TL441
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
SLVS328 – OCT OBER 2000
1
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
D
Excellent Dynamic Range
D
Wide Bandwidth
D
Built-In Temperature Compensation
D
Log Linearity (30-dB Sections) ...1 dB Typ
D
Wide Input Voltage Range
description
This amplifier circuit contains four 30-dB
logarithmic stages. Gain in each stage is such that
the output of each stage is proportional to the
logarithm of the input voltage over the 30-dB input
voltage range. Each half of the circuit contains two
of these 30-dB stages summed together in one
differential output that is proportional to the sum of the logarithms of the input voltages of the two stages. The
four stages may be interconnected to obtain a theoretical input voltage range of 120-dB. In practice, this permits
the input voltage range typically to be greater than 80-dB with log linearity of ± 0.5-dB (see application data).
Bandwidth is from dc to 40 MHz.
This circuit is useful in data compression and analog compensation. This logarithmic amplifier is used in log IF
circuitry as well as video and log amplifiers.
The TL441 is characterized for operation over 0°C to 70°C.
Copyright 2000, Texas Instruments Incorporated
PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date.
Products conform to specifications per the terms of Texas Instruments
standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include
testing of all parameters.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
CA2
VCC –
CA2′
A1
Y
Y
A2
VCC +
NC
CB2
CB2′
GND
B1
Z
Z
B2
N PACKAGE
(TOP VIEW)
NC — No internal connection
Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.
TL441
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
SLVS328 – OCT OBER 2000
2POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
functional logic diagram (one half)
–15 dB
–15 dB
Log
Log
Log
Log
Σ
Y (Z)
Y (Z)
A1
(B1)
CA2
(CB2)
CA2′
(CB2′)
A2
(B2)
Y ∝ log A1 + log A2; Z ∝ log B1 + log B2 where: A1, A2, B1, and B2 are in dBV, 0 dBV = 1 V.
CA2, CA2′, CB2, and CB2′ are detector compensation inputs.
schematic
VCC +
Y
Y
A2
A1
CA2′
CA2
VCC –
8
6
5
7
4
3
1
2
10
11
9
12
13
14
15
Z
Z
B2
B1
GND
CB2′
CB2
TL441
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
SLVS328 – OCT OBER 2000
3
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
absolute maximum ratings over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)†
Supply voltages (see Note 1): VCC+ 8 V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VCC – –8 V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Input voltage (see Note 1) 6 V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Output sink current (any one output) 30 mA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Package thermal impedance, θJA (see Notes 2 and 3) 67°C/W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds 260°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Storage temperature range, Tstg –65°C to 150°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
†Stresses beyond those listed under “absolute maximum ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only , and
functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under “recommended operating conditions” is not
implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may af fect device reliability.
NOTES: 1. All voltages, except differential out voltages, are with respect to network ground terminal.
2. Maximum power dissipation is a function of TJ(max), θJA, and TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation at any allowable
ambient temperature is PD = (TJ(max) – TA)/θJA. Operating at the absolute maximum TJ of 150°C can affect reliability.
3. The package thermal impedance is calculated in accordance with JESD 51-7.
recommended operating conditions
MIN MAX UNIT
Peak-to-peak input voltage for each 30-dB stage 0.01 1 V
Operating free-air temperature, TA0 70 °C
electrical characteristics, VCC± = ±6 V, TA = 25°C
PARAMETER TEST
FIGURE MIN TYP MAX UNIT
Differential output offset voltage 1±40 mV
Quiescent output voltage 2 5.45 5.6 5.85 V
DC scale factor (differential output), each 3-dB stage, – 35 dBV to – 5 dBV 3 6 8 12 mV/dB
AC scale factor (differential output) 8 mV/dB
DC error at – 20 dBV (midpoint of – 35 dBV to – 5 dBV range) 3 1 dB
Input impedance 500 Ω
Output impedance 200 Ω
Rise time, 10% to 90% points, CL = 24 pF 4 20 30 ns
Supply current from VCC+ 2 14.5 18.5 23 mA
Supply current from VCC –2– 6 – 8.5 – 10.5 mA
Power dissipation 2 123 162 201 mW
TL441
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
SLVS328 – OCT OBER 2000
4POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION
Figure 1
VCC+ VCC–
CA2 CA2′VCC +VCC –Y
Y
Z
Z
DVM
CB2 CB2′GND
A1
A2
B1
B2
Figure 2
CA2 CA2′VCC+ VCC–
Y
Y
Z
Z
CB2 CB2′GND
A1
A2
B1
B2
VCC+
VCC–
ICC +
ICC –
VO
PD = VCC+ • ICC+ + VCC– • ICC–
TL441
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
SLVS328 – OCT OBER 2000
5
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION
CA2 CA2′VCC+ VCC–Y
Y
Z
Z
CB2 GND
A1
A2
B1
B2
DVM
18 mV
100 mV
560 mV
DC
Power
Supply
VCC+ VCC–
Scale Factor
+ƪ
Vout(560 mV)–Vout(18mV)
ƫ
mV
30 dBV
Error
+ƪ
Vout(100 mV)–0.5 Vout(560 mV)–0.5 Vout(18 mV)
ƫ
Scale Factor
CB2′
Figure 3
CA2 CA2′VCC+ VCC–
Y
Y
Z
Z
CB2 CB2′GND
A1
A2
B1
B2
VCC+ VCC–
1000 pFCI
CLCL
100 mV
0 mV
Atten
Pulse
Generator
50 Ω
Tektronix
Sampling Scope
With Digital
Readout or
Equivalent
NOTES: A. The input pulse has the following characteristics: tw = 200 ns, tr ≤ 2 ns, tf ≤ 2 ns, PRR ≤ 10 MHz.
