filter

Figure 6

Recommended component values for the frequency synthesizer loop filter are provided in Table 6. The loop filter

settings are not dependent on the frequency band, so they can used on all designs. PLL lock status can be pro-

vided on Pin 23 by setting the IRQCFG0E_PLL_LOCK_EN[0] bit to a 1. Pin 23 goes high when the PLL is

locked. The lock status of the PLL can also be checked by reading the IRQCFG0E_PLL_ LOCK_ST[1] bit. This

bit latches high each time the PLL locks and must be reset by writing a 1 to it.

3.0 Operating Modes

The TRC105 has 5 possible chip-level modes. The chip-level mode is set by MCFG00_Chip_Mode[7..5], which

is a 3-bit pattern in the configuration register. Table 7 summarizes the chip-level modes:

MCFG00_Chip_Mode[7..5] Chip-level Mode Enabled Functions

0 0 0 Sleep None

0 0 1 S tandby Crystal oscillator

0 1 0 Synthesizer Crystal and frequenc y synt hesizer

0 1 1 Receive Crystal, f requency synthesizer and recei ver

1 0 0 Transmit Crystal, f requency synthesizer and transm i tt er

Table 7

Table 8 gives the state of the digital pins for the different chip-level modes and settings:

PIN Function Sleep

Mode Standby

Mode Synthesizer

Mode Receive

Mode Transmit

Mode

nSS_CONFIG* I I I I I

nSS_DATA* I I I I I

IRQ0 TRI O O O O

IRQ1 TRI O O O O

DATA TRI TRI TRI O I

CLKOUT TRI O O O O

SDO** TRI/O TRI/O TRI/O TRI/O TRI/O

SDI I I I I I

SCK I I I I I

Table 8

Name Value Tolerance

C8 1000 pF ±10%

C9 6800 pF ±10%

R1 6.8 kΩ ±5%

LL Loop Filter Components

able 6

I = Input, O = Output, TRI = High Impedance

*nSS_CONFIG has priority OVER nSS_DATA

**SDO is an output if nSS_CONFIG = 0 and/or nSS_DATA = 0

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The TRC105 transmitter and receiver sections support three data handling modes of operation:

• Continuous mode: each bit transmitted or received is accessed directly at the DATA input/output pin.

• Buffered mode: a 64-byte FIFO is used to store each data byte transmitted or received. This data is writ-

ten to and read from the FIFO through the SPI bus.

• Packet handling mode: in addition to using the FIFO, this data mode builds the complete packet in

transmit mode and extracts the useful data from the packet in receive mode. The packet includes a pre-

amble, a start pattern (network address), an optional node address and length byte and the data. Packet

data mode can also be configured to perform additional operations like CRC error detection and DC-

balanced Manchester encoding or data scrambling.

The buffered and packet handling modes allow the host microcontroller overhead to be significantly reduced.

The DATA pin is bidirectional and is used in both transmit and receive modes. In receive mode, DATA represents

the demodulated received data. In transmit mode, input data is applied to this pin.

The working length of the FIFO can set to 16, 32, 48 or 64 bytes through the MCFG0C_FIFO_depth[7..6] regis-

ter. In the discussions below describing the FIFO behavior, the explanations are given with an assumption of 64

bytes, but the principle is the same for the four possible FIFO sizes.

The status of the FIFO can be monitored via interrupts which are described in Section 3.7. In addition to the

straightforward nFIFOEMPY and FIFOFULL interrupts, additional configurable interrupts Fifo_Int_Tx and

Fifo_Int_Rx are also available.

A low-to-high transition occurs on Fifo_Int_Rx when the number of bytes in the FIFO is greater than or equal to

the threshold set by MCFG0C_FIFO_thresh[5..0] (number of bytes ≥ FIFO_thresh).

A low-to-high transition occurs on Fifo_Int_Tx when the number of bytes in the FIFO is less than or equal to the

threshold set by MCFG0C_FIFO_thresh[5..0] (number of bytes ≤ FIFO_thresh).

3.1 Receiving in Continuous Data Mode

The receiver operates in Continuous data mode when the MCFG01_Mode[7..6] bits are set to 00. In this mode,

the receiver has two output signals indicating recovered clock, DCLK and recovered NRZ bit DATA. DCLK is con-

nected to output pin IRQ1 and DATA is connected to pin DATA configured in output mode. The data and clock

recovery controls the recovered clock signal, DCLK. Data and clock recovery is enabled by RXCFG12_DCLK_

Dis[6] to 0 (default value). The clock recovered from the incoming data stream appears at DCLK. When data and

clock recovery is disabled, the DCLK output is held low and the raw demodulator output appears at DATA. The

function of data and clock recovery is to remove glitches from the data stream and to provide a synchronous clock

at DCLK. The output DATA is valid at the rising edge of DCLK as shown in Figure 8.

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D a t a &

C l o c k

R e c o v e r y

R S S I

F S K

D e t e c t o r

O O K

D e t e c t o r

L i m i t e r

I F A m p l i f i e r

F S K / O O K

S t a r t

P a t t e r n

D e t e c t

R X _ I R Q 0

R E C O G

D A T A

D C L K ( I R Q 1 )

I R Q 0

T R C 1 0 5 C o n t i n u o u s M o d e D e m o d u l a t i o n

D C L K _ D I S

R S S I _ I R Q

Figure 7

As shown in Figure 7, the demodulator section includes the FSK demodulator, the OOK demodulator, data and

clock recovery and the start pattern detection blocks.

If FSK is selected, the demodulation is performed by analyzing the phase between the I and Q limited signals at

the output of the base-band channels.

If OOK is selected, the demodulation is performed by comparing the RSSI output value stored in RXCFG14_

RSSI[7..0] register to the threshold which can be either a fixed value or a time-variant value depending on the

past history of the RSSI output. Table 9 gives the three main possible procedures, which can be selected via the

Mode MCFG01_RX_OOK[3..2] Description

Fixed Threshold 00 RSSI output is compared with a fixed thres hol d stored in

RXCFG13_OOK_thresh

Peak 01

RSSI output is compared with a threshold which is at a fixed offset

below the maximum RSSI.

Average 10

RSSI output is compared with the average of the l ast RSSI values.

Table 9

If the end-user application requires direct access to the output of the demodulator, then the RXCFG12_DCLK_

Dis[6] bit is set to 1 disabling the clock recovery. In this case the demodulator output is directly connected to the

DATA pin and the IRQ1 pin (DCLK) is set to low.

For proper operation of the TRC105 demodulator in FSK mode, the modulation index β of the input signal should

meet the following condition: 2*FDEV

β = ≥ 2

where FDEV is the frequency deviation in hertz (Hz) and BR is the data rate in bits per second (b/s).

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3.2 Continuous Mode Data and Clock Recovery

The raw output signal from the demodulator may contain jitter and glitches. Data and clock recovery converts the

data output of the demodulator into a glitch-free bit-stream DATA and generates a synchronized clock DCLK to be

used for sampling the DATA output as shown in Figure 8. DCLK is available on pin IRQ1 when the TRC105 oper-

ates in continuous mode.

D A T A

D C L K

D A T A v a l i d o n r i s i n g e d g e o f D C L K

D a t a & C l o c k R e c o v e r y T i m i n g

Figure 8

To ensure correct operation of the data and clock recovery circuit, the following conditions have to be satisfied:

• A 1-0-1-0… preamble of at least 24 bits is required for synchronization

• The transmitted bit stream must have at least one transition from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0 every 8 bits during

transmission

• The bit rate accuracy must be better than 2 %.

Data and clock recovery is enabled by default. It is controlled by RXCFG12_DCLK_Dis[6]. If data and clock re-

covery is disabled, the output of the demodulator is directed to DATA and the DCLK output (IRQ1 Pin in continu-

ous mode) is set to 0.

The received bit rate is defined by the values of the MCFG03 and MCFG04 conf igur ation re gis ter s, and is calc u-

lated as follows:

BR = FXTAL/(2*(C + 1)*(D + 1)), with C in the range of 0 to 255, and D = 31 (suitable for most applications)

with BR the bit rate in kb/s, FXTAL the crystal frequency in kHz, C the value in MCFG03, a nd D the value in

MCFG04. For example, using a 12.8 MHz crystal (12,800 kHz), the bit rate is 25 kb/s when C = 7 and D = 31.

3.3 Continuous Mode Start Pattern Detection

Start pattern detection is activated by setting the RXCFG12_Recog[5] bit to 1. The demodulated signal is com-

pared with a patter n stored in the SYNCFG registers. The Start Pattern Detect signal (PATTERN), is driven by the

output of this comparator and is synchronized by DCLK. It is set to 1 when a pattern match is detected, otherwise

set to 0. The pattern detect output is updated at the rising edge of DCLK. The number of bytes used for compari-

son is defined in the RXCFG12_Pat_sz[4..3] register and the number of tolerated bit errors for pattern detection

is defined in the RXCFG12_Ptol[2..1] register. Figure 9 illustrates the pattern detection process.

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B i t 0 B i t 1 B i t N - 1 B i t N B i t N + 1

D A T A

D C L K

P A T T E R N

D E T E C T

S t a r t P a t t e r n D e t e c t i o n T i m i n g

Figure 9

Note that start pattern detection is enabled only if data and clock recovery is enabled.

3.4 RSSI

The received signal strength is measured in the amplifier chains behind the second mixers. Each amplifier chain

is composed of 11 amplifiers each having a gain of 6 dB and an intermediate output at 3 dB. By monitoring the

two outputs of each stage, an estimation of the signal strength with a resolution of 3 dB and a dynamic range of

63 dB is obtained. This estimation is performed 16 times over a period of the I and Q signals and the 16 samples

are averaged to obtain a final RSSI value with a 0.5 dB step. The period of the I and Q signal is the inverse of the

deviation frequency, which is the low-IF frequency in OOK mode. The RSSI effective dynamic range can be in-

creased to 70 dB by adjusti ng MCFG01_IF_Gain[1..0] for less gain on high signal levels.

The RSSI block can also be used in interrupt mode by setting the bit IRQCFG0E_RSSI_Int[3] to 1. When

RXCFG14_RSSI is equal or greater than a predefined value stored in IRQCFG0F_RSSI_thld, bit IRQCFG0E_

SIG_DETECT[2] goes high and an interrupt signal RSSI_IRQ is generated on pin IRQ0 if IRQCFG0D_RX_

IRQ0[7..6] is set to 01 (see Table 10). The interrupt is cleared by writing a 1 to bit IRQCFG0E_ SIG_DETECT[2].

If the bit RSSI_IRQ remains high, the process starts again. Figure 10 shows the timing diagram of RSSI in inter-

rupt mode.

2 22 42 13 13 32 52 93 12 62 8X X

T R C 1 0 5 R S S I I n t e r r u p t O p e r a t i o n

R S S I T h r e s h o l d S e t t o 3 0

X 2 2 2 5

I R Q C F G 0 E B i t 3

( R S S I _ I n t )

R X C F G 1 4

( R S S I V a l u e )

I R Q C F G 0 E B i t 2

( S I G _ D E T E C T )

I n t e r r u p t

D e t e c t e d

I n t e r r u p t

R e s e t

I n t e r r u p t

D e t e c t e d

I n t e r r u p t

R e s e t

Figure 10

3.5 Receiving in Buffered Data Mode

The receiver works in Buffered data mode when the MCFG01_Mode[7..6] bits are set to 01. In this mode, the

output of the data and clock recovery, i.e., the demodulated and resynchronized signal and the clock signal DCLK

are not sent directly to the output pins DATA and IRQ1 (DCLK). These signals are used to store the demodulated

data in blocks of 8 bits in a 64-byte FIFO. Figure 11 shows the receiver chain in this mode. The FSK and OOK

demodulators, data and clock recovery circuit and start pattern detect block work as described for Continuous

data mode, but they are used with two additional blocks, the FIFO and SPI.

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D a t a &

C l o c k

R e c o v e r y

R S S I

F S K

D e t e c t o r

O O K

D e t e c t o r

L i m i t e r

I F A m p l i f i e r

F S K / O O K

S t a r t

P a t t e r n

D e t e c t

R X _ I R Q 0

R E C O G

I R Q 0

R S S I _ I R Q

F I F O

R S S I _ I R Q

SPI

D A T A F I F O _ r dS P I _ l d

I R Q 1

n S S _ D A T A

S C K

S D O

S D I

T R C 1 0 5 B u f f e r d & P a c k e t M o d e D e m o d u l a t i o n

R X _ I R Q 1

F I F O F U L L

F I F O _ I n t

P A T T E R N

n F I F O E M P T Y

W r i t e _ B y t e

Figure 11

When the TRC105 is in receive mode and MCFG01_Mode [7..6 ] bits are set to 01, all of the blocks described

above are enabled. In a normal communication frame the data stream is comprised of a 24-bit preamble, a start

pattern and data. Upon receipt of a matching start pattern the receiver recognizes the start of data, strips off the

preamble and start pattern, and stores the data in the FIFO for retrieval by the host microcontroller. This auto-

mated data extraction reduces the loading on the host microcontroller.

The IRQCFG0E_Start_Fill[7] bit determines how the FIFO is filled. If IRQCFG0E_Start_Fill[7] is set to 0, data

only fills the FIFO when a start pattern is detected. Received data bits are shifted into the pattern recognition

block which continuously compares the received data with the contents of the SYNCFG registers. If a match oc-

curs, the start pattern detect block output is set for one bit period and the IRQCFG0E_Start_Det[6] bit is also set.

This internal signal can be mapped to the IRQ0 output using interrupt signal mapping. Once a pattern match has

occurred, the start pattern detect block will remain inactive until the IRQCFG0E_Start_Det[6] bit is reset.

If IRQCFG0E_Start_Fill[7] is set to 1, FIFO filling is initiated by asserting IRQCFG0E_Start_Det[6]. Once 64

bytes have been written to the FIFO the IRQCFG0D_FIFOFULL[1] signal is set. Data should then be read out. If

no action is taken, the FIFO will overflow and subsequent data will be lost. If this occurs the IRQCFG0E_FIFO_

OVR[4] bit is set to 1. The IRQCFG0D_FIFOFULL[1] signal can be mapped to pin IRQ1 as an interrupt for a mi-

crocontroller if IRQCFG0D_RX_IRQ1[5..4] is set to 01. To recover from an overflow , a 1 must be written to

IRQCFG0D_ FIFO_OVR[4]. This clears the contents of the FIFO, resets all FIFO status flags and re-initiates pat-

tern detection. Pattern detection can also be re-initiated during a FIFO filling sequence by writing a 1 to

IRQCFG0E_Start_Det[6].

The details of the FIFO filling process are shown in Figure 12. As the first byte is written into the FIFO, signal

IRQCFG0D_nFIFOEMPY[0] is set indicating at least one byte is present. The host microcontroller can then read

the contents of the FIFO through the SPI interface. When all data is read from the FIFO, IRQCFG0D_

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nFIFOEMPY[0] is reset. When the last bit of the 64th byte has been written into the FIFO, signal IRQCFG0D_

FIFOFULL[1] is set. Data must be read before the next byte is received or it will be overwritten.

The IRQCFG0D_nFIFOEMPY[0] signal can be used as an interrupt signal for the host microcontroller by map-

ping to pin IRQ0 if IRQCFG0D_RX_IRQ0[7..6] is set to 10. Alternatively, the WRITE_byte signal may also be

used as an interrupt if IRQCFG0D_RX_IRQ0[7..6] is set to 01.

Demodulation in buffered mode occurs in the same way as in continuous mode. Received data is directly read

from the FIFO and the DATA and DCLK pins are not used. Data and clock recovery in buffered mode is automati-

cally enabled. DCLK is not externally available.

The pattern recognition block is automatically enabled in Buffered data mode. The Start Pattern Detect

(PATTERN) signal can be mapped to pin IRQ0. In Buffered data mode RSSI operates the same way as in Con-

tinuous data mode. However, RSSI_IRQ may be mapped to IRQ1 instead of to IRQ0 in Continuous data mode.

