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ON Semiconductor is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. This literature is subject to all applicable copyright laws and is not for resale in any manner. www.fairchildsemi.com AN-9035 Smart Power Module Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP User's Guide REV. B 7/19/05 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................4 1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................4 1.2 Design Concept.........................................................................................................................................4 1.3 Technology ................................................................................................................................................4 1.4 Advantages of Motion-SPM Driven Inverter Drives...................................................................................5 1.5 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................6 2. Product Outline .....................................................................................................................................................7 2.1 Ordering Information .................................................................................................................................7 2.2 Product Line-Up ........................................................................................................................................7 2.3 Applications ...............................................................................................................................................8 2.4 Package Structure.....................................................................................................................................8 3. Outline and Pin Description ..................................................................................................................................9 3.1 Outline Drawings ........................................................................................................................................9 3.2 Description of the Input and output pins...................................................................................................11 3.3 Description of Dummy Pins ......................................................................................................................13 4. Internal Circuit and Features...............................................................................................................................14 5. Absolute Maximum Ratings ................................................................................................................................15 5.1 Electrical Maximum Ratings .....................................................................................................................15 6. Interface Circuit ...................................................................................................................................................17 6.1 Input/Output Signal Connection ...............................................................................................................17 6.2 General Interface Circuit Example ...........................................................................................................19 6.3 Recommended Wiring of Shunt Resistor and Snubber Capacitor ...........................................................20 6.4 External Gate Impedance RE(H) ...............................................................................................................21 7. Function and Protection Circuit ...........................................................................................................................24 7.1 SPM Functions Versus Control Power Supply Voltage ............................................................................24 7.2 Under-Voltage Protection .........................................................................................................................25 7.3 Short-Circuit Protection ............................................................................................................................26 7.4 Fault Output Circuit ..................................................................................................................................29 8.Bootstrap Circuit...................................................................................................................................................30 8.1 Operation of Bootstrap Circuit ..................................................................................................................30 8.2 Initial Charging of Bootstrap Capacitor.....................................................................................................30 8.3 Selection of a Bootstrap Capacitor...........................................................................................................31 8.4 Selection of a Bootstrap Diode.................................................................................................................31 8.5 Selection of a Bootstrap Resistance ........................................................................................................31 8.6 Charging and Discharging of the Bootstrap Capacitor During PWM-Inverter Operation .........................32 8.7 Recommended Boot Strap Operation Circuit and Parameters.................................................................32 2 REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE AN9035 9. Power Loss and Dissipation................................................................................................................................33 9.1 Power Loss of Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP ...................................................................................................33 9.2 Thermal Impedance .................................................................................................................................34 9.3 Temperature Rise Considerations and Calculation Example ...................................................................35 10.Package .............................................................................................................................................................36 10.1 Heat Sink Mounting ................................................................................................................................36 10.2 Handling Precaution ...............................................................................................................................36 10.3 Marking Specifications ...........................................................................................................................38 10.4 Packaging Specifications .......................................................................................................................39 REV. B 7/19/05 3 AN9035 Introduction 1.1 Introduction The terms "energy-saving" and "quiet-running" are becoming very important in the world of variable speed motor drives. For low-power motor control, there are increasing demands for compactness, built-in control, and lower overall-cost. An important consideration, in justifying the use of inverters in these applications, is to optimize the total-cost-performance ratio of the overall drive system. In other words, the systems have to be less noisy, more efficient, smaller and lighter, more advanced in function and more accurate in control with a very low cost. In order to meet these needs, Fairchild has developed a new series of compact, high-functionality, and high efficiency power semiconductor device called "Motion-SPM in MiniDIP". This Motion-SPM based inverters are now considered an excellent alternative to conventional discrete-based inverters for low-power motor drives, specifically for appliances such as washing machines, air-conditioners, refrigerators, water pumps etc. This Motion-SPM combines optimized circuit protection and drive matched to the IGBT's switching characteristics. System reliability is further enhanced by the integrated under-voltage protection function and short circuit protection function. The high speed built-in HVIC provides an opto-coupler-less IGBT gate driving capability that further reduces the overall size of the inverter system design. Additionally, the incorporated HVIC allows the use of a single-supply drive topology without negative bias. The objective of this application note is to show the detailed power circuit design of Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP and its applications for users. This document provides design examples which enable motor drive design engineers to create efficient optimized designs with shortened design cycles by employing Fairchild Motion-SPM products. 1.2 Design Concept The key design objective of Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP is to create a low power module with improved reliability. This is achieved by applying existing IC and LSI transfer mold packaging technology. The structure of Motion-SPM is relatively simple: power chips and IC chips are directly die bonded on the copper lead frame, the bare ceramic material is attached to the frame, and then molded into epoxy resin. In comparison, the typical IPM is made of power chips bonded on a metal or ceramic substrate with the ICs and the passive components assembled on a PCB. This is then assembled into a plastic or epoxy resin case and filled up with silicon gel. The Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP greatly minimizes the number of parts and material types, optimizing the assembly process and overall cost. The second important design advantage of Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP is the realization of a product with smaller size and higher power rating. Of the low power modules released to 4 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE date, the Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP has the highest power density with 3A to 30A rated products built into a single package outline. The third design advantage is design flexibility enabling use in a wide range of applications. This Motion-SPM series has two major flexibility features. First is the 3-N terminal structure with the negative rail IGBT emitters terminated separately. With this structure, shunt resistance can be placed in series with each 3-N terminal to easily sense individual inverter phase currents. Second is the high-side IGBT switching dv/dt control. This is made possible by the insertion of an appropriate impedance network in the highside IGBT gate drive circuits. By properly designing the impedance network, the high-side switching speed can be adjusted so that critical EMI problems may be easily dealt with. The detailed features and integrated functions are as follows: * 600V/3A to 30A ratings in one package (with identical mechanical layouts) * Low-loss efficient IGBTs and FRDs optimized for motor drive applications * High reliability due to fully tested coordination of HVIC and IGBTs * 3-phase IGBT Inverter Bridge including control ICs for gate drive and protection - High-Side Features: Control circuit under voltage (UV) protection (without fault signal output) - Low-Side Features: UV and short-circuit (SC) protection through external shunt resistor (with fault signal output) * Single-grounded power supply and opto-coupler-less interface due to built-in HVIC * Active-high input signal logic resolves the startup and shutdown sequence constraint between the VCC control supply and control input providing fail-safe operation with direct connection between the Motion-SPM and a 3.3V CPU or DSP. Additional external sequence logic is not needed * Divided negative DC-link terminals for inverter applications requiring individual phase current sensing * Isolation voltage rating of 2500Vrms for one minute * Very low leakage current due to ceramic or DBC substrate. 