TDA3664TT/N1,118 - NXP Semiconductors / Philips Semiconductors

1. General description

The TDA3664 is a ﬁxed voltage regulator with very low dropout voltage/quiescent current,

which operates over a wide supply voltage range.

The regulator is available as:

•TDA3664: SO4 package

•TDA3664AT: SO8 package

•TDA3664TT: TSSOP8 package

2. Features

nFixed 5 V, 100 mA regulator

nSupply voltage range up to 45 V

nVery low quiescent current of 15 µA (typical value)

nVery low dropout voltage

nHigh ripple rejection

nProtections:

uReverse polarity safe (down to −25 V without high reverse current)

uNegative transient of 50 V (RS=10Ω; t < 100 ms)

uAble to withstand voltages up to 18 V at the output (supply line may be

short-circuited)

uESD protection on all pins

uDC short-circuit safe to ground and VP of the regulator output

uTemperature protection (Tj> 150 °C)

TDA3664

Very low dropout voltage/quiescent current 5 V voltage

regulator

Rev. 07 — 25 June 2007 Product data sheet

Product data sheet Rev. 07 — 25 June 2007 2 of 16

NXP Semiconductors TDA3664

Very low dropout voltage/quiescent current 5 V voltage regulator

3. Quick reference data

[1] The regulator output will follow VPif VP<V

REG +V

REG(drop)

[2] TDA3664TT: IREG ≤15 mA at Tamb ≤125 °C; IREG ≤30 mA at Tamb ≤85 °C.

4. Ordering information

Table 1. Quick reference data

VP = 14.4 V; T

amb

= 25

C; measured with test circuit of Figure 15; unless otherwise speciﬁed.

Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Unit

Supply voltage

VPsupply voltage regulator on [1] 3 14.4 45 V

Iqquiescent current VP= 4.5 V;

IREG =0mA -10-µA

VP= 14.4 V;

IREG =0mA -1530µA

6V≤VP≤22 V

; IREG =10mA - 0.2 0.5 mA

6V≤VP≤22 V

; IREG =50mA - 1.4 2.5 mA

Regulator output: pin REG

VREG output voltage 8 V ≤VP≤22 V

; IREG = 0.5 mA 4.8 5.0 5.2 V

V≤VP≤45 V;

IREG = 0.5 mA

4.75 5.0 5.25 V

0.5 mA ≤IREG ≤

100 mA [2] 4.75 5.0 5.25 V

6V≤VP≤45 V 4.75 5.0 5.25 V

VREG(drop) dropout voltage VP= 4.5 V;

IREG =50mA;

Tamb ≤85 °C

- 0.18 0.3 V

Table 2: Ordering information

Type number Package

Name Description Version

TDA3664AT SO8 plastic small outline package; 8 leads; body width 3.9 mm SOT96-1

TDA3664 SO4 plastic small outline package; 4 leads; body width 3.5 mm SOT223-1

TDA3664TT TSSOP8 plastic thin shrink small outline package; 8 leads; body width 3 mm SOT505-1

Product data sheet Rev. 07 — 25 June 2007 3 of 16

NXP Semiconductors TDA3664

Very low dropout voltage/quiescent current 5 V voltage regulator

5. Block diagram

6. Pinning information

6.1 Pinning

6.2 Pin description

Pin numbers in parenthesis refer to the TDA3664AT and TDA3664TT version.

Fig 1. Block diagram

mgl809

REGULATOR

2, 4 (3)

3 (1)

GND

1 (8)

REG

BANDGAP

TDA3664

(TDA3664AT)

(TDA3664TT)

THERMAL

PROTECTION

Fig 2. Pin conﬁguration SO4 Fig 3. Pin conﬁguration SO8 and TSSOP8

TDA3664

GND

REG

GND

001aac947

4TDA3664AT

TDA3664TT

REG VP

n.c. n.c.

GND n.c.

n.c. n.c.

