PAM8106 Green 10W Stereo Class-D Audio Power Amplifier With NCPL & SSM BSRN BSRP ROUT P PVCCR PGN DR ROUTN 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 NC RINN 2 23 SD RINP 3 22 AVCC MUT E 4 21 VCLAMP PAM8106 XXXYWWLL 20 AGND V2P5 LINN 7 18 PL NC 8 17 SSMCTL NC 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 PGND L 19 PVCCL LINP 6 LOUTP 5 BSLP AVDD BSLN PAM8106 is fully protected against faults with short circuit protection and thermal shutdown as well as undervoltage and DC input protection. 31 1 LOUT N PAM8106 integrates Non-Clipping Power Limit (NCPL) technology which adjusts the gain and eliminate the output signal clip due to the over-level input signal. PAM8106 also offers low THD+N and protects the speaker from damage. 32 NC PV C C L PAM8106 runs off of a 4.5V to 15V supply with high efficiency up to 92% to eliminate the heat-sink. With advanced EMI suppression by Spread-Spectrum Modulation (SSM) technology, PAM8106 requires only inexpensive ferrite bead filters for audio outputs while meeting EMC requirements for overall system cost reduction. PVCCR The PAM8106 is a 10W/CH stereo class-D audio amplifier with Spread-Spectrum modulation, which offers high-quality low THD+N, low EMI, and high PSRR. PGND R Pin Assignments PGNDL Description The PAM8106 is available in a W-QFN5050-32 (Standard) package. Features Applications 4.5V to 15V Operation 10W x2 into a 8 speaker with 12V Supply 4 Impedance Driving Capability Built-In Non-Clipping Power Limit (NCPL) High SNR, High PSRR, Over 92% Efficiency Low Noise, Low THD+N Low Quiescent Current Pop Noise Suppression Spread Spectrum Modulation (SSM) OCP, OTP, OVP, UVLO, Short-Circuit and DC input Protection Lead-Free Finish; RoHS Compliant (Notes 1 & 2) Halogen and Antimony Free. "Green" Device (Note 3) Notes: Flat Monitor & LCD TVs Multi-Media Speaker System DVD Players, Game Machines Boom Box & Consumer Electronics Related Application Music Instruments 1. EU Directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS), 2011/65/EU (RoHS 2) & 2015/863/EU (RoHS 3) compliant. All applicable RoHS exemptions applied. 2. See https://www.diodes.com/quality/lead-free/ for more information about Diodes Incorporated's definitions of Halogen- and Antimony-free, "Green" and Lead-free. 3. Halogen- and Antimony-free "Green" products are defined as those which contain <900ppm bromine, <900ppm chlorine (<1500ppm total Br + Cl) and <1000ppm antimony compounds. PAM8106 Document number: DS40457 Rev. 1 - 2 1 of 13 www.diodes.com March 2018 (c) Diodes Incorporated PAM8106 1 2 3 4 5 6 Typical Applications Circuit ROUTN D ROUTP D C4 C7 V CC V CC C2 FB1 4 B STN 25 26 27 28 PAM8106 PL R4 C18 21 V CC C C19 20 19 C17 18 C16 17 SS M CT L PGNDL C15 R11 R10 16 15 PVC CL 14 13 NC B STP LOUT-P LIN N 12 8 V 2 P5 SD 22 A GN D LIN P B STN R3 R5 7 23 V CL M P 11 C10 C20 A VC C 9 10 A u d i o i n p u t L- R IN P PGNDL A u d i o i n p u t L+ SD A VD D 6 C14 24 NC R IN N M U TE 5 A VD D B STP R OUT-P NC 2 3 Mu te PVC CR 1 R OUT-N R1 R2 LOUT-N C11 C12 PVC CL A u d i o i n p u t R+ PGNDR U1 C C6 29 30 31 32 C5 A u d i o i n p u t R- C9 C8 FB2 PGNDR C3 PVC CR V CC C1 A VD D C24 B C22 FB3 C25 SS M CT L B C28 FB4 C21 C27 V CC C23 LOUTN C26 V CC LOUTP Pin Descriptions A A Pin Number Package Name Function 1, 8, 24 2 3 4 5 6 7 9, 16 10, 15 11 12 13 14 NC RINN RINP MUTE AVDD LINP LINN PGNDL PVCCL LOUTN BSLN BSLP LOUTP 17 SSMCTL 18 19 20 21 22 PL V2P5 AGND VCLAMP AVCC 23 SD 25, 32 26, 31 27 28 29 30 PGNDR PVCCR ROUTP BSRP BSRN ROUTN 33 Thermal Pad No Connect, floating or connect to GND on PCB Negative differential audio input for right channel. Positive differential audio input for right channel. A logic-high on this pin disables the outputs and a logic low enables the outputs. 