1.3 Technology Power Devices - IGBT and FRD The improved performance of Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP is primarily the result of the technological advancement of the power devices (i.e., IGBTs and FRDs) in the 3-phase inverter circuit. The fundamental design goal is to reduce the die size and increase the current density of these power devices. This Motion-SPM IGBTs represent Fairchild's latest technology. Through optimized PT planar IGBT design, they maintain a SOA (Safe Operating Area) suitable for motor control application while dramatically reducing the on-state REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE conduction and turn-off switching losses. They also implement smooth switching performance without sacrificing other characteristics. The FRDs are hyperfast diodes that have a low forward voltage drop along with soft recovery characteristics. Control IC - LVIC, HVIC The HVIC and LVIC driver ICs were designed to have only the minimum necessary functionality required for low power inverter drives. The HVIC has a built-in high voltage level shift function that enables the ground referenced PWM signal to be sent directly to the Motion-SPM's assigned high side IGBT gate circuit. This level shift function enables opto-coupler-less interface, making it possible to design a very simple system. In addition a built-in under-voltage lockout (UVLO) protection function interrupts IGBT operation under control supply under-voltage conditions. Because the bootstrap charge-pump circuit interconnects to the low-side VCC bias external to the Motion-SPM, the highside gate drive power can be obtained from a single 15V control supply referenced to control ground. It is not necessary to have three isolated voltage sources for the highside IGBT gate drive as is required in inverter systems that use conventional power modules. Recent progress in the HVIC technology includes chip downsizing through the introduction of wafer fine process technology. Input control logic change from the conventional low active to high active permits direct interface to 3.3V micro-controllers or DSPs. This provides low circuit current, increased noise immunity and good performance stability against temperature variation. Package Technology Since heat dissipation is an important factor limiting the power module's current capability, the heat dissipation characteristics of a package are critical in determining the performance of Motion-SPM. A trade-off exists between heat dissipation characteristics and isolation characteristics. The key to a good package technology lies in the implementation of outstanding heat dissipation characteristics without compromising the isolation rating. In Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP, a technology was developed in which bare ceramic with good heat dissipation characteristics is attached directly to the lead frame. For expansion to a targeted power rating of 20A and 30A in this same physical package size, DBC (Direct Bonding Copper) technology was applied. This made it possible to achieve optimum trade-off characteristics while maintaining costeffectiveness. Figure 1.1 shows the cross sections of the Mini-DIP package. As seen in Figure 1.1 (a), the lead frame structure was bent to secure the required electrical spacing. In Figure 1.1 (b), the lead frame and the DBC substrate are directly soldered into this Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP lead frame. Inverter System Technology The Mini-DIP package is designed to satisfy the basic UL, REV. B 7/19/05 AN9035 IEC and etc. creepage and clearance spacing safety regulations required in inverter systems. In Mini-DIP, 3mm creepage and 4mm clearance was secured in all areas where high voltage is applied. In addition, the Cu frame pattern and wire connection have been optimized with the aid of computer simulation for less parasitic inductance, which is favorable to the suppression of voltage surge at high frequency switching operation. Figure 1.1 Cross Sections of Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP HVIC is sensitive to noise since it is not a complete galvanic isolation structure but is implemented as a level shift latch logic using high voltage LDMOS that passes signals from upper side gate and lower side gate. Consequently, it was designed with sufficient immunity against such possible malfunctions as latch-on, latch-up, and latch-off caused by IGBT switching noise and system outside noise. Fairchild's Motion-SPM design has also taken into consideration the possibility of high side malfunction caused by short PWM pulse. Since the low voltage part and the high voltage part are configured onto the same silicon in the HVIC, it cannot operate normally when the electric potential in the high voltage part becomes lower than the ground of the low voltage part. Accordingly, sufficient margin was given to take into account the negative voltage level that could cause such abnormal operation. Soft turn-off function was added to secure basic IGBT SOA (Safe Operating Area) under short circuit conditions. 1.4 Advantages of Motion-SPM Driven Inverter Drives SPM Inverter Engine Platform Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP was designed to have 3A~30A rated products built into a single package outline. Figure 1.2 shows the junction to case thermal resistance at each current range of this Motion-SPM. As seen in the figure, in the 15A, 20A and 30A range, intelligent 3-phase IGBT module with high power density (Size vs. power) was implemented. Accordingly, in the low power range, inverter system designers are able to cover almost the entire range of 5 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE Figure 1.2 Junction-to-Case Thermal Resistance According to Current Rating of Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP Line-up 0.1KW~2.2KW rating in a single power circuit design using this Motion-SPM series. Since circuitry and tools can become more standardized, product development and testing process are simplified, significantly reducing development time and cost. Through control board standardization, overall manufacturing cost will be substantially reduced as users are able to simplify materials purchasing and maintain manufacturing consistency. Noise Reduction Small package and low power loss are the primary goals of low power modules. However, in recent years, attempting to reduce power loss through excessively fast switching speed has given rise to various challenges. Excessive switching speed increases the dv/dt, di/dt, and recovery current and creates challenges such as large EMI (Electromagnetic Interference), excessive surge voltage, and high magnitude of motor leakage current. Such problems increase system cost and can even shorten motor life. The Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP series solve these problems by adjusting the switching dv/dt to around 3kV/ sec through advanced gate drive impedance design. Thanks to very low on-state voltage of the new generation IGBT and low forward voltage of FRD, an optimized switching speed meeting the low EMI requirement has been realized in Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP while keeping the total power loss at a low level equal to or less than other low power modules. 6 Cost-effective Current Detection As sensor-less vector control and other increasingly sophisticated control methods are applied to general industrial inverters and even in consumer appliance inverters, there is a growing need to measure inverter phase current. Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP family has a 3-N terminal structure in which IGBT inverter bridge emitter terminal is separated. In this type of structure, inverter phase current can be easily detected simply by using external shunt resistance. 