19-1914; Rev 0; 3/01 MAX5003-50W Evaluation Kit Features +5V at 10A Output 36V to 72V Input Voltage Range 250kHz Switching Frequency Fully Isolated Design with 1500V Isolation Built into the Transformer Fully Assembled and Tested Board with Minimum PC Board Footprint 0.3% typical Line and Load Regulation 85% typical Efficiency at 25W Ordering Information PART TEMP. RANGE MAX5003EVKIT50W 0C to +50C* IC PACKAGE 16 SOIC *With air flow. Component List DESIGNATOR QTY DESIGNATOR QTY C1, C3, C10, C15 4 0.1F ceramic caps (0805) R1 1 1M 1% resistor (0805) C2 1 470pF ceramic cap (0805) R2 1 39.2k 1% resistor (0805) 3 0.47F, 100V ceramic caps (2220) R3 1 80.6k 1% resistor (0805) R4 1 1.24k 1% resistor (0805) R5 1 56k 1% resistor (0805) R6 1 0.02 resistor Dale-Vishay WSL1206 0.02 1.0% R86 R8 1 100 5% resistor (0805) 470 5% resistor (0805) C4, C5, C6 DESCRIPTION C8, C9 2 560F, 6.3V electrolytic capacitors Nichicon UPW0J561MPH 47nF ceramic capacitors (0805) C11 1 22nF ceramic capacitor (0805) 1 1nF, 100V ceramic capacitor (0805) C7, C13, C14 C12 3 C16 1 4.7nF, 1500V ceramic capacitor D3 1 200mA, 100V diode Panasonic MA111CT 1 20A, 40V low forward voltage Schottky diode General Semi SBL2040CT 1 200mA, 200V, diode Panasonic MA115CT Q1 1 200V MOSFET, Rds = 0.18 International Rectifier IRF640N Q2 1 NPN transistor, FMMT3904 D4 D5 DESCRIPTION R9 1 R11, R12 2 10k 1% resistors (0805) R13 1 20 5% resistor (1206) R14 1 10k 5% resistor (0805) R15 1 240k 5% resistor (0805) R16 1 1 5% resistor (0805) L1 1 4.7H inductor Coiltronics HC2-4R7 T1 1 Transformer Coiltronics CTX03-14856 ________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products 1 For price, delivery, and to place orders, please contact Maxim Distribution at 1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim's website at www.maxim-ic.com. Evaluates: MAX5003 General Description The MAX5003 50W forward converter evaluation kit (EV kit) provides a regulated +5V output voltage at currents up to 10A, when operated from a +36V to +72V input voltage range. This EV kit is fully assembled and tested. The output voltage is preset to +5V. A single-transistor forwardconverter topology with a reset winding is used for high output power and high efficiency. The use of an optocoupler in the feedback circuit provides full 1500V primary to secondary galvanic isolation. A bottom-mounted heatsink plate safely dissipates the heat generated by the power MOSFET and the output diode. The power supply is designed to fit into a small footprint. WARNING: Dangerous voltages are present on this EV kit and on equipment connected to it. Users who power-up this EV kit or power the sources connected to it must be careful to follow safety procedures appropriate to working with high-voltage electrical equipment. Under severe fault or failure conditions, this EV kit may dissipate large amounts of power, which could result in the mechanical ejection of a component or of component debris at high velocity. Operate this EV kit with care to avoid possible personal injury. Evaluates: MAX5003 MAX5003-50W Evaluation Kit Component List (continued) DESIGNATOR QTY DESCRIPTION U2 1 Optocoupler QT Optoelectronics MOC217 U3 1 Shunt regulator TL431AID U1 1 MAX5003ESE, 16-pin narrow SO Z1 1 15V Zener diode Panasonic MA8150 3) 4) 5) 6) Component Suppliers SUPPLIER PHONE FAX Coiltronics 561-241-7876 561-241-9339 Dale-Vishay 402-564-3131 402-563-6418 General Semiconductor 631-847-3000 631-847-3236 International Rectifier 310-322-3331 310-322-3332 Nichicon 847-843-7500 847-843-2798 Panasonic 201-392-7522 201-392-4441 QT Optoelectronics 408-720-1440 408-720-0848 supply must be rated to at least 3A. The input voltage to the MAX5003 EV kit should not exceed 80V at any time. Connect a variable load capable of sinking at least 10A at 5V and a voltmeter to the pads labeled +VO and -VO. Set the load current to approximately 5A. Turn on the input power and verify that the output voltage is +5V. To evaluate the load regulation of the EV kit, vary the load from 0 to 10A and record the output voltage variation as needed. For best measurement accuracy, the voltmeter must be connected right to the output pads of the EV kit. 7) To evaluate the line regulation of the EV kit, vary the input voltage from +36V to +72V and record the output voltage. Note: The MAX5003 EV kit undervoltage lockout circuitry has been designed to