MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters General Description The MAX1044 and ICL7660 are monolithic, CMOS switched-capacitor voltage converters that invert, double, divide, or multiply a positive input voltage. They are pin compatible with the industry-standard ICL7660 and LTC1044. Operation is guaranteed from 1.5V to 10V with no external diode over the full temperature range. They deliver 10mA with a 0.5V output drop. The MAX1044 has a BOOST pin that raises the oscillator frequency above the audio band and reduces external capacitor size requirements. The MAX1044/ICL7660 combine low quiescent current and high efficiency. Oscillator control circuitry and four power MOSFET switches are included on-chip. Applications include generating a -5V supply from a +5V logic supply to power analog circuitry. For applications requiring more power, the MAX660 delivers up to 100mA with a voltage drop of less than 0.65V. 1.5V to 10.0V Operating Supply Voltage Range 98% Typical Power-Conversion Efficiency Invert, Double, Divide, or Multiply Input Voltages BOOST Pin Increases Switching Frequencies (MAX1044) No-Load Supply Current: 200A Max at 5V No External Diode Required for Higher-Voltage Operation Ordering Information appears at end of data sheet. Pin Configurations TOP VIEW Applications Features Miniature MAX Package -5V Supply from +5V Logic Supply Personal Communications Equipment Portable Telephones Op-Amp Power Supplies EIA/TIA-232E and EIA/TIA-562 Power Supplies Data-Acquisition Systems Hand-Held Instruments Panel Meters + (N.C.) BOOST 1 CAP+ 2 GND 3 CAP- 4 MAX1044 ICL7660 8 CAP+ GND NEGATIVE VOLTAGE CONVERTER 19-4667; Rev 2; 2/17 OSC 6 LV 5 VOUT NEGATIVE OUTPUT VOLTAGE 6 5 3 4 ( ) ARE FOR ICL7660 OSC 7 ICL7660 2 GND VOUT 1 INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE MAX1044 ICL7660 CAP- 7 V+ AND CASE N.C. V+ V+ DIP/SO/MAX Typical Operating Circuit CAP+ 8 CAP- TO-99 LV VOUT MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters Absolute Maximum Ratings Supply Voltage (V+ to GND, or GND to VOUT)..................10.5V Input Voltage on Pins 1, 6, and 7........ -0.3V VIN (V+ + 0.3V) LV Input Current...................................................................20A Output Short-Circuit Duration (V+ 5.5V).................Continuous Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70C) Plastic DIP (derate 9.09mW/C above +70C).............727mW SO (derate 5.88mW/C above +70C).........................471mW MAX (derate 4.1mW/C above +70C)......................330mW CERDIP (derate 8.00mW/C above +70C).................640mW TO-99 (derate 6.67mW/C above +70C)....................533mW Operating Temperature Ranges MAX1044C_ _ /ICL7660C_ _..............................0C to +70C MAX1044E_ _ /ICL7660E_ _.......................... -40C to +85C MAX1044M_ _ /ICL7660M_ _....................... -55C to +125C Storage Temperature Range............................ -65C to + 150C Lead Temperature (soldering, 10sec).............................. +300C Stresses beyond those listed under "Absolute Maximum Ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. Electrical Characteristics (Circuit of Figure 1, V+ = 5.0V, LV pin = 0V, BOOST pin = open, ILOAD = 0mA, TA = TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted.) PARAMETER Supply Current CONDITIONS RL = , pins 1 and 7 no connection, LV open MAX1044 MIN TA = +25C TYP MAX 30 200 fOSC = 2.7kHz (ICL7660), fOSC = 1kHz (MAX1044), V+ = 2V, IL = 3mA, LV to GND MAX 80 175 225 TA = -40C to +85C 200 250 TA = -55C to +125C 200 250 1.5 TA = +25C 10 65 3.0 10.0 1.5 3.5 100 55 130 120 TA = -40C to +85C 130 140 TA = -55C to +125C 150 150 TA = +25C 325 250 TA = 0C to +70C 325 300 TA = -40C to +85C 325 300 TA = -55C to +125C 400 400 V+ = 5V 5 V+ = 2V 1 COSC = 1pF, LV to GND (Note 2) Power Efficiency RL = 5k, TA = +25C, fOSC 5kHz, LV open Voltage Conversion Efficiency RL = , TA = +25C, LV open Oscillator Sink or Source Current VOSC = 0V or V+, LV open Oscillator Impedance TA = +25C A 10 V 100 TA = 0C to +70C