1.5 Summary From 1999, when the SPM series was first developed, to the present Fairchild has manufactured millions of 600V SPM series in the power range of 300W~2.2kW for consumer appliances and low power general industry applications. Today, the SPM has positioned itself as a strong inverter solution for low power motor control. With its compact size, optimized performance, high reliability, and low cost, the SPM family is accelerating the inverterization not only of low power industrial applications but also of consumer appliances. Fairchild will continue its effort to develop the next generation of SPMs optimized for a broader variety of applications and with higher power rating in mind. For more information on Fairchild's SPM products, please visit http://www.fairchildsemi.com/spm REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE AN9035 2. Product Outline 2.1 Ordering Information F S B S 10 CH 60 Voltage Rating (x 10) CH: Option for Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP Ver.2 Current Rating S: Ceramic Base B: DBC Base B: Option for No-Thermistor S: Divided Three Terminal Fairchild Semiconductor 2.2 Product Line-Up Table 2.1 Lineup of Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP Family Part Number Rating Current (A) FSBB30CH60 30 FSBB20CH60 20 FSBB15CH60 15 FSBS15CH60 15 FSBS10CH60 10 FSBS5CH60 5 FSBS3CH60 3 REV. B 7/19/05 Package Isolation Voltage (Vrms) Main Applications 600 DBC substrate (SPM27CA, SPM27 EA) 2500Vrms Sinusoidal, 1min Air Conditioner 600 Ceramic substrate (SPM27BA) 2500 Vrms Sinusoidal, 1min Air Conditioner Washing Machine Refrigerator Voltage (V) 7 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE 2.3 Applications 2.4 Package Structure Motor drive for household electric appliances, such as air conditioners, washing machines, refrigerators, dish washers, and low power industrial applications as well. Figure 2.1 contains a picture and an internal structure illustration of the Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP. This MotionSPM is an ultra-compact power module, which integrates power components, high and low side gate drivers and protection circuitry for AC100 ~ 220V class low power motor drive inverter control into a dual-in-line transfer mold package. Top 44mm Ceramic 26.8m Mold Resin FRD 5.5 Bottom View 3.1 IGBT LVIC,HVIC Figure 2.1 Pictures and Package Cross Section of SPM27BA 8 REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE AN9035 3. Outline and Pin Description 3.1 Outline Drawings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 REV. B 7/19/05 VCC(L) COM IN(UL) IN(VL) IN(WL) VFO CFOD CSC IN(UH) VCC(UH) VB(U) 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 VS(U) IN(VH) VCC(VH) VB(V) VS(V) IN(WH) VCC(WH) VB(W) VCC(VH) NU NV 23 24 25 26 27 NW U V W P 9 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE Figure 3.1 Package Dimensions (SPM27BA) 10 REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE AN9035 3.2 Description of the Input and Output Pins Table 3.1 defines the Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP input and output pins. The detailed functional descriptions are as follows: Table 3.1 Pin Descriptions Pin Number Pin Name Pin Description 1 VCC(L) Low-side Common Bias Voltage for IC and IGBTs Driving 2 COM Low-Side Common Supply Ground 3 IN(UL) Signal Input for Low-Side U Phase 4 IN(VL) Signal Input for Low-Side V Phase 5 IN(WL) Signal Input for Low-Side W Phase 6 VFO 7 CFOD Capacitor for Fault-output Duration Time Selection 8 CSC Capacitor (Low-pass Filter) for Short-Current Detection Input 9 IN(UH) 10 VCC(UH) 11 VB(U) High-Side Bias Voltage for U Phase IGBT Driving 12 VS(U) High-Side Bias Voltage Ground for U Phase IGBT Driving 13 IN(VH) Signal Input for High-side V phase 14 VCC(VH) 15 VB(V) High-Side Bias Voltage for V Phase IGBT Driving 16 VS(V) High-Side Bias Voltage Ground for V Phase IGBT Driving 17 IN(WH) Signal Input for High-side W phase 18 VCC(WH) 19 VB(W) High-Side Bias Voltage for W Phase IGBT Driving 20 VS(W) High-Side Bias Voltage Ground for W Phase IGBT Driving 21 NU Negative DC-Link Input for U Phase 22 NV Negative DC-Link Input for V Phase 23 NW Negative DC-Link Input for W Phase 24 U Output for U Phase 25 V Output for V Phase 26 W Output for W Phase 27 P Positive DC-Link Input Fault Output Signal Input for High-side U phase High-Side Bias Voltage for U Phase IC High-Side Bias Voltage for V Phase IC High-Side Bias Voltage for W Phase IC High-Side Bias Voltage Pins for Driving the IGBT / HighSide Biase Voltage Ground Pins for Driving the IGBT Pins: VB(U) - VS(U), VB(V) - VS(V), VB(W) - VS(W) * These are drive power supply pins for providing gate drive power to the High-Side IGBTs. * The virtue of the ability to boot-strap the circuit scheme is that no external power supplies are required for the highside IGBTs * Each boot-strap capacitor is charged from the VCC supply during the ON-state of the corresponding low-side IGBT. * In order to prevent malfunctions caused by noise and ripple in supply voltage, a good quality (low ESR, low ESL) filter capacitor should be mounted very close to these pins REV. B 7/19/05 Low-Side Bias Voltage Pin / High-Side Bias Voltage Pins Pin: VCC(L), VCC(UH), VCC(VH), VCC(WH) * These are control supply pins for the built-in ICs. * These four pins should be connected externally. * In order to prevent malfunctions caused by noise and ripple in the supply voltage, a good quality (low ESR, low ESL) filter capacitor should be mounted very close to these pins. Low-Side Common Supply Ground Pin Pin: COM * The Motion-SPM common pin connects to the control ground for the internal ICs. * Important! To avoid noise influences the main power circuit current should not be allowed to blow through this pin. 11 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE Signal Input Pins Fault Out Duration Time Selection Pin Pin: IN(UL), IN(VL), IN(WL), IN(UH), IN(VH), IN(WH) Pin: CFOD * These are pins to control the operation of the built-in IGBTs. * They are activated by voltage input signals. The terminals are internally connected to a schmitt trigger circuit composed of 5V-class CMOS. * The signal logic of these pins is Active-high. That is the IGBT associated with each of these pins will be turned "ON" when a sufficient logic voltage is applied to these pins. * The wiring of each input should be as short as possible to protect the Motion-SPM against noise influences. * To prevent signal oscillations, an RC coupling is recommended as illustrated in Figure 5.3. * This is the pin for selecting the fault out pulse length. * An external capacitor should be connected between this pin and COM to set the fault out pulse length. * The fault-out pulse width tFOD depends on the capacitance value of CFOD according to the following approximate equation: CFOD = 18.3 x 10-6 x tFOD [F]. Short-Current Detection Pins Pin: CSC * The current sensing shunt resistor should be connected between the pin CSC and the low-side ground COM to detect short-current (reference Figure 5.3). * The shunt resistor should be selected to meet the detection levels matched for the specific application. An RC filter should be connected to the pin CSC to eliminate noise. * The connection length between the shunt resistor and CSC pin should be minimized. Fault Output Pin Pin: FO * This is the fault output alarm pin. An active low output is given on this pin for a fault state condition in the SPM. The alarmed conditions are SC (Short Circuit) or low-side bias UV (Under Voltage) operation. * The VFO output is of open collector configured. The FO signal line should be pulled up to the 5V logic power supply with approximately 4.7kW resistance. 12 Positive DC-Link Pin Pin: P * This is the DC-link positive power supply pin of the inverter. * It is internally connected to the collectors of the high-side IGBTs. * In order to suppress the surge voltage caused by the DC-link wiring or PCB pattern inductance, connect a smoothing filter capacitor close to this pin. (Typically Metal Film Capacitors are used) Negative DC-Link Pins Pin: NU, NV, NW * These are the DC-link negative power supply pins (power ground) of the inverter. * These pins are connected to the low-side IGBT emitters of the each phase. Inverter Power Output Pin Pin: U, V, W * Inverter output pins for connecting to the inverter load (e. g. motor). REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE AN9035 3.3 Description of Dummy Pins Figure 3.2 defines the Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP dummy pins Figure 3.2 Description of Dummy Pins REV. B 7/19/05 13 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE 4. Internal Circuit and Features Figure 4.1 illustrates the internal block diagram of the Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP. It should be noted that the Motion-SPM consists of a three-phase IGBT inverter circuit power block and four drive ICs for control functions. The detailed features and integrated functions of Motion-SPM and the benefits acquired by using it are described as follows. Figure 4.1 Internal Circuit Features * 600V/3A to 30A rating in one physical package size (mechanical layouts are identical) * Low-loss efficient IGBTs and FRDs optimized for motor drive applications * Compact and low-cost transfer mold package allows inverter design miniaturization. * High reliability due to fully tested coordination of HVIC and IGBTs. * 3-phase IGBT Inverter Bridge including control ICs for gate driving and protection - High-side: Control circuit under voltage (UV) protection (without fault signal output) - Low-side: UV and Short-Circuit (SC) protection by means of external shunt resistor (with fault signal output) * Single-grounded power supply and opto-coupler-less interface due to built-in HVIC * IGBT switching characteristics matched to system requirement. * Low leakage current and high isolation voltage due to ceramic and DBC-based substrate 14 * Divided 3-N Power Terminals provide easy and costeffective phase current sensing. * Active-high input signal logic, resolves the startup and shutdown sequence constraint between the control supply and control input, this provides fail-safe operation with direct connection between the Motion-SPM and a 3.3V CPU or DSP. Additional external sequence logic is not needed. Integrated Functions * Inverter high-side IGBTs: Gate drive circuit, High-voltage isolated high-speed level shifting, Control supply undervoltage (UV) protection * Inverter low-side IGBTs: Gate drive circuit, Short-circuit protection with soft shut-down control, Control supply circuit under-voltage protection * Fault signaling (VFO): Corresponding to a SC fault (lowside IGBTs) or a UV fault (low-side supply) * Input interface: 3.3V, 5V CMOS/LSTTL compatible, Schmitt trigger input, Active high. REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE AN9035 5. Absolute Maximum Ratings 5.1 Electrical Maximum Ratings subtracting the surge voltage (50V or less, generated by the stray inductance between the Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP and the DC-link capacitor) from VPN(Surge). Turn-off Switching Short-circuit Operation The IGBTs incorporated into the Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP have a 600V volt VCES rating. The 500V VPN(Surge) rating is obtained by subtracting the surge voltage (100V or less, generated by the Motion-SPM's internal stray inductances) from VCES. Moreover, the 450V VPN rating is obtained by In case of short-circuit turn-off, the 400V VPN(PROT) rating is obtained by subtracting the surge voltage (100V or less, generated by the stray inductance between the Motion-SPM and the DC-link capacitor) from VPN(Surge). Table 5.1 Detail description of absolute maximum ratings (FSBS10CH60 case) Item Symbol Rating Supply Voltage VPN 450V The maximum steady-state (non-switching mode) voltage between P-N. A brake circuit is necessary if P-N voltage exceeds this value. Supply Voltage (surge) VPN(surge) 500V The maximum surge voltage (non-switching mode) between PN. A snubber circuit is necessary if P-N surge voltage exceeds this value. VCES 600V The sustained collector-emitter voltage of built-in IGBTs. Each IGBT Collector current IC 10A The maximum allowable DC continuous IGBT collector current at TC=25C. Junction Temperature TJ Self Protection Supply Voltage Limit (Short Circuit Protection Capability) VPN(PROT) Collector-emitter voltage Description -20 ~ 125C The maximum junction temperature rating of the power chips integrated within the Motion-SPM is 150C. However, to insure safe operation of the Motion-SPM, the average junction temperature should be limited to 125C Although IGBT and FRD chip will not be damaged right now at TJ = 150C, its power cycles come to be decreased. 