LM2588
LM2588 SIMPLE SWITCHER 5A Flyback Regulator with Shutdown
Literature Number: SNVS117C
LM2588
SIMPLE SWITCHER®5A Flyback Regulator with
Shutdown
General Description
The LM2588 series of regulators are monolithic integrated
circuits specifically designed for flyback, step-up (boost), and
forward converter applications. The device is available in 4
different output voltage versions: 3.3V, 5.0V, 12V, and ad-
justable.
Requiring a minimum number of external components, these
regulators are cost effective, and simple to use. Included in
the datasheet are typical circuits of boost and flyback regu-
lators. Also listed are selector guides for diodes and capaci-
tors and a family of standard inductors and flyback trans-
formers designed to work with these switching regulators.
The power switch is a 5.0A NPN device that can stand-off
65V. Protecting the power switch are current and thermal
limiting circuits, and an undervoltage lockout circuit. This IC
contains an adjustable frequency oscillator that can be pro-
grammed up to 200 kHz. The oscillator can also be synchro-
nized with other devices, so that multiple devices can oper-
ate at the same switching frequency.
Other features include soft start mode to reduce in-rush
current during start up, and current mode control for im-
proved rejection of input voltage and output load transients
and cycle-by-cycle current limiting. The device also has a
shutdown pin, so that it can be turned off externally. An
output voltage tolerance of ±4%, within specified input volt-
ages and output load conditions, is guaranteed for the power
supply system.
Features
nRequires few external components
nFamily of standard inductors and transformers
nNPN output switches 5.0A, can stand off 65V
nWide input voltage range: 4V to 40V
nAdjustable switching frequency: 100 kHz to 200 kHz
nExternal shutdown capability
nDraws less than 60 µA when shut down
nFrequency synchronization
nCurrent-mode operation for improved transient
response, line regulation, and current limit
nInternal soft-start function reduces in-rush current during
start-up
nOutput transistor protected by current limit, under
voltage lockout, and thermal shutdown
nSystem output voltage tolerance of ±4% max over line
and load conditions
Typical Applications
nFlyback regulator
nForward converter
nMultiple-output regulator
nSimple boost regulator
Connection Diagrams
Bent, Staggered Leads
7-Lead TO-220 (T)
Top View
Bent, Staggered Leads
7-Lead TO-220 (T)
Side View
01242017
01242018
Order Number LM2588T-3.3, LM2588T-5.0,
LM2588T-12 or LM2588T-ADJ
See NS Package Number TA07B
SIMPLE SWITCHER®and Switchers Made Simple ®are registered trademarks of National Semiconductor Corporation.
July 2005
LM2588 SIMPLE SWITCHER 5A Flyback Regulator with Shutdown
© 2005 National Semiconductor Corporation DS012420 www.national.com
Connection Diagrams (Continued)
7-Lead TO-263 (S)
Top View
7-Lead TO-263 (S)
Side View
01242019
01242020
Order Number LM2588S-3.3, LM2588S-5.0,
LM2588S-12 or LM2588S-ADJ
Tape and Reel Order Number LM2588SX-3.3,
LM2588SX-5.0, LM2588SX-12 or LM2588SX-ADJ
See NS Package Number TS7B
Ordering Information
Package Type NSC Package Order Number
Drawing
7-Lead TO-220 Bent, Staggered Leads TA07B LM2588T-3.3, LM2588T-5.0, LM2588T-12, LM2588T-ADJ
7-Lead TO-263 TS7B LM2588S-3.3, LM2588S-5.0, LM2588S-12, LM2588S-ADJ
7-Lead TO-263 Tape and Reel TS7B LM2588SX-3.3, LM2588SX-5.0, LM2588SX-12,
LM2588SX-ADJ
LM2588
www.national.com 2
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1)
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/
Distributors for availability and specifications.
Input Voltage −0.4V ≤V
IN
≤45V
Switch Voltage −0.4V ≤V
SW
≤65V
Switch Current (Note 2) Internally Limited
Compensation Pin Voltage −0.4V ≤V
COMP
≤
2.4V
Feedback Pin Voltage −0.4V ≤V
FB
≤2
V
OUT
ON /OFF Pin Voltage −0.4V ≤V
SH
≤6V
Sync Pin Voltage −0.4V ≤V
SYNC
≤2V
Power Dissipation (Note 3) Internally Limited
Storage Temperature Range −65˚C to +150˚C
Lead Temperature
(Soldering, 10 sec.) 260˚C
Maximum Junction Temperature
(Note 3) 150˚C
Minimum ESD Rating
(C = 100 pF, R = 1.5 kΩ)2kV
Operating Ratings
Supply Voltage 4V ≤V
IN
≤40V
Output Switch Voltage 0V ≤V
SW
≤60V
Output Switch Current I
SW
≤5.0A
Junction Temperature
Range −40˚C ≤T
J
≤+125˚C
LM2588-3.3 Electrical Characteristics
Specifications with standard type face are for T
J
= 25˚C, and those in bold type face apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. Unless otherwise specified, V
IN
= 5V.