5V Analog Supply (internally generated) Positive differential audio input for left channel. Negative differential audio input for left channel. Power ground for left channel H-bridge. Power supply for left channel H-bridge, not connected to PVCCR or AVCC. Class-D H-bridge negative output for left channel. Bootstrap I/O for left channel, negative high-side FET. Bootstrap I/O for left channel, positive high-side FET. Class-D H-bridge positive output for left channel. SSM ON/OFF Control. A Logic-Low enable SSM feature and a Logic-High disable SSM feature. (Logic-High level complies to AVDD). SSM mode will be turned ON if this pin is left floating after power-up, due to pullup resistor embedded. Reference voltage for power-limit function. 2.5V Reference for analog cells. Analog Ground Internally generated voltage supply for bootstrap capacitors. High-voltage analog power supply (4.5V to 15V) Shutdown signal for IC (low= shutdown, high = operational). Compliance to AVCC. Power ground for right channel H-bridge. Power supply for right channel H-bridge, not connected to PVCCL or AVCC. Class-D H-bridge positive output for right channel. Bootstrap I/O for right channel, positive high-side FET. Bootstrap I/O for right channel, negative high-side FET. Class-D H-bridge negative output for right channel. Connect to ground. Thermal pad should be soldered down on all applications to secure the device properly to the printed wiring board. 2 of 13 www.diodes.com 1 2 PAM8106 Document number: DS40457 Rev. 1 - 2 Ti t le Si ze N u m b er R ev i s io n B D ate: Fi l e: 3 4 5 1 0 -M ar-2 0 1 7 Sh eet o f E: \ PAM \ \ PA M 8 1 06 \p cb \ QF N PADM raw 80n0 6 BAy :A 1 0 0 7. dd b 6 March 2018 (c) Diodes Incorporated PAM8106 Functional Block Diagram Feedback System (x10) Feedback System (x10) Notes: Gain: Ri = 15k, Rf = 60k; MAX Setting Power Limit Function: Set by RI and RF PAM8106 Document number: DS40457 Rev. 1 - 2 3 of 13 www.diodes.com March 2018 (c) Diodes Incorporated PAM8106 Absolute Maximum Ratings (@TA = +25C, unless otherwise specified.) These are stress ratings only and functional operation is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum ratings for prolonged time periods may affect device reliability. All voltages are with respect to ground. Symbol PVCC/AVCC Supply Voltage Parameter VI Input voltages for RINN, RINP, LINN, LINP, MUTE, PL Rating -0.3 to +18 Unit V (GND-0.3) to 5.5 V (GND-0.3) to AVCC V SD Input voltage for SD TJ Junction Temperature Range -40 to +150 C TSTG Storage Temperature -65 to +150 C TSDR Maximum soldering Temperature Range - Lead Temperature 1, 6mm (1/16inch) 260 (5sec) C Recommended Operating Conditions (@TA = +25C, unless otherwise specified.) Symbol PVCC/AVCC VI SD Rating Unit Supply Voltage Input voltages for RINN, RINP, LINN, LINP Parameter 4.5 to 15 (GND-0.3) to 5.5 V V Input voltages for RINN-RINP, LINN-LINP 0 to 2 VRMS 3 to AVCC 0 to 0.5 V 3 to 5.5 0 to 0.5 V High-Level Input voltage for SD Low-Level Input voltage for SD MUTE High-Level Input voltage for MUTE Low-Level Input voltage for MUTE TA Operating Free-Air Temperature range -40 to +85 C TJ Operating Junction Temperature range -40 to +150 C Thermal Information Symbol Parameter Package Maximum Unit JC Thermal Resistance (Junction to Case) W-QFN5050-32 (Standard) 5.0 C/W JA Thermal Resistance (Junction to Ambient) W-QFN5050-32 (Standard) 33 C/W * The exposed PAD must be soldered to a thermal land on the PCB. * Measured data by PAM test jig setup condition. PAM8106 Document number: DS40457 Rev. 1 - 2 4 of 13 www.diodes.com March 2018 (c) Diodes Incorporated PAM8106 Electrical Characteristics Symbol AVCC PO (@TA = +25C, VCC = 12V, RL =8, MAX Gain, unless otherwise specified.) Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units -- 4.5 -- 15 V THD+N = 0.12%, f = 1kHz, RL = 8 -- 6 -- THD+N = 1%, f = 1kHz, RL = 8 -- 8.4 -- -- Supply Voltage Continuous Output Power W THD+N = 10%, f = 1kHz, RL = 8 -- 10.4 Total Harmonic Distortion plus Noise PO = 5W, f = 1kHz, RL = 8 -- 0.05 -- % IDD Quiescent Current (No Load) -- 15 30 mA ISD Supply Quiescent Current in Shutdown Mode Shutdown = 0V -- 15 25 A Mute Current (No Load) -- 11 -- mA -- -- -- -- 210 210 420 92 -- -- -- -- -- -70 -- -- 25 -- ms -- 300 -- kHz THD+N IMUTE RDS(ON) PSRR Drain-Source On-State Resistance IO = 0.5A TJ = +25C Efficiency Po=10W Power Supply Ripple Rejection Ratio TON Turn-on Time fOSC Oscillator frequency High Side Low Side Total 1VPP Ripple, f = 1kHz, Inputs AC-Coupled to Ground SD from "L" to "H" -- m % dB VN Output Integrated Noise 20Hz to 22kHz, A-Weighting, SSM OFF, Gain = 32dB -- 170 -- Vrms CS Crosstalk PO = 3W, RL = 8, f = 1kHz -- -90 -- dB Signal to Noise Ratio Maximum Output at THD+N < 0.5%, f = 1kHz -- 95 -- dB -- 32 -- dB INN and INP Connected Together -- -- 50 mV No Load -- 2.5 -- V VCC = 6V to 15V -- 5.2 5.7 V V SNR GV V2P5 Output Offset Voltage (measured differentially) 2.5V Bias Voltage AVDD Internal Analog Supply Voltage |VOS| -- Closed Loop Gain VIH Input High Level -- 3 -- -- VIL Input Low Level -- -- -- 0.5 V Over-Temperature Shutdown Thermal Hysteresis -- -- -- -- 160 45 -- -- C C OTS OTH PAM8106 Document number: DS40457 Rev. 1 - 2 5 of 13 www.diodes.com March 2018 (c) Diodes Incorporated PAM8106 Typical Performance Characteristics (VCC = 12, RL = 8, GV = 32dB, TA = +25C, VCC = 15V, RL =8, unless otherwise specified.) 1. THD+N vs Power (Vcc=12V) 2. THD+N vs Power (Vcc=15V) 20 20 10 10 5 5 f=10KHz 2 f=10KHz 2 1 % f=1KHz 1 0.5 0.5 % f=1KHz 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05 f=100Hz 0.02 0.01 1m 2m 5m 10m 20m f=100Hz 0.02 50m 100m 200m 500m 1 2 5 0.01 1m 10 2m 5m 10m 20m 50m 100m W 3. THD+N vs Frequency (Vcc=12V) 500m 1 2 5 10 20 4. THD+N vs Frequency (Vcc=15V) 10 10 5 5 2 2 1 1 Po=2W 0.5 Po=5W 0.2 % 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.003 20 50 Po=0.8W f=100Hz 100 200 Po=8W 0.5 Po=3W % 200m W 0.01 Po=3W 0.005 500 1k 2k 5k 10k 0.003 20 20k 50 100 200 500 Hz 1k 2k 5k 10k 5k 10k 20k Hz 5. Frequency Response(Vcc=12V,Gv=32dB,Rl=8) 6. Crosstalk(Vcc=12V,Rl=8) +40 +0 T T T T T T +37.5 -10 +35 -20 +32.5 +30 -30 +27.5 -40 +25 d B g +22.5 A +17.5 d B Cin=0.47uF +15 L to R -50 Cin=1uF +20 -60 -70 R to L -80 +12.5 Cin=0.1uF +10 +7.5 -90 -100 +5 -110 +2.5 +0 20 50 100 200 500 1k 2k 5k 10k 20k -120 20 Hz PAM8106 Document number: DS40457 Rev. 1 - 2 50 100 200 500 1k 2k 20k Hz 6 of 13 www.diodes.com March 2018 (c) Diodes Incorporated PAM8106 7. PSRR(Vcc=12V,Gv=32dB,Rl=8) PSRR(Vcc=15V,Gv=32dB,Rl=8) +0 +0 -5 -5 -10 -10 -15 -15 -20 -20 -25 -25 -30 -30 -35 d B -35 d B -40 -40 -45 -45 -50 -50 -55 -55 -60 -60 -65 -65 -70 -70 -75 -75 -80 20 50 100 200 500 1k 2k 5k 10k -80 20 20k 50 100 200 500 Hz 1k 2k 5k 10k 20k Hz 8. Noise Floor(Vcc=12V,Gv=32dB,Rl=8) Noise Floor(Vcc=15V,Gv=32dB,Rl=8) +0 +0 -10 -10 -20 -20 -30 -30 -40 -40 -50 -50 d B r -60 d B r -70 A -60 -70 A -80 -80 -90 -90 -100 -100 -110 -110 -120 -120 -130 20 50 100 200 500 1k 2k 5k 10k 20k -130 20 50 9. Efficiency vs Output Power(Vcc=12V) 11. PL voltage vs output Power PAM8106 Document number: DS40457 Rev. 1 - 2 100 200 500 1k 2k 5k 10k 20k Hz Hz Efficiency vs Output Power(Vcc=15V) 12. Quiescent Current vs Supply Voltage 7 of 13 www.diodes.com March 2018 (c) Diodes Incorporated PAM8106 Application Information Test Setup for Performance Testing PAM8106 Demo Board Notes: 4. The AP AUX-0025 low pass filter is necessary for class-D amplifier measurement with AP analyzer. 