400V Under the conditions that VCC=13.5 ~ 16.5V, non-repetitive, less than 2s. The maximum supply voltage for safe IGBT turn off under SC "Short Circuit" or OC "Over Current" condition. The power chip may be damaged if supply voltage exceeds this specification. Figure 5.1 shows that the normal turn-off switching operations can be performed satisfactorily at a 450V DC-link voltage, with the surge voltage between P and N pins (VPN(Surge)) is limited to under 500V. We can also see the difference between the hard and soft turn-off switching operation from Figure 5.2. The hard turn-off of the IGBT causes a large overshoot (up to 100V). Hence, the DC-link capacitor supply voltage should be limited to 400V to safely protect the Motion-SPM. A hard turn-off, with a duration of REV. B 7/19/05 less than approximately 2ms, may occur in the case of a short-circuit fault. For a normal short-circuit fault, the protection circuit becomes active and the IGBT is turned off very softly to prevent excessive overshoot voltage. An overshoot voltage of 30~50V occurs for this condition. Figures 9.1 and 9.2 are the experimental results of the safe operating area test. However, it is strongly recommended that the Motion-SPM should not be operated under these conditions. 15 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE VPN(SURGE)@Tj=25oC VPN(SURGE)@ Hard off VPN(SURGE)@Tj=125oC VPN(SURGE)@ Soft off IC@ Soft off IC@Tj=125oC IC@ Hard off IC@Tj=25oC 100V/div, 100ns/div, 5A/div Figure 5.1 Normal Current Turn-off Waveforms @ VPN = 450V 16 100V/div, 20A/div, 200ns/div Figure 5.2 Short-circuit Current Turn-off Waveforms @ VPN = 400V, Tj =125C REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE AN9035 6. Interface Circuit 6.1 Input/Output Signal Connection Figure 6.1 shows the I/O interface circuit between the CPU and Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP. Because the Motion-SPM input logic is active-high and there are built-in pull-down resistors, external pull-up resistors are not needed. VFO output is open collector configured. This signal should be pulled up to the positive side of the 5V external logic power supply by a resistor of approximate 4.7k. 5V-Line R PF = SPM 4.7k IN (UH) , IN (VH) , IN(W H) CPU IN (UL) , IN (VL) , IN (W L) 100 VF O C PF = 1nF 1nF CO M Figure 6.1 Recommended CPU I/O Interface Circuit Item Symbol Condition Rating Unit Control Supply Voltage VCC Applied between VCC(H) - COM, VCC(L) - COM 20 V Input Signal Voltage VIN Applied between IN(UH), IN(VH), IN(WH) - COM IN(UL), IN(VL), IN(WL) - COM -0.3 ~ 17 V Fault Output Supply Voltage VFO Applied between VFO - COM -0.3 ~ VCC+0.3 V Table 6.1 Maximum Ratings of Input and FO Pins The input and fault output maximum rating voltages are shown in Table 6.1. Since the fault output is open collector configured, it's rating is VCC+0.3V, 15V supply interface is possible. However, it is recommended that the fault output be configured with the 5V logic supply, which is the same as the input signals. It is also recommended that the by-pass REV. B 7/19/05 capacitors be placed at both the CPU and Motion-SPM ends of the VFO, signal line as close as possible to each device. The RC coupling at each input (parts shown dotted in Figure 6.1) might change depending on the PWM control scheme used in the application and the wiring impedance of the application's PCB layout. 17 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE SPM 1k Level shift circuit INUH,INVH,INWH Gate driver 3.3k(Typical) INUL,INVL,INWL Gate driver 3.3k(Typical) Figure 6.2 Internal Structure of Signal Input Terminals The Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP family employs active-high input logic. This removed the sequence restriction between the control supply and the input signal during start-up or shutdown operation. Therefore it makes the system fail-safe. In addition, pull-down resistors are built in to each input circuit. Thus, external pull-down resistors are not needed reducing the required external component count. Furthermore, by lowering the turn on and turn off threshold voltage of input signal as shown in Table 6.2, a direct connection to 3.3V-class microprocessor or DSP is possible Table 6.2 Input Threshold Voltage Ratings (at VCC = 15V, Tj = 25C) Item Symbol Turn on threshold voltage VIN(ON) Condition Min. Typ. Max. Unit IN(UH), IN(VH), IN(VH),- COM IN(UL), IN(VL), IN(WL),- COM 3.0 - - V - - 0.8 V Turn off threshold voltage VIN(OFF) As shown in Figure 6.2, the input signal section of MotionSPM in Mini-DIP integrates a 3.3k(typical) pull-down resistor. Therefore, when using an external filtering resistor between the CPU output and the Motion-SPM input 18 attention should be given to the signal voltage drop at the Motion-SPM input terminals to satisfy the turn-on threshold voltage requirement. For instance, R = 100 and C=1nF for the parts shown dotted in Figure 6.1. REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE AN9035 6.2 General Interface Circuit Example Figure 6.3 shows a typical application circuit of interface schematic with control signals connected directly to a CPU. 6.3 Example of Application Circuit Notes: 1. To avoid malfunction, the wiring of each input should be as short as possible. (less than 2-3cm) 2. By virtue of integrating an application specific type HVIC inside the Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP, direct coupling to CPU terminals without any opto-coupler or transformer isolation is possible. 3. VFO output is an open collector output. This signal line should be pulled up to the positive side of the 5V logic power supply with approximately 4.7k resistance. (reference Figure 6.1) 4. A CSP15 capacitance value approximately 7 times larger than bootstrap capacitor CBS is recommended. 5. The VFO output pulse width is determined by the value of an external capacitor (CFOD) between CFOD (pin7) and COM (pin2). (Example: if CFOD = 33 nF, then tFO = 1.8ms (typ.)) Please refer to the note 6 for calculation method. 6. The input signals are Active-high configured. There is a internal 3.3k pull-down resistor from each input signal line to GND. When employing RC coupling circuits between REV. B 7/19/05 the CPU and Motion-SPM select the RC values such that the input signals will be compatible with the Motion-SPM turn-off/turn-on threshold voltages. 7. To prevent protection function errors, the RF and CSC wiring should be as short as possible. 8. The short-circuit protection time constant RFCSC should be set in the range of 1~2sec. 9. Each capacitor should be mounted as close to the pins of the Motion-SPM as possible. 10. To prevent surge destruction, the wiring between the filter capacitor and the P & Ground pins should be as short as possible. The use of a high frequency non-inductive capacitor of around 0.1~0.22F between the P & Ground pins is recommended. In addition to reducing local voltage spikes, the placement and quality of this capacitor will have a direct impact on both conducted and radiated EMI. 11. Relays are used in almost all home appliances electrical equipment. These relays should be kept a sufficient distance from the CPU to prevent electromagnetic radiation from impacting the CPU. 19 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE signals. To decrease the pattern inductance, the wiring between the shunt resistors and SPM should be as short as possible. 12. Excessively large inductance due to long wiring patterns between the shunt resistor and Motion-SPM will cause large surge voltage that might damage the Motion-SPM's internal ICs. Therefore, the wiring between the shunt resistor and Motion-SPM should be as short as possible. Additionally, CSPC15 (more than 1F) should be mounted as close to the pins of the Motion-SPM as possible. 13. Opto-coupler can be used for electric (galvanic) isolation. When opto-couplers are used, attention should be taken to the signal logic level and opto-coupler delay time. Also, since the VFO output current capability is 1mA (max), it cannot drive an opto-coupler directly. A buffer circuit should be added in the primary side of the opto-coupler. 14. RE(H) is recommended to be 5.6 as its minimum. And it should be less than 20. As shown in the Figure 6.6, snubber capacitors should be installed in the right location so as to suppress surge voltages effectively. Generally a 0.1 ~ 0.22F snubber is recommended. If the snubber capacitor is installed in wrong location 'A' as shown in the Figure 6.6, the snubber capacitor cannot suppress the surge voltage effectively. If the capacitor is installed in the location 'B', the charging and discharging currents generated by wiring inductance and the snubber capacitor will appear on the shunt resistor. This will impact the current sensing signal and the SC protection level will be somewhat lower than the calculated design value. The "B" position surge suppression effect is greater than the location 'A' or 'C'. The 'C' position is a reasonable compromise with better suppression than in location 'A' without impacting the current sensing signal accuracy. For this reason, the location 'C' is generally used. 6.3 Recommended Wiring of Shunt Resistor and Snubber Capacitor External current sensing resistors are applied to detect shortcircuit or phase currents. A long wiring patterns between the shunt resistors and SPM will cause excessive surges that might damage the Motion-SPM's internal ICs and current detection components, this may also distort the sensing Incorrect position of Snubber Capacitor Correct position of Snubber Capacitor P C A Capacitor Bank B SPM Wiring Leakage Inductance Nu,Nv,Nw Please make the connection point as close as possible to the terminal of shunt resistor Wiring inductance should be less than 10nH. For example, width > 3mm, thickness = 100 m, length < 17mm in copper pattern COM Shunt Resistor Figure 6.6 Recommended Wiring of Shunt Resistor and Snubber Capacitor 20 REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE AN9035 6.4 External Gate Impedance RE(H) Switching Speed Control The Motion-SPM's HVIC Vs pins are not connected internally to their