Oscillator Frequency UNITS 10 RL = 10k, LV open Output Resistance TYP 200 RL = 10k, LV to GND IL = 20mA, fOSC = 5kHz, LV open MIN TA = 0C to +70C RL = , pins 1 and 7 = V+ = 3V Supply Voltage Range (Note 1) ICL7660 kHz 95 98 95 98 % 97.0 99.9 99.0 99.9 % Pin 1 = 0V 3 Pin 1 = V+ 20 A V+ = 2V 1.0 1.0 M V+ = 5V 100 100 k Note 1: The Maxim ICL7660 and MAX1044 can operate without an external output diode over the full temperature and voltage ranges. The Maxim ICL7660 can also be used with an external output diode in series with pin 5 (cathode at VOUT) when replacing the Intersil ICL7660. Tests are performed without diode in circuit. Note 2: fOSC is tested with COSC = 100pF to minimize the effects of test fixture capacitance loading. The 1pF frequency is correlated to this 100pF test point, and is intended to simulate pin 7's capacitance when the device is plugged into a test socket with no external capacitor. For this test, the LV pin is connected to GND for comparison to the original manufacturer's device, which automatically connects this pin to GND for (V+ > 3V). www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated 2 MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters Typical Operating Characteristics (V+ = 5V; CBYPASS = 0.1F; C1 = C2 = 10F; LV = open; OSC = open; TA = +25C; unless otherwise noted.) B 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 -0.5 0 V+ = 5V LV = OPEN B -1.0 0 320 C -1.5 A 0 5 10 A: MAX1044 WITH BOOST = V+ B: ICL7660 C: MAX1044 WITH BOOST = OPEN OUTPUT RIPPLE -3 490 420 350 280 C V+ = 10V LV = OPEN B -1 210 140 A 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 15 20 25 30 35 60 50 A B C 8 6 50 5 40 4 SUPPLY CURRENT 30 3 20 10 0 10 15 20 25 30 LOAD CURRENT (mA) www.maximintegrated.com 90 40 80 15 V+ = 5V LV = OPEN 20 10 100 45 20 SUPPLY CURRENT 30 5 50 25 35 10 40 9 7 0 30 10 60 70 35 0 70 2 V+ = 2V LV = GND 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 10 EFFICIENCY AND SUPPLY CURRENT vs. LOAD CURRENT 40 0 EFFICIENCY EFFICIENCY AND SUPPLY CURRENT vs. LOAD CURRENT A: MAX1044 WITH BOOST = V+ B: ICL7660 C: MAX1044 WITH BOOST = OPEN 70 40 LOAD CURRENT (mA) EFFICIENCY 80 40 80 OUTPUT RIPPLE LOAD CURRENT (mA) 100 90 80 160 B, C MAX1044-Fig 6 -4 560 EFFICIENCY (%) -5 90 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) -6 100 630 240 MAX1044-Fig 4 C 700 EFFICIENCY (%) B OUTPUT RIPPLE (mVp-p) A OUTPUT VOLTAGE 400 C A EFFICIENCY A: MAX1044 WITH BOOST = V+ B: ICL7660 C: MAX1044 WITH BOOST = OPEN 70 60 50 40 10 0 0 50 45 40 30 25 20 SUPPLY CURRENT 30 5 0 35 15 20 10 V+ = 10V LV = OPEN 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 OUTPUT RIPPLE (mVp-p) -2.0 640 480 EFFICIENCY AND SUPPLY CURRENT vs. LOAD CURRENT -2 EFFICIENCY (%) -2.5 720 560 OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND OUTPUT RIPPLE vs. LOAD CURRENT -7 0 10 -3.0 B LOAD CURRENT (mA) -8 0 4 OUTPUT RIPPLE A: MAX1044 WITH BOOST = V+ B: ICL7660 C: MAX1044 WITH BOOST = OPEN -3.5 LOAD CURRENT (mA) -9 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1 100 50 A 0 150 V+ = 2V LV = GND MAX1044-Fig 3 -10 200 A -4.0 800 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 0 250 C -0.5 350 OUTPUT VOLTAGE SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) -1.0 -5.0 -4.5 300 A: MAX1044 WITH BOOST = V+ B: ICL7660 C: MAX1044 WITH BOOST = OPEN MAX1044-Fig 5 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) -1.5 400 OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND OUTPUT RIPPLE vs. LOAD CURRENT MAX1044-Fig 2 OUTPUT VOLTAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) MAX1044-Fig 1 -2.0 OUTPUT RIPPLE (mVp-p) OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND OUTPUT RIPPLE vs. LOAD CURRENT 5 40 0 LOAD CURRENT (mA) Maxim Integrated 3 MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters Typical Operating Characteristics (TA = +25C, unless otherwise noted.) OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY vs. EXTERNAL CAPACITANCE EFFICIENCY vs. OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY 60 EXTERNAL