B. Capacitor CI consists of three capacitors in parallel: 1 µF, 0.1 µF, and 0.01 µF.
C. CL includes probe and jig capacitance.
Figure 4
TL441
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
SLVS328 – OCT OBER 2000
6POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS†
Figure 5
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE
vs
FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE
TA –Free-Air Temperature –°C
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
– 75 – 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125
Differential Output Offset Voltage – mV
VCC± = ±6 V
See Figure 1
Figure 6
QUIESCENT OUTPUT VOLTAGE
vs
FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE
TA –Free-Air Temperature –°C
– 75 – 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Quiescent Output Voltage – V
VCC± = ±6 V
See Figure 2
Figure 7
TA –Free-Air Temperature –°C
– 75 – 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
DC SCALE FACTOR
vs
FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE
DC Scale Factor (Differential Output) – mV/dBV
VCC± = ±6 V
See Figure 3
Figure 8
TA –Free-Air Temperature –°C
– 75 – 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
DC ERROR
vs
FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE
DC Error at Midpoint of 30-dBV Range – dBV
VCC± = ±6 V
See Figure 3
†Data at high and low temperatures are applicable only within the recommended operating free-air temperature ranges of the various devices.
TL441
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
SLVS328 – OCT OBER 2000
7
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
tr
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
5
10
15
20
25
VCC± = ±6 V
TA = 25°C
See Figure 4, outputs
loaded symmetrically
CL – Load Capacitance – pF
OUTPUT RISE TIME
vs
LOAD CAPACITANCE
– Output Rise Time – ns
Figure 9
TL441
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
SLVS328 – OCT OBER 2000
8POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
APPLICATION INFORMATION
Although designed for high-performance applications such as infrared detection, this device has a wide range
of applications in data compression and analog computation.
basic logarithmic function
The basic logarithmic response is derived from
the exponential current-voltage relationship of
collector current and base-emitter voltage. This
relationship is given in the equation:
m • VBE = In [(IC + ICES)/ICES]
where:
IC= collector current
ICES = collector current at VBE = 0
m = q/kT (in V – 1)
VBE = base-emitter voltage
The differential input amplifier allows dual-polarity
inputs, is self-compensating for temperature
variations, and is relatively insensitive to
common-mode noise.
logarithmic sections
As can be seen from the schematic, there are eight differential pairs. Each pair is a 15-dB log subsection, and
each input feeds two pairs, for a range of 30-dB per stage.
Four compensation points are available to allow slight variations in the gain (slope) of the two individual 15-dB
stages of input A2 and B2. By slightly changing the voltage on any of the compensation pins from their quiescent
values, the gain of that particular 15-dB stage can be adjusted to match the other 15-dB stage in the pair. The
compensation pins also can be used to match the transfer characteristics of input A2 to A1 or B2 to B1.
The log stages in each half of the circuit are summed by directly connecting their collectors together and
summing through a common-base output stage. The two sets of output collectors are used to give two log
outputs, Y and Y (or Z and Z), which are equal in amplitude, but opposite in polarity. This increases the versatility
of the device.
