LM2662,LM2663 LM2662/LM2663 Switched Capacitor Voltage Converter Literature Number: SNVS002C LM2662/LM2663 Switched Capacitor Voltage Converter General Description Features The LM2662/LM2663 CMOS charge-pump voltage converter inverts a positive voltage in the range of 1.5V to 5.5V to the corresponding negative voltage. The LM2662/LM2663 uses two low cost capacitors to provide 200 mA of output current without the cost, size, and EMI related to inductor based converters. With an operating current of only 300 A and operating efficiency greater than 90% at most loads, the LM2662/ LM2663 provides ideal performance for battery powered systems. The LM2662/LM2663 may also be used as a positive voltage doubler. The oscillator frequency can be lowered by adding an external capacitor to the OSC pin. Also, the OSC pin may be used to drive the LM2662/LM2663 with an external clock. For LM2662, a frequency control (FC) pin selects the oscillator frequency of 20 kHz or 150 kHz. For LM2663, an external shutdown (SD) pin replaces the FC pin. The SD pin can be used to disable the device and reduce the quiescent current to 10 A. The oscillator frequency for LM2663 is 150 kHz. Inverts or doubles input supply voltage Narrow SO-8 Package 3.5 typical output resistance 86% typical conversion efficiency at 200 mA (LM2662) selectable oscillator frequency: 20 kHz/150 kHz (LM2663) low current shutdown mode Applications Laptop computers Cellular phones Medical instruments Operational amplifier power supplies Interface power supplies Handheld instruments Basic Application Circuits Voltage Inverter Positive Voltage Doubler 10000301 10000302 Splitting VIN in Half 10000303 (c) 2008 National Semiconductor Corporation 100003 www.national.com LM2662/LM2663 Switched Capacitor Voltage Converter June 9, 2008 LM2662/LM2663 TJ Max (Note 3) Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1) 150C 170C/ W JA (Note 3) If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. Operating Ambient Temperature Range -40C to +85C Operating Junction Temperature Range -40C to +105C Storage Temperature Range -65C to +150C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 seconds) 300C ESD Rating 2 kV Supply Voltage (V+ to GND, or GND to OUT) 6V LV (OUT - 0.3V) to (GND + 3V) FC, OSC, SD The least negative of (OUT - 0.3V) or (V+ - 6V) to (V+ + 0.3V) V+ and OUT Continuous Output Current 250 mA Output Short-Circuit Duration to GND (Note 2) 1 sec. Power Dissipation (TA = 25C) (Note 3) 735 mW Electrical Characteristics Limits in standard typeface are for TJ = 25C, and limits in boldface type apply over the full Operating Junction Temperature Range. Unless otherwise specified: V+ = 5V, FC = Open, C1 = C2 = 47 F.(Note 4) Symbol V+ IQ Parameter Supply Voltage Supply Current RL = 1k Condition Min Inverter, LV = Open 3.5 5.5 Inverter, LV = GND 1.5 5.5 Doubler, LV = OUT 2.5 5.5 No Load FC = V+ (LM2662) LV = Open SD = Ground (LM2663) FC = Open ISD Shutdown Supply Current Shutdown Pin Input Voltage Shutdown Mode (LM2663) Normal Operation IL Output Current ROUT Output Resistance (Note 6) IL = 200 mA fOSC Oscillator Frequency (Note 7) OSC = Open fSW IOSC Switching Frequency (Note 8) OSC Input Current PEFF Power Efficiency VOEFF Voltage Conversion Efficiency Max 1.3 4 0.3 0.8 2.0 (Note 5) 0.3 200 FC = Open 7 20 FC = V+ 55 150 FC = Open 3.5 10 FC = V+ 27.5 75 FC = Open 2 FC = V+ 10 RL (500) between V+ and OUT 90 96 99 99.96 IL = 200 mA to GND No Load V mA V mA 3.5 OSC = Open Units A 10 (LM2663) VSD Typ 7 kHz kHz A % 86 % Note 1: Absolute maximum ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Electrical specifications do not apply when operating the device beyond its rated operating conditions. Note 2: OUT may be shorted to GND for one second without damage. However, shorting OUT to V+ may damage the device and should be avoided. Also, for temperatures above 85C, OUT must not be shorted to GND or V+, or device may be damaged. Note 3: The maximum allowable power dissipation is calculated by using PDMax = (TJMax - TA)/JA, where TJMax is the maximum junction temperature, TA is the ambient temperature, and JA is the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance of the specified package. Note 4: In the test circuit, capacitors C1 and C2 are 47 F, 0.2 maximum ESR capacitors. Capacitors with higher ESR will increase output resistance, reduce output voltage and efficiency. Note 5: In doubling mode, when Vout > 5V, minimum input high for shutdown equals Vout - 3V. Note 6: Specified output resistance includes internal switch resistance and capacitor ESR. Note 7: For LM2663, the oscillator frequency is 150 kHz. Note 8: The output switches operate at one half of the oscillator frequency, fOSC = 2fSW. www.national.com 2 LM2662/LM2663 Test Circuits 10000304 10000305 FIGURE 1. LM2662 and LM2663 Test Circuits Typical Performance Characteristics (Circuit of Figure 1) Supply Current vs Supply Voltage Supply Current vs Oscillator Frequency 10000337 10000338 Output Source Resistance vs Supply Voltage Output Source Resistance vs Temperature 10000340 10000339 3 www.national.com LM2662/LM2663 Output Source Resistance vs Temperature Efficiency vs Load Current 10000342 10000341 Output Voltage Drop vs Load Current Efficiency vs Oscillator Frequency 10000343 10000344 Output Voltage vs Oscillator Frequency Oscillator Frequency vs External Capacitance 10000345 10000346 www.national.com 4 LM2662/LM2663 Oscillator Frequency vs Supply Voltage Oscillator Frequency vs Supply Voltage 10000348 10000347 Oscillator Frequency vs Temperature Oscillator Frequency vs Temperature 10000349 10000350 Shutdown Supply Current vs Temperature (LM2663 Only) 10000351 5 www.national.com LM2662/LM2663 Connection Diagrams 8-Lead SO (M) 10000320 10000321 Top View Order Number LM2662M, LM2663M See NS Package Number M08A Pin Descriptions Pin Name Function Voltage Inverter 1 Voltage Doubler FC Frequency control for internal oscillator: (LM2662) FC = open, fOSC = 20 kHz (typ); Same as inverter. FC = V+, fOSC = 150 kHz (typ); FC has no effect when OSC pin is driven externally. 1 SD Shutdown control pin, tie this pin to the ground in normal Same as inverter. (LM2663) operation. 2 CAP+ Connect this pin to the positive terminal of charge-pump Same as inverter. capacitor. 3 GND Power supply ground input. Power supply positive voltage input. 4 CAP- Connect this pin to the negative terminal of chargepump capacitor. Same as inverter. 5 OUT Negative voltage output. Power supply ground input. 6 LV 7 OSC 8 V+ Low-voltage operation input. Tie LV to GND when input LV must be tied to OUT. voltage is less than 3.5V. Above 3.5V, LV can be connected to GND or left open. When driving OSC with an external clock, LV must be connected to GND. Oscillator control input. OSC is connected to an internal Same as inverter except that OSC cannot be driven by 15 pF capacitor. An external capacitor can be connected an external clock. to slow the oscillator. Also, an external clock can be used to drive OSC. Power supply positive voltage input. Positive voltage output. transfer efficiency depends on the switching frequency, the on-resistance of the switches, and the ESR of the capacitors. Circuit Description The LM2662/LM2663 contains four large CMOS switches which are switched in a sequence to invert the input supply voltage. Energy transfer and storage are provided by external capacitors. Figure 2 illustrates the voltage conversion scheme. When S1 and S3 are closed, C1 charges to the supply voltage V+. During this time interval switches S2 and S4 are open. In the second time interval, S1 and S3 are open and S2 and S4 are closed, C1 is charging C2. After a number of cycles, the voltage across C2 will be pumped to V+. Since the anode of C2 is connected to ground, the output at the cathode of C2 equals -(V+) assuming no load on C2, no loss in the switches, and no ESR in the capacitors. In reality, the charge www.national.com 6 10000322 FIGURE 2. Voltage Inverting Principle Application Information SIMPLE NEGATIVE VOLTAGE CONVERTER The main application of LM2662/LM2663 is to generate a negative supply voltage. The voltage inverter circuit uses only two external capacitors as shown in the Basic Application Circuits. The range of the input supply voltage is 1.5V to 5.5V. For a supply voltage less than 3.5V, the LV pin must be connected to ground to bypass the internal regulator circuitry. This gives the best performance in low voltage applications. If the supply voltage is greater than 3.5V, LV may be connected to ground or left open. The choice of leaving LV open simplifies the direct substitution of the LM2662/LM2663 for the LMC7660 Switched Capacitor Voltage Converter. The output characteristics of this circuit can be approximated by an ideal voltage source in series with a resistor. The voltage source equals -(V+). The output resistance Rout is a function of the ON resistance of the internal MOS switches, the oscillator frequency, and the capacitance and ESR of C1 and C2. Since the switching current charging and discharging C1 is approximately twice as the output current, the effect of the ESR of the pumping capacitor C1 is multiplied by four in the output resistance. The output capacitor C2 is charging and discharging at a current approximately equal to the output current, therefore, its ESR only counts once in the output resistance. A good approximation is: SPLIT V+ IN HALF Another interesting application shown in the Basic Application Circuits is using the LM2662/LM2663 as a precision voltage divider. Since the off-voltage across each switch equals VIN/ 2, the input voltage can be raised to +11V. CHANGING OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY For the LM2662, the internal