001aac948

Table 3: Pin description

Symbol Pin Description

SO4 SO8 TSSOP8

VP1 8 8 supply voltage

GND 2 and 4 3 3 ground

REG 3 1 1 regulator output

n.c. - 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 not connected

Product data sheet Rev. 07 — 25 June 2007 4 of 16

NXP Semiconductors TDA3664

Very low dropout voltage/quiescent current 5 V voltage regulator

7. Functional description

The TDA3664 is a ﬁxed 5 V regulator which can deliver output currents up to 100 mA. The

regulator is available in SO8, TSSOP8 and SO4 packages. The regulator is intended for

portable, mains and telephone applications. To increase the lifetime of batteries,

a specially built-in clamp circuit keeps the quiescent current of this regulator very low, also

in dropout and full load conditions.

The regulator remains operational down to very low supply voltages, below which it

switches off.

A temperature protection is included, which switches the regulator output off at

IC temperatures above 150 °C.

Product data sheet Rev. 07 — 25 June 2007 5 of 16

NXP Semiconductors TDA3664

Very low dropout voltage/quiescent current 5 V voltage regulator

8. Limiting values

9. Thermal characteristics

10. Characteristics

Table 4: Limiting values

In accordance with the Absolute Maximum Rating System (IEC 60134).

Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Max Unit

VPsupply voltage - 45 V

VP(rp) reverse polarity supply

voltage non-operating - −25 V

Ptot total power dissipation temperature of copper

area is 25 °C

TDA3664AT - 0.8 W

TDA3664TT - 0.56 W

TDA3664 - 5 W

Tstg storage temperature non-operating −55 +150 °C

Tamb ambient temperature operating −40 +125 °C

Tjjunction temperature operating −40 +150 °C

Table 5: Thermal characteristics

Symbol Parameter Conditions Typ Unit

Rth(j-a) thermal resistance from junction

to ambient in free air; soldered in

SO8 155 K/W

TSSOP8 220 K/W

SO4 100 K/W

Rth(j-c) thermal resistance from junction

to case in free air; SO4 only 25 K/W

Table 6: Characteristics

= 14.4 V; T

amb

=25

C; measured with test circuit of Figure 15; unless otherwise speciﬁed.

Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Unit

Supply voltage

VPsupply voltage regulator operating [1] 3 14.4 45 V

Iqquiescent current VP= 4.5 V; IREG =0mA - 10 - µA

VP= 14.4 V; IREG = 0 mA - 15 30 µA

6V≤VP≤22 V; IREG = 10 mA - 0.2 0.5 mA

6V≤VP≤22 V; IREG = 50 mA - 1.4 2.5 mA

Product data sheet Rev. 07 — 25 June 2007 6 of 16

NXP Semiconductors TDA3664

Very low dropout voltage/quiescent current 5 V voltage regulator

[1] The regulator output will follow VPif VP<V

REG +V

REG(drop)

[2] TDA3664TT: IREG ≤15 mA at Tamb ≤125 °C; IREG ≤30 mA at Tamb ≤85 °C.

11. Application information

11.1 Noise

The output noise is determined by the value of the output capacitor (see Table 7).

[1] Measured at a bandwidth of 10 Hz to 100 kHz

11.2 Stability

For stable operation:

•The maximum output capacitor ESR should not exceed 22 Ω(worst-case) and for the

minimum ESR, see Table 8.

•The ESR of the output capacitor is limited.

•See Table 8 for the minimum ESR values of the output capacitor, at Tamb given the

load and output capacitance.

Regulator output: pin REG

VREG output voltage 8 V ≤VP≤22 V; IREG = 0.5 mA 4.8 5.0 5.2 V

6V≤VP≤45 V; IREG = 0.5 mA 4.75 5.0 5.25 V

0.5 mA ≤IREG ≤ 100 mA [2] 4.75 5.0 5.25 V

6V≤VP≤45 V 4.75 5.0 5.25 V

VREG(drop) dropout voltage VP= 4.5 V; IREG = 50 mA; Tamb ≤85 °C - 0.18 0.3 V

VREG(stab) outputvoltagelong-term

stability per 1000 h - 20 - mV

∆VREG(line) line regulation voltage 8 V ≤VP≤16 V; IREG = 0.5 mA - 1 10 mV

7V≤VP≤22 V; IREG = 0.5 mA - 1 30 mV

7V≤VP≤45 V; IREG = 0.5 mA - 1 50 mV

∆VREG(load) load regulation voltage 0.5 mA ≤IREG ≤50 mA - 10 50 mV

SVRR supply voltage ripple

rejection fi= 120 Hz; Vi(ripple) = 1 V (RMS);