Symbol Parameters Conditions Typical Min Max Units
SYSTEM PARAMETERS Test Circuit of Figure 1 (Note 4)
V
OUT
Output Voltage V
IN
= 4V to 12V 3.3 3.17/3.14 3.43/3.46 V
I
LOAD
= 400 mA to 1.75A
∆V
OUT
/ Line Regulation V
IN
= 4V to 12V 20 50/100 mV
∆V
IN
I
LOAD
= 400 mA
∆V
OUT
/ Load Regulation V
IN
= 12V 20 50/100 mV
∆I
LOAD
I
LOAD
= 400 mA to 1.75A
ηEfficiency V
IN
= 12V, I
LOAD
=1A 75 %
UNIQUE DEVICE PARAMETERS (Note 5)
V
REF
Output Reference Measured at Feedback Pin 3.3 3.242/3.234 3.358/3.366 V
Voltage V
COMP
= 1.0V
∆V
REF
Reference Voltage V
IN
= 4V to 40V 2.0 mV
Line Regulation
G
M
Error Amp I
COMP
= −30 µA to +30 µA 1.193 0.678 2.259 mmho
Transconductance V
COMP
= 1.0V
A
VOL
Error Amp V
COMP
= 0.5V to 1.6V 260 151/75 V/V
Voltage Gain R
COMP
= 1.0 MΩ(Note 6)
LM2588-5.0 Electrical Characteristics
Specifications with standard type face are for T
J
= 25˚C, and those in bold type face apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. Unless otherwise specified, V
IN
= 5V.
Symbol Parameters Conditions Typical Min Max Units
SYSTEM PARAMETERS Test Circuit of Figure 1 (Note 4)
V
OUT
Output Voltage V
IN
= 4V to 12V 5.0 4.80/4.75 5.20/5.25 V
I
LOAD
= 500 mA to 1.45A
∆V
OUT
/ Line Regulation V
IN
= 4V to 12V 20 50/100 mV
∆V
IN
I
LOAD
= 500 mA
∆V
OUT
/ Load Regulation V
IN
= 12V 20 50/100 mV
∆I
LOAD
I
LOAD
= 500 mA to 1.45A
ηEfficiency V
IN
= 12V, I
LOAD
= 750 mA 80 %
UNIQUE DEVICE PARAMETERS (Note 5)
LM2588
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LM2588-5.0 Electrical Characteristics (Continued)
Specifications with standard type face are for T
J
= 25˚C, and those in bold type face apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. Unless otherwise specified, V
IN
= 5V.
Symbol Parameters Conditions Typical Min Max Units
V
REF
Output Reference Measured at Feedback Pin 5.0 4.913/4.900 5.088/5.100 V
Voltage V
COMP
= 1.0V
∆V
REF
Reference Voltage V
IN
= 4V to 40V 3.3 mV
Line Regulation
G
M
Error Amp I
COMP
= −30 µA to +30 µA 0.750 0.447 1.491 mmho
Transconductance V
COMP
= 1.0V
A
VOL
Error Amp V
COMP
= 0.5V to 1.6V 165 99/49 V/V
Voltage Gain R
COMP
= 1.0 MΩ(Note 6)
LM2588-12 Electrical Characteristics
Specifications with standard type face are for T
J
= 25˚C, and those in bold type face apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. Unless otherwise specified, V
IN
= 5V.
Symbol Parameters Conditions Typical Min Max Units
SYSTEM PARAMETERS Test Circuit of Figure 2 (Note 4)
V
OUT
Output Voltage V
IN
= 4V to 10V 12.0 11.52/11.40 12.48/12.60 V
I
LOAD
= 300 mA to 1.2A
∆V
OUT
/ Line Regulation V
IN
= 4V to 10V 20 100/200 mV
∆V
IN
I
LOAD
= 300 mA
∆V
OUT
/ Load Regulation V
IN
= 10V 20 100/200 mV
∆I
LOAD
I
LOAD
= 300 mA to 1.2A
ηEfficiency V
IN
= 10V, I
LOAD
=1A 90 %
UNIQUE DEVICE PARAMETERS (Note 5)
V
REF
Output Reference Measured at Feedback Pin 12.0 11.79/11.76 12.21/12.24 V
Voltage V
COMP
= 1.0V
∆V
REF
Reference Voltage V
IN
= 4V to 40V 7.8 mV
Line Regulation
G
M
Error Amp I
COMP
= −30 µA to +30 µA 0.328 0.186 0.621 mmho
Transconductance V
COMP
= 1.0V
A
VOL
Error Amp V
COMP
= 0.5V to 1.6V 70 41/21 V/V
Voltage Gain R
COMP
= 1.0 MΩ(Note 6)
LM2588-ADJ Electrical Characteristics
Specifications with standard type face are for T
J
= 25˚C, and those in bold type face apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. Unless otherwise specified, V
IN
= 5V.
Symbol Parameters Conditions Typical Min Max Units
SYSTEM PARAMETERS Test Circuit of Figure 2 (Note 4)
V
OUT
Output Voltage V
IN
= 4V to 10V 12.0 11.52/11.40 12.48/12.60 V
I
LOAD
= 300 mA to 1.2A
∆V
OUT
/ Line Regulation V
IN
= 4V to 10V 20 100/200 mV
∆V
IN
I
LOAD
= 300 mA
∆V
OUT
/ Load Regulation V
IN
= 10V 20 100/200 mV
∆I
LOAD
I
LOAD
= 300 mA to 1.2A
ηEfficiency V
IN
= 10V, I
LOAD
=1A 90 %
LM2588
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LM2588-ADJ Electrical Characteristics (Continued)
Specifications with standard type face are for T
J
= 25˚C, and those in bold type face apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. Unless otherwise specified, V
IN
= 5V.
Symbol Parameters Conditions Typical Min Max Units
UNIQUE DEVICE PARAMETERS (Note 5)
V
REF
Output Reference Measured at Feedback Pin 1.230 1.208/1.205 1.252/1.255 V
Voltage V
COMP
= 1.0V
∆V
REF
Reference Voltage V
IN
= 4V to 40V 1.5 mV
Line Regulation
G
M
Error Amp I
COMP
= −30 µA to +30 µA 3.200 1.800 6.000 mmho
Transconductance V
COMP
= 1.0V
A
VOL
Error Amp V
COMP
= 0.5V to 1.6V 670 400/200 V/V
Voltage Gain R
COMP
= 1.0 MΩ(Note 6)
I
B
Error Amp V
COMP
= 1.0V 125 425/600 nA
Input Bias Current
All Output Voltage Versions Electrical Characteristics (Note 5)
Specifications with standard type face are for T
J
= 25˚C, and those in bold type face apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. Unless otherwise specified, V
IN
= 5V.
