1. General description
The ICODE SLIX-L IC is a dedicated chip for smart label applications with the need for a
leaner custom-specific command set, smaller memory and/or a product which takes care
of the increasing demand for perfect customer privacy. This IC is another member of our
ICODE SLIX product family that is fully compliant with the ISO standards ISO/IEC 15693
(Ref. 1) and ISO/IEC 18000-3 (Ref. 4), prolongin g a successful story of NXP in the field of
vicinity identification systems.
The ICODE system offers the possibility of operating labels simultaneously in the field of
the reader antenna (anticollision). It is designed for long range applications.
1.1 Contactless energy and data transfer
Whenever conne cted to a ver y simple and e asy-to-produ ce type of an tenna (as a result of
the 13.56 MHz carrier frequency) made out of a few windings printed, winded, etched or
punched coil, the ICODE SLIX-L IC can be operated without line of sight up to a distance
of 1.5 m (gate width). No battery is needed. When the smart label is positioned in the field
of an interrogator anten na, the high speed RF communication interface enable s data to be
transmitted up to 53 kbit/s.
1.2 Anticollision
An intelligent anticollision function enables several tags to operate in the field
simultaneously. The anticollision algorithm selects each tag individually and ensures that
the execution of a transaction with a selected tag is performed correctly without data
corruption resu lting from other tags in the field.
1.3 Security and privacy aspects
Unique IDentifier (UID):
The UID cannot be altered and guarantees the uniqueness of each label.
Password protected Label Destroy:
The 32-bit Destroy pa ssword enables an addressed label to be destroyed with the
DESTROY SLIX-L command. That status is irreversible and the label will never
respond to any command again.
SL2S5002; SL2S5102
ICODE SLIX-L
Rev. 3.3 — 19 January 2011
198432 Product short data sheet
PUBLIC
SL2S5002_SL2S5102_SDS All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product short data sheet
PUBLIC Rev. 3.3 — 19 January 2011
198432 2 of 13
NXP Semiconductors SL2S5002; SL2S5102
ICODE SLIX-L
Password protected Privacy Mode:
The 32-bit Privacy password enables a label to be set to the Privacy mode with the
ENABLE PRIVACY command. In this mode the label will not respond to any
command except the co mmand GET RANDOM NUMBER, until it next receives the
correct Privacy password. This mode is especially designed to meet the increasing
demand to take care of the customers privacy.
Password protected EAS and AFI functionality:
The 32-bit EAS/AFI password enables the addressed label to be set in a mode where
the EAS status and the AFI value can only be changed if the correct EAS/AFI
password is transmitted to th e lab el with in th e me n tio ne d co mm and s.
2. Features and benefits
2.1 ICODE SLIX-L RF interface (ISO/IEC 15693)
Contactless transmission of data and supply energy (no battery needed)
Operating distance: up to 1.5 m (depending on antenna geometry)
Operating frequency: 13.56 MHz (ISM, world-wide licence freely available)
Fast data transfer: up to 53 kbit/s
High data integrity: 16-bit CRC, framing
True anticollision
Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS)
Application Family Identifier (AFI) supported
Data Storage Format IDentifier (DSFID)
ENABLE PRIVACY command with 32-bit Privacy password
DESTROY SLIX-L command with 32-bit Destroy password
Additional fast anticollision read
Write distance equal to read distance
2.2 EEPROM
512 bits, organized in 16 blocks of 4 bytes each, 4 blocks are summed up to 1 page
50 years data retention
Write endu rance of 100000 cycles
2.3 Security
Unique identifier for each device
Lock mechanism for each user memory block (write protection)
Lock mechanism for DSFID, AFI, EAS
Password (32-bit) protected Label Destroy
Password (32-bit) protected Privacy Mode
Password (32-bit) protected EAS and AFI functionality
SL2S5002_SL2S5102_SDS All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product short data sheet
PUBLIC Rev. 3.3 — 19 January 2011
198432 3 of 13
NXP Semiconductors SL2S5002; SL2S5102
ICODE SLIX-L
3. Applications
Factory automation
Industrial and laundry
Asset management
Libraries and rental
4. Quick reference data
[1] Bandwidth limitation (± 7 kHz) according to ISM band regulations.
[2] Measured with an HP4285A LCR meter at 13.56 MHz and 2 V RMS.
5. Ordering information
Table 1. Quick reference data
Typical ratings are not guaranteed. T he values listed are at room temperature.
Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Unit
Wafer EEPROM characteristics
tret retention time Tamb 55 °C 50 --year
Nendu(W) write endurance 100000 - - cycle
Interface characteristics
fiinput frequency [1] 13.553 13.56 13.567 MHz
Ciinput capacitance between LA and LB [2]
SL2S5002FUD
SL2S5002FTB 22.3 23.5 24.7 pF
SL2S5102FUD 92 97 102 pF
Table 2. Ordering i nformation
Type number Package Version
Name Description
SL2S5002FUD wafer sawn, bumped wafer, 120 μm, on film frame carrier,
Cibetween LA and LB = 23.5 pF (typical) -
SL2S5102FUD wafer sawn, bumped wafer, 120 μm, on film frame carrier,
Cibetween LA and LB = 97 pF (typical) -
SL2S5002FTB XSON3 plastic extremely thin small outline package; no leads;
3 terminals; body 1 x 1.45 x 0.5 mm
Cibetween LA and LB = 23.5 pF (typical)
SOT1122
SL2S5002_SL2S5102_SDS All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product short data sheet
PUBLIC Rev. 3.3 — 19 January 2011
198432 4 of 13
NXP Semiconductors SL2S5002; SL2S5102
ICODE SLIX-L
6. Block diagram
Fig 1. Block diagram of IC ODE SLIX-L
001aam24
7
MOD
DEMOD
VREG
VDD
Clock
data
in
data
out
R/W
ANALOG
RF INTERFACE
PA D
PA D
LB
LA
RECT
Cres
DIGITAL CONTROL
ANTENNA
ANTICOLLISION
READ/WRITE
CONTROL
ACCESS CONTROL
EEPROM INTERFACE
CONTROL
RF INTERFACE
CONTROL
EEPROM
MEMORY
SEQUENCER
CHARGE PUMP
CLK
SL2S5002_SL2S5102_SDS All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product short data sheet
PUBLIC Rev. 3.3 — 19 January 2011
198432 5 of 13
NXP Semiconductors SL2S5002; SL2S5102
ICODE SLIX-L
7. Functional description
7.1 Block description
The ICODE SLIX-L IC consists of three major blocks:
Analog RF interface
Digital controller
EEPROM
The analog sect ion pr ovides stable supply voltage and dem od ul at es da ta received fr om
the reader for processing by th e digital section . The analog section’s mo dulation transistor
also transmits data back to the reader.
The digit al section includes the state machines, processes the protocol and handles
communication with the EEPROM.
The label requires no interna l power supply. Its cont actless interface ge nerates the power
supply and the system clock via the resonant circuitry by inductive coupling to the
interrogator. The interface also demodulates data that are transmitted from the
interrogator to the ICODE L abel, and modulates the electromagnetic field for data
transmission from the ICODE Label to the interrogator.
Data are stored in a non-volatile memory (EEPROM).
7.2 Memory organization
The 512 bit EEPROM memory is divided into 16 blocks. A block is the smallest access
unit. Each block consists of 4 bytes (1 block = 32 bits). 4 blocks are summed up to 1 pag e.
Bit 0 in each byte represent s the least significant bit (L SB) and bit 7 the most significant bit
(MSB), respectively.
The memory is divided into 2 pa rts:
Configuration area
Within this part of the m emory all required in formation i s stored, such as UID, write
protection, access control information, passwords, AFI and EAS. This memory
area cannot be directly accessed.
User memory
Within the 256 bit memory area the user data are stored. Direct read/write access
to this part of the memory is possible depending on the related write protection
conditions.
SL2S5002_SL2S5102_SDS All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product short data sheet
PUBLIC Rev. 3.3 — 19 January 2011
198432 6 of 13
NXP Semiconductors SL2S5002; SL2S5102
ICODE SLIX-L
Blocks 0 to 7 can be addressed with read and write commands only.
7.2.1 Unique identifier
The 64-bit unique identifier (UID) is programmed during the p roduction process accordin g
to ISO/IEC 15693-3 and cannot be changed afterward s.
The 64 bits are numbered according to ISO/IEC 15693-3 starting with LSB 1 and ending
with MSB 64. This is in contrast to the general used bit numbering within a byte.
The TAG type is a part of the UID (bit 41 to 48, next to the manufacturer code which is
“04h” for NXP Semiconductors).
The TAG type of the ICODE SLIX-L IC is “03h”.