IREG = 0.5 mA 50 60 - dB

IREG(crl) current limit VREG > 4.5 V 0.17 0.25 A

ILO(rp) output leakage current

at reverse polarity VP=−15 V; VREG =≤0.3 V - 1 500 µA

Table 6: Characteristics

…continued

= 14.4 V; T

amb

=25

C; measured with test circuit of Figure 15; unless otherwise speciﬁed.

Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Unit

Table 7: Noise ﬁgures

Output current

IO(mA) Noise ﬁgure (µV)[1]

C2=10µFC2=47µF C2 = 100 µF

0.5 550 320 300

50 650 400 400

Product data sheet Rev. 07 — 25 June 2007 7 of 16

NXP Semiconductors TDA3664

Very low dropout voltage/quiescent current 5 V voltage regulator

Remark: In the event of using different types of capacitors, a minimum ESR needs to

be created by using an additional resistor that is placed in series with the output

capacitor, see Figure 4.

•It is recommended not to use below 1 mA output current because of reduced phase

margin.

11.3 Application circuits

The maximum output current of the regulator equals:

When Tamb =21°C, the maximum output current equals 140 mA at VP=14 V.

The total thermal resistance of the TDA3664 (SOT223-1 package) can be decreased to

lower values when pin 4 and body of the package are soldered to the printed-circuit board.

11.3.1 Application circuit with backup function

Sometimes, a backup function is needed to supply, for example, a microcontroller for a

short period of time when the supply voltage spikes to 0 V (or even −1 V).

This function can easily be built with the TDA3664 by using a large output capacitor. When

the supply voltage is 0 V (or −1 V), only a small current will ﬂow into pin REG from this

large output capacitor (a few µA).

The application circuit is given in Figure 4.

Table 8: Minimum ESR values required

IREG (mA) max C2 = 100 nF C2=1µFC2=10µF C2 = 100 µF

1>0Ω> 1.5 Ω> 2.5 Ω>0Ω

5>1Ω> 0.5 Ω>1Ω>0Ω

10 > 0 Ω> 0.5 Ω>4Ω>0Ω

100 > 0 Ω> 0.5 Ω>4Ω>0Ω

IREG max() 150 Tamb

–

Rth j a–()VPVREG

–()×

---------------------------------------------------------- 150 Tamb

–

100 VP5–()×

------------------------------------mA()==

(1) C1 is optional (to minimize supply noise only)

(2) C2 ≤4700 µF

(3) VREG =5V

(4) For reliable operation, it is recommended to have a minimum ESR of 3 Ω of the output

capacitor total (see Figure 4 above) and to have a stable application independent of load

current, temperature or output capacitance.

Fig 4. Application circuit with backup function (SO4 version)

014aaa089

VP13

2, 4

VREG(3)

C1(1)

1 µF

C2(2)

TDA3664

Product data sheet Rev. 07 — 25 June 2007 8 of 16

NXP Semiconductors TDA3664

Very low dropout voltage/quiescent current 5 V voltage regulator

11.4 Additional application information

This section gives typical curves for various parameters measured on the TDA3664AT.

Standard test conditions are: VP= 14.4 V; Tamb =25 C.