Symbol Parameters Conditions Typical Min Max Units
I
S
Input Supply Current Switch Off 11 15.5/16.5 mA
(Note 8)
I
SWITCH
= 3.0A 85 140/165 mA
I
S/D
Shutdown Input V
SH
= 3V 16 100/300 µA
Supply Current
V
UV
Input Supply R
LOAD
= 100Ω3.30 3.05 3.75 V
Undervoltage Lockout
f
O
Oscillator Frequency Measured at Switch Pin
R
LOAD
= 100Ω,V
COMP
= 1.0V 100 85/75 115/125 kHz
Freq. Adj. Pin Open (Pin 1)
R
SET
=22kΩ200 kHz
f
SC
Short-Circuit Measured at Switch Pin
Frequency R
LOAD
= 100Ω25 kHz
V
FEEDBACK
= 1.15V
V
EAO
Error Amplifier Upper Limit 2.8 2.6/2.4 V
Output Swing (Note 7)
Lower Limit 0.25 0.40/0.55 V
(Note 8)
I
EAO
Error Amp (Note 9)
Output Current 165 110/70 260/320 µA
(Source or Sink)
I
SS
Soft Start Current V
FEEDBACK
= 0.92V 11.0 8.0/7.0 17.0/19.0 µA
V
COMP
= 1.0V
D
MAX
Maximum Duty Cycle R
LOAD
= 100Ω98 93/90 %
(Note 7)
I
L
Switch Leakage Switch Off 15 300/600 µA
Current V
SWITCH
= 60V
V
SUS
Switch Sustaining
Voltage
dV/dT = 1.5V/ns 65 V
V
SAT
Switch Saturation
Voltage
I
SWITCH
= 5.0A 0.7 1.1/1.4 V
LM2588
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All Output Voltage Versions Electrical Characteristics (Note 5) (Continued)
Specifications with standard type face are for T
J
= 25˚C, and those in bold type face apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. Unless otherwise specified, V
IN
= 5V.
Symbol Parameters Conditions Typical Min Max Units
I
CL
NPN Switch Current
Limit
6.5 5.0 9.5 A
V
STH
Synchronization F
SYNC
= 200 kHz 0.75 0.625/0.40 0.875/1.00 V
Threshold Voltage V
COMP
= 1V, V
IN
=5V
I
SYNC
Synchronization V
IN
= 5V 100 200 µA
Pin Current V
COMP
= 1V, V
SYNC
=V
STH
V
SHTH
ON /OFF Pin (Pin 1) V
COMP
= 1V 1.6 1.0/0.8 2.2/2.4 V
Threshold Voltage (Note 10)
I
SH
ON /OFF Pin (Pin 1) V
COMP
= 1V 40 15/10 65/75 µA
Current V
SH
=V
SHTH
θ
JA
Thermal Resistance T Package, Junction to Ambient 65
(Note 11)
θ
JA
T Package, Junction to Ambient 45
(Note 12)
θ
JC
T Package, Junction to Case 2
θ
JA
S Package, Junction to Ambient 56 ˚C/W
(Note 13)
θ
JA
S Package, Junction to Ambient 35
(Note 14)
θ
JA
S Package, Junction to Ambient 26
(Note 15)
θ
JC
S Package, Junction to Case 2
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. These ratings apply when the current is limited to less than
1.2 mA for pins 1, 2, 3, and 6. Operating ratings indicate conditions for which the device is intended to be functional, but device parameter specifications may not
be guaranteed under these conditions. For guaranteed specifications and test conditions, see the Electrical Characteristics.
Note 2: Note that switch current and output current are not identical in a step-up regulator. Output current cannot be internally limited when the LM2588 is used as
a step-up regulator. To prevent damage to the switch, the output current must be externally limited to 5A. However, output current is internally limited when the
LM2588 is used as a flyback regulator (see the Application Hints section for more information).
Note 3: The junction temperature of the device (TJ) is a function of the ambient temperature (TA), the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance (θJA), and the power
dissipation of the device (PD). A thermal shutdown will occur if the temperature exceeds the maximum junction temperature of the device: PDxθJA +T
A(MAX) ≥
TJ(MAX). For a safe thermal design, check that the maximum power dissipated by the device is less than: PD≤[TJ(MAX) −T
A(MAX)]/θJA. When calculating the
maximum allowable power dissipation, derate the maximum junction temperature — this ensures a margin of safety in the thermal design.
Note 4: External components such as the diode, inductor, input and output capacitors can affect switching regulator performance. When the LM2588 is used as
shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, system performance will be as specified by the system parameters.
Note 5: All room temperature limits are 100% production tested, and all limits at temperature extremes are guaranteed via correlation using standard Statistical
Quality Control (SQC) methods.
Note 6: A 1.0 MΩresistor is connected to the compensation pin (which is the error amplifier output) to ensure accuracy in measuring AVOL.
Note 7: To measure this parameter, the feedback voltage is set to a low value, depending on the output version of the device, to force the error amplifier output high
and the switch on.
Note 8: To measure this parameter, the feedback voltage is set to a high value, depending on the output version of the device, to force the error amplifier output
low and the switch off.
Note 9: To measure the worst-case error amplifier output current, the LM2588 is tested with the feedback voltage set to its low value (specified in (Note 7)) andat
its high value (specified in (Note 8)).
Note 10: When testing the minimum value, do not sink current from this pin — isolate it with a diode. If current is drawn from this pin, the frequency adjust circuit
will begin operation (see Figure 41).