Bit 37 is set to logic 1 for the ICODE SLIX-L IC which indicates that this type suppo rts the
password protected AFI feature (not supported by ICODE SLI-L with bit 37 set to logic 0).
Table 3. Memory organi zation
Page Block Byte 0 Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Description
Configuration area for
internal use
0 0 User memory:
2 pages,
4 blocks each,
4 bytes each,
32 bytes in total.
1
2
3
14
5
6
7
Table 4. Unique identifier
MSB LSB
64:57 56:49 48:41 40:1
“E0” “04” “03” IC manufacturer serial number
UID 7 UID 6 UID 5 UID 4 UID 3 UID 2 UID 1 UID 0
SL2S5002_SL2S5102_SDS All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product short data sheet
PUBLIC Rev. 3.3 — 19 January 2011
198432 7 of 13
NXP Semiconductors SL2S5002; SL2S5102
ICODE SLIX-L
8. Limiting values
[1] Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only
and functional operation of the device at these or any conditions other than those described in the operating conditions and electrical
characteristics sections of this specification is not implied.
[2] This product includes circuitry specifically designed for the protection of its internal devices from the damaging effects of excessive st atic
charge. Nonetheless, it is suggested that conventional precautions be taken to avoid applying greater than the rated maxima.
[3] The voltage between LA and LB is limited by the on-chip voltage limitation circuitry (corresponding to parameter II).
[4] For ESD measurement, the IC was mounted in a CDIP8 package.
Table 5. Limiting values (Wafer)[1][2]
In accordance with the Absolute Maximum Rating System (IEC 60134).
Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Max Unit
Tstg storage temperature 55 +125 °C
Ptot total power dissipation - 125 mW
Tjjunction temperature 40 +85 °C
Ii(max) maximum input current LA to LB; peak [3] -±60 mA
IIinput curren t LA to LB; RMS - 30 mA
VESD electrostatic discharge voltage Human body model [4] -±2kV
SL2S5002_SL2S5102_SDS All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product short data sheet
PUBLIC Rev. 3.3 — 19 January 2011
198432 8 of 13
NXP Semiconductors SL2S5002; SL2S5102
ICODE SLIX-L
9. Abbreviations
10. References
[1] ISO Standard — ISO/IEC 15693 - Identification cards - Contactless integrated
circuit cards - Vicinity cards.
[2] ISO Standard — ISO/IEC 15693-2 -Identification cards - Contactless integrated
circuit cards - Vicinity cards - Part 2: Air interface and initialization.
[3] ISO Standard — ISO/IEC 15693-3 -Identification cards - Contactless integrated
circuit cards - Vicinity cards - Part 3: Anticollision and transmission protocol.
[4] ISO Standard — ISO/IEC 18000-3 - Information technology - Radio frequency
identification for item management - Part 3: Parameters for air interface
communications at 13.56 MHz.
[5] ISO Standard — ISO/IEC 7816-6 - Identification cards - Integrated circuit cards -
Part 6: Interindustry data elements fo r interchange.
[6] General specification for 8” wafer on UV-tape with electronic fail die
marking — Delivery type description – BU-ID document number: 1093**1.
[7] SL2S5002; SL2S5102 — Product data sheet – BU-ID document number: 1931**
Table 6. Abbreviations
Acronym Description
AFI Application Family Identi fier
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
DSFID Data Storage Format IDentifier
EAS Electronic Article Surveillance
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programm able Read Only Memory
IC Integrated Circuit
LCR Inductance, Capacitance, Resistance
LSB Least Significant Byte/Bit
MSB Most Significant Byte/Bit
RF Radio Frequency
UID Unique IDentifier
1. ** ... document version number
SL2S5002_SL2S5102_SDS All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product short data sheet
PUBLIC Rev. 3.3 — 19 January 2011
198432 9 of 13
NXP Semiconductors SL2S5002; SL2S5102
ICODE SLIX-L
11. Revision history
Table 7. Revision history
Document ID Release date Data sheet status Change notice Supersedes
SL2S5002_SL2S5102_SDS v.3.3 20110119 Product short data sheet - SL2S5002_SL2S5102_SDS
v.3.2
Modifications: Revision number updated
SL2S5002_SL2S5102_SDS v.3.2 20110110 Product short data sheet - SL2S5002_SL2S5102_SDS
v.3.1
Modifications: Type number SL2S5002FTB added
SL2S5002_SL2S5102_SDS v.3.1 20101006 Product short data sheet - -
SL2S5002_SL2S5102_SDS All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product short data sheet
PUBLIC Rev. 3.3 — 19 January 2011
198432 10 of 13
NXP Semiconductors SL2S5002; SL2S5102
ICODE SLIX-L
12. Legal information
12.1 Data sheet status
[1] Please consult the most recently issued document before initiating or completing a design.