respective IGBT emitters. This provides design flexibility allowing application of numerous circuit cell configurations in this path (refer to Figure 6.7). Conventionally, resistor connection (Type A in Figure 6.7) is recommended from the practical viewpoint, but for some applications, there is an advantage to inserting various impedance cells. D BS RBS HVIC VB Vcc HO IN Vs COM (a) Switching Loss CBS VDC Impedance cell Load LVIC Motion-SPM RSH (a) Switching Circuit Including Impedance Cell A ON VS B Load OFF ON VS C Load VS OFF VS OFF Load ON ON D (b) dv/dt OFF E Load OFF VS ON Suppression of HVIC Voltage Stress Load (b) Various Types of Impedance Cells Figure 6.7. Switching Test Circuit Including Impedance Cell By incorporating impedance cells, it is possible to change the high-side IGBT switching characteristics. The attractive advantage of this feature is that it provides dv/dt controllability, which may be used to improve the inverter performance to meet tight dv/dt EMI specification requirements. Taking FSBB20CH60 as an example, Figure 6.8 indicates the switching loss and the switching dv/dt according to changes in RE(H). When RE(H) increases, the switching loss becomes slightly greater but the dv/dt decreases substantially. REV. B 7/19/05 Figure 6.8. Trade-off Between Loss & dv/dt for Various RE(H) (Vdc=300V, Vcc=15V, FSBB20CH60) The problem of HVIC latch-up is mainly caused by -VS, VB and VBS over-voltage resulting from excessive switching under severe situations. For example, when the load is shorted to the ground with a weak inductance, a high current flows through the line. When the high-side IGBT turns off in order to cut-off the high short-circuit current, the freewheeling current IF starts to flow through Rsh, DF, and stray inductance as shown in Figure 6.9. Because of IF's increasing di/dt, excessive voltage VF is induced. Excessive minus voltage into VS and a sharp rise in VBS caused by VF may cause the malfunction of HVIC, which subsequently destroys the HVIC and the IGBT. However, by using RE(H), HVIC's latch-up can be prevented by reducing the voltage stress. Figure 6.10 shows experimental waveforms when the load is shorted to the ground via a 20cm-long cable. When the IGBT is turned off with RE(H)=0, the voltage stress applied to the VS is -60V and that of VBS is 34V with a 200nsec period. This exceeds HVIC specifications, 21 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE threatening its stability. The higher the RE(H) increases, the lower the HVIC voltage stress. moderately decreased. Since the bootstrap capacitor charges through RE(H), inadvertent shoot-through of high side IGBT may occur at start-up if the value is too high. To prevent it, bootstrap resistor RBS is recommended to be at least 3 times of RE(H). For detailed information, please refer to the chapter 8.5 'Selection of a bootstrap resistance'. The recommended value of the RE(H) is 5.6 - 1/4W. With this value, the switching characteristic is almost the same as with direct connection and the variation of VBS and -VS is R BS D BS VB Vcc V collector current, IC CBS cc ON In OFF COM HVIC V DC Vs R E(H) - Stray Inductance DF Rsh Freewheeling V F current, IF + Figure 6.9 Load Short Test Circuit Time=[1us/div.] - VBS=[10V/div Ic=[100A/div] (a) RE(H) = 0 (b) RE(H) = 5.6 (c) RE(H) = 10 Figure 6.10 Waveform of VBS and -VS According to RE(H) (Vdc=200V, Vcc=20V, Tc=25C, RBS=27, Rsh=25m, FSBB20CH60) 22 REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE AN9035 there should be an upper limit on RE(H). As for Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP, RE(H) should be restricted to 20 below. Figure 6.12 indicates the experimental turn-on switching waveforms of low side according to the increase of RE(H). It is evident that the IC reverse recovery current at RE(H)=100 is abnormally big. This abnormal current occurs due to the instantaneous conduction of high side IGBT. Considerations for RE(H) When low side IGBT turns on, the rising dv/dt between collector and emitter of high side IGBT is generated. Because of this dv/dt, iCG induced by CCG flows through RG and RE(H) as shown in Figure 6.11. If VGE is larger than the threshold voltage of high side IGBT, the high side IGBT can be conducted momentarily. To prevent this malfunction, R BS DBS iCG HVIC OFF In RG CCG CBS + VGE V CC - R E(H) ON VDC Drive IC In iC Figure 6.11 Mechanism for dv/dt Induced Turn-on of High Side (b) RE(H) = 56 (a) RE(H) = 5.6 (c) RE(H) = 100 Figure 6.12 Variation of Turn-on Current According to RE(H) (Vdc=450V, Vcc=20V, FSBS5CH60) REV. B 7/19/05 23 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE 7. Function and Protection Circuit 7.1 SPM Functions Versus Control Power Supply Voltage Control and gate drive power for the Motion-SPM is normally provided by a single 15Vdc supply that is connected to the module VCC and COM terminals. For proper operation this voltage should be regulated to 15V 10% and its current supply should be larger than 60mA for SPM only. Table 7.1 describes the behavior of the SPM for various control supply voltages. The control supply should be well filtered with a low impedance electrolytic capacitor and a high frequency decoupling capacitor connected right at the Motion-SPM's pins. High frequency noise on the supply might cause the internal control IC to malfunction and generate erroneous fault signals. To avoid these problems, the maximum ripple on the supply should be less than 1V/s. In addition, it may be necessary to connect a 24V, 1W zener diode across the control supply to prevent surge destruction under severe conditions. The voltage at the module's COM terminal is different from that at the N power terminal by the drop across the sensing resistor. It is very important that all control circuits and power supplies be referred to this point and not to the N terminal. If circuits are improperly connected, the additional current flowing through the sense resistor might cause improper operation of the short-circuit protection function. In general, it is best practice to make the common reference (COM) a ground plane in the PCB layout. The main control power supply is also connected to the bootstrap circuits that are used to establish the floating supplies for the high side gate drives. When control supply voltage (VCC and VBS) falls down under UVLO (Under Voltage Lock Out) level, IGBT will turn off while ignoring the input signal. To prevent noise from interrupting this function, built-in 15sec filter is installed in both HVIC and LVIC. Table 7.1 The Functions of Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP Versus Control Power Supply Voltage Control Voltage Range [V] Motion-SPM Function Operations 0~4 Control IC does not operate. Under voltage lockout and fault output do not operate. dv/dt noise on the main P-N supply might trigger the IGBTs. 4 ~ 12.5 Control IC starts to operate. As the under voltage lockout is set, control input signals are blocked and a fault signal Fo is generated. 12.5 ~ 13.5 Under voltage lockout is reset. IGBTs will be operated in accordance with the control gate input. Driving voltage is below the recommended range so VCE(sat) and the switching loss will be larger than that under normal condition. 13.5 ~ 16.5 for VCC 13 ~ 18.5 for VBS 16.5 ~ 20 for VCC 18.5 ~ 20 for VBS Over 20 24 Normal operation. This is the recommended operating condition. IGBTs are still operated. Because driving voltage is above the recommended range, IGBTs' switching is faster. It causes increasing system noise. And peak short circuit current might be too large for proper operation of the short circuit protection. Control circuit in the Motion-SPM might be damaged. REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE AN9035 7.2 Under-Voltage Protection a2: Normal operation: IGBT ON and carrying current. The LVIC has an under voltage lockout function to protect low side IGBTs from operation with insufficient gate driving voltage. A timing chart for this protection is shown in Figure 7.1. a3: Under voltage detection (UVCCD) a1: Control supply voltage rises: a4: IGBT OFF in spite of control input condition a5: Fault output operation starts a6: Under voltage reset (UVCCR) After the voltage rises UVCCR, the circuits start to operate when next input is applied a7: Normal operation: IGBT ON and carrying current Input Signal Protection Circuit State RESET SET RESET UVCCR Control Supply Voltage a1 UVCCD a6 a3 a2 a7 a4 Output Current Fault Output Signal a5 Figure 7.1 Timing Chart of Low-side Under-voltage Protection Function The HVIC has an under voltage lockout function to protect the high side IGBT from insufficient gate driving voltage. A timing chart for this protection is shown in Figure 7.2. A FO alarm is not given for low HVIC bias conditions. b3: Under voltage detection (UVBSD). b1: Control supply voltage rises: After the voltage reaches UVBSR, the circuits start to operate when next input is applied. b5: Under voltage reset (UVBSR) b4: IGBT OFF in spite of control input condition, but there is no fault output signal. b6: Normal operation: IGBT on and carrying current b2: Normal operation: IGBT ON and carrying current. REV. B 7/19/05 25 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE Input Signal Protection Circuit State RESET SET RESET UVBSR Control Supply Voltage b1 b5 UVBSD b3 b6 b2 b4 Output Current High-level (no fault output) Fault Output Signal Figure 7.2 Timing Chart of High-side Under-voltage Protection Function 7.3 Short-Circuit Protection c2: Short circuit current detection (SC trigger). Timing Chart of Short Circuit (SC) Protection c3: Hard IGBT gate interrupt. The LVIC has a built-in short circuit function. This IC monitors the voltage to the CSC pin and if this voltage exceeds the VSC(ref), which is specified in the devices data sheets, then a fault signal is asserted and the lower arm IGBTs are turned off. Typically the maximum short circuit current magnitude is gate voltage dependant. A higher gate voltage results in a larger short circuit current. In order to avoid this potential problem, the maximum short circuit trip level is generally set to below 1.7times the nominal rated collector current. The LVIC short circuit protection-timing chart is shown in Figure 7.3. (with the external shunt resistance and CR connection) c4: IGBT turns OFF. c5: Fault output timer operation starts: The pulse width of the fault output signal is set by the external capacitor CFO. c6: Input "L": IGBT OFF state. c7: Input "H": IGBT ON state, but during the active period of fault output the IGBT doesn't turn ON. c8: IGBT OFF state c1: Normal operation: IGBT ON and carrying current. 