Note 11: Junction to ambient thermal resistance (no external heat sink) for the 7 lead TO-220 package mounted vertically, with
1
⁄
2
inch leads in a socket, or on a
PC board with minimum copper area.
Note 12: Junction to ambient thermal resistance (no external heat sink) for the 7 lead TO-220 package mounted vertically, with
1
⁄
2
inch leads soldered to a PC board
containing approximately 4 square inches of (1 oz.) copper area surrounding the leads.
Note 13: Junction to ambient thermal resistance for the 7 lead TO-263 mounted horizontally against a PC board area of 0.136 square inches (the same size as the
TO-263 package) of 1 oz. (0.0014 in. thick) copper.
Note 14: Junction to ambient thermal resistance for the 7 lead TO-263 mounted horizontally against a PC board area of 0.4896 square inches (3.6 times the area
of the TO-263 package) of 1 oz. (0.0014 in. thick) copper.
Note 15: Junction to ambient thermal resistance for the 7 lead TO-263 mounted horizontally against a PC board copper area of 1.0064 square inches (7.4 times
the area of the TO-263 package) of 1 oz. (0.0014 in. thick) copper. Additional copper area will reduce thermal resistance further. See the thermal model in Switchers
Made Simple®software.
LM2588
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Typical Performance Characteristics
Supply Current
vs Temperature
Reference Voltage
vs Temperature
01242002 01242003
∆Reference Voltage
vs Supply Voltage
Supply Current
vs Switch Current
01242004 01242005
Current Limit
vs Temperature
Feedback Pin Bias
Current vs Temperature
01242006 01242007
LM2588
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Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)
Switch Saturation
Voltage vs Temperature
Switch Transconductance
vs Temperature
01242008 01242009
Oscillator Frequency
vs Temperature
Error Amp Transconductance
vs Temperature
01242010 01242011
Error Amp Voltage
Gain vs Temperature
Short Circuit Frequency
vs Temperature
01242012 01242013
LM2588
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Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)
Shutdown Supply Current
vs Temperature
ON /OFF Pin Current
vs Voltage
01242014 01242015
Oscillator Frequency
vs Resistance
01242016
Flyback Regulator
01242001
LM2588
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Test Circuits
01242021
CIN1 — 100 µF, 25V Aluminum ElectrolyticCIN2 — 0.1 µF CeramicT — 22 µH, 1:1 Schott #67141450D — 1N5820COUT — 680 µF, 16V Aluminum
ElectrolyticCC— 0.47 µF CeramicRC—2k
FIGURE 1. LM2588-3.3 and LM2588-5.0
01242022
CIN1 — 100 µF, 25V Aluminum ElectrolyticCIN2 — 0.1 µF CeramicL — 15 µH, Renco #RL-5472-5D — 1N5820COUT — 680 µF, 16V Aluminum
ElectrolyticCC— 0.47 µF CeramicRC— 2kFor 12V Devices: R1 = Short (0Ω) andR2 = OpenFor ADJ Devices: R1 = 48.75k, ±0.1% andR2 = 5.62k, ±0.1%
FIGURE 2. LM2588-12 and LM2588-ADJ
LM2588
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Flyback Regulator Operation
The LM2588 is ideally suited for use in the flyback regulator
topology. The flyback regulator can produce a single output
voltage, such as the one shown in Figure 4, or multiple
output voltages. In Figure 4, the flyback regulator generates
an output voltage that is inside the range of the input voltage.
This feature is unique to flyback regulators and cannot be
duplicated with buck or boost regulators.
The operation of a flyback regulator is as follows (refer to
Figure 4): when the switch is on, current flows through the
primary winding of the transformer, T1, storing energy in the
magnetic field of the transformer. Note that the primary and
secondary windings are out of phase, so no current flows
through the secondary when current flows through the pri-
mary. When the switch turns off, the magnetic field col-
lapses, reversing the voltage polarity of the primary and
secondary windings. Now rectifier D1 is forward biased and
current flows through it, releasing the energy stored in the
transformer. This produces voltage at the output.
The output voltage is controlled by modulating the peak
switch current. This is done by feeding back a portion of the
output voltage to the error amp, which amplifies the differ-
ence between the feedback voltage and a 1.230V reference.
The error amp output voltage is compared to a ramp voltage
proportional to the switch current (i.e., inductor current dur-
ing the switch on time). The comparator terminates the
switch on time when the two voltages are equal, thereby
controlling the peak switch current to maintain a constant
output voltage.
Block Diagram
01242023
For Fixed Versions 3.3V, R1 = 3.4k, R2 = 2k5.0V, R1 = 6.15k, R2 = 2k12V, R1 = 8.73k, R2 = 1kFor Adj. VersionR1 = Short (0Ω), R2 = Open
FIGURE 3. Block Diagram
LM2588
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Flyback Regulator Operation (Continued)
Typical Performance Characteristics
01242024
As shown in Figure 4, the LM2588 can be used as a flyback regulator by using a minimum number of external components. The switching waveforms of this
regulator are shown in Figure 5. Typical Performance Characteristics observed during the operation of this circuit are shown in Figure 6.
FIGURE 4. 12V Flyback Regulator Design Example
01242060
A: Switch Voltage, 10V/div
B: Switch Current, 5A/div
C: Output Rectifier Current, 5A/div
D: Output Ripple Voltage, 100 mV/div
AC-Coupled
FIGURE 5. Switching Waveforms
LM2588
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Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)
Typical Flyback Regulator
Applications
Figure 7 through 12 show six typical flyback applications,
varying from single output to triple output. Each drawing
contains the part number(s) and manufacturer(s) for every
component except the transformer. For the transformer part
numbers and manufacturers’ names, see the table in Figure
13. For applications with different output
voltages — requiring the LM2588-ADJ — or different output
configurations that do not match the standard configurations,
refer to the Switchers Made Simple™software.