IREG =0mA

Fig 5. Quiescent current as a function of the supply

voltage Fig 6. Quiescent current increase at high supply

voltage

IREG =10mA I

REG = 50 mA

Fig 7. Quiescent current as a function of the supply

voltage. Fig 8. Quiescent current as a function of the supply

voltage

010 VP (V)

(µA)

20 30

mda947

010 50

20 30 VP (V)

(mA)

mda949

0.36

0.40

0.44

0.48

10 15 VP (V)

(mA)

mda948

1.4

1.6

1.8

10 15 VP (V)

(mA)

mda950

Product data sheet Rev. 07 — 25 June 2007 9 of 16

NXP Semiconductors TDA3664

Very low dropout voltage/quiescent current 5 V voltage regulator

(1) Iq at 50 mA load

(2) Iq at 10 mA load

Fig 9. Quiescent current as a function of the

junction temperature. Fig 10. Quiescent current as a function of the load

current

IREG = 0 mA

Fig 11. Output voltage thermal protection as a function

of the junction temperature Fig 12. Dropout voltage as a function of load current

−40 0

(1)

(2)

160

1.5

0.5

40 80 Tj (°C)

(mA)

120

mda951

0 20 100

40 60 IREG (mA)

(mA)

mda952

−50 200

050 Tj (°C)

VREG

(V)

100 150

mda955

040 IREG (mA)

VREG(drop)

(mV)

80 120

500

400

200

100

300

mda957

Product data sheet Rev. 07 — 25 June 2007 10 of 16

NXP Semiconductors TDA3664

Very low dropout voltage/quiescent current 5 V voltage regulator

12. Test information

12.1 Quality information

The

General Quality Speciﬁcation for Integrated Circuits, SNW-FQ-611

is applicable.

VP= 8 V; pulsed load. CO=10µF

(1) SVRR at RL= 100 Ω

(2) SVRR at RL= 500 Ω.

(3) SVRR at RL=10kΩ.

Fig 13. Foldback protection mode Fig 14. Supply voltage ripple rejection as a function of

the ripple frequency

0100

VREG

(V)

IREG (mA)

200 300

mda954

−70

−60

−50

−40

−30

mda956

SVRR

(dB)

f (Hz)

102103104105

(1)

(2)

(3)

(1) C1 is optional (to minimize supply noise only)

(2) C2 = 10 µF

(3) VREG =5V

Fig 15. Test circuit (SO4)

014aaa089

VP13

2, 4

VREG(3)

C1(1)

1 µF

C2(2)

TDA3664

Product data sheet Rev. 07 — 25 June 2007 11 of 16

NXP Semiconductors TDA3664

Very low dropout voltage/quiescent current 5 V voltage regulator

13. Package outline

Fig 16. Package outline SOT96-1 (SO8)

UNIT A

max. A1A2A3bpcD

(1) E(2) (1)

ELL

pQZywv θ

REFERENCES

OUTLINE

VERSION EUROPEAN

PROJECTION ISSUE DATE

IEC JEDEC JEITA

inches

1.75 0.25

0.10 1.45

1.25 0.25 0.49

0.36 0.25

0.19 5.0

4.8 4.0

3.8 1.27 6.2

5.8 1.05 0.7

0.6 0.7

0.3 8

0.25 0.10.25

DIMENSIONS (inch dimensions are derived from the original mm dimensions)

Notes

1. Plastic or metal protrusions of 0.15 mm (0.006 inch) maximum per side are not included.

2. Plastic or metal protrusions of 0.25 mm (0.01 inch) maximum per side are not included.

1.0

0.4

SOT96-1

detail X

vMA

(A )

pin 1 index

076E03 MS-012

0.069 0.010

0.004 0.057

0.049 0.01 0.019

0.014 0.0100

0.0075 0.20

0.19 0.16

0.15 0.05 0.244

0.228 0.028

0.024 0.028

0.012

0.010.010.041 0.004

0.039

0.016

0 2.5 5 mm

scale

SO8: plastic small outline package; 8 leads; body width 3.9 mm SOT96-1

99-12-27

03-02-18

Product data sheet Rev. 07 — 25 June 2007 12 of 16

NXP Semiconductors TDA3664

Very low dropout voltage/quiescent current 5 V voltage regulator

Fig 17. Package outline SOT223-1 (SO4)