By proper choice of external connections, linear amplification, and linear attenuation, and many different
applications requiring logarithmic signal processing are possible
input levels
The recommended input voltage range of any one stage is given as 0.01 V to 1 V. Input levels in excess of
1 V may result in a distorted output. When several log sections are summed together , the distorted area of one
section overlaps with the next section and the resulting distortion is insignificant. However , there is a limit to the
amount of overdrive that can be applied. As the input drive reaches ±3.5 V, saturation occurs, clamping the
collector-summing line and severely distorting the output. Therefore, the signal to any input must be limited to
approximately ±3 V to ensure a clean output.
Figure 10
INPUT
A1
CA2
INPUT
A2
CA2’
Log
Log
Log
Log
Log
Log
Log
Log
–15 dB
–15 dB
–15 dB
–15 dB
ΣΣ
YY ZZ
Outputs
INPUT
B1
CB2
INPUT
B2
CB2’
functional block diagram
TL441
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
SLVS328 – OCT OBER 2000
9
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
APPLICATION INFORMATION
output levels
Differential-output-voltage levels are low, generally less than 0.6 V. As demonstrated in Figure 12, the output
swing and the slope of the output response can be adjusted by varying the gain by means of the slope control.
The coordinate origin also can be adjusted by positioning the offset of the output buffer.
circuits
Figures 12 through 19 show typical circuits using this logarithmic amplifier. Operational amplifiers not otherwise
designated are TLC271. For operation at higher frequencies, the TL592 is recommended instead of the
TLC271.
Output Voltage – V
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
– 0.2
10 – 410 –3 10 –2 10 –1 101
1
TYPICAL TRANSFER
CHARACTERISTICS
Adjusted for Increased
Slope and Offset
Adjusted For Minimum
Slope With Zero Offset
Input Voltage – V
Input
A1
A2
Y
Y
1/2
TL441
Origin
Slope
Output
GND
+
–
+
–
Figure 12. Output Slope and Origin Adjustment
TL441
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
SLVS328 – OCT OBER 2000
10 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
APPLICATION INFORMATION
Output Voltage – V
Input Voltage – V
Input
B1
B2
1/2
TL441
Output
Z
Z
2 kΩ, 1% 2 kΩ, 1%
2 kΩ, 1%
2 kΩ, 1%
GND
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.001 0.01 0.1 110
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS
OF TWO TYPICAL INPUT STAGES
20 kΩ+
–
Figure 13. Utilization of Separate Stages
TL441
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
SLVS328 – OCT OBER 2000
11
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
APPLICATION INFORMATION
Z
Z
A1
A2
Y
Y
B1
B2
TL441
Input Output
2 kΩ, 1% 2 kΩ, 1%
20 kΩ
2 kΩ, 1%
2 kΩ, 1%
Output Voltage – V
Input Voltage – V
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.001 0.01 0.1 110
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS
WITH BOTH SIDES PARALLELED
GND
+
–
Figure 14. Utilization of Paralleled Inputs
TL441
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
SLVS328 – OCT OBER 2000
12 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
APPLICATION INFORMATION
Output Voltage – V
10 – 410 –3 10 –2 10 –1 101
1
Input Voltage – V
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS
1 kΩ
910 Ω
VCC + = 4 V
VCC – = – 4 V
5 kΩ
1 kΩ
910 Ω
100 Ω
15 kΩ
2 kΩ2 kΩ
20 kΩ
2 kΩ
Slope
5 kΩ
Input
Output
Z
Z
A1
A2
Y
Y
B1
B2
TL441
5 kΩ
Origin
100 Ω
+
–
+
–
+
–
VCC + = 4 V
VCC – = – 4 V
NOTES: A. Inputs are limited by reducing the supply voltages for the input amplifiers to ±4 V.
B. The gains of the input amplifiers are adjusted to achieve smooth transitions.
Figure 15. Logarithmic Amplifier With Input Voltage Range Greater Than 80 dB
TL441
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
SLVS328 – OCT OBER 2000
13
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
APPLICATION INFORMATION
Z
Z
A1
A2
Y
Y
B1
B2
TL441
A1
A2
Y
Y
1/2
TL441
Input
A
Input
B
see
Note A
OUTPUT W
(see Note B)
RRRR
R
R
R
RR
R
+
–
+
–
+
–+
–
+
–
NOTES: A. Connections shown are for multiplication. For division, Z and Z connections are reversed.