01242061
FIGURE 6. V
OUT
Response to Load Current Step
01242025
FIGURE 7. Single-Output Flyback Regulator
LM2588
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Typical Flyback Regulator Applications (Continued)
01242026
FIGURE 8. Single-Output Flyback Regulator
01242027
FIGURE 9. Single-Output Flyback Regulator
LM2588
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Typical Flyback Regulator Applications (Continued)
01242028
FIGURE 10. Dual-Output Flyback Regulator
01242029
FIGURE 11. Dual-Output Flyback Regulator
LM2588
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Typical Flyback Regulator Applications (Continued)
TRANSFORMER SELECTION (T)
Figure 13 lists the standard transformers available for fly-
back regulator applications. Included in the table are the
turns ratio(s) for each transformer, as well as the output
voltages, input voltage ranges, and the maximum load cur-
rents for each circuit.
01242030
FIGURE 12. Triple-Output Flyback Regulator
Applications Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12
Transformers T1 T1 T1 T2 T3 T4
V
IN
4V–6V 4V–6V 8V–16V 4V–6V 18V–36V 18V–36V
V
OUT1
3.3V 5V 12V 12V 12V 5V
I
OUT1
(Max) 1.8A 1.4A 1.2A 0.3A 1A 2.5A
N
1
1 1 1 2.5 0.8 0.35
V
OUT2
−12V −12V 12V
I
OUT2
(Max) 0.3A 1A 0.5A
N
2
2.5 0.8 0.8
V
OUT3
−12V
I
OUT3
(Max) 0.5A
N
3
0.8
FIGURE 13. Transformer Selection Table
LM2588
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Typical Flyback Regulator Applications (Continued)
TRANSFORMER FOOTPRINTS
Figure 15 through 32 show the footprints of each trans-
former, listed in Figure 14.
Transformer
Type
Manufacturers’ Part Numbers
Coilcraft Coilcraft (Note 16) Pulse (Note 17) Renco Schott
(Note 16) Surface Mount Surface Mount (Note 18) (Note 19)
T1 Q4434-B Q4435-B PE-68411 RL-5530 67141450
T2 Q4337-B Q4436-B PE-68412 RL-5531 67140860
T3 Q4343-B — PE-68421 RL-5534 67140920
T4 Q4344-B — PE-68422 RL-5535 67140930
Note 16: Coilcraft Inc.,: Phone: (800) 322-2645
1102 Silver Lake Road, Cary, IL 60013: Fax: (708) 639-1469
European Headquarters, 21 Napier Place: Phone: +44 1236 730 595
Wardpark North, Cumbernauld, Scotland G68 0LL: Fax: +44 1236 730 627
Note 17: Pulse Engineering Inc.,: Phone: (619) 674-8100
12220 World Trade Drive, San Diego, CA 92128: Fax: (619) 674-8262
European Headquarters, Dunmore Road: Phone: +353 93 24 107
Tuam, Co. Galway, Ireland: Fax: +353 93 24 459
Note 18: Renco Electronics Inc.,: Phone: (800) 645-5828
60 Jeffryn Blvd. East, Deer Park, NY 11729: Fax: (516) 586-5562
Note 19: Schott Corp.,: Phone: (612) 475-1173
1000 Parkers Lane Road, Wayzata, MN 55391: Fax: (612) 475-1786
FIGURE 14. Transformer Manufacturer Guide
T1
01242031
Top View
FIGURE 15. Coilcraft Q4434-B
T2
01242032
Top View
FIGURE 16. Coilcraft Q4337-B
T3
01242033
Top View
FIGURE 17. Coilcraft Q4343-B
T4
01242034
Top View
FIGURE 18. Coilcraft Q4344-B
LM2588
www.national.com17
Typical Flyback Regulator
Applications (Continued)
T1
01242035
Top View
FIGURE 19. Coilcraft Q4435-B
(Surface Mount)
T2
01242036
Top View
FIGURE 20. Coilcraft Q4436-B
(Surface Mount)
T1
01242037
Top View
FIGURE 21. Pulse PE-68411
(Surface Mount)
T2
01242038
Top View
FIGURE 22. Pulse PE-68412
(Surface Mount)
T3
01242039
Top View
FIGURE 23. Pulse PE-68421
(Surface Mount)
T4
01242040
Top View
FIGURE 24. Pulse PE-68422
(Surface Mount)
LM2588
www.national.com 18
Typical Flyback Regulator
Applications (Continued)
T1
01242041
Top View
FIGURE 25. Renco RL-5530
T2
01242042
Top View
FIGURE 26. Renco RL-5531
T3
01242043
Top View
FIGURE 27. Renco RL-5534
T4
01242044
Top View
FIGURE 28. Renco RL-5535
T1
01242045
Top View
FIGURE 29. Schott 67141450
T2
01242046
Top View
FIGURE 30. Schott 67140860
T3
01242047
Top View
FIGURE 31. Schott 67140920
LM2588
www.national.com19
Typical Flyback Regulator Applications (Continued)
Step-Up (Boost) Regulator
Operation
Figure 33 shows the LM2588 used as a step-up (boost)
regulator. This is a switching regulator that produces an
output voltage greater than the input supply voltage.
A brief explanation of how the LM2588 Boost Regulator
works is as follows (refer to Figure 33). When the NPN
switch turns on, the inductor current ramps up at the rate of
V
IN
/L, storing energy in the inductor. When the switch turns
off, the lower end of the inductor flies above V
IN
, discharging
its current through diode (D) into the output capacitor (C
OUT
)
at a rate of (V
OUT
−V
IN
)/L. Thus, energy stored in the
inductor during the switch on time is transferred to the output
during the switch off time. The output voltage is controlled by
adjusting the peak switch current, as described in the flyback
regulator section.