UNIT A2bpcD

(1) E(1) e1HELpQywv

REFERENCES

OUTLINE

VERSION EUROPEAN

PROJECTION ISSUE DATE

IEC JEDEC JEITA

mm 1.7

1.5

0.10

0.02

0.25

1.8 0.85

0.65

3.15

2.95 0.35

0.25 6.7

6.3 3.7

3.3 4.6

2.3 7.3

6.7 1.02

0.62 1.0

0.8

1.2

0.7 10°

0°

0.1 0.10.2

1.75

DIMENSIONS (mm are the original dimensions)

SOT223-1 TO-261 99-12-15

03-02-19

(A3)

detail X

vMA

0 2 4 mm

scale

max.

132

SO4: plastic small outline package; 4 leads; body width 3.5 mm SOT223-1

Note

1. Plastic or metal protrusions of 0.15 mm maximum per side are not included.

Product data sheet Rev. 07 — 25 June 2007 13 of 16

NXP Semiconductors TDA3664

Very low dropout voltage/quiescent current 5 V voltage regulator

Fig 18. Package outline SOT505-1 (TSSOP8)

UNIT A1

max. A2A3bpLHELpwyv

ceD(1) E(2) Z(1) θ

REFERENCES

OUTLINE

VERSION EUROPEAN

PROJECTION ISSUE DATE

IEC JEDEC JEITA

mm 0.15

0.05 0.95

0.80 0.45

0.25 0.28

0.15 3.1

2.9 3.1

2.9 0.65 5.1

4.7 0.70

0.35 6°

0°

0.1 0.10.10.94

DIMENSIONS (mm are the original dimensions)

Notes

1. Plastic or metal protrusions of 0.15 mm maximum per side are not included.

2. Plastic or metal protrusions of 0.25 mm maximum per side are not included.

0.7

0.4

SOT505-1 99-04-09

03-02-18

0.25

A2A1

(A3)

detail X

vMA

2.5 5 mm0

scale

TSSOP8: plastic thin shrink small outline package; 8 leads; body width 3 mm SOT505-1

1.1

pin 1 index

Product data sheet Rev. 07 — 25 June 2007 14 of 16

NXP Semiconductors TDA3664

Very low dropout voltage/quiescent current 5 V voltage regulator

14. Revision history

Table 9: Revision history

Document ID Release date Data sheet status Change notice Doc. number Supersedes

TDA3664_7 20070625 Product data sheet - - TDA3664_6

Modiﬁcations •The format of this data sheet has been redesigned to comply with the new identity guidelines of

NXP Semiconductors.

•Legal texts have been adapted to the new company name where appropriate.

•Minor changes made to bulleted list in Section 11.2

•Minor changes made to Table 8

•Component additions to Figure 4 and Figure 15

TDA3664_6 20050610 Product data sheet - 9397 750 15048 TDA3664_5

TDA3664_5 20001214 Product speciﬁcation - 9397 750 07866 TDA3664_4

TDA3664_4 20001208 Preliminary speciﬁcation - 9397 750 07556 TDA3664_3

TDA3664_3 20000218 Preliminary speciﬁcation - 9397 750 06758 TDA3664_2

TDA3664_2 19990901 Preliminary speciﬁcation - 9397 750 06347 TDA3664_1

TDA3664_1 19990811 Preliminary speciﬁcation - 9397 750 04946 -

Product data sheet Rev. 07 — 25 June 2007 15 of 16

NXP Semiconductors TDA3664

Very low dropout voltage/quiescent current 5 V voltage regulator

15. Legal information

15.1 Data sheet status

[1] Please consult the most recently issued document before initiating or completing a design.

[2] The term ‘short data sheet’ is explained in section “Deﬁnitions”.

[3] The product status of device(s) described in this document may have changed since this document was published and may differ in case of multiple devices. The latest product status

information is available on the Internet at URL http://www.nxp.com.

15.2 Deﬁnitions

Draft — The document is a draft version only. The content is still under

internal review and subject to formal approval, which may result in

modiﬁcations or additions. NXP Semiconductors does not give any

representations or warranties as to the accuracy or completeness of

information included herein and shall have no liability for the consequences of

use of such information.