5. Two 22H inductors are used in series with load resistor to emulate the small speaker for efficiency measurement. MUTE Operation The MUTE pin is an input for controlling the output state of the PAM8106. A Logic-High on this pin disables the outputs and Logic-Low enables the outputs. This pin may be used as a quick disable or enable of the outputs without a volume fade. Shutdown Operation The PAM8106 employs a shutdown operation mode to reduce supply current to the absolute minimum level during periods of non-use to save power. The SD input terminal should be held high during normal operation when the amplifier is in use. Pulling SD low causes the outputs to mute and the amplifier to enter a low-current state. SD should never be left unconnected to prevent the amplifier from unpredictable operation. For the best power-off pop performance, the amplifier should be set in shutdown mode prior to removing the power supply voltage. Internal 2.5V Bias Generator Capacitor Selection The internal 2.5V bias generator (V2P5) provides the internal bias for the preamplifier stage. The external input capacitors and this internal reference allow the inputs to be biased within the optimal common-mode range of the input preamplifiers. The selection of the capacitor value on the V2P5 terminal is critical for achieving the best device performance. During startup or recovery from shutdown state, the V2P5 capacitor determines the rate at which the amplifier starts up. When the voltage on the V2P5 capacitor equals 0.75 x V2P5, or 75% of its final value, the device turns on and the Class-D outputs start switching. The startup time is not critical for the best de-pop performance since any heard pop sound is the result of the Class-D output switching-on other than that of the startup time. However, at least a 0.47F capacitor is recommended for the V2P5 capacitor. Another function of the V2P5 capacitor is to filter high frequency noise on the internal 2.5V bias generator. Power Supply Decoupling, CS The PAM8106 is a high-performance CMOS audio amplifier that requires adequate power supply decoupling to ensure the output total harmonic distortion (THD) as low as possible. Power supply decoupling also prevents ringing oscillations caused by long lead between the amplifier and the speaker. The optimum decoupling is achieved by using two capacitors of different types that target different types of noise on the power supply leads. For higher frequency transients, spikes, or digital hash on the line, a good low equivalent-series resistance (ESR) ceramic capacitor, typically X7R type 1F, is recommended, placing as close as possible to the device's V CC lead. To filter lower frequency noises, a large aluminum electrolytic capacitor of 10F or greater is recommended, placing near the audio power amplifier. The 10F capacitor also serves as a local storage capacitor for supplying current during large signal transients on the amplifier outputs. BSN and BSP Capacitors The full H-bridge output stages use NMOS transistors only. They therefore require bootstrap capacitors for the high side of each output to turn on correctly. An at least 220nF ceramic capacitor, rated for at least 25V, must be connected from each output to its corresponding bootstrap input. Specifically, one 220nF capacitor must be connected from xOUTP to xBSP, and another 220nF capacitor from xOUTN to xBSN. It is recommended to use 1F BST capacitor to replace 220nF or lower than 100Hz applications. PAM8106 Document number: DS40457 Rev. 1 - 2 8 of 13 www.diodes.com March 2018 (c) Diodes Incorporated PAM8106 Application Information (Continued) VCLAMP Capacitors To ensure that the maximum gate-to-source voltage for the NMOS output transistors not exceeded, an internal regulators are used to clamp the gate voltage. A 1F capacitors must be connected from VCLAMP to ground and must be rated for at least 25V. The voltages at the VCLAMP terminals vary with VCC and may not be used to power any other circuitry. Internal Regulated 5-V Supply (AVDD) The AVDD terminal is the output of an internally generated 5V supply, used for the oscillator, amplifier, power limit circuitry and logic control circuitry. It requires a 0.1F to 1F capacitor, placed very close to the pin to ground to keep the regulator stable. The regulator may not be used to power any external circuitry. Differential Input Power Limit The differential input stage of the amplifier eliminates