B. Output W may need to be amplified to give actual product or quotient of A and B.
C. R designates resistors of equal value, typically 2 kΩ to 10 kΩ.
Multiplication: W = A • B ⇒ log W = log A + log B, or W = a(logaA + logaB)
Division: W = A/B ⇒ log W = log A – log B, or W = a(logaA + logaB)
Figure 16. Multiplication or Division
Input
A
A1
A2
Y
Y
1/2
TL441 Z
Z
B1
B2
Output
W
1/2
TL441
RRRnR
R
nR
R
R
–
+
+
–
+
–
–
+
NOTE: R designates resistors of equal value, typically 2 kΩ to 10 kΩ. The power to which the input variable is raised is fixed by setting nR.
Output W may need to be amplified to give the correct value.
Exponential: W = An ⇒ log W = n log A, or W = a(n loga A)
Figure 17. Raising a Variable to a Fixed Power
TL441
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
SLVS328 – OCT OBER 2000
14 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
APPLICATION INFORMATION
2 kΩ2 kΩ
Origin
20 kΩ
2 kΩ
2 kΩ
Slope
A1
A2
Y
Y
1/2
TL441
Input
AOutput
W
+
–
–
+
NOTE: Adjust the slope to correspond to the base “a”.
Exponential to any base: W = a.
Figure 18. Raising a Fixed Number to a Variable Power
+
–
20 kΩ
20 kΩ
Input
1
2.2 kΩ0.2 µF
Output
1
Input
2
Output
2
TL592
TL592
0.2 µF
1 kΩ1 kΩ
Gain Adj.
2.2 kΩ
2.2 kΩ
2.2 kΩ
0.2 µF
0.2 µF
1 kΩ1 kΩ
0.2 µF
Gain Adj. = 400 Ω
For 30 dB
Gain Adj. = 400 Ω
For 30 dB
0.2 µF
TL592
TL592
50 Ω
50 Ω 50 Ω
Open
Open CA2 CA2’
Y
Y
Z
Z
CB2 CB2’
A1
A2
B1
B2
TL441
10
kΩ
10
kΩ
VCC –
Gain Adj.
+
–
+
–
+
–
50 Ω
+
–
+
–
Figure 19. Dual-Channel RF Logarithmic Amplifier With 50-dB Input Range Per Channel at 10 MHz
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device Status (1) Package
Type Package
Drawing Pins Package
Qty Eco Plan (2) Lead/Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp (3)
TL441CN ACTIVE PDIP N 16 25 Pb-Free
(RoHS) CU NIPDAU N / A for Pkg Type
TL441CNE4 ACTIVE PDIP N 16 25 Pb-Free
(RoHS) CU NIPDAU N / A for Pkg Type
TL441CNSR ACTIVE SO NS 16 2000 Green (RoHS &
no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM
TL441CNSRE4 ACTIVE SO NS 16 2000 Green (RoHS &
no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM
TL441CNSRG4 ACTIVE SO NS 16 2000 Green (RoHS &
no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM
(1) The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in
a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2) Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS), Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt), or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please check
http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability information and additional product content details.
TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined.
Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements
for all 6 substances, including the requirement that lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered
at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes.
Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt): This component has a RoHS exemption for either 1) lead-based flip-chip solder bumps used between the die and
package, or 2) lead-based die adhesive used between the die and leadframe. The component is otherwise considered Pb-Free (RoHS
compatible) as defined above.
Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame
retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous material)
(3) MSL, Peak Temp. -- The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder
temperature.
Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date that it is
provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to the
accuracy of such information. Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties. TI has taken and continues to take
reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis on
incoming materials and chemicals. TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited
information may not be available for release.
In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold by TI
to Customer on an annual basis.
OTHER QUALIFIED VERSIONS OF TL441 :
•Enhanced Product: TL441-EP
NOTE: Qualified Version Definitions:
•Enhanced Product - Supports Defense, Aerospace and Medical Applications
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com 18-Sep-2008
Addendum-Page 1
TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION
*All dimensions are nominal
Device Package
Type Package
Drawing Pins SPQ Reel
Diameter
(mm)
Reel
Width
W1 (mm)
A0 (mm) B0 (mm) K0 (mm) P1
(mm) W
(mm) Pin1
Quadrant
TL441CNSR SO NS 16 2000 330.0 16.4 8.2 10.5 2.5 12.0 16.0 Q1
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
www.ti.com 11-Mar-2008
Pack Materials-Page 1
*All dimensions are nominal
Device Package Type Package Drawing Pins SPQ Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm)
TL441CNSR SO NS 16 2000 346.0 346.0 33.0
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
www.ti.com 11-Mar-2008
Pack Materials-Page 2
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