oscillator frequency can be selected using the Frequency Control (FC) pin. When FC is open, the oscillator frequency is 20 kHz; when FC is connected to V+, the frequency increases to 150 kHz. A higher oscillator frequency allows smaller capacitors to be used for equivalent output resistance and ripple, but increases the typical supply current from 0.3 mA to 1.3 mA. The oscillator frequency can be lowered by adding an external capacitor between OSC and GND (See typical performance characteristics). Also, in the inverter mode, an external clock that swings within 100 mV of V+ and GND can be used to drive OSC. Any CMOS logic gate is suitable for driving OSC. LV must be grounded when driving OSC. The maximum external clock frequency is limited to 150 kHz. The switching frequency of the converter (also called the charge pump frequency) is half of the oscillator frequency. where RSW is the sum of the ON resistance of the internal MOS switches shown in Figure 2. High value, low ESR capacitors will reduce the output resistance. Instead of increasing the capacitance, the oscillator frequency can be increased to reduce the 2/(fosc x C1) term. Once this term is trivial compared with RSW and ESRs, further increasing in oscillator frequency and capacitance will become ineffective. The peak-to-peak output voltage ripple is determined by the oscillator frequency, and the capacitance and ESR of the output capacitor C2: Note: OSC cannot be driven by an external clock in the voltage-doubling mode. TABLE 1. LM2662 Oscillator Frequency Selection FC OSC Open V+ Open or V+ Open Open External Capacitor N/A External Clock (inverter mode only) Oscillator 20 kHz 150 kHz See Typical Performance Characteristics External Clock Frequency Again, using a low ESR capacitor will result in lower ripple. POSITIVE VOLTAGE DOUBLER The LM2662/LM2663 can operate as a positive voltage doubler (as shown in the Basic Application Circuits). The doubling function is achieved by reversing some of the connections to 7 www.national.com LM2662/LM2663 the device. The input voltage is applied to the GND pin with an allowable voltage from 2.5V to 5.5V. The V+ pin is used as the output. The LV pin and OUT pin must be connected to ground. The OSC pin can not be driven by an external clock in this operation mode. The unloaded output voltage is twice of the input voltage and is not reduced by the diode D1's forward drop. The Schottky diode D1 is only needed for start-up. The internal oscillator circuit uses the V+ pin and the LV pin (connected to ground in the voltage doubler circuit) as its power rails. Voltage across V+ and LV must be larger than 1.5V to insure the operation of the oscillator. During start-up, D1 is used to charge up the voltage at V+ pin to start the oscillator; also, it protects the device from turning-on its own parasitic diode and potentially latching-up. Therefore, the Schottky diode D1 should have enough current carrying capability to charge the output capacitor at start-up, as well as a low forward voltage to prevent the internal parasitic diode from turning-on. A Schottky diode like 1N5817 can be used for most applications. If the input voltage ramp is less than 10V/ms, a smaller Schottky diode like MBR0520LT1 can be used to reduce the circuit size. LM2662/LM2663 Where IQ(V+) is the quiescent power loss of the IC device, and IL2ROUT is the conversion loss associated with the switch on-resistance, the two external capacitors and their ESRs. Low ESR capacitors (Table 3) are recommended for both capacitors to maximize efficiency, reduce the output voltage drop and voltage ripple. For convenience, C1 and C2 are usually chosen to be the same. The output resistance varies with the oscillator frequency and the capacitors. In Figure 3, the output resistance vs. oscillator frequency curves are drawn for four difference capacitor values. At very low frequency range, capacitance plays the most important role in determining the output resistance. Once the frequency is increased to some point (such as 100 kHz for the 47 F capacitors), the output resistance is dominated by the ON resistance of the internal switches and the ESRs of the external capacitors. A low value, smaller size capacitor usually has a higher ESR compared with a bigger size capacitor of the same type. Ceramic capacitors can be chosen for their lower ESR. As shown in Figure 3, in higher frequency range, the output resistance using the 10 F ceramic capacitors is close to these using higher value tantalum capacitors. TABLE 2. LM2663 Oscillator Frequency Selection OSC Oscillator Open 150 kHz External Capacitor See Typical Performance Characteristics External Clock External Clock Frequency (inverter mode only) SHUTDOWN MODE For the LM2663, a shutdown (SD) pin is available to disable the device and reduce the quiescent current to 10 A. Applying a voltage