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Picor Corporation · picorpower.com PI2211 Rev 1.0, Page 8 of 26
PI2211 Introduction
The PI2211 limits the start-up current to a load, eliminating
the electrical disturbance or possible voltage sag imposed on
a backplane power supply. The PI2211 performs hot swap
protection during power-up or insertion and acts as a circuit
breaker during steady state operation. The PI2211 performs
these protection functions by controlling an external MOSFET
and limiting the MOSFET junction temperature rise to a safe
level, a key requirement for hot swap power managers
expected to operate over wide dynamic conditions.
Upon insertion, the PI2211 initiates a user programmable
turn-on delay where the gate of the MOSFET is held "off",
providing input BUS de-bounce. The PI2211 then turns "on"
the MOSFET pass element in a controlled manner, limiting
the current to a pre-defined level based on the value of a user
selected sense resistor. The PI2211 circuit breaker threshold
protects against over-current by comparing the voltage drop
across this sense resistor with a fixed internal reference
voltage. Once the load voltage has reached its steady-state
value, the Power-good pin is asserted "high" and the start-up
current limit is disabled. Under voltage (UV) and Over Voltage
(OV) trip points (user settable) ensure operation within a
defined operating range in addition to a Enable/Disable
feature shared with the UV input.
With Power-good established, the load current is
continuously monitored by the PI2211 with the MOSFET
operating in the low loss RDSON region. In this steady state
operation, the PI2211 now acts primarily as a circuit breaker.
An over-current threshold is fixed to be twice the start-up
current limit and sets an upper current boundary that
determines when a gross fault has occurred. Exceeding this
boundary will initiate the PI2211 Glitch-Catcher™ circuitry
and assert the power good pin low.
Glitch-Catcher™
The Glitch-Catcher™ feature of the PI2211 prevents
overvoltage events caused by the energy stored in the
parasitic inductance of the input power path in response to a
rapid interruption of the forward current during an
overcurrent fault event. Acting as an active snubber, this
circuitry mitigates the need for large external protection
components by shunting the energy through the MOSFET to
the low impedance load.
True-SOA™
The Picor PI2211 ensures efficient operation within the
MOSFET SOA by emulating the MOSFET junction temperature
rise via a internal digital processor. The PI2211, with True-
SOA™, constantly monitors MOSFET power to calculate the
MOSFET junction temperature rise and determine the proper
operation regardless of load conditions. The amount of time
that the PI2211 will turn a MOSFET on during SOA is
dependent on the calculated temperature rise, not a fixed
time, making the pulse width dynamic with varying line
voltages. The PI2211 will keep the MOSFET on until it predicts
an absolute 60°C junction temperature rise. Selecting 60°C as
the maximum junction temperature rise allows for the use of
the MOSFET at ambient temperatures approaching 90°C and
prevents exceeding the MOSFET’s maximum junction
temperature, typically at 150°C.
Once the junction temperature rise has been calculated to be
60°C, the PI2211 will shut down the MOSFET and allow for
thermal cooling. While in True-SOA™ protection mode, the
PI2211 will attempt to start the MOSFET when the True-
SOA™ emulator has calculated that the junction temperature
has dropped by 39°C. The 39°C thermal cycling range will
retry start-up for a total of 16 pulses before the range is
extended to 57°C, where the thermal cycling will go on
indefinitely or until the low impedance load is removed.
The PI2211 can also protect the MOSFET when it is operating
at a higher than anticipated load current, but still below the
circuit breaker threshold. True-SOA™ constantly calculates
junction temperature rise as a function of power dissipation
and can shut down the MOSFET preventing damage. A typical
hot-swap controller will only fault when a threshold is
exceeded and cannot continuously protect the MOSFET
during operation.
Emulation of the MOSFET thermal performance is possible
with the use of the MOSFET manufacturers’ transient thermal
impedance curves. The Picor True-SOA™ digital algorithm
ensures maintaining a MOSFET within the actual SOA of the
device, optimizing the size of the device without the need to
oversize the MOSFET. The PI2211 True-SOA™ is programmed
for specific MOSFET thermal characteristics by the setting of
three resistors. The SOAS resistor determines the magnitude
and scaling of the current through the MOSFET. The SOAR
and SOAT resistors program the transient thermal parameters
of the MOSFET's junction to case characteristics. By
programming the MOSFET thermal characteristics, the PI2211
adapts its control and start-up or thermal cycling to that
specific MOSFET as shown in Figure 5.