By adding a small number of external components (as
shown in Figure 33), the LM2588 can be used to produce a
regulated output voltage that is greater than the applied input
voltage. The switching waveforms observed during the op-
eration of this circuit are shown in Figure 34. Typical perfor-
mance of this regulator is shown in Figure 35.
T4
01242048
Top View
FIGURE 32. Schott 67140930
01242049
FIGURE 33. 12V Boost Regulator
LM2588
www.national.com 20
Typical Performance Characteristics
Typical Boost Regulator
Applications
Figure 36 and 38 through 40 show four typical boost
applications — one fixed and three using the adjustable ver-
sion of the LM2588. Each drawing contains the part num-
ber(s) and manufacturer(s) for every component. For the
fixed 12V output application, the part numbers and manufac-
turers’ names for the inductor are listed in a table in Figure
37. For applications with different output voltages, refer to
the Switchers Made Simplesoftware.
01242062
A: Switch Voltage,10V/div
B: Switch Current, 5A/div
C: Inductor Current, 5A/div
D: Output Ripple Voltage,
100 mV/div, AC-Coupled
FIGURE 34. Switching Waveforms
01242063
FIGURE 35. V
OUT
Response to Load Current Step
LM2588
www.national.com21
Typical Boost Regulator Applications (Continued)
Figure 37 contains a table of standard inductors, by part
number and corresponding manufacturer, for the fixed out-
put regulator of Figure 36.
01242050
FIGURE 36. +5V to +12V Boost Regulator
Coilcraft (Note 20) Pulse (Note 21) Renco (Note 22) Schott (Note 23)
R4793-A PE-53900 RL-5472-5 67146520
Note 20: Coilcraft Inc.,: Phone: (800) 322-2645
1102 Silver Lake Road, Cary, IL 60013: Fax: (708) 639-1469
European Headquarters, 21 Napier Place: Phone: +44 1236 730 595
Wardpark North, Cumbernauld, Scotland G68 0LL: Fax: +44 1236 730 627
Note 21: Pulse Engineering Inc.,: Phone: (619) 674-8100
12220 World Trade Drive, San Diego, CA 92128: Fax: (619) 674-8262
European Headquarters, Dunmore Road: Phone: +353 93 24 107
Tuam, Co. Galway, Ireland: Fax: +353 93 24 459
Note 22: Renco Electronics Inc.,: Phone: (800) 645-5828
60 Jeffryn Blvd. East, Deer Park, NY 11729: Fax: (516) 586-5562
Note 23: Schott Corp.,: Phone: (612) 475-1173
1000 Parkers Lane Road, Wayzata, MN 55391: Fax: (612) 475-1786
FIGURE 37. Inductor Selection Table
LM2588
www.national.com 22
Typical Boost Regulator Applications (Continued)
01242051
FIGURE 38. +12V to +24V Boost Regulator
01242052
FIGURE 39. +24V to +36V Boost Regulator
LM2588
www.national.com23
Typical Boost Regulator Applications (Continued)
Application Hints
LM2588 SPECIAL FEATURES
SHUTDOWN CONTROL
A feature of the LM2588 is its ability to be shut down using
the ON /OFF pin (pin 1). This feature conserves input power
by turning off the device when it is not in use. For proper
operation, an isolation diode is required (as shown in Figure
41).
The device will shut down when 3V or greater is applied on
the ON /OFF pin, sourcing current into pin 1. In shut down
mode, the device will draw typically 56 µA of supply current
(16 µA to V
IN
and 40 µA to the ON /OFF pin). To turn the
device back on, leave pin 1 floating, using an (isolation)
diode, as shown in Figure 41 (for normal operation, do not
source or sink current to or from this pin — see the next
section).
FREQUENCY ADJUSTMENT
The switching frequency of the LM2588 can be adjusted with
the use of an external resistor. This feature allows the user to
optimize the size of the magnetics and the output capaci-
tor(s) by tailoring the operating frequency. A resistor con-
nected from pin 1 (the Freq. Adj. pin) to ground will set the
switching frequency from 100 kHz to 200 kHz (maximum).
As shown in Figure 41, the pin can be used to adjust the
frequency while still providing the shut down function. A
curve in the Performance Characteristics Section graphs the
resistor value to the corresponding switching frequency. The
table in Figure 42 shows resistor values corresponding to
commonly used frequencies.
However, changing the LM2588’s operating frequency from
its nominal value of 100 kHz will change the magnetics
selection and compensation component values.
01242053
*The LM2588 will require a heat sink in these applications. The size of the heat sink will depend on the maximum ambient temperature. To calculate the thermal
resistance of the IC and the size of the heat sink needed, see the “Heat Sink/Thermal Considerations” section in the Application Hints.
FIGURE 40. +24V to +48V Boost Regulator
01242054
FIGURE 41. Shutdown Operation
R
SET
(kΩ) Frequency (kHz)
Open 100
200 125
47 150
33 175
22 200
FIGURE 42. Frequency Setting Resistor Guide
01242055
FIGURE 43. Frequency Synchronization
LM2588
www.national.com 24
Application Hints (Continued)
FREQUENCY SYNCHRONIZATION
Another feature of the LM2588 is the ability to synchronize
the switching frequency to an external source, using the
sync pin (pin 6). This feature allows the user to parallel
multiple devices to deliver more output power.
A negative falling pulse applied to the sync pin will synchro-
nize the LM2588 to an external oscillator (see Figure 43 and
44).
Use of this feature enables the LM2588 to be synchronized
to an external oscillator, such as a system clock. This opera-
tion allows multiple power supplies to operate at the same
frequency, thus eliminating frequency-related noise prob-
lems.