noises that appear on the two input lines of the channel. To use the PAM8106 with a differential source, connect the positive lead of the audio source to the INP input and the negative lead from the audio source to the INN input. To use the PAM8106 with a single-ended source, AC ground the INP input through a capacitor equal in value to the input capacitor on INN and apply the audio source to the INN input. In a single-ended input application, the INP input should be AC grounded at the audio source other than at the device input for best noise performance. Using Low-ESR Capacitors Low-ESR capacitors are recommended throughout this application section. A real (with respect to ideal) capacitor can be modeled simply as a resistor in series with an ideal capacitor. The voltage drop across this resistor minimizes the beneficial effects of the capacitor in the circuit. The lower the equivalent value of this resistance the more the real capacitor behaves as an ideal capacitor. Short-Circuit Protection The PAM8106 has short circuit protection circuitry on the outputs to prevent damage to the device when output-to-output shorts, output-to-GND shorts, or output-to-VCC shorts occur. Once a short-circuit is detected on the outputs, the output drive is immediately disabled. This is a latched fault and must be reset by cycling the voltage on the SD pin to a logic low and back to the logic high state for normal operation. This will clear the short-circuit flag and allow for normal operation if the short was removed. If the short was not removed, the protection circuitry will again activate. Thermal Protection Thermal protection on the PAM8106 prevents damage to the device when the internal die temperature exceeds 160C. There is a 15 degree tolerance on this trip point from device to device. Once the die temperature exceeds the set thermal point, the device enters into the shutdown state and the outputs are disabled. This is not a latched fault. The thermal fault is cleared once the temperature of the die is reduced by 50C. The device begins normal operation at this point without external system intervention. Spread Spectrum Modulation The PAM8106 has built in Spread spectrum modulation control of the oscillator frequency to improve EMI performance, while removing the need to use expensive inductance in the audio output path. The spread spectrum feature can be enabled by setting a Logic-Low to SSMCTL pin, or disabled by setting a Logic-High to SSMCTL pin. Power Limit The voltage at PL pin can used to limit the power to levels below that which is possible based on the supply rail. Add a resistor from PL to ground to set the voltage at the PLIMIT pin. An external reference may also be used if tighter tolerance is required. Also add a 1F capacitor from PL pin to ground. The PLIMIT circuit sets a limit on the output peak-to-peak voltage. The gain of Class-D amplifier will automatic reduced if the output power higher than setting value to make output power less than limited value and also provide good sound quality. The output power setting by the resistor value (R10, R11) of PL pin is described as below. System test set up: VCC = 12V, RLOAD = 8, sine wave 1Khz, AVdd=5.2V PAM8106 Document number: DS40457 Rev. 1 - 2 9 of 13 www.diodes.com March 2018 (c) Diodes Incorporated PAM8106 R11 () R10 () PL (V) PL (W) 10K 3K 1.2026 1.873 10K 3.6K 1.3819 2.515 10K 4.3K 1.5704 3.281 10K 5.6K 1.877 4.738 10K 6.8K 2.1087 6.07 10K 8.2K 2.3453 7.554 10K 9.1K 2.4884 8.562 Power Up/Down Sequence The PAM8106 employs a shutdown operation mode to reduce supply current to the absolute minimum level during periods of non-use to save power. The SD input terminal should be held high during normal operation when the amplifier is in use. Pulling SD low causes the outputs to mute and the amplifier to enter a low-current state. SD should never be left unconnected to prevent the amplifier from