[2] The term ‘short data sheet’ is explained in section “Definitions”.
[3] The product status of de vice(s) descr ibed in th is document m ay have cha nged since thi s document w as publish ed and may di ffe r in case of multiple devices. The latest product status
information is available on the Internet at URL http://www.nxp.com.
12.2 Definitions
Draft — The document is a draft version only. The content is still under
internal review and subject to formal approval, which may result in
modifications or additions. NXP Semiconductors does not give any
representations or warranties as to the accuracy or completeness of
information included herein and shall have no liab ility for the consequences of
use of such information.
Short data sheet — A short data sheet is an extract from a full data sheet
with the same product type number(s) and tit le. A short data sh eet is intended
for quick reference only and shou ld not b e relied u pon to cont ain det ailed and
full information. For detailed and full informatio n see the relevant full data
sheet, which is available on request via the local NXP Semicond uctors sales
office. In case of any inconsistency or conflict with the short data sheet, the
full data sheet shall pre va il.
Product specificat ionThe information and data provided in a Product
data sheet shall define the specification of the product as agreed between
NXP Semiconductors and its customer, unless NXP Semiconductors and
customer have explicitly agreed otherwise in writing. In no event however,
shall an agreement be valid in which the NXP Semiconductors product is
deemed to off er functions and qualities beyon d those described in the
Product data sheet.
12.3 Disclaimers
Limited warr a nty and liability — Information in this document is believed to
be accurate and reliable. However, NXP Semiconductors does not give any
representations or warrant ies, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or
completeness of such information and shall have no liability for the
consequences of use of such information.
In no event shall NXP Semiconductors be liable for any indirect , incidental,
punitive, special or consequ ential damages (including - wit hout limitation - lost
profits, lost savings, business interruption, costs related to the removal or
replacement of any products or rework charges) whether or not such
damages are based on tort (including negligence), warranty, breach of
contract or any other legal theory.
Notwithstanding any damages that customer might incur for any reason
whatsoever, NXP Semiconductors’ aggregat e and cumulative liabil ity towards
customer for the products described herein shall be limited in accordance
with the Terms and conditions of commercial sale of NXP Semiconductors.
Right to make changes — NXP Semiconductors reserves the right to make
changes to information published in this document, including without
limitation specifications and product descriptions, at any time and without
notice. This document supersedes and replaces all informa tion supplied prior
to the publication hereof .
Suitability for use — NXP Semiconductors products are not designed,
authorized or warranted to be suit able for use in life support, life-critical or
safety-critical systems or equipment, nor in applications where failure or
malfunction of an NXP Semiconductors product can reasonably be expected
to result in perso nal injury, death or severe property or environmental
damage. NXP Semiconductors accepts no liab ility for inclusion and/or use of
NXP Semiconductors products in such equipment or applications and
therefore such inclusion and/or use is at the customer’s own risk.
Applications — Applications that are described herein for any of these
products are for illustrative purposes only. NXP Semiconductors makes no
representation or warranty that such applications will be suitable for the
specified use without further testing or modification.
Customers are responsible for the design and ope ration of their applications
and products using NXP Semiconductors product s, and NXP Semiconductors
accepts no liability for any assistance with applications or customer product
design. It is customer’s sole responsibility to determine whether the NXP
Semiconductors product is suit able and fit for the custome r’s applications and
products planned, as well as fo r the planned application and use of
customer’s third party customer(s). Custo mers should provide appropriate
design and operating safeguards to minimize the risks associated with t heir
applications and products.
NXP Semiconductors does not accept any liability related to any default,
damage, costs or problem which is based on any weakness or default in the
customer’s applications or products, or the application or use by customer’s
third party custo m er(s). Customer is responsible for doing all necessary
testing for the customer’s applications and pro ducts using NXP
Semiconductors products in order to avoid a default of the applications and
the products or of the application or use by cust omer’s third party
customer(s). NXP does not accept any liability in this respect.