26 REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE AN9035 Lower arms control input c6 Protection circuit state SET Internal IGBT Gate-Emitter Voltage c3 c7 RESET c4 c2 SC c1 c8 Output Current SC Reference Voltage Sensing Voltage of the shunt resistance Fault Output Signal c5 CR circuit time constant delay Figure 7.3 Timing Chart of Short-circuit Protection Function Selecting Current Sensing Shunt Resistor level, all the gates of the N-side three-phase IGBTs are switched to the OFF state and the FO fault signal is transmit- Figure 7.4 shows an example circuit of the SC protection using 1-shunt resistor. The line current on the N side DC-link is detected and the protective operation signal is passed through the RC filter. If the current exceeds the SC reference ted to the CPU. Since SC protection is non-repetitive, IGBT operation should be immediately halted when the FO fault signal is given. 15V-Line Motion-SPM VCC DC Current Isc RF + Rshunt VSEN - CSC CSC + VCSC - COM Figure 7.4 Example of Short Circuit Protection Circuit with 1-shunt Resistor REV. B 7/19/05 27 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE The internal protection circuit triggers off under SC condition by comparing the external shunt voltage to the reference SC trip voltage in the LVIC. The drive IC then interrupts low-side IGBT gates to stop IGBT operation. The value of current sensing resistor is calculated by the following expression: protection level. The IC has an internal noise elimination logic filter delay (t2) of 500nsec. The typical IC transfer time delay (t3) should be considered, too. Please, refer to the table 7.3. Table 7.2 Specification of SC Protection Reference Level' VSC(REF) V SC ( REF ) R SHUNT = -----------------------I SC where VSC(REF) is the SC reference voltage of the LVIC. Min. Typ. Max. Unit SC trip level VSC(REF) 0.45 0.5 0.55 V Table 7.3 Internal Delay Time of SC Protection Circuit An RC filter (reference RF CSC above) is necessary to prevent noise related SC circuit malfunction. The RC time constant is determined by the applied noise time and the IGBT withstand voltage capability. It is recommended to be set in the range of 1.5 ~ 2s. When the external shunt resistor voltage drop exceeds the SC protection level, this voltage is applied to the CSC pin via the RC filter. The filter delay time (t1) is the time required for the CSC pin voltage to rises to the referenced SC protection level. Table 7.2 shows the specification of the SC Item Item Min. Typ. Max. Unit Internal filter delay time (t2) - 0.5 0.7 sec IC transfer delay time (t3) - 0.9 1.3 sec Therefore the total time from the detection of the SC trip current to the gate off of the IGBT becomes: TTOTAL = t1 + t2 + t3 15V-Line Motion-SPM Other phases sensing block VCC ILeakage = 500nA RF1 + Rshunt VSEN - + VF - RF2 CSC + CF1 VCSC CSC - RCSC COM Figure 7.5 Example of Short Circuit Protection Circuit with 3-shunt Resistor The 3-shunt resistor circuit is more complicated and has more considerations than the 1-shunt resistor circuit. The 3shunt circuit is popular since it permits detection of individual phase currents. The circuit is very cost effective, simple and provides good current sensing performance. Figure 7.5 shows typical circuit for short-circuit detection using diodes. There are additional considerations when using this circuit as bellows. It should be noted that this circuit is not adequate for the precise over-current detection due to dispersion and temperature dependency of VF. 1. The SC sensing signal delay time is increased. The RF1 x CF1 time constant delay (t4) is added so the total delay time becomes: 2. The added diode blocks the IC leakage current (approximately 500nA) from Csc pin. If this current is applied to the capacitor Csc, the Vcsc will be increased to a somewhat higher value and causes SPM to stop gating even under normal conditions. In order to compensate for this corruption of SC current sensing voltage, RCSC must be placed in parallel with CSC. The recommended value of RCSC is approximately 47k. 3. For the short circuit state, the diode drop voltage has to be considered to set the SC protection reference level. The equation is as illustrated below. VSEN = VCSC + VF TTOTAL = t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 28 REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE AN9035 7.4 Fault Output Circuit Table 7.4 Fault-output Maximum Ratings Item Symbol Condition Fault Output Supply Voltage4 VFO Applied between VFO-COM Fault Output Current4 IFO Sink current at VFO pin Rating Unit -0.3~ VCC+0.3 V 5 mA Table 7.5 Electric Characteristics Item Fault Output Supply Voltage Symbol Condition Min. Typ. Max. Unit VFOH VSC = 0V, VFO Circuit: 4.7kW to 5V Pull-up 4.5 VFOL4 VSC = 1V, VFO Circuit: 4.7kW to 5V Pull-up - - - V - 0.8 V Because FO terminal is an open collector type, it should be pulled up to 5V or 15V level via a pull-up resistor. The resistor has to satisfy the above specifications. 0.30 0.25 VFO [V] 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 IFO [mA] Figure 7.6 Voltage-current Characteristics of VFO Terminal 5V RP VFO MCU SPM GND COM Figure 7.7 VFO Terminal Wiring REV. B 7/19/05 29 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE 8. Bootstrap Circuit 8.1 Operation of Bootstrap Circuit The VBS voltage, which is the voltage difference between VB (U, V, W) and VS (U, V, W), provides the supply to the HVICs within the Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP. This supply must be in the range of 13.0~18.5V to ensure that the HVIC can fully drive the high-side IGBT. The Motion-SPM includes an under-voltage detection function for the VBS to ensure that the HVIC does not drive the high-side IGBT, if the VBS voltage drops below a specified voltage (refer to the datasheet). This function prevents the IGBT from operating in a high dissipation mode. There are a number of ways in which the VBS floating supply can be generated. One of them is the bootstrap method described here. This method has the advantage of being simple and inexpensive. However, the duty cycle and on-time are limited by the requirement to refresh the charge in the bootstrap capacitor. The bootstrap supply is formed by a combination of an external diode, resistor and capacitor as shown in Figure 8.1. The current flow path of the bootstrap circuit is shown in Figure 8.1. When VS is pulled down to ground (either through the low-side or the load), the bootstrap capacitor (CBS) is charged through the bootstrap diode (DBS) and the resistor (RBS) from the VCC supply. 8.2 Initial Charging of Bootstrap Capacitor An adequate on-time duration of the low-side IGBT to fully charge the bootstrap capacitor is required for initial bootstrap charging. The initial charging time (tcharge) can be calculated from the following equation: V CC 1 t ch arg e C BS x ( R BS + R E ( H ) ) x --- x In ----------------------------------------------------------------------- V CC - V BS ( min ) - V f - V LS ( 8.1 ) Vf = Forward voltage drop across the bootstrap diode VBS(min) = The minimum value of the bootstrap capacitor VLS = Voltage drop across the low-side IGBT or load = Duty ratio of PWM P DBS RBS CBS VPN Vcc VB IN HO COM VS RE(H) VCC U, V, W VBS Vcc Vin(L) IN Vcc Out COM ON N (a) Bootstrap Circuit VIN(L) (b) Timing Chart of Initial Bootstrap Charging Figure 8.1 Bootstrap Circuit Operation and Initial Charging 30 REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE AN9035 8.3 Selection of a Bootstrap Capacitor 8.5 Selection of a Bootstrap Resistance The bootstrap capacitance can be calculated by: A resistor RBS must be added in series with the bootstrap diode to slow down the dVBS/dt and it also determines the time to charge the bootstrap capacitor. That is, if the minimum ON pulse width of low-side IGBT or the minimum OFF pulse width of high-side IGBT is tO, the bootstrap capacitor has to be charged V during this period. Therefore, the value of bootstrap resistance can be calculated by the following equation. I leak x t C BS = -----------------------V ( 8.2 ) Where Dt = maximum ON pulse width of high-side IGBT DV = the allowable discharge voltage of the CBS. Ileak = maximum discharge current of the CBS mainly via the following mechanisms: Gate charge for turning the high-side IGBT on Quiescent current to the high-side circuit in the IC Level-shift charge required by level-shifters in the IC Leakage current in the bootstrap diode CBS capacitor leakage current (ignored for non-electrolytic capacitors) Bootstrap diode reverse recovery charge Practically, 1mA of Ileak is recommended for Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP. By taking consideration of dispersion and reliability, the capacitance is generally selected to be 2~3 times of the calculated one. The CBS is only charged when the high-side IGBT is off and the VS voltage is pulled down to ground. Therefore, the on-time of the low-side IGBT must be sufficient to ensure that the charge drawn from the CBS capacitor can be fully replenished. Hence, inherently there is a minimum on-time of the low-side IGBT (or off-time of the high-side IGBT). ( V CC - V BS ) x t O R BS = ---------------------------------------------C BS x V BS Another important factor of determining RBS is related to the voltage across RE(H) during the initial charging period. Figure 8.2 shows the current's path to charge bootstrap capacitor during the initial charging period. In case that the voltage across RE(H) is higher than the threshold voltage of high-side IGBT, the high-side IGBT becomes set to an "on" mode, causing an arm-short. Therefore, the voltage of RE(H) as expressed below should be lower than the threshold voltage of IGBT. R E ( H ) i chg = V CC - R BS i chg - V DBS - V LSIGBT ( 8.4 ) As for Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP, we recommend that the RBS should be three times larger than the RE(H) in order to limit the voltage of RE(H) even under the worst case (low IGBT threshold voltage and high VCC). R BS DBS i chg HVIC OFF The bootstrap capacitor should always be placed as close to the pins of the SPM as possible. At least one low ESR capacitor should be used to provide good local de-coupling. For example, a separate ceramic capacitor close to the SPM is essential, if an electrolytic capacitor is used for the bootstrap capacitor. If the bootstrap capacitor is either a ceramic or tantalum type, it should be adequate for local decoupling. ( 8.3 ) In CBS + VGE - VCC R E(H) ON VDC Drive In IC 8.4 Selection of a Bootstrap Diode When high side IGBT or diode conducts, the bootstrap diode (DBS) supports the entire bus voltage. Hence the withstand voltage more than 600V is recommended. It is important that this diode should be fast recovery (recovery time < 100ns) device to minimize the amount of charge that is fed back from the bootstrap capacitor into the VCC supply. Similarly, the high voltage reverse leakage current is important if the capacitor has to store a charge for long periods of time. REV. B 7/19/05 Figure 8.2 Charging Bootstrap Capacitor at Start-up In conclusion, RBS is selected to the maximum value between the two values calculated by the equations and its power rating is greater than 1/4W. Note that if the rising dVBS/dt is slowed down significantly, it could temporarily result in a few missing pulses during the start-up phase due to insufficient VBS voltage. 