HCMOS OSCILLATOR 50 40 30 101 102 103 104 ICL7660 AND MAX1044 WITH BOOST = OPEN 100 10 1 0.1 OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (kHz) MAX1044-Fig 9 OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (Hz) FROM TOP TO BOTTOM AT 5V MAX1044, BOOST = V+, LV = GND MAX1044, BOOST = V+, LV = OPEN ICL7660, LV = GND ICL7660, LV = OPEN MAX1044, BOOST = OPEN, LV = GND MAX1044, BOOST = OPEN, LV = OPEN 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1000 COSC (pF) A: MAX1044 WITH BOOST = V+ B: ICL7600 C: MAX1044 WITH BOOST = OPEN 80 A 60 40 20 0 10 10,000 100,000 100 OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY vs. TEMPERATURE 100 10,000 1000 10 1 OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (Hz) 100,000 MAX1044-Fig 8 1000 6x105 105 MAX1044 WITH BOOST -V+ 10,000 MAX1044-Fig 10 OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (Hz) 70 C1, C2 = 1F 80 C1, C2 = 10F C1, C2 = 100F 90 EFFICIENCY (%) 100,000 MAX1044-Fig 7 100 C -50 B -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 TEMPERATURE (C) SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) QUIESCENT CURRENT vs. OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY QUIESCENT CURRENT (A) MAX1044-Fig 11 10,000 1000 USING EXTERNAL CAPACITOR 100 USING EXTERNAL HCMOS OSCILLATOR 10 1 100 101 102 103 104 105 5x105 OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (Hz) www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated 4 MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (T unless=otherwise (V+ 5V; CBYPASS 0.1F; C1noted.) = C2 = 10F; LV = open; OSC = open; TA = +25C; unless otherwise noted.) A = +25C, QUIESCENT CURRENT vs. TEMPERATURE QUIESCENT CURRENT vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE 100 C D 10 A: MAX1044, BOOST = V+, LV = GND B: MAX1044, BOOST = V+, LV = OPEN C: ICL7660 AND MAX1044 WITH BOOST = OPEN, LV = GND; ABOVE 5V, MAX1044 ONLY D: ICL7660 AND MAX1044 WITH BOOST = OPEN, LV = OPEN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -25 200 0 25 50 75 C1, C2 = 1F C1, C2 = 10F C1, C2 = 100F 100 125 9 10 180 700 200 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 100 0 -50 OUTPUT RESISTANCE vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE 800 300 ICL7660, MAX1044 WITH BOOST = OPEN OUTPUT RESISTANCE vs. OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY EXTERNAL HCMOS OSCILLATOR 400 100 TEMPERATURE (C) 900 500 200 SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) 1000 600 MAX1044 WITH BOOST = V+ 300 MAX1044-Fig 15 1 400 0 OUTPUT RESISTANCE () 0.1 MAX1044-Fig 13 QUIESCENT CURRENT (A) A B MAX1044-Fig 14 QUIESCENT CURRENT (A) 1000 RESISTANCE () 500 1044-Fig 12 2000 101 102 103 104 0 105 1 2 50 5 6 7 8 OUTPUT RESISTANCE vs. TEMPERATURE 70 60 4 MAX1044-Fig 16 OUTPUT RESISTANCE () 80 3 SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) FREQUENCY (Hz) ICL7660, MAX1044 WITH BOOST = OPEN 40 MAX1044 WITH BOOST = V+ 30 20 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 TEMPERATURE (C) www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated 5 MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters Pin Description PIN NAME FUNCTION BOOST (MAX1044) 1 Frequency Boost. Connecting BOOST to V+ increases the oscillator frequency by a factor of six. When the oscillator is driven externally, BOOST has no effect and should be left open. N.C. (ICL7660) No Connection 2 CAP+ Connection to positive terminal of Charge-Pump Capacitor 3 GND Ground. For most applications, the positive terminal of the reservoir capacitor is connected to this pin. 4 CAP- Connection to negative terminal of Charge-Pump Capacitor 5 VOUT Negative Voltage Output. For most applications, the negative terminal of the reservoir capacitor is connected to this pin. 6 LV 7 OSC 8 V+ Low-Voltage Operation. Connect to ground for supply voltages below 3.5V. ICL7660: Leave open for supply voltages above 5V. Oscillator Control Input. Connecting an external capacitor reduces the oscillator frequency. Minimize stray capacitance at this pin. Power-Supply