T R C 1 0 5 R X F I F O F i l l

2 4 - B i t ( m i n ) P r e a m b l e ( 1 - 0 . . . ) 1 t o 4 B y t e S t a r t P a t t e r n B y t e 0 B y t e 1 B y t e 6 2 B y t e 6 3

D C L K

D A T A

S t a r t P a t t e r n

W r i t e _ b y t e

n F I F O E M P Y

F I F O F U L L

Figure 12

3.6 Transmitting in Continuous or Buffered Data Modes

The transmitter operates in Continuous data mode when the MCFG01_Mode [7..6] bits are set to 00. Bit clock

DCLK is available on pin IRQ1. Bits are clocked into the transmitter on the rising edge of this clock. Data must be

stable 2 µs before the rising edge of DCLK and must be held for 2 µs following the rising edge of this clock

(TSUDATA). To meet this requirement, data can be changed on the falling edge of DCLK. In FSK mode DCLK must

be used but is optional in OOK mode.

The transmitter operates in Buffered data mode when the MCFG01_Mode [5] bit is set to 1. Data to be transmit-

ted is written to the 64-byte FIFO through the SPI interface. FIFO data is loaded byte-by-byte into a shift register

which then transfers the data bit-by-bit to the modulator. FIFO operation in transmit mode is similar to receive

mode. Transmission can start immediately after the first byte of data is written into the FIFO or when the FIFO is

full, as determined by the IRQCFG0E_Start_Full[4] bit setting. If the transmit FIFO is full, the interrupt signal

IRQCFG0D_ FIFOFULL[2] is asserted on pin IRQ1. If data is written into the FIFO while it is full, the flag

IRQCFG0D_FIFO_OVR[0] will be set to 1 and the previous FIFO contents will be overwritten. The IRQCFG0D_

FIFO_OVR[0] flag is cleared by writing a 1 to it. At the same time the contents of the FIFO are cleared. Once the

last data byte in the FIFO is loaded into the shift register driving the transmitter modulator, the flag IRQCFG0D _

nFIFOEMPY[1] is set to 0 on pin IRQ0. If new data is not written to the FIFO and the last bit has been transferred

to the modulator, the IRQC F G0E_TX_ ST O P[5] bit goes high as the modulator starts to send the last bit. The

transmitter must rem ain on one bit period af ter TX_STOP to transmit the last bit. If the transmitter is switched off

(switched to another mode), the transmission stops immediately even if there is still data in the shift register. In

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transmit mode the two interrupt signals are IRQ0 and IRQ1. IRQ1 is mapped to IRQCFG0D_FIFOFULL[2] signal

indicati ng that the tr ansmiss ion FIFO is full when IRQCFG0D_TX_IRQ1[3] is set to 0, or to IRQCFG0E_TX_

STOP[5] when IRQCFG0D_ TX_IRQ1[3] is set to 1. IRQ0 is mapped to the IRQCFG0D_nFIFOEMPY[1] signal.

This signal indicates the transmitter FIFO is empty and must be refilled with data to continue transmission.

3.7 IRQ0 and IRQ1 Mapping

Two TRC105 outputs are dedicated to host microcontroller interrupts or signaling. The interrupts are IRQ0 and

IRQ1 and each have selectable sources. Tables 10, 11, 12 and 13 below summarize the interrupt mapping op-

tions. These interrupts are especially useful in Continuous or Buffered data mode operation.

IRQCFG0D_RX_IRQ0 Data Mode IRQ0 IRQ0 Interrupt Source

00 Continuous Output St art P att ern Det ect

01 Continuous Output RSSI_IRQ

10 Continuous Output St art P att ern Det ect

11 Continuous Output St art P att ern Det ect

00 Buffered Output None (s et to 0)

01 Buffered Output Write_byte

10 Buffered Output nFIFOEMPY

11 Buffered Output S tart Pattern Detect

00 Packet Output Data_Rdy

01 Packet Output Write_byte

10 Packet Output nFIFOEMPY

Node Address Match if

ADDRS_cmp is enabled

11 Packet Output

Start Pattern Detect if

ADDRS_cmp is dis abl ed

Table 10

IRQCFG0D_RX_IRQ1 Data Mode IRQ1 IRQ1 Interrupt Source

00 Continuous Output DCLK

01 Continuous Output DCLK

10 Continuous Output DCLK

11 Continuous Output DCLK

00 Buffered Output None (set to 0)

01 Buffered Output FIFOFULL

10 Buffered Output RSSI_IRQ

11 Buffered Output FIFO_Int_Rx

00 Packet Output CRC_OK

01 Packet Output FIFOFULL

10 Packet Output RSSI_IRQ

11 Packet Output FIFO_Int_Rx

Table 11

Tables 12 and 13 describe the interrupts available in transmit mode:

IRQCFG0D_TX_IRQ0 Data Mode IRQ0 IRQ0 Interrupt Source

0 Continuous Output None (set to 0)

1 Continuous Output None (set to 0)

0 Buffered Output FIFO_thresh

1 Buffered Output nFIFOEMPY

0 Packet Output FIFO_thresh

1 Packet Output nFIFOEMPY

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Table 12

IRQCFG0D_TX_IRQ1 Data Mode IRQ1 IRQ0 Interrupt Source

0 Continuous Output DCLK

1 Continuous Output DCLK

0 Buffered Output FIFOFULL

1 Buffered Output TX_Stop

0 Packet Output FIFOFULL

1 Packet Output TX_Stop

Table 13

3.8 Buffered Clock Output

The buffered clock output is a signal derived from FXTAL. It can be used as a reference clock for the host microcon-

troller and is output on the CLKOUT pin. The OSCFG1B_Clkout_En[7] bit controls the CLKOUT pin. When this

bit is set to 1, CLKOUT is enabled, otherwise it is disabled. The output frequency of CLKOUT is defined by the

value of the OSCFG1B_Clk_freq[6..2] parameter which gives the frequency divider ratio applied to FXTAL. Refer

to Table 42 for programming details. Note: CLKOUT is disabled when the TRC105 is in sleep mode. If sleep

mode is used, the host microcontroller must have provisions to run from its own clock source.

3.9 Packet Data Mode

The TRC105 provides optional on-chip RX and TX packet handling features. These features ease the develop-

ment of packet oriented wireless communication protocols and free the MCU resources for other tasks. The op-

tions include enabling protocols based on fixed and variable packet lengths, data scrambling, CRC checksum cal-

culations and received packet filtering. All the programmable parameters of the Packet data mode are accessible

through the PKTCFG configuration registers of the device. The Packet data mode is enabled when the register bit

MCFG01_Mode[7..6 ] is set to 10 or 11.

The packet handler supports three types of packet formats: fixed length packets, variable length packets, and ex-

tended vari ab le len gth pac kets . T he PKTCFG1E_Pkt_mode[7] bit selects either the fixed or the variable length

packet formats.

3.9.1 Fixed Length Packet Mode

The fixed length packet mode is selected by setting the PKTCFG1E_Pkt_mode[7] bit to 0. In this mode the

length of the packet is set by the PKTCFG1C_Pkt_len[6..0] register up to the size of the FIFO which has been

selected.

The length stored in this register is the length of the payload which includes the message data bytes and optional

address byte. The fixed length packet format shown in Figure 13 is made up of the following fields:

1. Preamble

2. Start pattern (network address)

3. Node address byte (optional)

4. Data bytes

5. Two-byte CRC checksum (optional)

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P r e a m b l e

1 t o 4 B y t e s

S t a r t P a t t e r n

( N e t w o r k A d d r e s s )

1 t o 4 B y t e s

O p t i o n a l

N o d e

A d d r e s s

B y t e

D a t a B y t e s CRC

2 B y t e s

M a n c h e s t e r E n c o d i n g o r S c r a m b l i n g A p p l i e d t o t h e s e B y t e s

F i x e d L e n g t h P a c k e t F o r m a t

T h e P r e a m b l e , S t a r t P a t t e r n a n d C R C b y t e s a r e a d d e d t o t h e p a c k e t b y t h e T R C 1 0 3 d u r i n g t r a n s m i t a n d r e m o v e d f r o m t h e p a c k e t d u r i n g r e c e i v e .

P a y l o a d B y t e s = P K T C F G 1 C _ P k t _ l e n [ 6 . . 0 ]

M a x i m u m L e n g t h = F I F O L e n g t h

Figure 13

3.9.2 Variable Length Packet Mode

The variable length packet mode is selected by setting bit PKTCFG1E_Pkt_mode[7] to 1. The packet format

shown in Figure 14 is programmable and is made up of the following fields:

1. Preamble

2. Start pattern (network address)

3. Length byte

4. Node address byte (optional)

5. Data bytes

6. Two-byte CRC checksum (optional)

P r e a m b l e

1 t o 4 B y t e s

S t a r t P a t t e r n

( N e t w o r k A d d r e s s )

1 t o 4 B y t e s

O p t i o n a l

N o d e

A d d r e s s

B y t e

D a t a B y t e s CRC

2 B y t e s

M a n c h e s t e r E n c o d i n g o r S c r a m b l i n g A p p l i e d t o t h e s e B y t e s

M a x i m u m P a y l o a d B y t e s = F I F O L e n g t h

V a r i a b l e L e n g t h P a c k e t F o r m a t

L e n g t h

B y t e

Figure 14

In variable length packet mode, the length of the rest of the payload is given by the first byte written to the FIFO.

The length byte itself is not included in this count. The PKTCFG1C_Pkt_len[6..0] parameter is used to set the

maximum received payload length allowed. Any received packet having a value in the length byte greater than

this maximum is discarded. The variable length packet format accommodates payloads, including the length byte,

up to the length of the FIFO.

3.9.3 Extended Variable Length Packet Mode

The extended variable length packet mode is selected by setting bit PKTCFG1E_Pkt_mode[7] to 1 and setting

PKTCFG1C_Pkt_len[6..0] to a value between 65 and 127. The packet format shown in Figure 15 is programma-

ble and is made up of the following fields:

1. Preamble

2. Start pattern (network address)

3. Length byte

4. Node address byte (optional)

5. Data bytes

6. Two-byte CRC checksum (optional)

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P r e a m b l e

1 t o 4 B y t e s

S t a r t P a t t e r n

( N e t w o r k A d d r e s s )

1 t o 4 B y t e s

O p t i o n a l

N o d e

A d d r e s s

B y t e

D a t a B y t e s CRC

2 B y t e s

M a n c h e s t e r E n c o d i n g o r S c r a m b l i n g A p p l i e d t o t h e s e B y t e s

M a x i m u m P a y l o a d B y t e s = P K T C F G 1 C _ P k t _ l e n [ 6 . . 0 ]

L e n g t h

B y t e

E x t e n d e d V a r i a b l e L e n g t h P a c k e t F o r m a t , 6 5 t o 1 2 7 B y t e s

Figure 15

In extended variable length packet mode, the length of the rest of the payload is given by the first byte written to

the FIFO. The length byte itself is not included in this count. There are a number of ways to use the extended

variable length packet capability. The most common way is outlined below:

1. Set PKTCFG1C_Pkt_len[6..0] to a value between 65 (0x41) and 127 (0x7F). This sets the maximum allowed

payload in extended packet mode. Any received packet having a value in the length byte greater than this maxi-

mum is discarded.

2. Set PKTCFG1E_Pkt_mode[7] to 1 for variable length packet mode operation. Set the PKTCFG 1E_ Pr e-

amb_len[6..5] bits to 10 or 11 for a 3 or 4 byte preamble. Set the PKTCFG1E_CRC_En[3] bit to 1 to enable CRC

process ing. Set the PKTCFG1E_Pkt_ADDRS_cmp[2..1] bits as required. Clear the PKTCFG1E_ CRC_stat[0]

bit by writing a 1 to it.

3. Set MCFG0C_FIFO_depth[7..6] bits to 11 for a 64 byte FIFO length.

4. Set the MCFG0C_FIFO_thresh[5..0] to approximately 31(0x1F). This sets the threshold to 32, near the mid

point of the FIFO. Provided the host microcontroller is relatively fast (usual case), this setting can be used for

monitoring the FIFO in both transmit and receive. If the host microcontroller is relatively slow, set the threshold to

a value lower than 31 for receive, and higher than 31 for transmit.

5. Set the IRQCFG0D_RX_IRQ1[5..4] bits to 11. This maps FIFO_Int_Rx interrupt to IRQ1, which trips when the

number of received bytes in the FIFO is equal to or greater than the value in MCFG05_FIFO_thresh. IRQ1 will

then signal received bytes must be retrieved. If received bytes are not retrieved before the FIFO completely fills,

data will be lost.

6. Set the IRQCFG0D_TX_IRQ0[3] bit to 0. This causes a transmission to start when the number of transmit

bytes in the FIFO is equal to or greater than the value in MCFG0C_FIFO_thresh. Also, the FIFO_Int_Tx interrupt

is mapped to IRQ0 in transmit mode, and is set when the number of bytes in the FIFO is equal to or less than the

value in MCFG0C_FIFO_thresh. IRQ0 will then signal more bytes can be added to the FIFO. If more message

bytes are not added in time, the transmission will cease prematurely and data will be lost. Likewise, if more bytes

are sent to the FIFO than it has room for, data will be lost.

7. When receiving an extended variable length packet, monitor IRQ1. When IRQ1 trips, clock out some of the re-

ceived bytes from the FIFO (leave at least one byte in the FIFO). Repeat the partial packet retrieval each time

IRQ1 triggers. The first byte received is the number of message bytes, and can be used to tell when the last mes-

sage byte has been retrieved. When it is determined that the remaining message bytes will not overflow the FIFO,

the IRQCFG0D_RX_IRQ1[5..4] bits can be set to 00, which maps CRC_OK to IRQ1. After the CRC is checked,

the final bytes can be read from the FIFO and the IRQCFG0D_RX_IRQ1[5..4] bits can be reset to 11 to track

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FIFO_Int_Rx when the next packet is received. Note that CRC mapping to IRQ1 is not required if the CRC state is

read from the PKTCFG1E_ CRC_stat[0] bit prior to reading the final FIFO bytes.

8. When transmitting an extended variable length packet, begin filling the FIFO until IRQ0 trips, indicating the

FIFO is half full. Add up to 32 bytes to the FIFO (64 - (MCFG05_ FIFO_thresh +1)) when IRQ0 resets. Repeat the

partial packet loading each time IRQ0 resets until all bytes to be transmitted have been clocked in. The

IRQCFG0D_TX_IRQ1[3] bit can then be set to 1, which allows the TX_STOP event to be mapped to IRQ1.

TX_STOP signals the last bit to be transmitted has been transferred the modulator. Allow one bit period for this bit

to be transmitted before switching out of transmit mode.

3.9.4 Packet Payload Processing in Transmit and Receive

The TRC105 packet handler constructs transmit packets using the payload in the FIFO. In receive, it processes

the packets and extracts the payload to the FIFO. Packet processing in transmit and receive are detailed below.

For transmit, the packet handler adds the following fields and processing to the payload in the FIFO:

1. One automatic preamble byte

2. One to four additional preamble bytes, programmable and usually set to 3 or 4 bytes

3. One to four start pattern bytes, programmable and usually set to at least 2 bytes

4. Optional CRC checksum calculated over the FIFO payload and appending to the end of the packet

5. Optional Manchester encoding or DC-balanced scrambling

The payload in the FIFO may contain one or both of the following optional fields:

1. A length byte if the variable packet length mode is selected

2. A node address byte

If the FIFO is filled while transmit mode is enabled, and if IRQCFG0E_Start_Full[4] is set to 1, the modulator

waits until the first byte is written into the FIFO, then it starts sending the programmed preamble bytes followed by

the start pattern and the user payload. If IRQCFG0E_Start_Full[4 ] is set to 0 in the same conditions, the modu-

lator waits until the number of bytes written in the FIFO is equal to the number defined in the register MCFG05_

FIFO_thresh[5..0]. Note that the transmitter automatically sends preamble bytes in addition the number pro-

grammed while in transmit mode and waiting for the FIFO to receive the required number of bytes to start data

transmission. Data to be transmitted can also be written into the FIFO during standby mode. In this case, the data

is automatically transmitted when the transmit mode is enabled and the transmitter reaches its steady state.