unpredictable operation. Suggest PL starting voltage is greater than 4.5V. Power down Power on Power-down and Start-up sequences as recommended. PAM8106 Document number: DS40457 Rev. 1 - 2 10 of 13 www.diodes.com March 2018 (c) Diodes Incorporated PAM8106 Ordering Information PAM8106 X X X Package Type Pin Configuration T: QFN5x5-32L V : 32 pin Part Number R: Tape & Reel Part Marking PAM8106 XXXYWWLL PAM8106TVR Shipping Package Package Type Standard Package W-QFN5050-32 (Standard) 3,000 Units/Tape & Reel PVCCR ROUTN BSRN BSRP ROUT P PVCCR PGN DR 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 NC RINN 2 23 SD RINP 3 22 AVCC MUT E 4 21 VCLAMP AVDD 5 PAM8106 XXXYWWLL 20 AGND V2P5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 PGND L 9 PVCCL SSMCTL NC LOUTP 8 BSLP PL 17 BSLN 18 PV C C L 7 LOUT N 6 LINN PGNDL LINP 19 NC Document number: DS40457 Rev. 1 - 2 32 1 NC PAM8106 PGND R Marking Information 11 of 13 www.diodes.com XXX Y WW LL : Internal Code : Year (0 ~9) : Week (01 ~53) : Internal Code March 2018 (c) Diodes Incorporated PAM8106 Package Outline Dimensions Please see http://www.diodes.com/package-outlines.html for the latest version. W-QFN5050-32 (Standard) D D2 Pin #1 ID C 0.3x45 Pin#1 DOT E2 E L e b e1 A3 W-QFN5050-32 (Standard) Dim Min Max Typ A 0.55 0.80 0.75 A1 0.00 0.05 -A3 0.203 REF b 0.20 0.30 0.25 D 4.95 5.05 5.00 D2 3.65 3.75 3.70 E 4.95 5.05 5.00 E2 3.65 3.75 3.70 e 0.50 BSC e1 3.50 REF L 0.35 0.45 0.40 All Dimensions in mm A Seating Plane A1 Suggested Pad Layout Please see http://www.diodes.com/package-outlines.html for the latest version. W-QFN5050-32 (Standard) X3 X2 C G1 Dimensions X1 Y3 Y2 G2 Y1 Y C G1 G2 X X1 X2 X3 Y Y1 Y2 Y3 Value (in mm) 0.500 0.150 0.150 0.350 3.800 3.850 5.300 0.600 3.800 3.850 5.300 X PAM8106 Document number: DS40457 Rev. 1 - 2 12 of 13 www.diodes.com March 2018 (c) Diodes Incorporated PAM8106 IMPORTANT NOTICE DIODES INCORPORATED MAKES NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH REGARDS TO THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE (AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS UNDER THE LAWS OF ANY JURISDICTION). Diodes Incorporated and its subsidiaries reserve the right to make modifications, enhancements, improvements, corrections or other changes without further notice to this document and any product described herein. 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LIFE SUPPORT Diodes Incorporated products are specifically not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without the express written approval of the Chief Executive Officer of Diodes Incorporated. As used herein: A. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which: 1. are intended to implant into the body, or 2. support or sustain life and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling can be reasonably expected to result in significant injury to the user. B. A critical component is any component in a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or to affect its safety or effectiveness. Customers represent that they have all necessary expertise in the safety and regulatory ramifications of their life support devices or systems, and acknowledge and agree that they are solely responsible for all legal, regulatory and safety-related requirements concerning their products and any use of Diodes Incorporated products in such safety-critical, life support devices or systems, notwithstanding any devices- or systems-related information or support that may be provided by Diodes Incorporated. Further, Customers must fully indemnify Diodes Incorporated and its representatives against any damages arising out of the use of Diodes Incorporated products in such safety-critical, life support devices or systems. Copyright (c) 2018, Diodes Incorporated www.diodes.com PAM8106 Document number: DS40457 Rev. 1 - 2 13 of 13 www.diodes.com March 2018 (c) Diodes Incorporated