greater than 2V to the SD pin will bring the device into shutdown mode. While in normal operating mode, the SD pin is connected to ground. CAPACITOR SELECTION As discussed in the Simple Negative Voltage Converter section, the output resistance and ripple voltage are dependent on the capacitance and ESR values of the external capacitors. The output voltage drop is the load current times the output resistance, and the power efficiency is 10000336 FIGURE 3. Output Source Resistance vs Oscillator Frequency TABLE 3. Low ESR Capacitor Manufacturers Manufacturer Capacitor Type (708)-843-7500 PL, PF series, through-hole aluminum electrolytic AVX Corp. (803)-448-9411 TPS series, surface-mount tantalum Sprague (207)-324-4140 593D, 594D, 595D series, surface-mount tantalum Sanyo www.national.com Phone Nichicon Corp. (619)-661-6835 OS-CON series, through-hole aluminum electrolytic Murata (800)-831-9172 Ceramic chip capacitors Taiyo Yuden (800)-348-2496 Ceramic chip capacitors Tokin (408)-432-8020 Ceramic chip capacitors 8 LM2662/LM2663 Other Applications PARALLELING DEVICES Any number of LM2662s (or LM2663s) can be paralleled to reduce the output resistance. Each device must have its own pumping capacitor C1, while only one output capacitor Cout is needed as shown in Figure 4. The composite output resistance is: 10000324 FIGURE 4. Lowering Output Resistance by Paralleling Devices Cascading is also possible when devices are operating in doubling mode. In Figure 7, two devices are cascaded to generate 3Vin. An example of using the circuit in Figure 6 or Figure 7 is generating +15V or -15V from a +5V input. Note that, the number of n is practically limited since the increasing of n significantly reduces the efficiency and increases the output resistance and output voltage ripple. CASCADING DEVICES Cascading the LM2662s (or LM2663s) is an easy way to produce a greater negative voltage (as shown in Figure 5). If n is the integer representing the number of devices cascaded, the unloaded output voltage Vout is (-nVin). The effective output resistance is equal to the weighted sum of each individual device: A three-stage cascade circuit shown in Figure 6 generates -3Vin, from Vin. 10000325 FIGURE 5. Increasing Output Voltage by Cascading Devices 9 www.national.com LM2662/LM2663 10000326 FIGURE 6. Generating -3Vin from +Vin 10000327 FIGURE 7. Generating +3Vin from +Vin where, Vref = 1.23V The error flag on pin 7 of the LP2986 goes low when the regulated output at pin 5 drops by about 5% below nominal. The LP2986 can be shutdown by taking pin 8 low. The less than 1 A quiescent current in the shutdown mode is favorable for battery powered applications. REGULATING Vout It is possible to regulate the output of the LM2662/LM2663 by use of a low dropout regulator (such as LP2986). The whole converter is depicted in Figure 8. This converter can give a regulated output from -1.5V to -5.5V by choosing the proper resistor ratio: www.national.com 10 LM2662/LM2663 10000328 FIGURE 8. Combining LM2662/LM2663 with LP2986 to Make a Negative Adjustable Regulator Also, as shown in Figure 9 by operating the LM2662/LM2663 in voltage doubling mode and adding a low dropout regulator (such as LP2986) at the output, we can get +5V output from an input as low as +3.3V. 10000329 FIGURE 9. Generating +5V from +3.3V Input Voltage 11 www.national.com LM2662/LM2663 Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted 8-Lead SO (M) Order Number LM2662M or LM2663M NS Package Number M08A www.national.com 12 LM2662/LM2663 Notes 13 www.national.com LM2662/LM2663 Switched Capacitor Voltage Converter Notes For more National Semiconductor product information and proven design tools, visit the following Web sites at: Products Design Support Amplifiers www.national.com/amplifiers WEBENCH www.national.com/webench Audio www.national.com/audio Analog University www.national.com/AU Clock Conditioners www.national.com/timing App Notes www.national.com/appnotes Data Converters www.national.com/adc Distributors www.national.com/contacts Displays www.national.com/displays Green Compliance www.national.com/quality/green Ethernet www.national.com/ethernet Packaging www.national.com/packaging Interface www.national.com/interface Quality and Reliability www.national.com/quality LVDS www.national.com/lvds Reference Designs www.national.com/refdesigns Power Management www.national.com/power Feedback www.national.com/feedback Switching Regulators www.national.com/switchers LDOs www.national.com/ldo LED Lighting www.national.com/led PowerWise www.national.com/powerwise Serial Digital Interface (SDI) www.national.com/sdi Temperature Sensors www.national.com/tempsensors Wireless (PLL/VCO) www.national.com/wireless THE CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION ("NATIONAL") PRODUCTS. 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