If CRC is enabled, the CRC checksum is calculated over the payload bytes. This 16-bit checksum is sent after the

bytes in the FIFO. If CRC is enabled, the TX_STOP bit is set when the last CRC bit is transferred to the TX modu-

lator. If CRC is not enabled, the TX_STOP bit is set when the last bit from the FIFO is transferred to the TX modu-

lator. Note that the transmitter must remain on one bit period after the TX_STOP bit is set while the last bit is be-

ing transmitted. If the transmitter remains on following the transmission of the last bit after TX_STOP is set, the

transmitter will send preamble bytes. If Manchester encoding or scrambling is enabled, all data except the pream-

ble and start pattern is encoded or scrambled before transmission. Note that the length byte in the FIFO deter-

mines the length of the packet to be sent and the PKTCFG1C_Pkt_len[6..0] parameter is not used in transmit.

In receive, the packet handler retrieves the payload by performing the following steps:

1. Data and clock recovery synchronization to the preamble

2. Start pattern detection

3. Optional address byte check

4. Error detection through CRC

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When receive mode is enabled, the demodulator detects the preamble followed by the start pattern. If fixed length

packet format is enabled, then the number of bytes received as the payload is given by the PKTCFG1C_Pkt_

len[6..0] parameter. In variable length and extended variable length packet modes, the first byte received after

the start pattern is interpreted as the length of the balance of the payload. An internal length counter is initialized

to this length. The PKTCFG1C_Pkt_len[6..0] register must be set to a value which is equal to or greater than the

maximum expected length byte value of the received packet. If the length byte value of a received packet is

greater than the value in the PKTC FG 1C_ Pkt_l en [6..0] register, the packet is discarded. Otherwise the packet

payload begins loading into the FIFO.

If address match is enabled, the second byte received in a variable length mode or the first byte in the fixed length

mode is interpreted as the node address. If this address matches the byte in PKTCFG1D_Node_Addrs[7..0],

reception of the packet continues, otherwise it is stopped. A CRC check is performed if PKTCFG1E_CRC_

En[3] is set to 1. If the CRC check is successful, a 1 is loaded in the PKTCFG1E_CRC_stat[0] bit, and CRC_OK

and Dat_Rdy interrupts are simultaneously generated on IRQ1 and IRQ0 respectively. This signals that the pay-

load or balance of the payload can be read from the FIFO. In receive mode, address match, Dat_Rdy, and

CRC_OK interrupts and the CRC_stat bit are reset when the last byte in the FIFO is read. Note the FIFO can be

read in standby mode by setting PGCFG1F_ RnW_FIFO[6] bit to 1. In standby, reading the last FIFO byte does

not clear CRC_OK and the CRC_stat bit. They are reset once the TRC103 is put in receive mode again and a

start pattern is detected.

If the CRC check fails, the FIFO is cleared and no interrupts are generated. This action can be overridden by set-

ting PGCFG1F_CRCclr_auto[7] to 1, which forces a Data_Rdy interrupt and preserves the payload in the FIFO

even if the CRC fails.

If address checking is enabled, the second byte received in a variable length mode or the first byte in the fixed

length mode is interpreted as the node address. If this address matches the byte in PKTCFG1D_Node_

Addrs[7..0], reception of the packet continues, otherwise it is stopped. A CRC check is performed if PKTCFG1E_

CRC_En[3] is set to 1. If the CRC check is successful, a 1 is loaded in the PKTCFG1E_CRC_stat[0] bit, and

CRC_OK and Dat_Rdy interrupts are simultaneously generated on IRQ1 and IRQ0 respectively, signaling the

payload or balance of the payload can be read from the FIFO. Note the FIFO can be read in standby mode by

setting PGCFG1F_ RnW_FIFO[6] bit to 1. If the CRC check fails, the FIFO is cleared and no interrupts are gen-

erated. This action can be overridden by setting PGCFG1F_CRCclr_auto[7] to 1, which forces a Data_Rdy inter-

rupt and preserves the payload in the FIFO even if the CRC fails.

3.9.5 Packet Filtering

Received packets can be filtered based on two criteria: length filtering and address filtering. In variable length or

extended var iable length p ac ket formats , PKTCFG1C_Pkt_len[6..0] stores the maximum packet length permitted.

If the received packet length is greater than this value, then the packet is discarded. Node address filtering is en-

abled by setting parameter PKTCFG1E_Addrs_cmp[2..1] to an y value other than 00, i.e., 01, 10 or 11. T hes e

settings enable the following three options:

PKTCFG1E_Addrs_cmp[2..1] = 01: This configuration activates the address filtering function on the packet

handler and the received address byte is compared with the address in the PKTCFG1D_Node_Addrs[7..0] regis-

ter. If both address bytes are the same, the received packet is for the current destination and is stored in FIFO.

Otherwise it is discarded. An interrupt can also be generated on IRQ0 if the address comparison is successful.

PKTCFG1E_Addrs_cmp[2..1] = 10: In this configuration the received address is compared to both the

PKTCFG1D_Node_Addrs[7..0] register and constant 0x00. If the received address byte matches either value,

the packet is accepted. An interrupt can also be generated on IRQ0 if the address comparison is successful. The

0x00 address is useful for sending broadcast packets.

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PKTCFG1E_Addrs_cmp[2..1] = 11: In this configuration the packet is accepted if the received address matches

either the PKTCFG1D_Node_addrs[7..0] register, 0x00 or 0xFF. An interrupt can also be generated on IRQ0 if

the address comparison is successful. The 0x00 and 0xFF addresses are useful for sending two types of broad-

cast packets.

3.9.6 Cyclic Redundancy Check

CRC check is enabled by setting the PKTCFG1E_CRC_En[3] bit to 1. A 16-bit CRC checksum is calculated on

the payload part of the packet and is appended to the end of the transmitted message. The CRC checksum is

calculated on the received payload and compared to the transmitted CRC. The result of the comparison is stored

in the PKTCFG1E_CRC_stat[0] bit and an interrupt can also be generated on IRQ1. The CRC is based on the

CCITT polynomial as shown in Figure 16. The CRC also detects errors due to leading and trailing zeros.

D A T A

I N P U T

X O R X O R

S R 1 5 S R 1 2 S R 1 1 S R 5 X O R S R 4 S R 0

T R C 1 0 5 C R C I m p l e m e n t a t i o n

1 6

+ X

1 2

+ X

+ 1

A l l 1 6 s h i f t r e g i s t e r s p r e s e t t o 1 b e f o r e e a c h C R C c a l c u l a t i o n

Figure 16

3.9.7 Manchester Encoding

Manchester encoding is enabled by setting the PKTCFG1C_Man_en[7] bit to 1, and can only be used in Packet

data mode. Figure 17 illustrates Manchester encoding. NRZ data is converted to Manchester by encoding 1 bits

as 10 chip sequences, and 0 bits as 01 chip sequences. Manchester encoding guarantees DC-balance and fre-

quent data transitions in the encoded data. Note the maximum Manchester chip rate corresponds to the maximum

bit rate given in the specifications in Table 52.

C h i p

C l o c k

NRZ

D a t a

M a n c h e s t e r

E n c o d e d

D a t a

T R C 1 0 5 M a n c h e s t e r D a t a E n c o d i n g

Figure17

In transmit, Manchester encoding is applied only to the payload and CRC parts of the packet. The receiver de-

codes the payload and CRC before performing other packet processing tasks.

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3.9.8 DC-Balanced Scrambling

A payload may contain long sequences of 1 or 0 bits. These sequences would introduce DC biases in the trans-

mitted signal, causing a non-uniform power distribution spectrum. These sequences would also degrade the per-

formance of the demodulation and data and clock recovery functions in the receiver. System performance can be

enhanced if the payload bits are randomized to reduce DC biases and increase the number of bit transitions.

As discussed above, DC-balanced data can be obtained by using Manchester encoding, which ensures that there

are no more than two consecutive 1’s or 0’s in the transmitted data. However, this reduces the effective bit-rate of

the system because it doubles the amount of data to be transmitted.

Another technique called scrambling (whitening) is widely used for randomizing data before radio transmission.

The data is scrambled using a random sequence on the transmit side and then descrambled on the receive side

using the same sequence.

The TRC105 packet handler provides a mechanism for scrambling the packet payload. A 9-bit LFSR is used to

generate a random sequence. The payload and the 16-bit CRC checksum are XOR’d with this random sequence

as shown in Figure 18. The data is descrambled on the receiver side by XORing with the same random se-

quence. The scrambling/descrambling process is enabled by setting the PKTCFG1E_Scrmb_En[4] bit to 1.

D A T A I N P U T

S R 4S R 8 S R 5 S R 0 X O R

X O R

T R C 1 0 5 D a t a S c r a m b l i n g I m p l e m e n t a t i o n

+ X

+ 1

A l l 9 s h i f t r e g i s t e r s p r e s e t t o 1 b e f o r e e a c h s c r a m b l i n g ( D C b a l a n c i n g ) c a l c u l a t i o n

S C R A M B L E D

D A T A O U T P U T

Figure 18

3.10 SPI Configuration Interface

The TRC105 contains two SPI-compatible interfaces, one to read and write the configuration registers, the other

to read and write FIFO data. Both interfaces are configured in slave mode and share the same pins: SDO (SPI

Slave Data Out), SDI (SPI Slave Data In), and SCK (Serial Clock). Two pins are provided to select the SPI con-

nection. The nSS_CONFIG pin allows access to the configuration registers and the nSS_DATA pin allows access

to the FIFO. Figure 19 shows a typical connection between a host microcontroller and the SPI interface.

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T R C 1 0 5

H o s t

M i c r o c o n t r o l l e r

I R Q 0

I R Q 1 / D C L K

D A T A

P L L _ L O C K

S C K

S D I

S D O

T R C 1 0 5 - M i c r o c o n t r o l l e r S i g n a l C o n n e c t i o n s

n S S _ D A T A

n S S _ C O N F I G

Figure 19

A byte transmission can be seen as a rotate operation between the value stored in an 8-bit shift register in the

master device (host microcontroller) and the value stored in an 8-bit shift register in the transceiver. The SCK line

is used to synchronize both SPI bit transfers. Data is transferred full-duplex from master to slave through the SDI

line and from slave to master through the SDO line. The most significant bit is always sent first. In both directions

the rising SCK edge is used to sample a bit, and the falling SCK edge shifts the bits through the shift register.

The nSS_CONFIG or nSS_DATA signals are asserted by the master device and should remain low during a byte

transmission. The transmission is synchronized by these nSS_CONFIG or nSS_DATA signals. While the

nSS_CONFIG or nSS_DATA is set to 1, the counters controlling transmission are reset. Reception starts with the

first clock cycle after the falling edge of nSS_CONFIG or nSS_DATA. If either signal goes high during a byte

transmission the counters are reset and the byte must be retransmitted.

The configuration interface is selected if nSS_CONFIG is low even if the TRC105 is in buffered mode and

nSS_DATA is low (nSS_CONFIG has priority). To configure the transceiver two bytes are required. The first byte

contains a 0 start bit, R/W information (1 = read, 0 = write), 5 bits for the address of the register and a 0 stop bit.

The second byte contains the data to be sent in write mode or the new address to read from in read mode.

D 0D 1D 2D 3D 4D 5D 6D 7S T O PA 0A 1A 2A 3A 4S T A R T R / WX X

H i - Z X X X X X X X X D 7 D 6 D 5 D 4 D 3 D 2 D 1 D 0 H i - Z

R e g i s t e r A d d r e s s N e w R e g i s t e r V a l u e

O l d R e g i s t e r V a l u e

n S S _ C O N F I G

S C K

S D I

S D O

S i n g l e B y t e C o n f i g u r a t i o n R e g i s t e r W r i t e

Figure 20

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Figure 20 shows the timing diagram for a single byte write sequence to the TRC105 through the SPI configuration

interface. Note that nSS_CONFIG must remain low during the transmission of the two bytes (address and data). If

it goes high after the first byte, then the next byte will be considered as an address byte. When writing more than

one register successively, nSS_CONFIG does not need to have a high-to-low transition between two write se-

quences. The bytes are alternatively considered as an address byte followed by a data byte.

The read sequence through the SPI configuration interface is similar to the write sequence. The host microcon-

troller sends the address during the first SPI communication and then reads the data during a second SPI com-

munication. Note that 0 bits can be input to the SDI during the second SPI communication for a single byte read.

Figure 21 shows the timing diagram for a single byte read sequence from the TRC105 through the SPI.

A 0A 1A 2A 3A 4S T A R T R / WX X

H i - Z X X X X X X X X D 7 D 6 D 5 D 4 D 3 D 2 D 1 D 0 H i - Z

R e g i s t e r A d d r e s s

R e g i s t e r V a l u e

n S S _ C O N F I G

S C K

S D I

S D O

S i n g l e B y t e C o n f i g u r a t i o n R e g i s t e r R e a d

Figure 21

A 0A 1A 2A 3A 4S T A R T R / WX X

H i - Z X X X X X X X X D 7 D 6 D 5 D 4 D 3 D 2 D 1 D 0 D 7

F i r s t R e g i s t e r A d d r e s s

F i r s t R e g i s t e r V a l u e

n S S _ C O N F I G

S C K

S D I

S D O

M u l t i - b y t e C o n f i g u r a t i o n R e g i s t e r R e a d

A 0A 1A 2A 3A 4S T A R T R / WX

S e c o n d R e g i s t e r A d d r e s s

S T A R T A 0A 1A 2A 3A 4R / W

T h i r d R e g i s t e r A d d r e s s

D 6 D 5 D 4 D 3 D 2 D 1 D 0

S T A R T

S e c o n d R e g i s t e r V a l u e

Figure 22

Multiple configuration register reads are also possible by sending a series of register addresses into the SPI port,

as shown in Figure 22.

3.11 SPI Data FIFO Interface

When the transceiver is used in Buffered or Packet data mode, data is written to and read from the FIFO through

the SPI interf ac e. Two inter rupts , IRQ0 and IRQ1, ar e us ed to m anage the transf e r procedure.

When the transceiver is operating in Buffered or Packet data mode, the FIFO interface is selected when

nSS_DATA is set to 0 and nSS_CONFIG is set to 1. SPI operations with the FIFO are similar to operations with

the configuration registers with two important exceptions. First, no addresses are used with the FIFO, only data

bytes are exchanged. Second, nSS_DATA must be toggled high and back low be tween data bytes when writing

to the FIFO or reading from the FIFO. Toggling nSS_DATA indexes the access pointer to each byte in the FIFO in

lieu of using explicit addressing. Figure 23 shows the timing diagram for a multiple-byte write sequence to the

TRC105 during transmit, and Figure 24 shows the timing for a multi-byte read sequence.

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D 1D 2D 3D 4D 5D 6D 7D 1D 3D 4D 5X D 0

H i - Z XXXXXXXXHi-ZXXXXXXXX

F i r s t B y t e W r i t t e n S e c o n d B y t e W r i t t e n

n S S _ D A T A

S C K

S D I

S D O

T R C 1 0 5 D a t a W r i t e t o F I F O

D 7 D 6 D 2 D 0 X

H i - Z

Figure 23

D 1D 2D 3D 4D 5D 6D 7D 1D 3D 4D 5H i - Z D 0

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

F i r s t B y t e R e a d S e c o n d B y t e R e a d

n S S _ D A T A

S C K

S D I

S D O

T R C 1 0 5 D a t a R e a d f r o m F I F O

D 7 D 6 D 2 D 0 H i - Z H i - Z

Figure 24

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4.0 Configuration Register Memory Map

located in the page 1 register memory map. See Tables 47 and 48 for details of these registers.