Positive Voltage Input. (1.5V to 10V). V+ is also the substrate connection. V+ V+ BOOST MAX1044 ICL7660 EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR OSC CAP+ C1 10F CBYPASS = 0.1F COSC GND LV CAP- VOUT RL VOUT C2 10F Figure 1. Maxim MAX1044/ICL7660 Test Circuit Detailed Description The MAX1044/ICL7660 are charge-pump voltage converters. They work by first accumulating charge in a bucket capacitor and then transfer it into a reservoir capacitor. The ideal voltage inverter circuit in Figure 2 illustrates this operation. During the first half of each cycle, switches S1 & S3 close and switches S2 & S4 open, which connects the bucket capacitor C1 across V+ and charges C1. During the second half of each cycle, switches S2 & S4 close and switches S1 & S3 open, which connects the positive www.maximintegrated.com terminal of C1 to ground and shifts the negative terminal to VOUT. This connects C1 in parallel with the reservoir capacitor C2. If the voltage across C2 is smaller than the voltage across C1, then charge flows from C1 to C2 until the voltages across them are equal. During successive cycles, C1 will continue pouring charge into C2 until the voltage across C2 reaches - (V+). In an actual voltage inverter, the output is less than - (V+) since the switches S1-S4 have resistance and the load drains charge from C2. Additional qualities of the MAX1044/ICL7660 can be understood by using a switched-capacitor circuit model. Switching the bucket capacitor, C1, between the input and output of the circuit synthesizes a resistance (Figures 3a and 3b.) When the switch in Figure 3a is in the left position, capacitor C1 charges to V+. When the switch moves to the right position, C1 is discharged to VOUT. The charge transferred per cycle is: Q = C1(V+ - VOUT). If the switch is cycled at frequency f, then the resulting current is: I = f x Q = f x C1(V+ - VOUT). Rewriting this equation in Ohm's law form defines an equivalent resistance synthesized by the switched-capacitor circuit where: I= (V + - VOUT ) 1/ ( f x C1) and 1 R EQUIV = f x C1 Maxim Integrated 6 MAX1044/ICL7660 S2 C1 BOOST pin 1 C2 CAP+ pin 2 S2 S4 VOUT = -(V+) OSC pin 7 S3 S4 Q 2 LV pin 6 Figure 2. Ideal Voltage Inverter Q INTERNAL REGULATOR S3 V+ pin 8 S1 1M OSCILLATOR S1 V+ Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters GND pin 3 CAPpin 4 VOUT pin 5 Figure 4. MAX1044 and ICL7660 Functional Diagram Design Information f V+ VOUT C1 C2 RLOAD The MAX1044/ICL7660 are designed to provide a simple, compact, low-cost solution where negative or doubled supply voltages are needed for a few low-power components. Figure 5 shows the basic negative voltage converter circuit. For many applications, only two external capacitors are needed. The type of capacitor used is not critical. Proper Use of the Low-Voltage (LV) Pin Figure 3a. Switched Capacitor Model REQUIV V+ 1 REQUIV = f x C1 VOUT C2 RLOAD Figure 3b. Equivalent Circuit where f is one-half the oscillator frequency. This resistance is a major component of the output impedance of switched-capacitor circuits like the MAX1044/ICL7660. As shown in Figure 4, the MAX1044/ICL7660 contain MOSFET switches, the necessary transistor drive circuitry, and a timing oscillator. www.maximintegrated.com Figure 4 shows an internal voltage regulator inside the MAX1044/ICL7660. Use the LV pin to bypass this regulator, in order to improve low-voltage performance and allow operation down to 1.5V. For low-voltage operation and compatibility with the industry-standard LTC1044 and ICL7660, the LV pin should be connected to ground for supply voltages below 3.5V and left open for supply voltages above 3.5V. The MAX1044's LV pin can be grounded for all operating conditions. The advantage is improved low-voltage performance and increased oscillator frequency. The disadvantage is increased quiescent current and reduced efficiency at higher supply voltages. For Maxim's ICL7660, the LV pin must be left open for supply voltages above 5V. When operating at low supply voltages with LV