Limiting values — Stress above one or more limiting values (as defined in
the Absolute Maximum Ratings System of IEC 60134) will cause permanent
damage to the device. Limiting values are stress ratings only and (proper)
operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those given in
the Recommended operating conditions section (if present) or the
Characteristics sections of this document is not warranted. Constant or
repeated exposure to limiting values will permanently and irreversibly affect
the quality and reliability of the device.
Terms and conditions of commercial sale — NXP Semiconductors
products are sold subject to the general terms and conditions of commercial
sale, as published at http://www.nxp.com/profile/terms, unless otherwise
agreed in a valid written individua l agreement. In case an individual
agreement is concluded only the ter m s and conditions of the respective
agreement shall apply. NXP Semiconductors hereby exp ressly objects to
applying the customer’s general terms and conditions with regard to the
purchase of NXP Semiconductors products by cust omer.
No offer to sell or license — Nothing i n this document may be interpreted or
construed as an of fer t o sell product s that is open for accept ance or the gr ant,
conveyance or implication of any license under any copyrights, patents or
other industrial or inte llectual property rights.
Export control — This document as well as the item(s) described herein
may be subject to export control regulatio ns. Export might require a prior
authorization from national authorities.
Document status[1][2] Product status[3] Definition
Objective [short] data sheet Development This document contain s data from the objective specification for product develop ment.
Preliminary [short] dat a sheet Qualification This document contains data from the preliminary specification.
Product [short] data sheet Production This document contains the product specification.
SL2S5002_SL2S5102_SDS All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product short data sheet
PUBLIC Rev. 3.3 — 19 January 2011
198432 11 of 13
NXP Semiconductors SL2S5002; SL2S5102
ICODE SLIX-L
Quick reference data — The Quick reference dat a is an extract of the
product data given in the Limiting values and Characteristics sections of this
document, and as such is not complete, exhaustive or legally binding.
Non-automotive qualified products — Unless this data sheet expressly
states that this specific NXP Semiconductors product is automotive qualified,
the product is not suitable for aut omo tive use. It i s neither qua lified nor test ed
in accordance with automotive testing or application requirements. NXP
Semiconductors accepts no liability for inclusion and/or use of
non-automotive qualified products in automotive equipment or applications.
In the event that customer uses the product for design-in and use in
automotive applications to automot ive specifications and standards, custome r
(a) shall use the product without NXP Semiconductors’ warranty of the
product for such au tomotive applications, use and specifica tions, and (b)
whenever customer uses the product for automotive applications beyond
NXP Semiconductors’ specifications such use shall be solely at customer’s
own risk, and (c) customer fully indemnifies NXP Semiconduct ors for an y
liability, damages or failed product cl aims resulting from custome r design and
use of the product for automotive applications beyond NXP Semiconductors’
standard warranty and NXP Semiconductors’ product specifications.
12.4 Trademarks
Notice: All referenced b rands, produc t names, service names and trademarks
are the property of their respective ow ners.
ICODE and I-CODE — are trademarks of NXP B.V.
13. Contact information
For more information, please visit: http://www.nxp.com
For sales office addresses, please send an email to: salesaddresses@nxp.com
SL2S5002_SL2S5102_SDS All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product short data sheet
PUBLIC Rev. 3.3 — 19 January 2011
198432 12 of 13
NXP Semiconductors SL2S5002; SL2S5102
ICODE SLIX-L
14. Tables
Table 1. Quick reference data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Table 2. Ordering information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Table 3. Memory organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Table 4. Unique identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Table 5. Limiting values (Wafer)[1][2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 6. Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table 7. Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
15. Figures
Fig 1. Block diagram of ICODE SLIX-L . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
NXP Semiconductors SL2S5002; SL2S5102
ICODE SLIX-L
© NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
For more information, please visit: http://www.nxp.com
For sales office addresses, please send an email to: salesaddresses@nxp.com
Date of release: 19 January 2011
198432
Please be aware that important notices concerning this document and the product(s)
described herein, have been included in section ‘Legal information’.
16. Contents
1 General description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Contactless energy and data transfer. . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Anticollision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Security and privacy aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Features and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1 ICODE SLIX-L RF interface (ISO/IEC 15693) . 2
2.2 EEPROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3 Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 Quick reference data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5 Ordering information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
6 Block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
7 Functional description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7.1 Block description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7.2 Memory organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7.2.1 Unique identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
8 Limiting values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
9 Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
11 Revision history. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
12 Legal information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
12.1 Data sheet status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
12.2 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
12.3 Disclaimers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
12.4 Trademarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
13 Contact information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
14 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
15 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
16 Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13