Hex Function

Address Name

0x1F PGCFG1F

PKTCFG1E

PKTCFG1D

0x1C PKTCFG1C

0x1B OSCFG1B

0x1A TXCFG1A

SYNCFG19

SYNCFG18

SYNCFG17

0x16 SYNCFG16

RXCFG15

RXCFG14

RXCFG13

RXCFG12

RXCFG11

0x10 RXCFG10

IRQCFG0F

IRQCFG0E

IRQCFG0D

0x0C IRQCFG0C

MCFG0B

MCFG0A

MCFG09

MCFG08

MCFG07

MCFG06

MCFG05

MCFG04

MCFG03

MCFG02

MCFG01

0x00 MCFG00

Table 14

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4.1 Main Configuration Registers (MCFG)

Power up default setti ng are shown in bold:

0x00 - MCFG00 [default 0x2F]

Name Bits R/W

Description

Chip_Mode 7,6,5 r/w

Transceiver chip mode:

000 → Sleep

001 → Standby

010 → Synthesizer

011 → Receive

100 → Transmit

101, 100, 111 → not used

Band 4,3,2 r/w

Frequency band:

000 → 300-330 MHz

001 → 330-365 MHz

010 → 365-400 MHz

011 → 400-440 MHz

100 → 440-470 MHz

101 → 470-510 MHz

110, 111 → not used

Subband 1,0 r/w

Frequency subband:

00 → 1st (lowest) quarter of selected band

01 → 2nd quarter of selected band

10 → 3rd quarter of selected band

11 → 4th (highest) quarter of selected band

Table 15

0x01 - MCFG01 [default 0x24]

Name Bits R/W

Description

Mode 7,6 r/w

Data mode:

00 → Continuous

01 → Buffered

10, 11→ Packe t

FSK_OOK 5,4 r/w

TX/RX modulation:

00 → Reset

01→ OOK

10 → FSK

11 → not used

RX_OOK 3,2 r/w

RX OOK threshold mode:

00 → Fixed Threshold

01 → Peak Mode

10 → AVG Mode

11 → not used

IF_Gain 1,0 r/w

Gain (AGC) on IF chain:

00 → maximum IF gai n

01 → -4.5 dB below maximum

10 → -9 dB below maximum

11 → -13.5 dB below maximum

Table 16

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0x02 - MCFG02 [default 0x03]

Name Bits R/W

Description

Freq_Dev 7..0 r/w

Frequency deviati on:

FDEV = FXTAL/(32·(R+1)) where R is the Freq_Dev register value, FDEV and FXTAL are in kHz,

0 ≤ R ≤ 255

Freq_Dev default = 3, FDEV = ±100 kHz for FXTAL = 12,800 kHz

Table 17

0x03 - MCFG03 [default 0x07]

Name Bits R/W

Description

Bit_Rate_C 7..0 r/w

BR = FXTAL/(2*(C+1)*(D + 1)), where C and D are the bit rate parameters , and bit rate BR and

FXTAL are in kHz, 0 ≤ C ≤ 255, D = 31 for st andard appl ications

Bit_Rate_C defaul t = 7, BR = 25 kb/s for FXTAL = 12,800 kHz

Table 18

0x04 - MCFG04 [default 0x1F]

Name Bits R/W

Description

Bit_Rate_D 7..0 r/w

BR = FXTAL/(2*(C+1)*(D + 1)), where C and D are the bit rate parameters , and bit rate BR and

FXTAL are in kHz, 15 ≤ D ≤ 255. The default value of 31 is suitable for most applications.

Bit_Rate_D default = 31, BR = 25 kb/s for FXTAL = 12,800 kHz

Table 19

0x05 - MCFG05 [default 0xC6]

Name Bits R/W

Description

PA_Ramp 7,6 r/w

Rise/fall time control of Power Amplifier in OOK mode:

00 → 3 µs

01 →8.5 µs

10 → 15 µs

11 → 23 µs

RX_Low_Pwr 5 r/w

Enables recei ver low power mode by reducing LNA current

0 → Low power mode off

1 → Low power mode on (suitable for most applications )

Reserved 4,3 r/w

Not used

Trim 2,1 r/w

VCO trimming:

00 → 0 mV

01 → 60 mV

10 → 120 mV

11 → 180 mV

RF_Freq 0 r/w

Selecti on between two RF frequencies as defined by SynthRx, SynthPx, and SynthSx registers:

0 → Frequency 1

1 → Frequency 2

Table 20

0x06 - MCFG06 [default 0x6B]

Name Bits R/W

Description

SynthR1 7..0 r/w

RF frequency 1, R counter

R1 = 0x6B (01101011) for 434 MHz

Table 21

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0x07 - MCFG07 [default 0x2A]

Name Bits R/W

Description

SynthP1 7..0 r/w

RF frequency 1, P counter

P1 = 0x2A (00101010) for 434 MHz

Table 22

0x08 - MCFG08 [default 0x1E]

Name Bits R/W

Description

SynthS1 7..0 r/w

RF frequency 1, S counter

S1 = 0x1E (00011110) for 434 MHz

Table 23

0x09– MCFG09 [default 0x77]

Name Bits R/W

Description

SynthR2 7..0 r/w

RF frequency 2, R counter

R2 = 0x77 (01110111b) for 435 MHz

Table 24

0x0A - MCFG0A [default 0x2F]

Name Bits R/W

Description

SynthP2 7..0 r/w

RF frequency 2, P counter

P2 = 0x2F (00101111b) for 435 MHz

Table 25

0x0B - MCFG0B [default 0x19]

Name Bits R/W

Description

SynthS2 7..0 r/w

RF frequency 2, S counter

S2 = 0x19 (00011001b) for 435 MHz

Table 26

0x0C - MCFG0C [default 0x0F]

Name Bits R/W

Description

FIFO_depth 7,6 r/w

Configures the size of the FIFO:

00 → 16 bytes

01 → 32 bytes

10 → 48 bytes

11 → 64 bytes

FIFO_thresh 5..0 r/w

Number of bytes to be written in the FIFO to activate the FIFO_Int_Tx and FIFO_Int _Rx interrupt s.

Number of bytes = B + 1, where B is the register value.

FIFO_thresh default = 15, Number of bytes = 16

Table 27

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4.2 Interrupt Configuration Registers (IRQCFG)

0x0D - IRQCFG0D [default 0x00]

Name Bits R/W

Description

RX_IRQ0 7,6 r/w

IRQ0 source in receive mode:

Continuous dat a mode -

00 → IRQ0 mapped to pattern signal

01 → IRQ0 mapped to RSSI_IRQ

10,11 → IRQ0 mapped to start pattern detect

Buffered data mode -

00 → IRQ0 set to 0

01 → IRQ0 mapped to Write_byte

10 → IRQ0 mapped to nFIFOEMPY (also in Standby mode)

11 → IRQ0 mapped to start pattern detect

Packet data mode -

00 → IRQ0 mapped to Data_Rdy signal

01 → IRQ0 mapped to Write_byte

10 → IRQ0 mapped to nFIFOEMPY (also in Standby mode)

11 → IRQ0 mapped to Node Address Matc h if ADDRS _cm p is enabled

11 → IRQ0 mapped to Start Pattern Det ect if ADDRS_cm p is not enabled

RX_IRQ1 5,4 r/w

IRQ1 source in receive mode.

Continuous dat a mode -

00 → IRQ1 mapped to DCLK signal

01,10,11 → IRQ1 mapped to DCLK

Buffered data mode -

00 → IRQ1 set to 0

01 → IRQ1 mapped to FIFOFULL

10 → IRQ1 mapped to RSSI_IRQ

11 → IRQ1 mapped to FIFO_Int_Rx (also in Standby mode)

Packet data mode -

00 → IRQ1 mapped to CRC_OK

01 → IRQ1 mapped to FIFOFULL (also in Standby mode)

10 → IRQ1 mapped to RSSI_IRQ

11 → IRQ1 mapped to FIFO_Int_Rx (also in Standby mode)

TX_IRQ0 3 r/w

IRQ0 source in transmit mode:

Continuous dat a mode -

0,1 → IRQ0 set to 0

Buffered or Packet data modes -

0 → IRQ0 mapped to FIFO_thresh (transmission starts when IRQ0 switches high)

1 → IRQ0 is mapped to nFIFOEMPY (transmissi on starts when IRQ0 switches hi gh)

TX_IRQ1 2 r

IRQ1 source in transmit mode.

Continuous dat a mode -

0, 1→ IRQ_1 mapped to DCLK

Buffered or Packet data modes -

0 → IRQ1 mapped to FIFOFULL

1 → IRQ1 is mapped to TX_Stop

FIFOFULL 1 r

FIFO full (IRQ source)

nFIFOEMPY 0 r

low when FIFO empty (IRQ source).

Table 28

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0x0E - IRQCFG0E [default 0x01]

Name Bits R/W

Description

Start_Fill 7 r/w

FIFO fill mode selection:

0 → FIFO starts filling when start pattern is recognized

1 → FIFO fills as long as Start_Det is 1

Start_Det 6 r/w/c

Start of FIFO fill:

If Start_Fill = 0, goes high when start pattern recognized. Wri te a 1 to reset the start pattern

recognition.

If Start_Fill = 1

0 → Stop filling FIFO

1 → Start filling FIFO

TX_Stop 5 r

Transmit state:

0 → Transferring bits to the TX modulator

1 → Last bit transferred to the TX modulator

FIFO_OVR 4 r/w/c

FIFO overflow:

In Buffered data mode, writing a 1 to this bit clears the FIFO.

In Packet data mode, writing a 1 to this bit clears the FIFO and allows a new packet to be transmit t ed

or received immediately.

RSSI_Int 3 r/w

Enables SIG_DETECT when RSSI_thl d is tri pped:

0 → Disable interrupt

1→ Enable interrupt

SIG_DETECT 2 r/w/c

Detects a signal above t he RSSI_thld:

0 → Signal lower than threshold

1 → Signal equal or greater than the RSSI_thl d level

This bit latches high and must be cleared by writing a 1 to its location.

PLL_LOCK_ST 1 r/w/c

Detects the PLL lock status:

0 → PLL not locked

1 → PLL locked

This bit latches high each tim e the PLL locks and must be cleared by writing a 1 to its locati on.

PLL_LOCK_EN 0 r/w

Enables the PLL_LOCK signal on Pin 23

0 → PLL_LOCK signal disabled, Pin 23 set high

1 → PLL_LOCK signal enabled

Table 29

0x0F - IRQCFG0F [default 0x00]

Name Bits R/W

Description

RSSI_thld(7..0) 7..0 r/w

RSSI threshold level for interrupt.

RSSI_thld default is 0x00

Table 30

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4.3 Receiver Configuration Registers (RXCFG)

0x10 - RXCFG10 [default 0xA3]

Name Bits R/W

Description

LP_filt(7..4) 7,6,5,4 r/w

Bandwidth of the low-pass filter.

0000 → 65 kHz

0001 → 82 kHz

0010 → 109 kHz

0011 → 137 kHz

0100 → 157 kHz

0101 → 184 kHz

0110 → 211 kHz

0111 → 234 kHz

1000 → 262 kHz

1001 → 321 kHz

1010 → 378 kHz

1011 → 414 kHz

1100 → 458 kHz

1101 → 514 kHz

1110 → 676 kHz

1111 → 987 kHz

BW_filt(3..0) 3,2,1,0 r/w

Cutoff frequency of the receiver FSK Butterworth low-pass fi lters:

FCBW = 200*(FXTAL/12800)*((J + 1)/8), where FCBW is the 3 dB cutoff frequency of the Butt e rworth filters in

kHz, and J is the integer value of BW_filt with a range of 0 to 15.

Upper cutoff frequenc y of t he OOK polyphas e band-pass f i lters:

FCPP = FOPP + 200*(FXTAL/12800)*((J + 1)/8), where FCPP is t he upper cutoff frequenc y of polyphase filters in

kHz , FOPP is the center frequency of the OOK polyphase filters in kHz (see RXCFG11 below), FXTAL is the

cryst al frequency in kHz, and J is the integer value of BW_filt with the usable range of 0 to 1.

BW_filt default = 0011b, FCBW = 100 kHz for a 12,800 kHz crystal

Table 31

0x11 - RXCFG11 [default 0x38]

Name Bits R/W

Description

Polyfilt(7..4) 7,6,5,4 r/w

Center frequenc y of t he polyphase fi lter:

FOPP = 200*(FXTAL/ 12800)*((L + 1)/8), where FOPP is the center frequenc y of t he OOK polyphase fil ter in

kHz, FXTAL is the crystal frequency in kHz, and L is the integer value of Polyfilt.

Pol yfilt default = 0011b, FOPP = 100 kHz for a 12,800 kHz crystal

PA_reg 3 r/w

Power Amp Step regulation mode:

0 → Regulation disabled

1 → Regulation enabled

- 2,1,0 Not used

Table 32

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0x12 - RXCFG12 [default 0x18]

Name Bits R/W

Description

Polyfilt_En 7 r/w

Polyphase filter enable:

0 → Polyphase filter disabled

1 → Polyphase filter enabled

DCLK_Dis 6 r/w

Data and clock recovery enabl e:

0 → Enabled

1 → Disabled

Recog 5 r/w

Start patt ern detect (recognition) enable:

0 → Disabled

1 → Enabled

Pat_sz 4,3 r/w

Start pattern size:

00 → 1 byte (SYNCGF16 byte)

01 → 2 bytes (SYNCGF16 and SYNCGF17 bytes)

10 → 3 bytes (SYNCGF16, SYNCGF17 and SYNCGF18 bytes)

11 → 4 bytes (SYNCGF16, SYNCGF17, SYNCGF18, and SYNCGF19 bytes)

Ptol 2,1 r/w

Start patt ern bit error tole rance:

00 → 0 errors

01 → 1 error

10 → 2 errors

11 → 3 errors

- 0 - Not used

Table 33

0x13 - RXCFG13 [default 0x0C]

Name Bits R/W

Description

OOK_Thresh 7..0 r/w

OOK fixed threshold or minimum threshold in peak mode. Default is 6 dB.

00000000b → 0 dB

00000001b → 0.5 dB

00001100b → 6 dB

11111111b → 127 dB

Table 34

0x14 - RXCFG14 [default 0x00]

Name Bits R/W

Description

RSSI 7..0 r

RSSI Output

Table 35

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0x15 - RXCFG15 [default 0x00]

Name Bits R/W

Description

OOK_step 7,6,5 r/w

Reduction of max RSSI level in peak mode for OOK:

000 → 0.5 dB

001 → 1.0 dB

010 → 1.5 dB

011 → 2.0 dB

100 → 3.0 dB

101 → 4.0 dB

110 → 5.0 dB

111 → 6.0 dB

OOK_length 4,3,2 r/w

OOK peak mode update period:

000 → once per chip period

001 → once per 2 chip periods

010 → once per 4 chip periods

011 → once per 8 chip periods

100 → 2x per chip period

101 → 4x per chip period

110 → 8x per chip period

111 → 16x per chip period

OOK_IIR_coeff 1,0 r/w

OOK IIR filter coefficients i n AVG mode. FCAG is the cutoff frequenc y for the averaging filter.

00 → FCAG = chip rate / 32*π

01 → FCAG = chip rate / 8*π

10 → FCAG = chip rate / 4*π

11 → FCAG = chip rate / 2*π

Table 36

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4.4 Start Pattern Configuration Registers (SYNCFG)

0x16 - SYNCFG16 [default 0x00]

Name Bits R/W

Description

Sync_Pat3 7..0 r/w

Start patt ern most si gnific ant byt e. This byt e is sent first if one or more start pattern bytes are used.

Default: 00000000b

Table 37

0x17 - SYNCFG17 [default 0x00]

Name Bits R/W

Description

Sync_Pat2 7..0 r/w

Start patt ern byte. This byt e is sent sec ond if two or more start pattern byt es are used.

Default: 00000000b

Table 38

0x18 - SYNCFG18 [default 0x00]

Name Bits R/W

Description

Sync_Pat1 7..0 r/w

Start patt ern byte. This byt e is sent t hird if three or more start pattern bytes are used.

Default: 00000000b

Table 39

0x19 - SYNCFG19 [default 0x00]

Name Bits R/W

Description

Sync_Pat0 7..0 r/w

Start patt ern least si gnifi cant byte. This byte is sent last if four start pattern bytes are used.

Default: 00000000b

Table 40

4.5 Transmitter Configuration Registers (TXCFG)

0x1A - TXCFG1A [default 0x70h]

Name Bits R/W

Description

TxInterpfilt 7,6,5,4 r/w

Transmitt er anti-al i asing fil ter cutoff frequency:

FCTX = 200*(FXTAL/12800)*((K + 1)/8), where FCTX is the 3 dB bandwidth of the transmitter anti-al i asing

filters in k Hz, FXTAL is the crystal frequency in kHz, and K is the integer value of TxInterpfi lt,.