shut down when the input supply voltage is under 32V. Power Supply Typical Specifications Quick Start The MAX5003 50W EV kit is fully assembled and tested. The power supply has full isolation between the primary and secondary circuit. A heatsink is included at the noncomponent side for heatsinking the power MOSFET and the output dual diode D4. During normal operation at full output current, this heatsink becomes hot. A small fan with direct airflow towards this heatsink is recommended to keep the temperature rise to acceptable levels. This power supply is not fused at the input. For added protection, a 3A to 5A fuse should be used at the input. Appropriately sized heavy-gauge wires should be used to connect the power supply to the EV kit and load. Follow these steps to verify board operation. Do not turn on the power supply until all connections are made. 1) Connect a 220F bulk storage capacitor at the input terminals of the EV kit. This capacitor should be rated for 100V and be able to handle 1.5A of ripple current. 2) Connect a +36V to +72V power supply to the pads labeled VIN. The positive power-supply terminal should connect to VIN(+) and the negative powersupply terminal should connect to VIN(-). The power 2 Table 1 summarizes the typical performance of the 50W Table 1. Typical Specifications Output Power 50W Input Voltage (VIN) 36V to 72V Output Voltage (VOUT) +5V Output Current (IOUT) 10A Initial Output Accuracy 3%* Output Voltage Regulation 0.3%, over line and load Efficiency 85% at 48V and 25W Input Output Isolation 1500V for 1s Switching Topology Feedforward Compensated Forward Converter Dimensions 4.05in x 1.3in power supply.accuracy can be improved by using tighter tol*Initial setpoint erance resistor divider (R11 and R12). _______________________________________________________________________________________ MAX5003-50W Evaluation Kit MAX5003EV fig01 0.20 0.15 60 0.10 50 VOLTS EFFICIENCY (%) 70 0.25 MAX5003EV fig03 80 Evaluates: MAX5003 90 40 0.05 30 0 20 -0.05 10 -0.10 0 0 10 20 30 40 -0.15 50 10s/div OUTPUT POWER (W) Figure 1. Efficiency vs. Output Power Figure 3. Output Transient Response (IOUT: 10A to 0.8A) MAX5003 fig04 MAX5003EV fig02 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.1 VOUT (V) VOUT (V) 5.2 5.0 4.9 1V/div 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 0 2 4 6 8 10 2ms/div IOUT (A) Figure 2. Output Voltage Regulation vs. Output Current Power Supply Performance Key performance characteristics of the power supply include efficiency and output voltage regulation. Figure 1 shows the efficiency vs. output power. The efficiency reaches 85% at about 25W of output power and stays relatively flat up to 50W. Even though the efficiency is very high, heatsinking is required for the power MOSFET and output diode. The diode will dissipate about 6W with a 10A output current and the MOSFET can be expected to dissipate about 3W to 4W at full 50W load. Sufficient airflow over the power supply is recommended to cool down the power transformer and output inductor. Figure 2 shows the output voltage regulation of the power supply from 0 to 10A of output current. Voltage measurement was done across the output voltage sense points +VO and -VO. Figure 4. Output Voltage Transient At Power-Up (VIN = 48V, IOUT = 5A) Another interesting performance waveform for power supplies is the output voltage transient response to a step change in output current. Figure 3 shows load transient response when the load is stepped from 10A to 0.8A. As can be seen from Figure 3, the initial transient response time is less than 30s. This is a side benefit of using an optocoupler in conjunction with a TL431 shunt regulator for isolation. Figure 4 shows the well-behaved startup characteristics of this power supply, which are characterized by the monotonic rise of the output voltage as well as the absence of any overshoots at the end of the rise period. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3 MAX5003 fig05 VDS(V) Evaluates: MAX5003 MAX5003-50W Evaluation Kit 50V/div 5V/div 400ns/div Figure 5. Drain-Source Voltage Waveform The Power Circuit Topology Among the several power topologies available, the single-transistor forward topology offers a simple and lowcost solution and provides very good efficiency throughout the operating power range. However, this topology requires a transformer reset winding connected to pins T1-3 and T1-4 (Figure 7). The forward converter was chosen because it offers higher power density and higher efficiency than a flyback converter at these power levels. Transformer T1 provides 1500V isolation between primary and secondary. Efficiency is further improved by powering the control circuit from a primary bias winding (T1-5, T1-6, Figure 7) after initial startup. A 250kHz switching frequency was selected to allow small form-factor transformer, inductor, and output capacitors. Key Operating Waveforms Key operating waveforms are always useful in understanding the operation of switching power supplies. A 10x oscilloscope probe is necessary for effective probing. A digital scope is very useful in capturing startup sequences. However, extreme caution should be exercised when probing live power supplies. For example, shorting the drain-source terminals of Q1 while power is applied is sure to produce a big spark and may damage the EV kit. Figure 5 shows the drain-to-source waveform of Q1. Notice the leading-edge voltage spike. This is a result of the energy stored in transformer T1's leakage inductance. Figure 6 shows the voltage at the output of the secondary rectifier (cathode of D4). 4 MAX5003 fig06 200ns/div Figure 6. Waveform at Cathode of D4 PC Board Layout and Component Placement As with any other switching power supply, component placement is very important. Because of the primary-tosecondary isolation, the primary and secondary grounds are separated. Figure 10 clearly shows the separation on both sides of the PC board. The layout of the board can be changed to accommodate different footprints. Also, the power MOSFET and output rectifier should be mounted on a heatsink for best thermal management. In this implementation, both of these components are on the noncomponent side of the board, with their tabs mounted to the heatsink plate. The critical layout considerations are as follows: * Distance from the secondary transformer leads to diode D4 should be kept to a minimum. This will improve EMI as well as the effective available power transfer. * Bypass capacitors C4, C5, and C6 should be as close as possible to T1-1. * The PC board trace connecting T1-2 to the drain of Q1 should be as short as possible. * The current-sense resistor R6 should be as close as possible to the source of Q1 and should return with a very short trace either to the ground plane or to the negative lead of bypass capacitors C4, C5, and C6. * The gate-drive loop, consisting of pin 14 of MAX5003, R16, Q1, R6, and pin 13 of the MAX5003, must be kept as short as possible and preferably routed over a ground plane. * Relevant trace spacing (relating to trace creepage) must be observed according to applicable safety agency guidelines. _______________________________________________________________________________________ VDD GND GND GND GND GND GND -VIN GND GND C3 0.1F R3 80.6k 1% R2 39.2k 1% R1 1M 1% R15 240k R4 1.24k 1% C2 470pF C1 0.1F Q2 GND 5 6 U2 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 GND R14 10k 7 COMP CON REF SS FREQ ES INDIV V+ U1 C4 0.47F 100V VCC VDD 4 3 2 1 2 1 NC A A C U3 C10 0.1F 10 11 12 13 FB 9 MAXTON AGND CS PGND 14 15 NC A A R C9 47nF VDD C6 0.47F 100V 16 GND NDRV SGND MAX5003 U1 GND C5 0.47F 100V GND C8 47nF 5 6 7 8 SGND R5 56k 1% R8 100 R16 1 C11 22nF D3 MA111CT SGND R12 10k 1% GND GND GND GND GND GND GND D5 MA115 4T 12T R11 10k 1% R9 470 T1 R6 0.02 1% Q1 GND 2 14T 1 5 4 6 3 16 GND 8 9 12 11 C16 4.7nF 1500V C12 1nF 100V R13 20 D4 C7 560F 6.3V L1 4.7H + C14 560F 6.3V + SGND C15 0.1F SGND: DENOTES SECONDARY GROUND + C13 560F 6.3V SGND +VO -VO Evaluates: MAX5003 Z1 MAX5003-50W Evaluation Kit Figure 7. MAX5003 50W EV Kit Schematic _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5 Evaluates: MAX5003 MAX5003-50W Evaluation Kit 1.0" Figure 8. MAX5003-50W EV Kit PC Board Layout--Component Side 1.0" Figure 9. MAX5003-50W EV Kit Component Placement Guide--Component Side. Note: Q1 and D4 are placed on the bottom side where their metal tabs are exposed to heatsink plate. 1.0" Figure 10. MAX5003-50W EV Kit PC Board Layout--Solder Side Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. 6 ______________________Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600 (c) 2001 Maxim Integrated Products Printed USA is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products.