open, connections to the LV, BOOST, and OSC pins should be short or shielded to prevent EMI from causing oscillator jitter. Maxim Integrated 7 MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters + C1 10F 2 V+ 8 1 MAX1044 ICL7660 3 4 6 + VOUT = -(V+) 1 CBYPASS 7 * C2 10F 5 CONNECTION FROM V+ TO BOOST 2 10F V+ 8 MAX1044 7 3 6 4 5 COSC VOUT = -(V+) 10F *REQUIRED FOR V+ < 3.5V Figure 5. Basic Negative Voltage Converter Figure 6. Negative Voltage Converter with COSC and BOOST Oscillator Frequency Considerations Overdriving the OSC Pin with an External Oscillator For normal operation, leave the BOOST and OSC pins of the MAX1044/ICL7660 open and use the nominal oscillator frequency. Increasing the frequency reduces audio interference, output resistance, voltage ripple, and required capacitor sizes. Decreasing frequency reduces quiescent current and improves efficiency. Oscillator Frequency Specifications The MAX1044/ICL7660 do not have a precise oscillator frequency. Only minimum values of 1kHz and 5kHz for the MAX1044 and a typical value of 10kHz for the ICL7660 are specified. If a specific oscillator frequency is required, use an external oscillator to drive the OSC pin. Increasing Oscillator Frequency Using the BOOST Pin For the MAX1044, connecting the BOOST pin to the V+ pin raises the oscillator frequency by a factor of about 6. Figure 6 shows this connection. Higher frequency operation lowers output impedance, reduces output ripple, allows the use of smaller capacitors, and shifts switching noise out of the audio band. When the oscillator is driven externally, BOOST has no effect and should be left open. The BOOST pin should also be left open for normal operation. Reducing the Oscillator Frequency Using COSC An external capacitor can be connected to the OSC pin to lower the oscillator frequency (Figure 6). Lower frequency operation improves efficiency at low load currents by reducing the IC's quiescent supply current. It also increases output ripple and output impedance. This can be offset by using larger values for C1 and C2. Connections to the OSC pin should be short to prevent stray capacitance from reducing the oscillator frequency. www.maximintegrated.com Driving OSC with an external oscillator is useful when the frequency must be synchronized, or when higher frequencies are required to reduce audio interference. The MAX1044/ICL7660 can be driven up to 400kHz. The pump and output ripple frequencies are one-half the external clock frequency. Driving the MAX1044/ICL7660 at a higher frequency increases the ripple frequency and allows the use of smaller capacitors. It also increases the quiescent current. The OSC input threshold is V+ - 2.5V when V+ 5V, and is V+ / 2 for V+ < 5V. If the external clock does not swing all the way to V+, use a 10k pull-up resistor (Figure 7). Output Voltage Considerations The MAX1044/ICL7660 output voltage is not regulated. The output voltages will vary under load according to the output resistance. The output resistance is primarily a function of oscillator frequency and the capacitor value. Oscillator frequency, in turn, is influenced by temperature and supply voltage. For example, with a 5V input voltage and 10F charge-pump capacitors, the output resistance is typically 50. Thus, the output voltage is about -5V under light loads, and decreases to about -4.5V with a 10mA load current. Minor supply voltage variations that are inconsequential to digital circuits can affect some analog circuits. Therefore, when using the MAX1044/ICL7660 for powering sensitive analog circuits, the power-supply rejection ratio of those circuits must be considered. The output ripple and output drop increase under heavy loads. If necessary, the MAX1044/ICL7660 output impedance can be reduced by paralleling devices, increasing the capacitance of C1 and C2, or connecting the MAX1044's BOOST pin to V+ to increase the oscillator frequency. Maxim Integrated 8 MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters V+ 10k REQUIRED FOR TTL + 1 2 10F CMOS or