TxInterpfilt default = 0111b, FCTX = 200 kHz

Pout 3,2,1 r/w

Transmitt er output power (approx 3 dB steps):

000 → 13 dBm

001 → 10 dBm

010 → 7 dBm

011 → 4 dBm

100 → 1 dBm

101 → -2 dBm

110 → -5 dBm

111→ -8 dBm

- 0

Not used

Table 41

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4.6 Oscillator Configuration Register (OSCFG)

0x1B - OSCFG1B [default 0xBC]

Name Bits R/W

Description

Clkout_En 7 r/w

Buffered Cl ock Output Enable:

0 → Disabled

1 → Enabled

Clk_Freq 6..2 r/w

Buffered cl ock out put frequency on pin CLKO UT:

FBCO = FXTAL/ (2* M), where FBCO is the buffered clock output frequency in kHz, FXTAL is the cr ystal

frequency in kHz and M is the value of Clk_Freq except if Clk_Freq is 0, FBCO = FXTAL

Clk_Freq default: 01111, FBCO = 426.67 kHz for a 12,800 kHz crystal

- 1,0 Not used

Table 42

4.7 Packet Handler Configuration Registers (PKTCFG)

0x1C - PKTCFG1C [default 0x00]

Name Bits R/W

Description

Man_En 7 r/w

Manchester encoding/ decoding enable:

0 → Manchester encoding/decoding OFF

1 → Manchester encoding/decoding ON

Pkt_len 6..0 r/w

Packet lengt h: the payload size i n fixed length m ode, the maximum length byte val ue i n variable

length mode, and the maximum length byte value in extended variabl e l ength packet mode.

Pkt_len default: 0000000b

Table 43

0x1D - PKTCFG1D [default 0x00]

Name Bits R/W

Description

Node_Addrs 7..0 r/w

Node address used in filteri ng received packets in a network.

Table 44

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0x1E - PKTCFG1E [default 0x40]

Name Bits R/W

Description

Pkt_mode 7 r/w

Packet mode:

0 → Fixed length packet mode

1 → Variable lengt h packet mode

Preamb_len 6,5 r/w

Preamble Length:

00 → 1 byte

01 → 2 bytes

10 → 3 bytes

11 → 4 bytes

Scrmb_En 4 r/w

DC-balanced scrambling enable:

0 → Scrambling OFF

1 → Scrambling ON

CRC_En 3 r/w

Cyclic Redundanc y Check processing enable:

0 → CRC OFF

1 → CRC ON

ADDRS_cmp 2,1 r/w

Node address comparison for rec eived packets:

00 → No comparison

01 → Compare with Node_Addrs only

10 → Compare with Node_Addrs and constant 0x00

11 → Compare with Node_Addrs and constants 0x00 or 0xFF

CRC_stat 0 r

Calculat e CRC and check res ult:

0 → CRC failed

1 → CRC successf ul

This bit must be cleared by writing a 1 to its location.

Table 45

4.8 Page Configuration Register (PGCFG)

0x1F - PGCFG1F [default 0x00]

Name Bits R/W

Description

CRCclr_auto 7 r/w

Automatica l l y clear FI F O if CRC fails (receive only):

0 → Clear FIFO if CRC fails

1 → Do not clear FIFO

RnW_FIFO 6 r/w

Selects read or write FIFO while i n standby m ode:

0 → Writ e FIFO

1 → Read FIFO

- 5,4,3,2 Not used

PAGE 1,0 r/w

00 → Page 0

01 → Page 1

10 → Not used

11 → Not used

Table 46

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4.9 Low Battery Configuration Registers (LBCFG)

Page 0x01, 0x05 - LBCFG05 [default 0xB1]

Name Bits R/W

Description

Reserved 7,6,5,4 r/w

Do not change default bit pattern:

1011 → default bit pattern

LB_En 3 r/w

Low battery detect i on enable:

0 → Detection off

1 → Detection on

LB_Thres 2,1,0 r/w

Low battery detect i on thres hold:

000 → 1.79 V

001 → 1.84 V

010 → 1.90 V

011 → 1.97 V

100 → 2.02 V

101 → 2.08 V

110 → 2.14 V

111 → 2.20 V

Table 47

Page 0x01, 0x06 - LBCFG06 [default 0x96]

Name Bits R/W

Description

LB_Status 7 r

Low battery stat us:

0 → battery voltage below threshold

1 → battery volt age above thres hold

LB_Out 6 r/w

Map low battery detect to pin 24:

0 → not mapped

1 → mapped

Reserved 5,4,3,

2,1,0 r/w Do not change def ault bit patt ern:

010110 → default bit pattern

Table 48

Note: take care to immediately return to configuration register memory map page 0 following a read or write to

the low battery configuration registers in page 1. Page configurat ion re gister PGCFG1F is mapped into all pages

at the same address of 0x1F. Bits 0..1 of this register control page selection. See Table 46.

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5.0 Electrical Characteristics

Absolute Maximum Ratings

SYMBOL PARAMETER NOTES MIN MAX UNITS

VDD Supply Voltage -0.3 3.7 V

TSTG Storage Temperature -55 +125 °C

ESD JEDEC 22-A114 Class Rating 1,2 V

RFIN Input Level 0 dBm

Table 49

Recommended Operating Range

SYMBOL PARAMETER NOTES MIN MAX UNITS

VDD Positive Supply Voltage 2.1 3.6 V

Top Operating Temperature -40 +85 °C

RFIN Input Level - 0 dBm

NOTES:

1. Pins 3,4,5,27, 28,29, 31 com pl y with Class 1A.

2. All other pins comply with Class 2.

Table 50

5.1 DC Electrical Characteristics

Minimum/m aximum values are val id over the recommended operating range VDD = 2.1-3.6V. Typical conditions: T o = 25°C; VDD = 3.3 V.

The electric al specifications given below are valid for a crystal having t he specifications given in Table 3.

PARAMETER SYM NOTES MIN TYP MAX UNITS Test Notes

Sleep Mode Current IS 0.1 1 µA

Standby Mode Current,

Crystal Oscillator Running ISB 12.8 MHz Crystal 65 85 µA

300-434 MHz 1.3 1.7

440-470 MHz 1.4

Synthesi zer Mode Current,

Oscillator and

Synthesi zer Running IFM

470-510 MHz 1.7

300-434 MHz 2.7 3.0

440-470 MHz 2.7

Receiver Mode Current,

All Receiver Block s Runni ng IRX

470-510 MHz 2.7

mA RX_Low_Pwr

bit = 1

Pout = +10 dBm 25 30

Transmitt er Mode Current ITX Pout = +1 dBm 16 21 mA

Reset Threshold VPOR 1.37 V

Digital Input Low Level Vil 0.2*V DD V

Digital Input Hi gh Level Vih 0.8*VDD V

Digital Input Current Low Iil -1 1 µA V i l = 0 V

Digital Input Current High Iih -1 1 µA Vih = VDD,

VDD = 3.3 V

Digital Output Low Level Vol 0.1*VDD V Iol = -1 mA

Digital Output High Level Voh 0.9*VDD V Ioh = +1 mA

Table 51

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5.2 AC Electrical Characteristics

Minimum/m aximum values are val id over the recommended operating range VDD = 2.1-3.6V. Typical conditions: T o = 25°C; VDD = 3.3 V.

The electric al specifications given below are valid for a crystal having t he specifications given in Table 3.

RECEIVER

PARAMETER SYM MIN TYP MAX UNITS Test Notes

RF Input Impedance 150 ohms dif f erential input

RF Input Power 0 dBm above 0 dBm receiver input may be damaged

Receiver Noise Figure 8 dB IC noise figure

FSK Receiver Bandwidth 50 250 kHz Butterworth filter mode

OOK Receiver Bandwidth 50 400 kHz polyphase filter mode

-110 300-330 MHz

-112 -110 434 MHz

FSK Sensitivity, 2 kb/s*

10-3 BER, BW = 100 kHz

FDEV = ±50 kHz

-110

dBm

470-510 MHz

-102 300-330 MHz

-104 -102 434 MHz

FSK Sensitivity, 25 kb/s*

10-3 BER, BW = 100 kHz

FDEV = ±50 kHz

-102

dBm

470-510 MHz

-108 300-330 MHz

-110 -108 434 MHz

OOK Sensitivity, 2 kb/s*

10-3 BER, BW = 50 kHz

-108

dBm

470-510 MHz

Blocking Immunity* 53 dBc s i gnal st rength of unmodulated blocking signal

relative t o desi red signal, 1 MHz offs et

Co-channel Reject i on* -12 dBc signal strength of modulated co-channel signal

relative t o desired si gnal

Adjacent Channel Rej ect i on* 38 42 dBc signal st rength of adjacent signal relative to

desired signal, 600 kHz offset, modulation

same as desired signal

FSK Bit Rate 1.56 200 kb/s NRZ

OOK Bit Rate 1.56 32 kb/s NRZ

RSSI Resoluti on 0.5 dB

RSSI Accuracy ±3 dB

RSSI Dynamic Range 63

70 dB at maximum IF gain

at minimum IF gain

Local Oscillator (LO) Emission -65 dBm

*Receiver in-c i rcui t perf orm ance with RFM recommended SAW filter and crystal.

Table 52

TRANSMITTER

PARAMETER SYM MIN TYP MAX UNITS Test Notes

RF Output Impedance 150 ohms different i al output

Maximum RF Output Power* +13 dBm including SAW filter insertion loss

RF Output Power Range* 21 dB programmable

Spurious* -46

dBc => 150 kHz from carrier, no modulation,

2nd & 3rd Harm onic* -40 dBm no modulation

4th and Higher Harmonics* -40 dBm no modulation

Phase Noise -112 -105 dBc/Hz at 600 kHz offset

FSK Deviation ±33 ±50 ±200 kHz programmable

*Transmitt er in-ci rcui t perf orm ance with RFM recommended SAW filter and crystal.

Table 53

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TIMING

PARAMETER SYM MIN TYP MAX UNITS Test Condition

TX to RX S witch Time 500 1000 µs osc & freq synthesizer running

RX to TX Switc h Time 400 1000 µs osc & freq synthesizer running

Sleep to RX 5 ms SPI command to RX bit

Sleep to TX 5 ms SPI command to TX bit

Sleep to Standby 1.5 5 ms oscillator started

Standby to Synthesi zer 500 800 µs oscillator running

Synthesizer to RX 500 µs osc & freq synthesizer running

Synthesizer to TX 500 µs osc & freq synthesizer runni ng

Freq Hop Time 180 500 µs 200 kHz hop

TX Rise/Fall Time 3 µs programmable

TSUDATA (continuous mode) 2 - - µs set up and hold time for TX data

Table 54

PLL CHAR ACTERISTICS

PARAMETER SYM MIN TYP MAX UNITS Test Condition

Crystal Oscillator Frequency 10 12.8 15 MHz

180 µs 200 kHz step

200 µs 1 MHz step

250 µs 5 MHz step

280 µs 10 MHz st ep

PLL Lock Time, 10 kHz Settle

320 µs 20 MHz st ep

Frequency Synthesizer St ep 12.5 kHz varies depending on frequency

Crystal Load Capaci tance 13.5 15 16.5 pF

Crystal Oscillator Start-up Time 1.5 5 ms from sleep mode

Synthesizer Wake-up Time 0.5 0.8 m s crystal running, settling time to 10 kHz

Frequency Range

300

330

365

400

440

470

330

365

400

440

470

510

MHz different external com ponents

required for each band

Table 55

SPI TIMING

PARAMETER SYM MIN TYP MAX UNITS DESCRIPTION

SCK for SPI_CON F IG - - 6 MHz Max clock fr e q

SCK for SPI_DAT A - - 1 MHz Max clock freq

SPI_CONFIG TSU_SDI 250 - -

ns SPI_CONFIG setup time

SPI_DATA TSU_SDI 312 - -

ns SPI_DATA setup time

TSSCFG_L 500 - -

ns nSS_CONFIG low to SCK rising edge.

SCK falling edge to nSS_CONFIG high.

TSSDAT_L 625 - -

ns nSS_DATA low to SCK rising edge.

SCK falling edge to nSS_DATA high.

TSSCFG_H 500 - -

ns nSS_CONFIG rising to falling edge

TSSDAT_H 625 - -

ns nS S_DATA rising to falling edge

Table 56

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6.0 TRC105 Design In Steps

Designing a TRC105 into an application consists of seven steps:

1. Select the frequency band for operation from the left column in Table 57 below. This allows the frequency

specific hardware components for the TRC105 to be determined. These include the SAW filter and its

matching components and the VCO tank inductors.

2. Select the modulation type, FSK or OOK, and the RF data bit rate. This allows the configuration of the

TRC105 on-chip filters, the data and clock recovery circuitry and related parameters to be determined.

3. Select the radio regulation under which to operate. This allows the transmitter power level to be deter-

mined.

4. Select the frequency channel or channels to be used. This allows the configuration values for the fre-

quency synthesizer to be tabulated.

5. Select the operating mode to be used: continuous, buffered or packet. For continuous mode, determine if

the TRC105 internal data and clock recovery feature will be used. This allows the configuration of a num-

ber of mode-related registers in the TRC105 to be determined. For packet or buffered mode, select the

data encoding, preamble length, start pattern, FIFO length and the mapping of the TRC105 host proces-

sor interrupts. For packet mode, select packet filtering options (address, CRC, etc.). From these deci-

sions, values for the related configuration registers in the TRC105 can be determined.

6. If needed, prepare a battery power management strategy and determine when various system radios may

be configured for low power consumption.

7. Based on the selections and determinations above, compile the configuration data to be stored in the host

microcontroller to support TRC105 operation.

The details of each of these steps are discussed below.

6.1 Determining Frequency Specific Hardware Component Values

6.1.1 SAW Filters and Related Component Values

RFM offers a low-loss SAW RF filter for each of the TRC105’s operating bands listed in Table 57. The part num-

bers for these SAW filters and the values of the related tuning components are referenced to Figure 2. The SAW

filters are designed to take advantage of the TRC105’s differential output to achieve low insertion loss and high

out-of-band rejection.

Operating Band1 SAW Filter VCO Band L1 L2 & L3 C4 L7 L8 C16 C17

303.325-307.300 MHz RF3602D 300-330 MHz bead2 68 nH DNP 220 nH short DNP DNP

310.000-319.500 MHz RF3603D 300-330 MHz bead2 68 nH DNP 220 nH short DNP DNP

342.000-348.000 MHz RF3604D 330-365 MHz bead2 56 nH DNP 220 nH 3.3 nH DNP 15 pF

365.000-380.000 MHz RF3605D 365-400 MHz bead2 47 nH DNP 220 nH 33 nH DNP DNP

382.000-398.000 MHz RF3606D 365-400 MHz bead 2 47 nH DNP 220 nH 68 nH DNP DNP

402.000-407.300 MHz RF3607D 400-440 MHz bead2 39 nH DNP 10 nH 5.6 nH 15 pF 1.2 pF

418.000-434.790 MHz RF3608D 400-440 MHz bead2 33 nH DNP 220 nH 5.6 nH DNP 1.2 pF

447.000-451.000 MHz RF3609D 440-470 MHz bead2 18 nH DNP 220 nH 56 nH DNP DNP

1. XTL1020 crystal recommended as frequency reference f or all operating bands.

2. Bead is Fair-Rite 2506033017Y0 or equivalent.

Table 57

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6.1.2 Voltage Controlled Oscillator Component Values

The TRC105 VCO requires four external components for operation, two tank circuit inductors and two power sup-

ply decoupling capacitors. It is important to use high-Q chip inductors in the tank circuit. This assures low phase

noise VCO operation and minimum interference from signals near the TRC105’s operating frequency due

to phase noise reciprocal mixing. The two tank circuit inductors have the same value which depends on the VCO

operating band and the PCB layout. Typical values are given in Table 58 (location of L5 & L6 shown in Figure 2):

Band L5 & L6 Tolerance

300-330 MHz 39 nH ±5%

330-365 MHz 27 nH ±5%

365-400 MHz 27 nH ±5%

400-440 MHz 22 nH ±5%

440-470 MHz 15 nH ±5%

470-510 MHz TBD ±5%

Table 58

The tank circuit inductors should be mounted close to their IC pads with the long axis of the coil at right angles to

the edge of the IC where the pads are located. The decoupling capacitors should be positioned on each side of

the tank circuit inductors. Other RF chokes and coils should be spaced somewhat away from the tank inductors

and positioned at right angles to minimize coupling.

