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Data Sheet ADuM3070
TRANSFORMER DESIGN
Transformers have been designed for use in the circuits shown
in Figure 31, Figure 32, and Figure 33 and are listed in Table 13.
The design of a transformer for the ADuM3070 can differ from
some isolated dc-to-dc converter designs that do not regulate the
output voltage. The output voltage is regulated by a PWM controller
in the ADuM3070 that varies the duty cycle of the primary side
switches in response to a secondary side feedback voltage, VFB,
received through an isolated digital channel. The internal
controller has a limit of 40% maximum duty cycle.
TRANSFORMER TURNS RATIO
To determine the transformer turns ratio, and taking into
account the losses for the primary switches and the losses for
the secondary diodes and inductors, the external transformer
turns ratio for the ADuM3070 can be calculated by
2××
+
=
DV
VV
N
N
(MIN)DD1
D
ISO
P
S
where:
NS/NP is the primary to secondary turns ratio.
VISO is the isolated output supply voltage.
VD is the Schottky diode voltage drop (0.5 V maximum).
VDD1 (MIN) is the minimum input supply voltage.
D is the duty cycle = 0.30 for a 30% typical duty cycle, 40% is
maximum, and a multiplier factor of 2 is used for the push-pull
switching cycle.
For Figure 31, the 5 V to 5 V reference design in Table 13, with
VDD1 (MIN) = 4.5 V, the turns ratio is NS/NP = 2.
For a similar 3.3 V input to 3.3 V output, isolated single power
supply and with VDD1 (MIN) = 3.0 V, the turns ratio is also NS/NP =
2. Therefore, the same transformer turns ratio NS/NP = 2 can be
used for the three single power applications (5 V to 5 V, 5 V to
3.3 V, and 3.3 V to 3.3 V).
For Figure 32, the circuit uses double windings and diode pairs
to create a doubler circuit; therefore, half the output voltage, VISO/2,
is used in the equation.
2
2
××
+
=
DV
V
V
N
N
(MIN)DD1
D
ISO
P
S
NS/NP is the primary to secondary turns ratio.
VISO/2 is used in the equation because the circuit uses two pairs
of diodes creating a doubler circuit.
VD is the Schottky diode voltage drop (0.5 V maximum).
VDD1 (MIN) is the minimum input supply voltage.
D is the duty cycle, which is 0.30 for a 30% typical duty cycle and
0.40 for a 40% maximum duty cycle, and a multiplier factor of
two is used for the push-pull switching cycle.
For Figure 32, the 5 V to 15 V reference design in Table 13, with
VDD1 (MIN) = 4.5 V, results in a turns ratio of NS/NP = 3.
For Figure 33, the circuit also uses double windings and diode pairs
to create a doubler circuit; however, because a positive and negative
output voltage is created, VISO is used in the equation.
2××
+
=
DV
VV
N
N
(MIN)DD1
D
ISO
P
S
where:
NS/NP is the primary to secondary turns ratio.
VISO is the isolated output supply voltage and is used in the equation
because the circuit uses two pairs of diodes creating a doubler
circuit with a positive and negative output.
VD is the Schottky diode voltage drop (0.5 V maximum).
VDD1 (MIN) is the minimum input supply voltage, and a multiplier
factor of 2 is used for the push-pull switching cycle.
D is the duty cycle; in this case, a higher duty cycle of D = 0.35
for a 35% typical duty cycle (40% maximum duty cycle) was
used in the Figure 33 circuit to reduce the maximum voltages
seen by the diodes for a ±15 V supply.
For Figure 33, the +5 V to ±15 V reference design in Table 13,
with VDD1 (MIN) = 4.5 V, results in a turns ratio of NS/NP = 5.
TRANSFORMER ET CONSTANT
The next transformer design factor to consider is the ET constant.
This constant determines the minimum V × µs constant of
the transformer over the operating temperature. ET values of
14 V × µs and 18 V × µs were selected for the ADuM3070 designs
listed in Table 13 using the following equation:
2
)(
)(
×
=
MINSW
(MAX)DD1
f
V
MINET
where:
VDD1 (MAX) is the maximum input supply voltage.
fSW (MIN) is the minimum primary switching frequency = 300 kHz
in startup, and a multiplier factor of 2 is used for the push-pull
switching cycle.
TRANSFORMER PRIMARY INDUCTANCE AND
RESISTANCE
Another important characteristic of the transformer for designs
with the ADuM3070 is the primary inductance. Transformers
for the ADuM3070 are recommended to have between 60 µH
to 100 µH of inductance per primary winding. Values of primary
inductance in this range are needed for smooth operation of the
ADuM3070 pulse-by-pulse current-limit circuit, which can help
protect against build up of saturation currents in the transformer. If
the inductance is specified for the total of both primary windings,
for example, as 400 µH, the inductance of one winding is ¼ of two
equal windings, or 100 µH.
Another important characteristic of the transformer for designs
with the ADuM3070 is primary resistance. Primary resistance as
low as is practical (less than 1 Ω) helps reduce losses and improves
efficiency. The total primary resistance can be measured and
specified, and is shown for the transformers in Table 13.
Rev. A | Page 15 of 20