31 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE 8.6 Charging and Discharging of the Bootstrap Capacitor During PWM-Inverter Operation Conditions: The bootstrap capacitor (CBS) charges through the bootstrap diode (DBS) and resistor (RBS) from the VCC supply when the high-side IGBT is off, and the VS voltage is pulled down to ground. It discharges when the high-side IGBT is on. RBS = 20 Example 1: Selection of the Initial Charging Time An example of the calculation of the minimum value of the initial charging time is given with reference to equation (8.1). CBS = 22F RE(H) = 5.6 Duty Ratio()= 0.5 DBS = 1N4937 (600V/1A rating) VCC = 15V Vf = 0.5V VBS(min) = 13V VLS = 0.7V 1 15V t ch arg e 22F x ( 20 + 5.6 ) x -------- x IN --------------------------------------------------------------------- = 3.3ms 15V - 13V - 0.5V - 0.7V 0.5 In order to ensure safety, it is recommended that the charging time must be at least three times longer than the calculated value. Ileak = 1mA Example 2: The Minimum Value of the Bootstrap Capacitor The calculated bootstrap capacitance is 5F. By taking consideration of dispersion and reliability, the capacitance is generally selected to be 2-3 times of the calculated one. Note that this result is only an example. It is recommended that you design a system by taking consideration of the actual control pattern and lifetime of components. Conditions: V = 1V t = 5msec 1mA x 0.005s C BS --------------------------------------- = 5F 1V 8.7 Recommended Boot Strap Operation Circuit and Parameters Figure 8.3 is the recommended bootstrap operation circuit and parameters. These Values depend on PWM Control Algorithm RE(H)=5.6 15V-Line 1/4W RBS DBS One-Leg Diagram of SPM P 20 1/4W 6.8F 0.1F Vcc VB IN HO COM VS Inverter Output Vcc 1000F 0.1F IN OUT COM VSL N Notes. The value of RE(H) is recommended as 5.6. RE(H) can be increased for slower switching of high side but should be less than 20. RBS should be larger than 3 times of RE(H). Figure 8.3 Recommended Boot Strap Operation Circuit and Parameters 32 REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE AN9035 9. Power Loss and Dissipation voltage/current. Hence, in order to obtain the accurate switching loss, we should consider the DC-link voltage of the system, the applied switching frequency and the power circuit layout in addition to the current and temperature. 9.1 Power Loss of Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP The total power losses in the Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP are composed of conduction and switching losses in the IGBTs and FRDs. The loss during the turn-off steady state can be ignored because it is very small amount and has little effect on increasing the temperature in the device. The conduction loss depends on the dc electrical characteristics of the device i.e. saturation voltage. Therefore, it is a function of the conduction current and the device's junction temperature. On the other hand the switching loss is determined by the dynamic characteristics like turn-on/off time and over- In this chapter, based on a PWM-inverter system for motor control applications, detailed equations are shown to calculate both losses of the Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP. They are for the case that 3-phase continuous sinusoidal PWM is adopted. For other cases like 3-phase discontinuous PWMs, please refer to the paper "Minimum-Loss Strategy for threePhase PWM Rectifier, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 46, No. 3, June, 1999 by Dae-Woong Chung and Seung-Ki Sul". Conduction Loss The typical characteristics of forward drop voltage are approximated by the following linear equation for the IGBT and the diode, respectively. vI = VI + R I i ( 9.1 ) vD = VD + R D i VI = Threshold voltage of IGBT VD = Threshold voltage of diode RI = on-state slope resistance of IGBT RD = on-state slope resistance of diode Assuming that the switching frequency is high, the output current of the PWM-inverter can be assumed to be sinusoidal. That is, i = I peak cos ( - ) ( 9.2 ) Where f is the phase-angle difference between output voltage and current. Using equations (9.1), the conduction loss of one IGBT and diode can be obtained as follows. V I I peak P con.I = -------------------2 --- + 2 R I I peak cos ( - )d + ------------------2 --- + 2 --- + 2 V D Ipeak P con.D = ---------------------2 2 --- + 2 2 cos ( - ) d ( 9.3 ) --- + 2 R D I peak ( 1 - ) cos ( - ) d + --------------------2 --- + 2 2 --- + 2 2 ( 1 - )cos ( - ) d ( 9.4 ) --- + 2 where is the duty cycle in the given PWM method. 1 + MI cos = ------------------------------2 ( 9.5 ) where MI is the PWM modulation index (MI, defined as the peak phase voltage divided by the half of dc link voltage). Finally, the integration of equation (9.3) and (9.4) gives ( 9.6 ) P con = P con.I + P con.D 2 2 I peak I peak I peak I peak = ------------- ( V I + V D ) + ------------- ( V I - V D )MI cos + ------------- ( R I + R D ) + ------------- ( R I - R D )MI cos 2 8 8 3 It should be noted that the total inverter conduction losses are six times of the Pcon. REV. B 7/19/05 33 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE Switching Loss Different devices have different switching characteristics and they also vary according to the handled voltage/current and the operating temperature/frequency. However, the turnon/off loss energy (Joule) can be experimentally measured indirectly by multiplying the current and voltage and integrating over time, under a given circumstance. Therefore the linear dependency of a switching energy loss on the switched-current is expressed during one switching period as follows. ( Switching enegy loss = ( E I + E D ) x i [ joule ] ) ( 9.7 ) E I = E I.ON + E I.OFF ( 9.8 ) E D = E D.ON + E D.OFF ( 9.9 ) where, EI i is the switching loss energy of the IGBT and ED i is for the diode. EI and ED can be considered a constant approximately. As mentioned in the above equation (9.2), the output current can be considered a sinusoidal waveform and the switching loss occurs every PWM period in the continuous PWM schemes. Therefore, depending on the switching frequency of fsw, the switching loss of one device is the following equation (9.10). --- + 2 1 P sw = ------2 ( E I + E D ) ifsw d --- + 2 ( E I + E D )f sw I peak = -----------------------------------------------2 --- + 2 cos ( - ) d --- + 2 ( E I + E D )f sw I peak = ---------------------------------------------- ( 9.10 ) where EI is a unique constant of IGBT related to the switching energy and different IGBT has different EI value. ED is one for diode. Those should be derived by experimental measurement. From equation (9.10), it should be noted that the switching losses are a linear function of current and directly proportional to the switching frequency. 9.2 Thermal Impedance Tj Tc Th Rjc PD Cjc Ta Rch Rca Being ignored Cch Rha Cha Transient impedance of each section Figure 9.1 Transient Thermal Equivalent Circuit with a Heatsink. Figure 9.1 shows the thermal equivalent circuit of an Motion-SPM mounted on a heat sink. For sustained power dissipation PD at the junction, the junction temperature Tj can be calculated as; T j = P D ( R jc + R ch + R ha ) + T a ( 9.11 ) Where Ta is the ambient temperature and Rjc, Rch, and Rha represent the thermal resistance from the junction-tocase, case-to-heat sink, and the heat sink-to-ambient for each IGBT and diode within the Motion-SPM, respectively. Referencing Figure 9.1, the dotted component of Rca can be ignored due to its large value. 34 From equation (9.11), it is evident that for a limited Tjmax (125C). PD can be increased by reducing Rha. This means that a more efficient cooling system will increase the power dissipation capability of Mini-SPM. An infinite heat sink will result if Rch and Rha are reduced to zero and the case temperature Tc is locked at the fixed ambient temperature Ta. In practical operation, the power loss PD is cyclic and therfore the transient RC equivalent circuit shown in Figure 9.1 should be considered. For pulsed power loss, the thermal capacitance effect delays the rise in junction temperature, and thus permits a heavier loading of the SPM. Figure 9.2 shows thermal impedance curves of FSBS15CH60. The thermal resistance goes into saturation in about 10 seconds. Other kinds of SPM also show similar characteristics. REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE AN9035 FSBS15CH60, Normalized Zjc of diode (/W) FSBS15CH60, Normalized Zjc of IGBT (/W) 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 Time (s) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 Time (s) Figure. 