VCO frequency centering is checked by looking at the voltage between pads 6 and 7. The voltage should be 150

±50 mV when the TRC105 is in transmit mode at a frequency near the center of the operating band and subband.

VCO frequency centering can be adjusted by changing the value of the tuning inductors and/or adjusting the VCO

trim bits 1 and 2 in configuration register MCFG05. The trim bits adjust the tuning voltage in increments of about

60 mV. Increasing the value of the tuning inductors increases the tuning voltage between pads 6 and 7.

6.2 Determining Configuration Values for FSK Modulation

6.2.1 Bit Rate Related FSK Configuration Va lues

The TRC105 supports RF bit rates (data rates) from 1.5625 to 200 kb/s for FSK modulation. There are several

considerations in choosing a bit rate. The sensitivity of the TRC105 decreases with increasing data rate. A bit rate

should be chosen that is adequate but not higher than the application requires. The exception to this rule is when

the TRC105 is operated as a frequency hopping spread spectrum transceiver in a noisy or crowded band. Run-

ning at a higher bit rate will allow a higher channel hopping rate, which provides more robust operation in a

crowded band in tradeoff for less range under quiet band conditions.

The TRC105 RF bit rate is set by the value of the bytes loaded in MCFG03 and MCFG04. For the standard crys-

tal frequency of 12.8 MHz:

BR = 12800/(2*(C+1)*(D + 1)), with C in the range of 0 to 255, and D = 31 (default value)

Where BR is the bit rate in kb/s, FXTAL the crystal frequency in kHz, C the value in MCFG03, and D the value in

MCFG04. This bit rate value supports both the data and clock recovery circuit in the receiver and the bit rate

clocking in the transmitter modulator. Using the default value of D and solving the equation above for C:

C = (12800 - 64*BR)/64*BR

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C must be an integer value, so BR is limited to 256 discrete values. If the value of C given in the above equation

is not an integer for your desired bit rate, round the value of C down to the nearest integer. You can then calculate

the nearest available bit rate equal to or greater than your desired bit rate.

Selection of the RF data rate allows a suitable FSK deviation to be determined. This, in turn, allows the configura-

tion value for the anti-aliasing filters in the transmitter and the configuration values for the R-C and Butterworth

low-pass filters in the receiver to be determined.

The minimum required deviation for good TRC105 FSK performance is:

FDEV = BR

Where FDEV is the deviation in kHz and BR is the bit rate in kb/s. Specific to the TRC105, the minimum recom-

mended deviation is ±33 kHz, even at low data rates. FDEV is configured with an integer R stored in MCFG02. For

the standard crystal frequency of 12.8 MHz:

FDEV = 12800/(32*(R + 1)), with the useable range of R 1 to 11

Where FDEV is the deviation in kHz. Solving the equation above for R:

R = (12800 - 32*FDEV)/32*FDEV

R must be an integer value, so FDEV is limited to 11 discrete values. If the value of R given in the above equation

is not an integer for your desired deviation, round the value of R down to the nearest integer and use this value to

meet or exceed the minimum required deviation for the bit rate you are using.

Once BR and FDEV have been determined, the bandwidths and related configuration values for the TRC105 filters

can be determined. The recommended 3 dB bandwidth (cutoff frequency) for the transmitter anti-aliasing filters is:

FCTX = 3*FDEV + 1.5*BR

Where FCTX is the 3 dB bandwidth of the transmitter anti-aliasing filters in kHz, FDEV is the frequency deviation in

kHz and BR is the bit rate in kb/s. FCTX is conf igure d with bits 7..4 in TXCFG1A. For the standard crystal fre-

quency of 12.8 MHz:

FCTX = 200*(K + 1)/8, with K in the range of 0 to 15

Where FCTX is the 3 dB bandwidth of the transmitter anti-aliasing filters in kHz and K is the integer value of the bit

pattern in TXCFG1A bits 7..4. Solving the equation above for K:

K = (FCTX - 25)/25

K must be an integer value, so FCTX is limited to 16 discrete values. If the value of K given in the above equation is

not an integer for your desired deviation, round the value of K down to the nearest integer and use this value to

set the bandwidth of the transmitter anti-aliasing filters. For operation at 90 kb/s and above, use a value of 15

for K.

The recommended 3 dB bandwidth for the receiver Butterworth filters is:

FCBW = 2*FDEV + BR

Where FCBW is the 3 dB bandwidth of the Butterworth filters in kHz, FDEV is the frequency deviation in kHz and BR

is the bit rate in kb/s. This equation assumes use of the high accuracy, low drift XTL1020 crystal. If an alternative

cr ystal is used, add ½ the expected drift due to temperature and aging to the equation above. FCBW is configured

with bits 3..0 in RXCFG10. For the standard crystal frequency of 12.8 MHz:

FCBW = 200*(J + 1)/8, with J in the range of 0 to 15

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Where FCBW is the 3 dB bandwidth of the receiver Butterworth filters in kHz and J is the integer value of the bit

pattern in RXCFG10 bits 3..0. Using a standard 12.8 MHz crystal, the equation for determining J is:

J = (FCBW - 25)/25

J must be an integer value, so FCBW is limited to 16 discrete values. If the value of J given in the above equation is

not an integer for your deviation and bit rate, round the value of J down to the nearest integer and use this value

to set the bandwidth of the receiver Butterworth filters for the bit rate you are using. For operation at 133 kb/s and

above, use a value of 15 for J.

The recommended 3 dB bandwidth for the receiver R-C filters is:

FCRC = 3.25*FCBW

Where FCRC and FCBW are in kHz. The bandwidth of FCRC is set by bits 7..4 in RXCFG10. The relationship of the R-

C filter bandwidth to the integer value in RXCFG10 bits 7..4 is given in Table 59. Where the calculated value for

FCRC falls between table values, use the higher table value. For operation at 100 kb/s and above, use the 987 kHz

R-C filter bandwidth.

Pattern of Bits 7..4 R-C Filter Bandwidth

0000 65 kHz

0001 82 kHz

0010 109 kHz

0011 137 kHz

0100 157 kHz

0101 184 kHz

0110 211 kHz

0111 234 kHz

1000 262 kHz

1001 321 kHz

1010 378 kHz

1011 414 kHz

1100 458 kHz

1101 514 kHz

1110 676 kHz

1111 987 kHz

Table 59

6.2.2 Determining Transmitter Power Configuration Values

European ETSI EN 300 220-1 regulates unlicensed radio operation in the 433.05 to 434.97 MHz band. A

transmitter power level up to 10 dBm can be used in this band, subject to certain restrictions. See EN 300 220-1

for details.

FCC Part 15 and Canadian RSS-210 regulate unlicensed radio operation in several bands covered by the

TRC105. The allowed transmitter power level (field strength) depends on the operating frequency and application.

See these documents for details.

The use of the TRC105 is supported by various radio regulations in almost every geographic location in the world.

Please contact RFM’s local Field Application Engineer for additional information.

The relationship of the transmitter power level to the integer value of TXCFG1A bits 3..1 is given in Table 60.

There are eight available power settings (approximate):

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Pattern of Bits 3..1 Transmi tter P ower

000 13 dBm

001 10 dBm

010 7 dBm

011 4 dBm

100 1 dBm

101 -2 dBm

110 -5 dBm

111 -8 dBm

Table 60

The highest power setting allowed under the governing radio regulations is usually chosen unless the application

operates at short range and minimum DC power consumption is critical.

6.3 Determining Configuration Values for OOK Modulation

6.3.1 Bit Rate Related OOK Configuration Values

The TRC105 supports RF bit rates (data rates) from 1.5625 to 33.33 kb/s for OOK modulation. As with FSK

modulation, there are several considerations in choosing an OOK data rate. The sensitivity of the TRC105 de-

creases with increasing bit rate. A bit rate should be chosen that is adequate but not higher than the application

requires. The exception to this rule is when the TRC105 is operated as a frequency hopping spread spectrum

transceiver in a noisy or crowded band. Running at a higher bit rate will allow a higher channel hopping rate,

which provides more robust operation in a crowded band in tradeoff for less range under quiet band conditions.

The TRC105 RF bit rate is set by the value of the bytes loaded in MCFG03 and MCFG04. For the standard crys-

tal frequency of 12.8 MHz:

BR = 12800/(2*(C+1)*(D + 1)), with C in the range of 0 to 255, and D = 31 (default value)

Where BR is the bit rate in kb/s, FXTAL the crystal frequency in kHz, C the value in MCFG03, and D the value in

MCFG04. This bit rate value supports both the data and clock recovery circuit in the receiver and the bit rate

clocking in the transmitter modulator. Using the default value of D and solving the equation above for C:

C = (12800 - 64*BR)/64*BR

C must be an integer value, so BR is limited to 256 discrete values. If the value of C given in the above equation

is not an integer for your desired bit rate, round the value of C down to the nearest integer. You can then calculate

the nearest available bit rate equal to or greater than your desired bit rate.

In OOK mode, the second IF frequency FIF2 is normally set to 100 kHz. The discussion in the rest of this section

assumes FIF2 is 100 kHz.

Once BR and FIF2 has been determined, the bandwidths and related configuration values for the TRC105 filters

can be determined. The recommended 3 dB bandwidth for the transmitter anti-aliasing filters is:

FCTX = 3*FIF2 = 300 kHz

FCTX is configured with bits 7..4 in TXCFG1A. For the standard crystal frequency of 12.8 MHz:

FCTX = 200*(K + 1)/8, with K in the range of 0 to 15

Where FCTX is the 3 dB bandwidth of the transmitter anti-aliasing filters in kHz and K is the integer value of the bit

pattern in TXCFG1A bits 7..4. The equation for determining K is:

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K = (FCTX - 25)/25 = 11 for FCTX = 300 kH z

For OOK operation, the receiver filters are configured as polyphase band-pass filters by setting RXCFG12 bit 7 to

1. The center frequency of the polyphase filters is set to 100 kHz to match the second IF frequency. The center

frequency, FOPP, is configured with bits 7..4 in RXCFG11. For the standard crystal frequency of 12.8 MHz:

FOPP = 200*(L + 1)/8, with L in the range of 0 to 15

Where FOPP is the center frequency of the OOK polyphase filter in kHz, L is the integer value of the bit pattern in

RXCFG11 bits 7..4. The equation for determining L is:

L = (FOPP - 25)/25 = 3 for FOPP = 100 k H z

The recommended upper cutoff frequency for the receiver polyphase band-pass filters is:

FCPP = FOPP + BR

Where FCPP is the upper cutoff frequency of the polyphase filters in kHz and BR is the bit rate in kb/s. This equa-

tion assumes use of the high accuracy, low drift XTL1020 crystal. If an alternative crystal is used, add ½ the ex-

pected drift due to temperature and aging to the equation above. FCPP is configured with bits 3..0 in RXCFG10.

For the standard crystal frequency of 12.8 MHz:

FCPP = 100 + 200*(J + 1)/8, with the usab le ra nge of J 0 to 1

Where FCPP is the upper cutoff frequency of the receiver OOK polyphase filter in kHz and J is the integer value of

the bit pattern in RXCFG10 bits 3..0. The equation for determining J is:

J = (FCPP - 125)/25

J must be an integer value, so FCPP is limited to 2 discrete values: 125 kHz and 150 kHz. Choose the value of J

that provides the FCCP value that is nearest to the value calculated for the bit rate you are using. The recom-

mended 3 dB bandwidth for the receiver R-C filters is:

FCRC = 3.25*FCPP

Where FCRC and FCPP are in kHz. The bandwidth of FCRC is set by bits 7..4 in RXCFG10. The relationship of the

R-C filter bandwidth to the integer value in RXCFG10 bits 7..4 is given in Table 61. The matching values for the

125 and 150 kHz FCCP values are shown in bold:

Pattern of Bits 7..4 R-C Filter Bandwidth

0000 65 kHz

0001 82 kHz

0010 109 kHz

0011 137 kHz

0100 157 kHz

0101 184 kHz

0110 211 kHz

0111 234 kHz

1000 262 kHz

1001 321 kHz

1010 378 kHz

1011 414 kHz

1100 458 kHz

1101 514 kHz

1110 676 kHz

1111 987 kHz

Table 61

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6.3.2 OOK Demodulator Related Configuration Values

OOK demodulation in the TRC105 is accomplished by comparing the RSSI to a threshold value. An RSSI value

greater than the threshold is “sliced” to a logic 1, and an RSSI value equal or less than the RSSI value is sliced to

a logic 0. The TRC105 provides three threshold options - fixed threshold, average-referenced threshold, and

peak-referenced threshold. MCFG01 bits 3..2 select the OOK threshold as shown in Table 62:

Pattern of Bits 3..2 Threshold

00 fixed

01 peak referenced

10 average referenced

11 not used

Table 62

The configuration settings for each of these threshold options depends directly or indirectly on the bit rate.

The fixed-threshold value is configured in MCFG13. The fixed threshold can be adjusted in 0.5 dB increments

over a range of 128 dB. Also, the gain of the IF can be adjusted over a range of 13.5 dB to reduce the RSSI value

under no signal conditions. MCFG01 bits 1..0 select the IF gain as shown in Table 63:

Pattern of Bits 1..0 IF Gain

00 maximum

01 -4.5 dB

10 -9.0 dB

11 -13.5 dB

Table 63

The useable threshold setting depends on the RF operating band, the bandwidths of the receiver filters, the RF

noise generated by host circuitry, the RF noise generated in the application environment, and the antenna effi-

ciency. The fixed threshold is adjusted heuristically by incrementing the threshold while monitoring the data output

pin with an oscilloscope. The threshold is adjusted upward under no signal conditions until noise spikes on the

data output are reduced to an average of one spike every five or more seconds. Because the fixed threshold has

no automatic adjustment capability, it should only be used in applications where incidental RF noise generators

such as PCs, switchgear, etc., are not present.

The average-referenced threshold is generated by passing the RSSI signal through a low-pass filter. Four cutoff

frequencies can be configured for this filter with RXCFG15 bits 1..0, as shown in Table 64 below:

Pattern of Bits 1..0 Cutoff Freq u en cy

00 chip rate/32*π

01 chip rate/8*π

10 chip rate/4*π

11 chip rate/2*π

Table 64

The chip rate is equal to the bit rate except when Manchester encoding is used. For Manchester encoding, the

chip rate is equal to twice the bit rate. An adequately long 1-0-1-0… preamble must be transmitted to center the

average-referenced threshold. A preamble of at least 24 bits is recommended. The average-referenced threshold

should be used in conjunction with a mechanism to avoid transmitting a long sequence of bits of the same value,

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such as the TRC105’s data scrambling or Manchester encoding options. The average-referenced threshold run-

ning with a chip rate/2*π cutoff frequency is a good choice for the majority of OOK applications.

The peak-referenced threshold is generated from the RSSI signal using a fast attack, slow decay peak detector

emulation. The slicer threshold is immediately set to 6 dB below the peak value of the RSSI signal anytime the

RSSI value exceeds the threshold by 6 dB. The threshold then decays by a configurable dB step when a config-

urable interval passes without the RSSI signal peaking 6 dB above the threshold. The decay step is configured

with RXCFG15 bits 7..5 as shown in Table 65:

Pattern of Bits 7..5 Decay Step

000 0.5 dB

001 1.0 dB

010 1.5 dB

011 2.0 dB

100 3.0 dB

101 4.0 dB

110 5.0 dB

111 6.0 dB

Table 65

The deca y interva l is conf ig ur ed with RXCFG15 bits 4..2 as shown in Table 66:

Pattern of Bits 4..2 Decay Interval

000 once per chip

001 once per 2 chips

010 once per 4 chips

011 once per 8 chips

100 twice per chip

101 four times per chip

110 8 times per chip

111 16 times per chip

Table 66

The chip period tCP is equal to the bit period except when Manchester encoding is used. For Manchester encod-

ing, the chip period is equal to ½ the bit per iod:

tCP = 1/BR without Manchester encoding, tCP = 1/(2*BR) with Manchester encoding

Where tCP is in ms and BR is in kb/s. The default values of 0.5 dB per decay step and 1 decay interval per chip

provide a good starting point for most applications. For application environments that contain pulse noise, such as

operation in a band where other FHSS systems are operating, using Manchester encoding and decreasing the

decay interval to twice or four times per chip and/or increasing the decay step to 1 dB will reduce the “blinding”

effect of pulse noise. Multipath flutter tolerance is also improved by using Manchester encoding and decreasing

the decay interval and/or increasing the decay step size.