V+ TTL GATE 8 MAX1044 ICL7660 7 3 6 4 5 The power efficiency of a switched-capacitor voltage converter is affected by the internal losses in the converter IC, resistive losses of the pump capacitors, and conversion losses during charge transfer between the capacitors. The total power loss is: PLOSS = PINTERNAL + PSWITCH + PPUMP LOSSES LOSSES VOUT = -(V+) 10F Figure 7. External Clocking Inrush Current and EMI Considerations During start-up, pump capacitors C1 and C2 must be charged. Consequently, the MAX1044/ICL7660 develop inrush currents during start-up. While operating, short bursts of current are drawn from the supply to C1, and then from C1 to C2 to replenish the charge drawn by the load during each charge-pump cycle. If the voltage converters are being powered by a high-impedance source, the supply voltage may drop too low during the current bursts for them to function properly. Furthermore, if the supply or ground impedance is too high, or if the traces between the converter IC and charge-pump capacitors are long or have large loops, switching noise and EMI may be generated. To reduce these effects: 1) Power the MAX1044/ICL7600 from a low-impedance source. 2) Add a power-supply bypass capacitor with low effective series resistance (ESR) close to the IC between the V+ and ground pins. 3) Shorten traces between the IC and the charge-pump capacitors. 4) Arrange the components to keep the ground pins of the capacitors and the IC as close as possible. 5) Leave extra copper on the board around the voltage converter as power and ground planes. This is easily done on a double-sided PC board. www.maximintegrated.com Efficiency, Output Ripple, and Output Impedance CAPACITOR LOSSES + PCONVERSION LOSSES The internal losses are associated with the IC's internal functions such as driving the switches, oscillator, etc. These losses are affected by operating conditions such as input voltage, temperature, frequency, and connections to the LV, BOOST, and OSC pins. The next two losses are associated with the output resistance of the voltage converter circuit. Switch losses occur because of the on-resistances of the MOSFET switches in the IC. Charge-pump capacitor losses occur because of their ESR. The relationship between these losses and the output resistance is as follows: PPUMP CAPACITOR LOSSES + PSWITCH = IOUT2 x ROUT LOSSES where: R OUT 1 + (f OSC / 2) x C1 4( 2R SWITCHES + E SRC1 ) + E SRC2 and fOSC is the oscillator frequency. The first term is the effective resistance from the switchedcapacitor circuit. Conversion losses occur during the transfer of charge between capacitors C1 and C2 when there is a voltage difference between them. The power loss is: ( ( ) 1 2 2 2 C1 (V + ) - VOUT + PCONV.LOSS 1 C2 V 2 RIPPLE - 2VOUT VRIPPLE 2 ) x f OSC /2 Maxim Integrated 9 MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters Increasing Efficiency Efficiency can be improved by lowering output voltage ripple and output impedance. Both output voltage ripple and output impedance can be reduced by using large capacitors with low ESR. The output voltage ripple can be calculated by noting that the output current is supplied solely from capacitor C2 during one-half of the charge-pump cycle. 1 VRIPPLET + 2 x ESR C2 I OUT 2 x f OSC x C 2 Slowing the oscillator frequency reduces quiescent current. The oscillator frequency can be reduced by connecting a capacitor to the OSC pin. Reducing the oscillator frequency increases the ripple voltage in the MAX1044/ICL7660. Compensate by increasing the values of the bucket and reservoir capacitors. For example, in a negative voltage converter, the pump frequency is around 4kHz or 5kHz. With the recommended 10F bucket and reservoir capacitors, the circuit consumes about 70A of quiescent current while providing 20mA of output current. Setting the oscillator to 400Hz by connecting a 100pF capacitor to OSC reduces the quiescent current to about 15A. Maintaining 20mA output current capability requires increasing the bucket and reservoir capacitors to 