9.2 Thermal Impedance Curves (Normalized, FSBS15CH60) 9.3 Temperature Rise Considerations and Calculation Example The result of loss calculation using the typical characteristics is shown in Figure 9.3 as "Effective current versus carrier frequency characteristics". The conditions are follows. Figure 9.3 indicates an example of an inverter operated under the condition of Tc=100C. It indicates the effective current Io which can be outputted when the junction temperature Tj rises to the average junction temperature of 125C (up to which the Mini-DIP operates safely). Conditions: VPN=300V, VCC=VBS=15V, VCE(sat)=typical, Switching loss=typical, Tj=125C, Tc=100C, Rth(j-c) = Max., P.F=0.8, 3-phase continuous PWM modulation, 60Hz sine waveform output. Effective current Io ( Arms) 100 FSBS 3CH60 FSBS 5CH60 FSBS 10C H60 FSBS 15C H60 FSBB15C H60 FSBB20C H60 FSBB30C H60 10 1 1 10 100 S w itching frequency Fsw (kHz) Note: The above characteristics may vary in the different control schemes and motor drive types. Figure 9.3 Effective Current-carrier Frequency Characteristics REV. B 7/19/05 35 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE 10. Package Silicon Grease The following precautions should be observed to maximize the effect of the heat sink and minimize device stress, when mounting an SPM on a heat sink. Apply silicon grease between the SPM and the heat sink to reduce the contact thermal resistance. Be sure to apply the coating thinly and evenly, do not use too much. A uniform layer of silicon grease (100 ~ 200um thickness) should be applied in this situation. Heat Sink Screw Tightening Torque 10.1 Heat Sink Mounting Do not exceed the specified fastening torque. Over tightening the screws may cause ceramic cracks and bolts and AL heat-fin destruction. Tightening the screws beyond a certain torque can cause saturation of the contact thermal resistance. The tightening torques in table 10.1 is recommended for obtaining the proper contact thermal resistance and avoiding the application of excessive stress to the device. Please follow the instructions of the manufacturer, when attaching a heat sink to an Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP. Be careful not to apply excessive force to the device when attaching the heat sink. Drill holes for screws in the heat sink exactly as specified. Smooth the surface by removing burrs and protrusions of indentations. Refer to Table 10.1. Avoid stress due to tightening on one side only. Figure 10.1 shows the recommended torque order for mounting screws. Uneven mounting can cause the SPM ceramic substrate to be damaged. Heat-sink-equipped devices can become very hot when in operation. Do not touch, as you may sustain a burn injury. Table 10.1 Torque Rating Item Mounting Torque Limits Condition Mounting Screw: M3 Ceramic/DBC Flatness Recommended 0.59 N*m (Note Figure 10.1) Heatsink Flatness Typ. Max. 0.49 0.59 0.69 N*m 0 - +120 m +50 m - g -100 Weight Unit Min. - 15.65 (+) (+) (+) Figure 10.1 Flatness Measurement Position 10.2 Handling Precaution Transportation When using semiconductors, the incidence of thermal and/or mechanical stress to the devices due to improper handling may result in significant deterioration of their electrical characteristics and/or reliability. Handle the device and packaging material with care. To avoid damage to the device, do not toss or drop. During transport, ensure that the device is not subjected to mechanical vibration or shock. Avoid getting devices wet. Moisture can also adversely affect the packaging (by 36 REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE nullifying the effect of the antistatic agent). Place the devices in special conductive trays. When handling devices, hold the package and avoid touching the leads, especially the gate terminal. Put package boxes in the correct direction. Putting them upside down, leaning them or giving them uneven stress might cause the electrode terminals to be deformed or the resin case to be damaged. Throwing or dropping the packaging boxes might cause the devices to be damaged. Wetting the packaging boxes might cause the breakdown of devices when operating. Pay attention not to wet them when transporting on a rainy or a snowy day. Storage 1) Avoid locations where devices will be exposed to moisture or direct sunlight. (Be especially careful during periods of rain or snow.) 2) Do not place the device cartons upside down. Stack the cartons atop one another in an uprighrt position only.: Do not place cartons on their sides. 3) The storage area temperature should be maintained within a range of 5C to 35C, with humidity kept within the range from 40% to 75%. 4) Do not store devices in the presence of harmful (especially corrosive) gases, or in dusty conditions. 5) Use storage areas where there is minimal temperature fluctuation. Rapid temperature changes can cause moisture condensation on stored devices, resulting in lead oxidation or corrosion. As a result, lead solderability will be degraded. 6) When repacking devices, use antistatic containers. Unused devices should be stored no longer than one month. 7) Do not allow external forces or loads to be applied to the devices while they are in storage. Environment 1) When humidity in the working environment decreases, the human body and other insulators can easily become charged with electrostatic electricity due to friction. Maintain the recommended humidity of 40% to 60% in the work environment. Be aware of the risk of moisture absorption by the products after unpacking from moisture-proof packaging. 2) Be sure that all equipment, jigs and tools in the working area are grounded to earth. 3) Place a conductive mat over the floor of the work area, or take other appropriate measures, so that the floor surface is grounded to earth and is protected against electrostatic electricity. 4) Cover the workbench surface with a conductive mat, grounded to earth, to disperse electrostatic electricity on the surface through resistive components. Workbench surfaces must not be constructed of low-resistance REV. B 7/19/05 AN9035 metallic material that allows rapid static discharge when a charged device touches it directly. 5) Ensure that work chairs are protected with an antistatic textile cover and are grounded to the floor surface with a grounding chain. 6) Install antistatic mats on storage shelf surfaces. 7) For transport and temporary storage of devices, use containers that are made of antistatic materials of materials that dissipate static electricity. 8) Make sure cart surfaces that come into contact with device packaging are made of materials that will conduct static electricity, and are grounded to the floor surface with a grounding chain. 9) Operators must wear antistatic clothing and conductive shoes (or a leg or heel strap). 10) Operators must wear a wrist strap grounded to earth through a resistor of about 1M. 11) If the tweezers you use are likely to touch the device terminals, use an antistatic type and avoid metallic tweezers. If a charged device touches such a lowresistance tool, a rapid discharge can occur. When using vacuum tweezers, attach a conductive chucking pad at the tip and connect it to a dedicated ground used expressly for antistatic purposes. 12) When storing device-mounted circuit boards, use a board container or bag that is protected against static charge. Keep them separated from each other, and do not stack them directly on top of one another, to prevent static charge/discharge which occurs due to friction. 13) Ensure that articles (such as clip boards) that are brought into static electricity control areas are constructed of antistatic materials as far as possible. 14) In cases where the human body comes into direct contact with a device, be sure to wear finger cots or gloves protected against static electricity. Electrical Shock A device undergoing electrical measurement poses the danger of electrical shock. Do not touch the device unless you are sure that the power to the measuring instrument is off. Circuit Board Coating When using devices in equipment requiring high reliability or in extreme environments (where moisture, corrosive gas or dust is present), circuit boards can be coated for protection. However, before doing so, you must carefully examine the possible effects of stress and contamination that may result. There are many and varied types of coating resins whose selection is, in most cases, based on experience. However, because device-mounted circuit boards are used in various ways, factors such as board size, 37 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE board thickness, and the effects that components have on one another, makes it practically impossible to predict the thermal and mechanical stresses that semiconductor devices will be subjected to. 10.3 Marking Specifications Figure 10.2 Marking Layout (bottom side) Figure 10.3 Marking Dimension of FSBB15CH60 1. F: Fairchild Logo 2. XXX: Last 3 digits of Lot No. 3. YWW: Work Week Code ("Y" refers to the below alphabet character table) Table10.2 Work Week Code 38 Y 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Alphabet A B C D E F G H J K A REV. B 7/19/05 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE AN9035 10.4 Packaging Specifications Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP Configuration Packaging Description: All SPM parts are shipped normally in tube. The tube is made of PVC plastic treated with anti-static agent.These tubes in standard option are placed inside a dissipative plastic bubble sheet, barcode labeled, and placed inside a box made of recyclable corrugated paper. One box contains six tubes maximum. And one or several of these boxes are placed inside a labeled shipping box which comes in different sizes depending on the number of parts shipped. The other option comes in bulk as described in the Packaging Information table. The units in this option are placed inside a small box laid with anti-static bubble sheet. These smaller boxes are individually labeled and placed inside a larger box. These larger boxes then will be placed finally inside a labeled shipping box which still comes in different sizes depending on the number of units shipped. Mini-DIP: 10 units per Tube 6 Tubes per box Bubble Sheet FKS Label 570mm x 150mm x 48mm Inner box (60cap) Motion-SPM in Mini-DIP Package Information Inner Box Barcode Label Sample LOT: AR QTY: SPM27-BA Packaging Information Packaging Option Packaging type Qty per Tube/ Inner Box Inner Box Dimension (mm) Max qty per Box Standard (no flow code) Rail/Tube 10 570x150x48 PART ID: D/C1:0211 D/C2: SPEC: QTY1: QTY2: SPEC REV: CPN: Weight per unit (gm) - 590mm x 330mm x 245mm Outer box(480cap) Outer Box Barcode Label Sample 60 480 (F63TNR)3.2 FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. 2003/ 05 /20 07:30:00 BG:FKS-IT Outer Box Dimension (mm) 590x330x245 Max qty per Box 2003/ 05 /20 07:30:00 BG:SA PART ID : LOT NO : QTY : FKS Label M110020004 0138 Note/Comments FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. Mini-DIP Tube Information (BBX)1.0 3.2 0.1 Note: All dimensions are in mm 44.8 0.3 18.0 0.3 524.0 1.0 27.0 0.3 1.0+0.2 -0.0 17.30 39.5 17.0 0.3 Figure 10.3 Description of packaging process. REV. B 7/19/05 39 AN9035 MOTION-SPM IN MINI-DIP APPLICATION NOTE Notice for Safe Designs We are making every effort to improve the quality and reliability of our products. However, there are possibilities that semiconductor products be damaged or malfunctioned. Pay much attention to take safety into consideration and to adopt redundant, fireproof and malfunction-proof designs, so that the breakdown or malfunction of these products would not cause accidents including human life, fire, and social damages. Notes When Using this Specification This specification is intended as reference materials when customers use Fairchild semiconductor products. Thus, we disclaim any warranty for exercise or our intellectual property rights and other proprietary rights regarding the product information described in this specification. 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