6.3.3 OOK Transmitter Related Configuration Values

MCFG05 bits 7..6 allow the rise and fall time of the power amplifier regulator to be adjusted. Using the default

component values for R6 and C5 as shown in Figure 2, the rise and fall times for the power amplifier regulator

and the OOK modulation are given in Table 67:

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Pattern of Bits 4..3 Regulator Rise/Fall Times OOK Rise/Fall Time

00 3/3 µs 2.5/2 µs

01 8.5/8.5 µs 5/3 µs

10 15/15 µs 10/6 µs

11 23/23 µs 20/ 10 µs

Table 67

It is generally a good practice to set the OOK rise and fall time to about 5% of a bit period to avoid excessive

modulation bandwidth:

tOOK = 50/BR

Where tOOK is the nominal 5% OOK rise/fall time in µs and BR is the bit rate in kb/s. At low OOK data rates the

20/10 µs rise/fall times given in the table above are satisfactory. When operating in the 434 MHz band under ETSI

EN300 220-1 regulations, check the modulation bandwidth carefully at bit rates above 8 kb/s to confirm compli-

ance. For operation in certain parts of the 434 MHz band, the required rise and fall time may be greater than 5%.

6.4 Frequency Synthesizer Channel Programming for FSK Modulation

When using a standard 12.8 MHz reference crystal, the FSK RF channel frequency is:

FRF = 14.4*(75*(P + 1) + S)/(R + 1), with P and S in the range 0 to 255, R in the range 64 to 169

Where FRF is in MHz, and P, S, and R are divider integers with S less than (P + 1). There are two sets of three

registers that hold the values of P, S and R:

MCFG06 R1

MCFG07 P1

MCFG08 S1

MCFG09 R2

MCFG0A P2

MCFG0B S2

Table 68

MCFG05 bit 0 selects the register set to use with the frequency synthesizer. A 0 value selects register set

MCFG06-MCFG08 and a 1 value selects register set MCFG09-MCFG0B. In addition, MCFG00 bits 4..2 select the

VCO operating band as follows:

MCFG00 bits 4..2 Band, MHz

000 300-330

001 330-365

010 365-400

011 400-440

100 440-470

101 470-510

Table 69

The dual register set allows a new frequency to be completely entered in one register set while operating on the

other register set. It is important to load all three divider parameters into a register set before switching control to

it. Otherwise, a transient out-of-band frequency shift can occur. The dual register set facilitates FHSS operation,

as the operating frequency for the next hop can be loaded anytime during the current hop interval, making this

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programming task less time critical. The values of P, S and R for FSK operation on several common frequencies

are given in Table 70. Software for determining P, S and R values for any in-band frequency is provided with the

TRC105 development kit.

Configuration 315 MHz 434 MHz 447 MHz

MCFG00 bits 4..2 000 011 100

P 34 42 58

S 0 30 45

R 119 107 143

Table 70

6.5 Frequency Synthesizer Channel Programming for OOK Modulation

When using a standard 12.8 MHz reference crystal the RF channel frequency for OOK receive is:

FTXRF = (14.4*(75 *( P + 1) + S)/( R + 1)) - FDEV, with P, S in the range 0 to 255, R in the range of 64 to 169

Where FTXRF and transmitter deviation frequency FDEV are in MHz, and P, S, and R are divider integers where S

must be less than (P+1). An FDEV value of 0.1 MHz is normally used, which must match the receiver low IF fre-

quency FIF2. There are two sets of three registers that hold the values of P, S and R:

MCFG06 R1

MCFG07 P1

MCFG08 S1

MCFG09 R2

MCFG0A P2

MCFG0B S2

Table 71

MCFG05 bit 0 selects the register set to use with the frequency synthesizer. A 0 value selects register set

MCFG06-MCFG08 and a 1 value selects register set MCFG09-MCFG0B. In addition, MCFG00 bits 4..2 select the

VCO operating band as follows:

MCFG00 bits 4..2 Band, MHz

000 300-330

001 330-365

010 365-400

011 400-440

100 440-470

101 470-510

Table 72

The dual register set allows a new frequency to be completely entered in one register set while operating on the

other register set. It is important to load all three divider parameters into a register set before switching control to

it. Otherwise, a transient out-of-band frequency shift can occur. The dual register set facilitates FHSS operation,

as the operating frequency for the next hop can be loaded anytime during the current hop interval, making this

programming task less time critical. The values of P, S and R for OOK receive operation on several common fre-

quencies are given in Table 73 for a 0.1 MHz FIF2. Software for determining P, S and R values for any in-band

frequency is provided with the TRC105 development kit.

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Configuration 315 MHz 434 MHz 447 MHz

MCFG00 bits 4..2 000 011 100

P 41 76 58

S 1 13 46

R 143 191 143

Table 73

The RF channel frequency for OOK transmit is:

FRXRF = (14.4*(75*(P + 1) + S)/(R + 1)) - FIF2, with P, S in the range 0 to 255, R in the range of 64 to 169

Where FRXRF and the OOK 2nd IF frequency FIF2 are in MHz, and P, S, and R are divider integers where S must be

less than (P+1), and R has a value in the range of 64 to 169. An FIF2 value of 0.1 MHz is normally used. The val-

ues of P, S and R for OOK transmit operation on several common frequencies are given in Table 74 for a

0.1 MHz FIF2. Software for determining P, S and R values is provided with the TRC105 development kit.

Configuration 315 MHz 434 MHz 447 MHz

MCFG00 bits 4..2 000 011 100

P 41 76 58

S 1 13 46

R 143 191 143

Table 74

6.6 TRC105 Data Mode Selection and Configuration

The TRC105 supports three data modes: Continuous, Buffered and Packet. Continuous data mode provides the

most formatting flexibility, but places the heaviest demand on host microcontroller resources and requires the

most custom firmware development. In contrast, the Packet data mode unloads the host processor and the appli-

cation firmware from handing tasks such as DC-balanced data encoding, packet frame assembly and disassem-

bly, error detection, packet filtering and FIFO buffering. The trade-off for Packet data mode is limited flexibility in

data formatting parameters such as packet frame design. Buffered data mode falls between packet and Continu-

ous data mode capabilities, providing FIFO buffering, but allowing considerable flexibility in the design of the

packet frame.

Packet data mode is generally preferred as it supports the fastest application development time and requires the

smallest and least expensive host microcontroller. Buffered data mode covers applications that require a specific

packet frame design to support features such as multi-hop routing. Continuous data mode is reserved for special-

ized requirements, such as compatibility with a legacy product.

MCFG01 bits 7..6 select the data mode. An 00 bit pattern selects Continuous data mode. A 01 bit pattern selects

Buffered data mode. Bit patterns 10 or 11 select Packet data mode. The TRC105 configuration details for each

data mode are discussed below.

6.6.1 Continuous Data Mode

In Continuous data mode operation, transmitted data streams are applied to DATA Pin 20, and received data

streams are output on Pin 20. IRQ1 Pin 22 is usually configured to supply a clock signal to the host micro-

controller to pace the transmitted and received data steams. The clock signal is generated at the configured bit

rate. When transmitting, bits are clocked into Pin 20 on the low-to-high clock transitions at Pin 22.

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Received bits are valid (clocked out) on Pin 20 on low-to-high clock transitions on Pin 22. The clock signal is con-

trolled by RXCFG12 bit 6. Setting this bit to 0 enables bit clocking and setting this bit to 1 disables bit clocking.

Clocking must be used for FSK transmissions. It is optional for OOK transmissions.

While clocking is optional for FSK and OOK reception, enabling clocking provides additional bit stream filtering

and regeneration, even if the clock signal is not used by the microcontroller. To effectively use the data and clock

recovery feature, data must be transmitted with a bit rate accuracy of better than ±2%, and a 1-0-1-0… training

preamble of at least 24 bits must be sent at the beginning of a transmission. When clocking is enabled, continu-

ous mode will optionally support the detection of a start-of-packet (start) pattern when receiving. The start pattern

must be generated by the host microcontroller when transmitting. Start pattern detection is enabled by setting

RXCFG12 bit 5 to 1. The length of the start pattern is set by RXCFG12 bits 4..3 as follo ws:

RXCFG12 bits 4..3 Pattern Length

00 8 bits

01 16 bits

10 24 bits

11 32 bits

Table 75

The number of allowed bit errors in the start pattern is configured by RXCFG12 bits 2..1 as follows:

RXCFG12 bits 2..1 Error Tolerance

00 none

01 1 bit

10 2 bits

11 3 bits

Table 76

For most applications, a start pattern length of 24 to 32 bits is recommended with the error tolerance set to none.

The start pattern is stored in registers SYNCFG16 through SYNCFG19. Received bits flow through a shift register

for pattern comparison with the most significant bit of SYNCFG16 compared to the earliest received bit and the

least significant bit of the last register (selected by the pattern length) compared to the last received bit. Pattern

detection is usually output on IRQ0, as discussed below. Refer to Figure 9 for pattern detection output timing. A

well designed pattern should contain approximately the same number of 1 and 0 bits to achieve DC-balance, it

should include frequent bit transitions, and it should be a pattern that is unlikely to occur in the encoded data fol-

lowing it.

As shown in Figure 19, two interrupt (control) outputs, IRQ0 and IRQ1, are provided by the TRC105 to coordinate

data flow to and from the host microcontroller. In Continuous data mode, one of two signals can be mapped to

IRQ0. This mapping is configured in register IRQCFG0D. Bits 7..6 select the signal for IRQ0 in the receive mode.

The mapping options for Continuous data mode are summarized in Table 77, where X denotes a don’t care bit

value. Note that IRQ1 always outputs DCLK in Continuous data mode when clocking is enabled.

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IRQCFG0D bits Cfg State IRQ Source

7..6 00, 1X R X 0 S tart Pattern Detect

7..6 01 RX 0 RSSI

3 X TX 0 no s i gnal (0)

5..4 XX RX 1 DCLK

2 X TX 1 DCLK

Table 77

The motivation for disabling clocking when transmitting or receiving OOK is that non-standard bit rates can be

used. However, the host microcontroller must handle the data and clock recovery functions. When using continu-

ous mode with or without clocking enabled, data should be encoded to provide DC-balance (same number of 1

and 0 bits) and limited run lengths of the same bit value. Manchester encoding, 8-to-12 bit symbolizing or scram-

bling must be applied to the data before transmitting and removed after receiving to achieve good RF transmis-

sion performance. The preamble, start pattern and error checking bits must also be generated by the host micro-

controller to establish robust data communications.

6.6.2 Buffer ed Data Mode

In Buffered data mode operation, the transmitted and received data bits pass through the SPI port in groups of

8 bits to the internal TRC105 FIFO. Bits flow from the FIFO to the modulator for transmission and are loaded into

the FIFO as data is received. As discussed in Sections 3.10 and 3.11, the SPI port can address the data FIFO or

the configuration registers. Asserting a logic low on the nSS_DATA input addresses the FIFO, and asserting a

logic low on the nSS_CONFIG addresses the configuration registers. If both of these inputs are asserted,

nSS_CONFIG will override nSS_DATA. The TRC105 acts as an SPI slave and receives clocking from its host

micr ocontr oll er. SPI re ad/ write details are pro vided in Sec ti ons 3.10 and 3.1 1. As shown in Figure 19, two int er-

rupt (control) outputs, IRQ0 and IRQ1, are provided by the TRC105 to coordinate SPI data flow to and from the

host microcontroller. One to four signals can selected or mapped to each interrupt output. This mapping is config-

ured in register IRQCFG0D. Bits 7..6 select the signal for IRQ0 in the receive mode, and Bit 3 selects the IRQ0

signal in transmit mode. Bits 5..4 select the signal for IRQ1 in the receive mode, and Bit 2 selects the IRQ1 signal

in transmit mode. The mapping options for Buffered data mode are summarized in Table 78:

IRQCFG0D bits Cfg State I RQ Source

7..6 00 RX 0 no signal (0)

7..6 01 RX 0 Write_byte (high pulse when received byte written to FIFO)

7..6 10 RX 0 nFIFOEMPTY

7..6 11 RX 0 Start Pattern Detect

3 1 TX 0 FIFO_Int_Tx

3 0 TX 0 nFIFOEMPTY

5..4 00 RX 1 no signal (0)

5..4 01 RX 1 FIFOFULL

5..4 10 RX 1 RSSI_IRQ

5..4 11 RX 1 FIFO_Int_Rx

2 0 TX 1 FIFOFULL

2 1 TX 1 TX_Stop

Table 78

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In addition, IRQCFG0E allows several internal interrupts to be configured. See Table 79 below:

IRQCFG0E bits Cfg Internal Interrupt Control

7 0 Start FIFO fill when start pattern detected

7 1 Control FIFO with bit 6

6 0 Stop filling FIFO (if bit 7 is 0, this is start pattern detect)

6 1 Start filling FIFO

5 0 Transmitting all pending bits in FIFO

5 1 All bits in FIFO transmitted

4 0 FIFO OK

4 1 FIFO overflow (write 1 to reset FIFO)

3 0 Disable RSSI interrupt (bit 2)

3 1 Enabl e RSSI i nt errupt (bi t 2)

2 1 RF signal ≥ RSSI threshold

2 0 RF signal < RSSI Threshold

1 1 PLL not locked

1 0 PLL locked

0 1 PLL_LOCK signal disabl ed (bit 1 above), Pin 23 set high

0 0 PLL_LOCK signal enabled

Table 79

MCFG0C bits 7..6 set the length of the FIFO as shown in Table 80:

MCFG0C bits 7..6 FIFO Length

00 16 bytes

01 32 bytes

10 48 bytes

11 64 bytes

Table 80

The integer value of MCFG0C bits 5..0 plus 1 sets the FIFO interrupt threshold. When receiving in Buffered data

mode, FIFO_Int_Rx is triggered when the number of bytes in the FIFO is equal to or greater than the threshold.

The FIFO threshold facilitates sending and receiving messages longer than the chosen FIFO length, by signaling

when additional bytes should be added to the FIFO during a packet transmission and retrieved from the FIFO dur-

ing a packet reception. Two additional interrupts, nFIFOEMPY and FIFOFULL provide signaling that a packet

transmission is complete or a full packet has been received respectively.

The following is a typical Buffered data mode operating scenario. There are many other ways to configure this

very flexible data mode.

1. Switch to standby mode by setting MCFG00 bits 7..5 to 001.

2. Set the FIFO to a suitable size for the application in MCFG0C bits 7..6.

3. Set the start pattern len gth in RXCFG12 bits 4..3.

4. Load the start pattern in registers SYNCFG16 up through SYNCFG19 as requir e d.

5. Set IRQCFG0E bit 7 to 0. In receive, the FIFO will start filling when a start pattern is detected.

6. Set IRQCFG0D bit 7..6 to 01. In receive, IRQ0 will flag each time a byte is ready to be retrieved.

7. Set IRQCFG0D bit 5..4 to 00. IRQ1 signaling will not be required in receive mode.

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8. In transmit mode, IRQ0 will flag when the FIFO is empty.

9. Set IRQCFG0D bit 3 to 1. IRQ1 will flag when the last bit starts to be transmitted.

10. Load the operating frequency into register set MCFG06-MCFG08 or MCFG09-MCFG0B.

11. Select the register set to use by setting MCFG05 bit 0. A 0 value selects register set MCFG06-MCFG08

and a 1 value selects register set MCFG09-MCFG0B.

12. When ready to transmit, place the TRC105 in synthesizer mode by setting MCFG00 bits 7..5 to 010.

Monitor the TRC105 Pin 23 to confirm PLL lock.

13. Place TRC105 in transmit mode by setting MCFG00 bits 7..5 set to 100.

14. Load the message in the FIFO through the SPI port. In Buffered data mode, the transmitted message

must include the 1-0-1-0… training preamble, the start pattern and the data. A length byte at the begin-

ning of the data or a designated end-of-message character is normally used to indicate message length.