100F. Note that lower capacitor values can be used for lower output currents. For example, setting the oscillator to 40Hz by connecting a 1000pF capacitor to OSC provides the highest efficiency possible. Leaving the bucket and reservoir capacitors at 100F gives a maximum IOUT of 2mA, a no-load quiescent current of 10A, and a power conversion efficiency of 98%. General Precautions 1) Connecting any input terminal to voltages greater than V+ or less than ground may cause latchup. Do not apply any input sources operating from external supplies before device power-up. 2) Never exceed maximum supply voltage ratings. 3) Do not connect C1 and C2 with the wrong polarity. 4) Do not short V+ to ground for extended periods with supply voltages above 5.5V present on other pins. 5) Ensure that VOUT (pin 5) does not go more positive than GND (pin 3). Adding a diode in parallel with C2, with the anode connected to VOUT and cathode to LV, will prevent this condition. Application Circuits Negative Voltage Converter Figure 8 shows a negative voltage converter, the most popular application of the MAX1044/ICL7660. Only two external capacitors are needed. A third power-supply bypass capacitor is recommended (0.1F to 10F) 1 C1 10F 2 V+ + + 8 BOOST MAX1044 ICL7660 7 3 4 V+ CBYPASS 0.1F 6 LV 5 VOUT = -(V+) C2 10F Figure 8. Negative Voltage Converter with BOOST and LV Connections www.maximintegrated.com 1 2 8 MAX1044 ICL7660 7 3 6 4 5 VOUT = 2(V+) - 2VD C1 C2 Figure 9. Voltage Doubler Maxim Integrated 10 MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters Positive Voltage Doubler positive voltage. This circuit has higher output impedances resulting from the use of a common charge-pump driver. Figure 9 illustrates the recommended voltage doubler circuit for the MAX1044/ICL7660. To reduce the voltage drops contributed by the diodes (VD), use Schottky diodes. For true voltage doubling or higher output currents, use the MAX660. Cascading Devices Larger negative multiples of the supply voltage can be obtained by cascading MAX1044/ICL7660 devices (Figure 12). The output voltage is nominally VOUT = -n(V+) where n is the number of devices cascaded. The output voltage is reduced slightly by the output resistance of the first device, multiplied by the quiescent current of the second, etc. Three or more devices can be cascaded in this way, but output impedance rises dramatically. For example, the output resistance of two cascaded MAX1044s is approximately five times the output resistance of a single voltage converter. A better solution may be an inductive switching regulator, such as the MAX755, MAX759, MAX764, or MAX774. Voltage Divider The voltage divider shown in Figure 10 splits the power supply in half. A third capacitor can be added between V+ and VOUT. Combined Positive Multiplication and Negative Voltage Conversion Figure 11 illustrates this dual-function circuit. Capacitors C1 and C3 perform the bucket and reservoir functions for generating the negative voltage. Capacitors C2 and C4 are the bucket and reservoir capacitors for the doubled + 1 2 C1 10F 8 MAX1044 ICL7660 + V+ 2 7 3 LV 8 MAX1044 ICL7660 3 C1 6 4 V+ 1 C3 6 LV 4 5 VOUT = -(V+) 7 5 VOUT = 2(V+) - 2VD VOUT = 1 V+ 2 C2 10F C2 Figure 10. Voltage Divider Figure 11. Combined Positive and Negative Converter + + 1 2 10F V+ 8 MAX1044 ICL7660 3 4 C4 7 6 1 2 10F 5 + 1 8 MAX1044 ICL7660 3 4 7 6 2 10F 1 2 10F 8 MAX1044 ICL7660 3 5 4 10F 7 6 3 5 VOUT = -n(V+) 10F Figure 12. Cascading MAX1044/ICL7660 for Increased Output Voltage www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated 11 MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters Paralleling Devices Paralleling multiple MAX1044/ICL7660s reduces output resistance and increases current capability. As illustrated in Figure 13, each device requires its own pump capacitor C1, but the reservoir capacitor C2 serves all devices. The equation for calculating output resistance is: + 1 MAX1044 ICL7660 2 C1 V+ 8 7 3 6 4 5 1 R OUT = 1 C1 8 MAX1044 ICL7660 7 3 VOUT = -(V+) 6 4 