The scope photo in Figure 44 shows a LM2588 12V Boost
Regulator synchronized to a 200 kHz signal. There is a 700
ns delay between the falling edge of the sync signal and the
turning on of the switch.
PROGRAMMING OUTPUT VOLTAGE
(SELECTING R1 AND R2)
Referring to the adjustable regulator in Figure 45, the output
voltage is programmed by the resistors R1 and R2 by the
following formula:
V
OUT
=V
REF
(1 + R1/R2) where V
REF
= 1.23V
Resistors R1 and R2 divide the output voltage down so that
it can be compared with the 1.23V internal reference. With
R2 between 1k and 5k, R1 is:
R1=R2(V
OUT
/V
REF
− 1) where V
REF
= 1.23V
For best temperature coefficient and stability with time, use
1% metal film resistors.
SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION
Due to the inherent nature of boost regulators, when the
output is shorted (see Figure 45 ), current flows directly from
the input, through the inductor and the diode, to the output,
bypassing the switch. The current limit of the switch does not
limit the output current for the entire circuit. To protect the
load and prevent damage to the switch, the current must be
externally limited, either by the input supply or at the output
with an external current limit circuit. The external limit should
be set to the maximum switch current of the device, which is
5A.
In a flyback regulator application (Figure 46 ), using the
standard transformers, the LM2588 will survive a short cir-
cuit to the main output. When the output voltage drops to
80% of its nominal value, the frequency will drop to 25 kHz.
With a lower frequency, off times are larger. With the longer
off times, the transformer can release all of its stored energy
before the switch turns back on. Hence, the switch turns on
initially with zero current at its collector. In this condition, the
switch current limit will limit the peak current, saving the
device.
01242064
FIGURE 44. Waveforms of a Synchronized
12V Boost Regulator
01242056
FIGURE 45. Boost Regulator
LM2588
www.national.com25
Application Hints (Continued)
FLYBACK REGULATOR INPUT CAPACITORS
A flyback regulator draws discontinuous pulses of current
from the input supply. Therefore, there are two input capaci-
tors needed in a flyback regulator — one for energy storage
and one for filtering (see Figure 46). Both are required due to
the inherent operation of a flyback regulator. To keep a
stable or constant voltage supply to the LM2588, a storage
capacitor (≥100 µF) is required. If the input source is a
recitified DC supply and/or the application has a wide tem-
perature range, the required rms current rating of the capaci-
tor might be very large. This means a larger value of capaci-
tance or a higher voltage rating will be needed for the input
capacitor. The storage capacitor will also attenuate noise
which may interfere with other circuits connected to the
same input supply voltage.
In addition, a small bypass capacitor is required due to the
noise generated by the input current pulses. To eliminate the
noise, insert a 1.0 µF ceramic capacitor between V
IN
and
ground as close as possible to the device.
SWITCH VOLTAGE LIMITS
In a flyback regulator, the maximum steady-state voltage
appearing at the switch, when it is off, is set by the trans-
former turns ratio, N, the output voltage, V
OUT
, and the
maximum input voltage, V
IN
(Max):
V
SW(OFF)
=V
IN
(Max) + (V
OUT
+V
F
)/N
where V
F
is the forward biased voltage of the output diode,
and is typically 0.5V for Schottky diodes and 0.8V for ultra-
fast recovery diodes. In certain circuits, there exists a volt-
age spike, V
LL
, superimposed on top of the steady-state
voltage (see Figure 5, waveform A). Usually, this voltage
spike is caused by the transformer leakage inductance
and/or the output rectifier recovery time. To “clamp” the
voltage at the switch from exceeding its maximum value, a
transient suppressor in series with a diode is inserted across
the transformer primary (as shown in the circuit in Figure 4
and other flyback regulator circuits throughout the
datasheet). The schematic in Figure 46 shows another
method of clamping the switch voltage. A single voltage
transient suppressor (the SA51A) is inserted at the switch
pin. This method clamps the total voltage across the switch,
not just the voltage across the primary.
If poor circuit layout techniques are used (see the “Circuit
Layout Guideline” section), negative voltage transients may
appear on the Switch pin (pin 5). Applying a negative voltage
(with respect to the IC’s ground) to any monolithic IC pin
causes erratic and unpredictable operation of that IC. This
holds true for the LM2588 IC as well. When used in a flyback
regulator, the voltage at the Switch pin (pin 5) can go nega-
tive when the switch turns on. The “ringing” voltage at the
switch pin is caused by the output diode capacitance and the
transformer leakage inductance forming a resonant circuit at
the secondary(ies). The resonant circuit generates the “ring-
ing” voltage, which gets reflected back through the trans-
former to the switch pin. There are two common methods to
avoid this problem. One is to add an RC snubber around the
output rectifier(s), as in Figure 46. The values of the resistor
and the capacitor must be chosen so that the voltage at the
Switch pin does not drop below −0.4V. The resistor may
range in value between 10Ωand1kΩ, and the capacitor will
vary from 0.001 µF to 0.1 µF. Adding a snubber will (slightly)
reduce the efficiency of the overall circuit.
The other method to reduce or eliminate the “ringing” is to
insert a Schottky diode clamp between pins 5 and 4
(ground), also shown in Figure 46. This prevents the voltage
at pin 5 from dropping below −0.4V. The reverse voltage
rating of the diode must be greater than the switch off
voltage.
01242057
FIGURE 46. Flyback Regulator
LM2588
www.national.com 26
Application Hints (Continued)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE LIMITATIONS
The maximum output voltage of a boost regulator is the
maximum switch voltage minus a diode drop. In a flyback
regulator, the maximum output voltage is determined by the
turns ratio, N, and the duty cycle, D, by the equation:
V
OUT
≈NxV
IN
xD/(1−D)
The duty cycle of a flyback regulator is determined by the
following equation:
Theoretically, the maximum output voltage can be as large
as desired — just keep increasing the turns ratio of the trans-
former. However, there exists some physical limitations that
prevent the turns ratio, and thus the output voltage, from
increasing to infinity. The physical limitations are capaci-
tances and inductances in the LM2588 switch, the output
diode(s), and the transformer — such as reverse recovery
time of the output diode (mentioned above).