15. Monitor IRQ1. It sets when the when the last bit starts to be transmitted. Allow one bit period for the last

bit to be transmitted and then switch to standby mode by setting MCFG00 bits 7..5 to 001.

16. To prepare for receive mode, write a 1 to IRQCFG0E bit 6. This arms the start pattern detection.

17. Switch the TRC105 from standby mode to synthesizer mode by setting MCFG00 bits 7..5 set to 010.

Monitor the TRC105 Pin 23 to confirm PLL lock.

18. Switch from synthesizer mode to receive mode by setting MCFG00 bits 7..5 to 011.

19. Following a start pattern detection, the FIFO will start filling. Note that the preamble and start pattern are

not loaded in the rec eive FI FO .

20. As each data byte is loaded into the FIFO, IRQ0 will pulse to alert the host microcontroller to retrieve

the byte.

21. The host microcontroller can use a countdown on the length byte or detection of the end-of-message byte

to determine when all of the message data has been retrieved.

22. As soon as all the message has been retrieved, switch the TRC105 to standby mode by setting MCFG00

bits 7..5 to 001.

23. From standby mode, enter another transmit cycle as outlined in steps 12 through 15, or enter another re-

ceive cycle as outlined in steps 16 through 23.

It is possible to transmit messages longer than the FIFO in Buffered data mode by monitoring the nFIFOEMPY

flag and immediately loading additional data bytes. However, messages sent by low power radios such as the

TR103 are normally 127 bytes or less to reduce the chances of corruption due to noise, fading or interference.

6.6.3 Packet Data Mode

The Packet data mode is built on top of the Buffered data mode, and adds a number of standard and optional fea-

tures:

• F ixed or vari ab le len g th pa ck et options

• Generation of preamble and start pattern (network ID) in transmit mode

• DC-balancing of data by scrambling (whitening) or Manchester encoding

• Generation of a 16-bit error detection CRC

• Optional 1-byte node address and/or 1-byte length address

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• Recognition of start pattern in receive mode

• Automatic removal of preamble and start pattern in receive mode (payload only in FIFO)

• Flagging of received packets with errors or flagging and discard of packets with errors

• Filtering of received packets based on address byte - address match only, address byte plus 0x00 broad-

cast address or address byte plus 0x00 and 0xFF broadcast addresses

• New IRQ0 and IRQ1 mapping options

The SPI interface is used with Packet data mode as with Buffered data mode. IRQ0 and IRQ1 mapping is config-

ured in register IRQCFG0D. Bits 7..6 select the signal for IRQ0 in the receive mode. In transmit mode, IRQ0

mapping is set by IRQCFG0D bit 3. IRQCFG0D bits 5..4 select the signal for IRQ1 in the receive mode. Bit 3 se-

lects the IRQ1 signal in transmit mode. The mapping options for Packet data mode are summarized in Table 81

below:

IRQCFG0D bits Cfg State I RQ Source

7..6 00 RX 0 Data_Rdy (CRC OK)

7..6 01 RX 0 Write_byte (high pulse when received byte written to FIFO)

7..6 10 RX 0 nFIFOEMPY (low when FIFO is empty)

7..6 11 RX 0 Start Pattern Detect or Node Address Match

3 1 TX 0 FIFO_Int_Tx

3 0 TX 0 nFIFOEMPY

5..4 00 RX 1 CRC_OK

5..4 01 RX 1 FIFOFULL

5..4 10 RX 1 RSSI_IRQ

5..4 11 RX 1 FIFO_Int_Rx

3 0 TX 1 FIFOFULL

3 1 TX 1 TX_Stop

Table 81

In addition, IRQCFG0E allows several internal interrupts to be configured. See Table 82 below:

IRQCFG0E bits Cfg Internal Interrupt Control

7 0 Start FIFO fill when start pattern detected

7 1 Control FIFO with bit 6

6 0 Stop filling FIFO (if bit 7 is 0, this is Start Pattern Detect)

6 1 Start filling FIFO

5 0 Transmitting all pending bits in FIFO

5 1 All bits in FIFO transmitted

4 0 FIFO OK

4 1 FIFO overflow (write 1 to reset FIFO)

3 0 Disable RSSI interrupt (bit 2)

3 1 Enabl e RSSI i nt errupt (bi t 2)

2 1 RF signal ≥ RSSI threshold

2 0 RF signal < RSSI Threshold

1 1 PLL not locked

1 0 PLL locked

0 1 PLL_LOCK signal disabl ed (bit 1 above), Pin 23 set high

0 0 PLL_LOCK signal enabled

Table 82

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MCFG0C bits 7..6 set the length of the FIFO as shown in Table 83. The length of the FIFO must be equal to or

greater than the maximum payload length set in PKTCFG1C, as discussed below.

MCFG0C bits 7..6 FIFO Length

00 16 bytes

01 32 bytes

10 48 bytes

11 64 bytes

Table 83

The integer value of MCFG0C bits 5..0 + 1 sets the FIFO interrupt threshold. When receiving in Packet data

mode, FIFO_Int_Rx is triggered when the number of bytes in the FIFO is equal to or greater than the threshold.

FIFO_Int_Tx is triggered when the number of bytes in the FIFO is equal to or less than the threshold value. Two

additional interrupts, nFIFOEMPY and FIFOFULL provide signaling that a packet transmission is complete or a

full packet has been received respectively.

Packet data mode formats are discussed in Section 3.9. Packet data mode options are configured in registers

PKTCFG1C through PKTCFG1F. Setting PKTCFG1C bit 7 to 1 selects Manchester encoding/decoding. Man-

chester encoding provides excellent DC-balance and other characteristics that support robust communications,

but effectively doubles the number of bits needed to transmit the packet payload. Scrambling provides adequate

DC-balance in many applications without doubling the number of bits in the payload. It is not necessary to enable

both Manchester encoding and scrambling. PKTCFG1C bits 6..0 configure the payload size (not including the

preamble and start pattern) in fixed format and maximum allowed length byte value in variable length and ex-

tended variable length formats. In a variable length format, a received packet with a length byte value greater than

the maximum allowed is discarded. PKTCFG1D bits 7..0 hold the node address byte used to identify a specific

radio in a network.

PKTCFG1D bits 7..0 hold the node address byte used to identify a specific radio in a network. PKTCFG1E bit 7

configures the basic packet format. Setting this bit to 0 selects the fixed-length format, and setting this bit to 1 se-

lects the variable len gth format. PKTCFG1E bits 6..5 set the preamble length:

PKTCFG1E bits 6..5 Preamble Length

00 1 byte

01 2 bytes

10 3 bytes

11 4 bytes

Table 84

For most applications a preamble length of three or four bytes is recommended. PKTCFG1E bit 4 controls DC-

balanced scrambling. Setting this bit to 1 enables scrambling. PKTCFG1E bit 3 controls CRC calculations. Setting

his bit to 1 enables CRC calculations. PKTCFG1E bits 2..1 configure node address filtering:

PKTCFG1E bits 2..1 Node Address Filtering

00 no filtering

01 only node addres s accepted

10 node address and 0x00 accepted

11 node address, 0x00 and 0xFF accepted

Table 85

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PKTCFG1E bit 0 is the result of the last CRC calculation. This bit is 1 when the CRC indicates no errors.

PKTCFG1F bit 7 controls CRC packet filtering. If this bit is set to 0, the FIFO is cleared automatically if the CRC

calculation on a received packet indicates an error. If set to 1, the FIFO data is preserved when the CRC calcula-

tion shows an error. PKTCFG1F bit 6 allows the FIFO to be written to or read when the TRC105 is in standby

mode. Setting this bit to 0 allows the FIFO to be written and setting this bit to 1 allows it to be read.

The following is a typical Packet data mode operating scenario. There are many other ways to configure this flexi-

ble data m ode.

1. Switch to standby mode by setting MCFG00 bits 7..5 to 001.

2. Set the FIFO to a suitable size for the application in MCFG0C bits 7..6.

3. In PKTCFG1C set bit 7 to 0 to disable Manchester encoding and set the value in bits 6..0 to match

the FIFO size - 1.

4. Load the chosen node address into PKTCFG1D.

5. In PKTCFG1E set bit 7 to 1 to for variable length packets.

6. Set the preamble length in PKTCFG1E bits 6..5.

7. Set bit 4 in PKTCFG1E to 1 to enable DC-balanced scrambling.

8. Set bits 2..1 in PKTCFG1E to 10 to accept packets to this node address and 0x00 broadcasts.

9. Set bit 3 in PKTCFG1E to 1 to enable CRC calculations.

10. In PKTCFG1F set bit 7 to 0 to enable FIFO clear on CRC error.

11. Set the start pattern len gth in RXCFG12 bits 4..3.

12. Load the start pattern in registers SYNCFG16 up through SYNCFG19 as requir e d.

13. Set IRQCFG0E bit 7 to 0. In receive, the FIFO will start filling when a start pattern is detected.

14. Set IRQCFG0D bit 7..6 to 00. In receive, IRQ0 will flag that a packet has been received with a good CRC

calculation and is ready to retrieve.

15. Set IRQCFG0D bit 3 to 1. In transmit, IRQ0 will clear to 0 when the FIFO is empty (optional).

16. Set IRQCFG0D bit 5..4 to 00. In receive, IRQ1 will signal the CRC is OK (optional).

17. Set IRQCFG0D bit 3 to 1. IRQ1 will flag when the last bit starts to be transmitted.

18. Load the operating frequency into register set MCFG06-MCFG08 or MCFG09-MCFG0B.

19. Select the register set to use by setting MCFG05 bit 0. A 0 value selects register set MCFG06-MCFG08

and a 1 value selects register set MCFG09-MCFG0B.

20. When ready to transmit, Set bit 6 to 0 in PKTCFG1F to enable F IFO write in standby mode.

21. Load the FIFO with the packet to be transmitted through the SPI port.

22. Place the TRC105 in synthesizer mode by setting MCFG00 bits 7..5 set to 010. Monitor the TRC105 Pin

23 to confirm PLL lock.

23. Place TRC103 in transmit mode by setting MCFG00 bits 7..5 set to 100. Monitor IRQ1. It sets when the

when the last bit starts to be transmitted. Allow one bit period for the last bit to be transmitted and then

switch to standby mode by setting MCFG00 bits 7..5 to 001.

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24. When ready to receive, Place the TRC105 in synthesizer mode by setting MCFG00 bits 7..5 set to 010.

Monitor the TRC105 Pin 23 to confirm PLL lock.

25. Switch from synthesizer mode to receive mode by setting MCFG00 bits 7..5 to 011.

26. Monitor IRQ0. When an error free packet is received addressed to this node, IRQ0 will set.

27. Switch the TRC105 to standby mode by setting MCFG00 bits 7..5 to 001.

28. Set bit 6 to 1 in PKTCFG1F to enable FIFO read in standby mode.

29. Retrieve the received data from the FIFO through the SPI port.

30. From standby mode, enter another transmit cycle as outlined in steps 20 through 23, or enter

another receive cycle as outlined in steps 24 through 30.

6.7 Battery Power Management Configuration Values

Battery life can be greatly extended in TRC105 applications where transmissions from field nodes are infrequent,

or network communications can be concentrated into periodic time slots. For example, field nodes in many wire-

less alarm systems report operational status a few times a day, and can otherwise sleep unless an alarm condi-

tion occurs. Sensor networks that monitor parameters that change relatively slowly, such as air and soil tempera-

ture in agricultural settings, only need to transmit updates a few times an hour.

At room temperature the TRC105 draws a maximum of 1 µA in sleep mode, with a typical value of 100 nA. To

achieve minimum sleep mode current, nSS_CONFIG (Pin 14), SDI (Pin 17) and SCK (Pin 18) must be held logic

low, while nSS_DATA (Pin 15) must be held logic high. Also, the external connection to SDO (Pin 16) must be

configured as high impedance (tri-state or input). The TRC105 can go from sleep mode through standby mode

and synthesizer mode to transmit (or receive) mode in less than 6 ms. At a data rate of 33.33 kb/s, a 32 byte

packet with a 4 byte preamble and a 4 byte start pattern takes about 10 ms to transmit. Assume that the TRC105

then switches to receive mode for 1 second to listen for a response and returns to sleep. On the basis of reporting

every six hours, the ON to sleep duty cycle is about 1:21,259, greatly extending battery life over continuous

transmit-receive or even standby operation. RFM provides an Excel spreadsheet, battery_ life_ calculator.xls, in

the Application Notes section of www.RFM.com to support battery life for various operating scenarios.

The required timing accuracy for the microcontrollers in a sleep-cycled application depends on several things:

• The required “time-stamp” accuracy of data reported by sleeping field nodes. R-C sleep mode timers built

into many microcontrollers have a tolerance of ± 20% or more. Where more accurate time stamping is re-

quired, many microcontrollers can run on a watch crystal during sleep and achieve time stamp accuracies

better than 1 second per 24 hours.

• If the base station and any routing nodes present in a network must sleep cycle in addition to the field

nodes, watch crystal control will usually be needed to keep all nodes accurately synchronized to the ac-

tive time slots.

• If the base station and any routing nodes present in a network can operate continuously (AC powered,

solar charged batteries, etc.) and a loose time stamp accuracy is OK, the microcontrollers in sleeping field

nodes can usually operated from internal low-accuracy R-C timers.

NOTE: The host microcontroller usually cannot be operated from the TRC105 buffered clock output if sleep cy-

cling is planned. In sleep mode, the TRC105 buffered clock output is disabled, which will disable the microcontrol-

ler unless it is capable of automatically switching to an internal clock source when external clocking is lost.

TRC105 sleep related mode switching is configured in MCFG00 bits 7..5 as follows:

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MCFG bits 7..5 Operating Mode

000 sleep mode - all oscillat ors off

001 standby - crystal oscillator only on

010 synthesi zer - cryst al and PLL on

011 receive mode

100 transmit mode

Table 86

When switching from sleep mode to standby, the crystal oscillator will be active in no more than 5 ms. Switching

from standby to synthesizer mode, the PLL will lock in less than 0.5 ms. PLL lock can be monitored on Pin 23 of

the TRC105. The radio can then be switched to either transmit or receive mode. When switching from any other

mode back to sleep, the TRC105 will drop to its sleep mode current in less than 1 ms.

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7.0 Package Dimensions and Typical PCB Footprint - QFN-32

3 2

F G

R F M

Y Y W W

T R C 1 0 5

P l a c e v i a t o

ground in

e a c h c o r n e r .

W h i t e a r e a

a r o u n d v i a i s

s o l d e r m a s k .

Figure 25

Millimeters Inches

Dimension Minimum Nominal Maximum Minimum Nominal Maximum

A 4.95 5.00 5.05 0.195 0.197 0.199

B 4.95 5.00 5.05 0.195 0.197 0.199

C 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.000 0.001 0.002

D 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.028 0.030 0.031

E 3.50 0.138

F 0.50 0.020

G 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.008 0.010 0.012

H 3.50 0.138

I 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.012 0.016 0.020

J 3.00 3.10 3.20 0.118 0.122 0.126

K 3.00 3.10 3.20 0.118 0.122 0.126

L 5.90 0.232

M 0.90 0.035

N 4.10 0.161

O 4.10 0.161

P 5.90 0.232

Q 0.30 0.012

R 0.50 0.020

S 3.30 0.130

T 3.30 0.130

U 0.90 0.035

V 0.90 0.035

Table 82

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8.0 Tape and Reel Dimensions

( C A R R I E R T A P E S I Z E )

( P i t c h )

C O V E R T A P E S I Z E

C O V E R T A P E

D i r e c t i o n o f F e e d

Figure 26

Dimension mm inches

minimum nominal maximum minimum nominal maximum

AO 5.05 5.25 5.45 0.199 0.207 0.215

BO 5.05 5.25 5.45 0.199 0.207 0.215

D - 330.2 - - 13.0 -

KO 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.039 0.043 0.047

P 7.9 8.0 8.1 0.311 0.315 0.319

T - 12.4 - - 0.488 -

W 11.7 12.0 12.3 0.461 0.472 0.484

Table 83