C2 5 n Figure 13. Paralleling MAX1044/ICL7660 to Reduce Output Resistance V+ + 1 8 MAX1044 ICL7660 2 10F 10k REQUIRED FOR TTL V+ CMOS or TTL GATE 1N4148 7 3 6 4 5 VOUT = -(V+) 10F a) V+ MAX1044 ICL7660 n (number of devices) Shutdown Schemes + 2 R OUT (of MAX1044 or ICL7660) 7 74HC03 OPEN-DRAIN OR 74LS03 OPEN-COLLECTOR NAND GATES b) V+ MAX1044 7 ICL7660 OUTPUT ENABLE 74HC126 OR 74LS126 TRI-STATE BUFFER c) Figures 14a-14c illustrate three ways of adding shutdown capability to the MAX1044/ICL7660. When using these circuits, be aware that the additional capacitive loading on the OSC pin will reduce the oscillator frequency. The first circuit has the least loading on the OSC pin and has the added advantage of controlling shutdown with a high or low logic level, depending on the orientation of the switching diode. Ordering Information PART TEMP. RANGE PIN-PACKAGE MAX1044CPA 0C to +70C 8 Plastic DIP MAX1044CSA 0C to +70C 8 SO MAX1044C/D* 0C to +70C Dice* MAX1044EPA -40C to +85C 8 Plastic DIP MAX1044ESA -40C to +85C 8 SO MAX1044MJA -55C to +125C 8 CERDIP** ICL7660CPA 0C to +70C 8 Plastic DIP ICL7660CSA 0C to +70C 8 SO ICL7660CUA 0C to +70C 8 MAX ICL7660C/D 0C to +70C Dice* ICL7660EPA -40C to +85C 8 Plastic DIP ICL7660ESA -40C to +85C 8 SO ICL7660AMJA -55C to +125C 8 CERDIP** ICL7660AMTV -55C to +125C 8 TO-99** *Contact factory for dice specifications. Dice are not tested **Contact factory for availability. The Maxim ICL7660 meets or exceeds all "A" and "S" specifications. Figure 14a-14c. Shutdown Schemes for MAX1044/ICL7660 www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated 12 MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters Chip Topographies MAX1044 GND CAP+ ICL7660 BOOST V+ 0.076" (1.930mm) CAPV+ 0.084" (2.1mm) CAP+ GND OSC CAPLV VOUT VOUT LV OSC 0.060" (1.5mm) 0.076" (1.930mm) TRANSISTOR COUNT: 72 SUBSTRATE CONNECTED TO V+ TRANSISTOR COUNT: 71 SUBSTRATE CONNECTED TO V+ Package Information For the latest package outline information and land patterns (footprints), go to www.maximintegrated.com/packages. Note that a "+", "#", or "-" in the package code indicates RoHS status only. Package drawings may show a different suffix character, but the drawing pertains to the package regardless of RoHS status. PACKAGE TYPE PACKAGE CODE OUTLINE NO. LAND PATTERN NO. 6 TDFN-EP T633-2 21-0036 90-0058 8 Plastic DIP P8+1 21-0043 -- 8 SOIC S8+2 21-0041 90-0096 8 CERDIP J8+2 21-0045 -- 8 MAX U8+1 21-0036 90-0092 8 TO-99 T99-8 21-0022 -- www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated 13 MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters Revision History REVISION NUMBER REVISION DATE 2 2/17 DESCRIPTION Updated part numbers in Ordering Information table PAGES CHANGED 13 For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim Direct at 1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim Integrated's website at www.maximintegrated.com. Maxim Integrated cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim Integrated product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim Integrated reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. The parametric values (min and max limits) shown in the Electrical Characteristics table are guaranteed. Other parametric values quoted in this data sheet are provided for guidance. Maxim Integrated and the Maxim Integrated logo are trademarks of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. (c) 2017 Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. 14 Mouser Electronics Authorized Distributor Click to View Pricing, Inventory, Delivery & Lifecycle Information: Maxim Integrated: ICL7660CSA+T ICL7660CUA+ ICL7660CUA+T ICL7660EPA+ ICL7660ESA+T ICL7660ISA+ ICL7660ISA+T MAX1044CSA+T ICL7660AMJA/883B ICL7660ESA ICL7660ESA-T ICL7660CPA+ ICL7660CSA+ ICL7660ESA+ MAX1044CPA+ MAX1044CSA+ MAX1044ESA+ MAX1044EPA+ MAX1044ESA+T ICL7660CSA MAX1044CSA MAX1044ESA ICL7660CPA ICL7660CSA-T ICL7660CUA ICL7660CUA-T MAX1044CSA-T MAX1044ESA-T MAX1044MJA/883B MAX1044CPA MAX1044EPA ICL7660ISA-T ICL7660EPA ICL7660ISA