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1. Voltage and Current Control
1.1. Voltage Control
The vol tage loop is controlled via a first tr anscon-
ductanc e opera tional amplifier , the resis tor bridg e
R1, R2, and the optocoupler which is directly con-
nected to the output.
The relation between the values of R1 and R2
should be cho sen as written in Equ ati on 1.
R1 = R2 x Vref / (Vout - Vref) Eq1
Where Vout is the desired output voltage.
To avoid the discharge of the load, the resistor
bridge R1, R2 should be highly resistive. For this
type of application, a total value of 100KΩ (or
more) would be appropriate for the resistors R1
and R2.
As an example, with R2 = 100KΩ, Vout = 4.10V,
Vref = 1.210V, then R1 = 41.9KΩ.
Note that if the low drop diode shoul d be inserted
between the load and the voltage regulation resis-
tor bridge to avoid current flowing from the load
through the resistor bridge, this drop should be
taken into account in the above calculations by re-
placing Vout by (Vout + Vdrop).
1.2. Current Control
The current loop is controlled via the second
trans-conductance operational amplifier, the
sense resistor Rsense, and the optocoupler.
Vsense threshold is achieved externally by a re-
sistor br idge tie d to the Vref vol tage ref erence. Its
middle poi nt is tied to the posi tiv e inp ut of the cur-
rent c ont ro l ope rational a mpl ifi er , and i ts fo ot is t o
be connected to lower potential point of the sense
resistor as shown o n the follow ing figure. The re-
sistors of this bridge are matched to provide the
best prec is io n poss ib le
The control equation verifies:
Rsense x Ilim = Vsense eq2
Vsen se = R5*Vref/(R4+R5)
Ilim = R5*Vref/(R4+R5)*Rsense eq2'
where Ilim is the desired limited current, and
Vsense is the threshold voltage for the current
control loop.
Note that the Rsense resistor should be chosen
taking into account the maximum dissipation
(Plim) through it during full load operation.
Plim = Vsense x Ilim. eq3
Therefore, for most adapter and battery charger
applications, a quarter-watt, or half-watt resistor to
make the current sensing function is sufficient.
The current sinking outputs of the two trans-con-
nuctance operational amplifiers are common (to
the outpu t of the IC). This mak es an ORing func-
tion which ensures that whenever the current or
the vo ltage reac hes too high va lues, the opt ocou-
pler is activated.
The relation between the controlled current and
the controlled output voltage can be described
with a square characteristic as shown in the fol-
lowing V/I output-power graph.
Figure 3 : Output voltage versus output current
2. Compensation
The vo ltage-control trans-condu ctance operati on-
al amplifier can be fully compensated. Both of its
output and negative input are directly accessible
for external compensation components.
An example of a suitable compensation network is
shown in Fig.2. It consists of a capacitor
Cvc1=2.2nF and a resistor Rcv1=22KΩ in series.
Vout
Iout
Voltage regulation
Current r egulation
TSM1012 Vcc : independent power supply
0Secondary current regulation
TSM1012 Vcc : On power output
Primary current regulation
TSM1012
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION AND APPLICATION HINTS