NOISY INPUT LINE CONDITION
A small, low-pass RC filter should be used at the input pin of
the LM2588 if the input voltage has an unusually large
amount of transient noise, such as with an input switch that
bounces. The circuit in Figure 47 demonstrates the layout of
the filter, with the capacitor placed from the input pin to
ground and the resistor placed between the input supply and
the input pin. Note that the values of R
IN
and C
IN
shown in
the schematic are good enough for most applications, but
some readjusting might be required for a particular applica-
tion. If efficiency is a major concern, replace the resistor with
a small inductor (say 10 µH and rated at 200 mA).
STABILITY
All current-mode controlled regulators can suffer from an
instability, known as subharmonic oscillation, if they operate
with a duty cycle above 50%. To eliminate subharmonic
oscillations, a minimum value of inductance is required to
ensure stability for all boost and flyback regulators. The
minimum inductance is given by:
where V
SAT
is the switch saturation voltage and can be
found in the Characteristic Curves.
CIRCUIT LAYOUT GUIDELINES
As in any switching regulator, layout is very important. Rap-
idly switching currents associated with wiring inductance
generate voltage transients which can cause problems. For
minimal inductance and ground loops, keep the length of the
leads and traces as short as possible. Use single point
grounding or ground plane construction for best results.
Separate the signal grounds from the power grounds (as
indicated in Figure 48). When using the Adjustable version,
physically locate the programming resistors as near the
regulator IC as possible, to keep the sensitive feedback
wiring short.
01242058
FIGURE 47. Input Line Filter
01242059
FIGURE 48. Circuit Board Layout
LM2588
www.national.com27
Application Hints (Continued)
HEAT SINK/THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS
In many cases, a heat sink is not required to keep the
LM2588 junction temperature within the allowed operating
temperature range. For each application, to determine
whether or not a heat sink will be required, the following must
be identified:
1) Maximum ambient temperature (in the application).
2) Maximum regulator power dissipation (in the application).
3) Maximum allowed junction temperature (125˚C for the
LM2588). For a safe, conservative design, a temperature
approximately 15˚C cooler than the maximum junction tem-
perature should be selected (110˚C).
4) LM2588 package thermal resistances θ
JA
and θ
JC
(given
in the Electrical Characteristics).
Total power dissipated (P
D
) by the LM2588 can be estimated
as follows:
Boost:
V
IN
is the minimum input voltage, V
OUT
is the output voltage,
N is the transformer turns ratio, D is the duty cycle, and I
LOAD
is the maximum load current (and ∑I
LOAD
is the sum of the
maximum load currents for multiple-output flyback regula-
tors). The duty cycle is given by:
Boost:
where V
F
is the forward biased voltage of the diode and is
typically 0.5V for Schottky diodes and 0.8V for fast recovery
diodes. V
SAT
is the switch saturation voltage and can be
found in the Characteristic Curves.
When no heat sink is used, the junction temperature rise is:
∆T
J
=P
D
•θ
JA
.
Adding the junction temperature rise to the maximum ambi-
ent temperature gives the actual operating junction tempera-
ture:
T
J
=∆T
J
+T
A
.
If the operating junction temperature exceeds the maximum
junction temperatue in item 3 above, then a heat sink is
required. When using a heat sink, the junction temperature
rise can be determined by the following:
∆T
J
=P
D
•(θ
JC
+θ
Interface
+θ
Heat Sink
)
Again, the operating junction temperature will be:
T
J
=∆T
J
+T
A
As before, if the maximum junction temperature is exceeded,
a larger heat sink is required (one that has a lower thermal
resistance).
Included in the Switchers Made Simple design software is a
more precise (non-linear) thermal model that can be used to
determine junction temperature with different input-output
parameters or different component values. It can also calcu-
late the heat sink thermal resistance required to maintain the
regulator junction temperature below the maximum operat-
ing temperature.
To further simplify the flyback regulator design procedure,
National Semiconductor is making available computer de-
sign software Switchers Made Simple.Software is available
ona(3
1
⁄
2
") diskette for IBM compatible computers from a
National Semiconductor sales office in your area or the
National Semiconductor Customer Response Center
(1-800-272-9959).
LM2588
www.national.com 28
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted
Order Number LM2588T-3.3, LM2588T-5.0,
LM2588T-12 or LM2588T-ADJ
NS Package Number TA07B
Order Number LM2588S-3.3, LM2588S-5.0,
LM2588S-12 or LM2588S-ADJ
Tape and Reel Order Number LM2588SX-3.3,
LM2588SX-5.0, LM2588SX-12 or LM2588SX-ADJ
NS Package Number TS7B
LM2588
www.national.com29
Notes
National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves
the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.
For the most current product information visit us at www.national.com.
LIFE SUPPORT POLICY
NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR
CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems
which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or
(b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform when
properly used in accordance with instructions for use
provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result
in a significant injury to the user.
2. A critical component is any component of a life support
device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably
expected to cause the failure of the life support device or
system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
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National Semiconductor manufactures products and uses packing materials that meet the provisions of the Customer Products
Stewardship Specification (CSP-9-111C2) and the Banned Substances and Materials of Interest Specification (CSP-9-111S2) and contain
no ‘‘Banned Substances’’ as defined in CSP-9-111S2.
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Email: new.feedback@nsc.com
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www.national.com
LM2588 SIMPLE SWITCHER 5A Flyback Regulator with Shutdown
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