ADP8866 Data Sheet
Rev. B | Page 20 of 52
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
The ADP8866 allows the charge pump to operate efficiently
with a minimum of external components. Specifically, the user
must select an input capacitor (CIN), output capacitor (COUT),
and two charge pump fly capacitors (C1 and C2). CIN should be
1 F or greater. The value must be high enough to produce a
stable input voltage signal at the minimum input voltage and
maximum output load. A 1 F capacitor for COUT is recommended.
Larger values are permissible, but care must be exercised to ensure
that VOUT charges above 55% (typical) of VIN within 4 ms
(typical). See the Short-Circuit Protection (SCP) Mode section
for more detail.
For best practice, it is recommended that the two charge pump
fly capacitors be 1 F; larger values are not recommended and
smaller values may reduce the ability of the charge pump to
deliver maximum current. For optimal efficiency, the charge
pump fly capacitors should have low equivalent series resistance
(ESR). Low ESR X5R or X7R capacitors are recommended for
all four components. Minimum voltage ratings should adhere to
the guidelines in Table 7:
Table 7. Capacitor Stress in Each Charge Pump Gain State
Capacitor Gain = 1× Gain = 1.5× Gain = 2×
CIN (Input Capacitor) VIN VIN VIN
COUT (Output
Capacitor)
VIN VIN × 1.5
(Max of 5.5 V)
VIN × 2.0
(Max of 5.5 V)
C1 (Charge Pump
Capacitor)
None VIN ÷ 2 VIN
C2 (Charge Pump
Capacitor)
None VIN ÷ 2 VIN
Any color LED can be used provided that the Vf (forward
voltage) is less than 4.3 V. However, using lower Vf LEDs
reduces the input power consumption by allowing the charge
pump to operate at lower gain states.
The equivalent model for a charge pump is shown in Figure 39.
09478-040
V
DX
C
OUT
G × V
IN
R
OUT
OUT
I
OUT
Figure 39. Charge Pump Equivalent Circuit Model
The input voltage is multiplied by the gain (G) and delivered to
the output through an effective charge pump resistance (ROUT).
The output current flows through ROUT and produces an IR
drop, which yields
VOUT = G × VIN − IOUT × ROUT(G) (6)
The ROUT term is a combination of the RDSON resistance for the
switches used in the charge pump and a small resistance that
accounts for the effective dynamic charge pump resistance. The
ROUT level changes based upon the gain (the configuration of the
switches). Typical ROUT values are given in Table 1 and Figure 14
and Figure 16.
VOUT is also equal to the largest Vf of the LEDs used plus the
voltage drop across the regulating current source. This gives
VOUT = Vf(MAX) + VDX (7)
Combining Equation 6 and Equation 7 gives
VIN = (Vf(MAX) + VDX + IOUT × ROUT(G))/G (8)
This equation is useful for calculating approximate bounds for
the charge pump design.
Determining the Transition Point of the Charge Pump
Consider the following design example where:
Vf(MAX) = 3.7 V
IOUT = 140 mA (7 LEDs at 20 mA each)
ROUT(G = 1.5×) = 3 Ω (obtained from Figure 12)
At the point of a gain transition, VDX = VHR(UP). Table 1 gives the
typical value of VHR(UP) as 0.2 V. Therefore, the input voltage
level when the gain transitions from 1.5× to 2× is
VIN = (3.7 V + 0.2 V + 140 mA × 3 Ω)/1.5 = 2.88 V
LAYOUT GUIDELINES
For optimal noise immunity, place the CIN and COUT
capacitors as close to their respective pins as possible.
These capacitors should share a short ground trace. If the
LEDs are a significant distance from the VOUT pin,
another capacitor on VOUT, placed closer to the LEDs, is
advisable.
For optimal efficiency, place the charge pump fly capacitors
as close to the part as possible.
The ground pin should be connected at the ground for the
input and output capacitors. The LFCSP exposed pad must
be soldered at the board to the GND pin.
Unused diode pins [D1:D9] can be connected to ground or
VOUT or remain floating. However, the unused diode
current sinks must be removed from the charge pump gain
calculation by setting the appropriate DxPWR bits high in
Register 0x09 and Register 0x0A.
If the interrupt pin (nINT) is not used, connect it to
ground or leave it floating. Never connect it to a voltage
supply, except through a ≥1 k series resistor.
The ADP8866 has an integrated noise filter on the nRST
pin. Under normal conditions, it is not necessary to filter
the reset line. However, if exposed to an unusually noisy
signal, it is beneficial to add a small RC filter or bypass
capacitor on this pin. If the nRST pin is not used, it must
be pulled well above the VIH(MAX) level (see Table 1). Do not
allow the nRST pin to float.