Short data sheet — A short data sheet is an extract from a full data sheet

with the same product type number(s) and title. A short data sheet is intended

for quick reference only and should not be relied upon to contain detailed and

full information. For detailed and full information see the relevant full data

sheet, which is available on request via the local NXP Semiconductors sales

ofﬁce. In case of any inconsistency or conﬂict with the short data sheet, the

full data sheet shall prevail.

15.3 Disclaimers

General — Information in this document is believed to be accurate and

reliable. However, NXP Semiconductors does not give any representations or

warranties, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of such

information and shall have no liability for the consequences of use of such

information.

Right to make changes — NXP Semiconductors reserves the right to make

changes to information published in this document, including without

limitation speciﬁcations and product descriptions, at any time and without

notice. This document supersedes and replaces all information supplied prior

to the publication hereof.

Suitability for use — NXP Semiconductors products are not designed,

authorized or warranted to be suitable for use in medical, military, aircraft,

space or life support equipment, nor in applications where failure or

malfunction of a NXP Semiconductors product can reasonably be expected to

result in personal injury, death or severe property or environmental damage.

NXP Semiconductors accepts no liability for inclusion and/or use of NXP

Semiconductors products in such equipment or applications and therefore

such inclusion and/or use is at the customer’s own risk.

Applications — Applications that are described herein for any of these

products are for illustrative purposes only. NXP Semiconductors makes no

representation or warranty that such applications will be suitable for the

speciﬁed use without further testing or modiﬁcation.

Limiting values — Stress above one or more limiting values (as deﬁned in

the Absolute Maximum Ratings System of IEC 60134) may cause permanent

damage to the device. Limiting values are stress ratings only and operation of

the device at these or any other conditions above those given in the

Characteristics sections of this document is not implied. Exposure to limiting

values for extended periods may affect device reliability.

Terms and conditions of sale — NXP Semiconductors products are sold

subject to the general terms and conditions of commercial sale, as published

at http://www.nxp.com/proﬁle/terms, including those pertaining to warranty,

intellectual property rights infringement and limitation of liability, unless

explicitly otherwise agreed to in writing by NXP Semiconductors. In case of

any inconsistency or conﬂict between information in this document and such

terms and conditions, the latter will prevail.

No offer to sell or license — Nothing in this document may be interpreted

or construed as an offer to sell products that is open for acceptance or the

grant, conveyance or implication of any license under any copyrights, patents

or other industrial or intellectual property rights.

15.4 Trademarks

Notice: All referenced brands, product names, service names and trademarks

are the property of their respective owners.

16. Contact information

For additional information, please visit: http://www.nxp.com

For sales ofﬁce addresses, send an email to: salesaddresses@nxp.com

Document status[1][2] Product status[3] Deﬁnition

Objective [short] data sheet Development This document contains data from the objective speciﬁcation for product development.

Preliminary [short] data sheet Qualiﬁcation This document contains data from the preliminary speciﬁcation.

Product [short] data sheet Production This document contains the product speciﬁcation.

Product data sheet Rev. 07 — 25 June 2007 16 of 16

NXP Semiconductors TDA3664

Very low dropout voltage/quiescent current 5 V voltage regulator

17. Contents

1 General description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3 Quick reference data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

4 Ordering information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

5 Block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

6 Pinning information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

6.1 Pinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

6.2 Pin description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

7 Functional description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

8 Limiting values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

9 Thermal characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

10 Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

11 Application information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

11.1 Noise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

11.2 Stability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

11.3 Application circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

11.3.1 Application circuit with backup function . . . . . . 7

11.4 Additional application information. . . . . . . . . . . 8

12 Test information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

12.1 Quality information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

13 Package outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

14 Revision history. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

15 Legal information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

15.1 Data sheet status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

15.2 Deﬁnitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

15.3 Disclaimers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

15.4 Trademarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

16 Contact information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

17 Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16