19-4386; Rev 1; 8/10 KIT ATION EVALU E L B A IL AVA 300MHz to 450MHz ASK Receiver with Internal IF Filter o < 250s Enable Turn-On Time o On-Chip PLL, VCO, Mixer, IF, Baseband o Low IF (200kHz Nominal) o 5.5mA DC Current o 1A Standby Current o 3.3V/5V Operation o Small 20-Pin Thin QFN Package with an Exposed Pad Ordering Information PART TEMP RANGE PIN-PACKAGE MAX7036GTP/V+ -40C to +105C 20 Thin QFN-EP* /Vdenotes an automotive qualified part. +Denotes a lead(Pb)-free/RoHS-compliant package. *EP = Exposed pad. IFC3 Low-Cost RKE DVDD TOP VIEW Applications DCOC Pin Configuration OPP The MAX7036 is available in a 20-pin thin QFN package with an exposed pad and is specified over the AEC-Q100 Level 2 (-40C to +105C) temperature range. o ASK/OOK Modulation DFFB The MAX7036 low-cost receiver is designed to receive amplitude-shift-keyed (ASK) and on-off-keyed (OOK) data in the 300MHz to 450MHz frequency range. The receiver has an RF input signal range of -109dBm to 0dBm. The MAX7036 requires few external components and has a power-down pin to put it in a low-current sleep mode, making it ideal for cost- and power-sensitive applications. The low-noise amplifier (LNA), phaselocked loop (PLL), mixer, IF filter, received-signalstrength indicator (RSSI), and baseband sections are all on-chip. The MAX7036 uses a very-low intermediate frequency (VLIF) architecture. The MAX7036 integrates the IF filter on-chip and therefore eliminates an external ceramic filter, reducing the bill-of-materials cost. The device also contains an on-chip automatic gain control (AGC) that reduces the LNA gain by 30dB when the input signal power is large. The MAX7036 operates from either a 5V or a 3.3V power supply and draws 5.5mA (typ) of current. Features 15 14 13 12 11 Garage Door Openers 10 IFC1 DSN 17 9 IFC2 8 MIXIN1 7 MIXIN2 6 LNAOUT Security Systems VDD 19 DATAOUT 20 MAX7036 EP + ENABLE 1 2 3 4 5 LNAIN PDOUT 18 AVDD Sensor Networks XTAL1 Home Automation DSP 16 XTAL2 Remote Controls THIN QFN 5mm x 5mm ________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim Direct at 1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim's website at www.maxim-ic.com. 1 MAX7036 General Description MAX7036 300MHz to 450MHz ASK Receiver with Internal IF Filter ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS VDD to GND ...........................................................-0.3V to +6.0V AVDD to GND........................................................-0.3V to +4.0V DVDD to GND........................................................-0.3V to +4.0V ENABLE to GND.........................................-0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V) LNAIN to GND .......................................................-0.3V to +1.2V All Other Pins to GND.............................-0.3V to (VDVDD + 0.3V) Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70C) 20-Pin TQFN (derate 20.8mW/C above +70C) ....1666.7mW Junction-to-Case Thermal Resistance (JC) (Note 1) 20-Pin TQFN...................................................................2C/W Junction-to-Ambient Thermal Resistance (JA) (Note 1) 20-Pin TQFN.................................................................48C/W Operating Temperature Range .........................-40C to +105C Junction Temperature ......................................................+150C Storage Temperature Range .............................-65C to +150C Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300C Soldering Temperature (reflow) .......................................+260C Note 1: Package thermal resistances were obtained using the method described in JEDEC specification JESD51-7, using a singlelayer board. For detailed information on package thermal considerations, go to www.maxim-ic.com/thermal-tutorial. Stresses beyond those listed under "Absolute Maximum Ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. 3.3V DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Typical Application Circuit, 50 system impedance, VAVDD = VDVDD = VDD = 3.0V to 3.6V, fRF = 300MHz to 450MHz, TA = -40C to +105C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at VAVDD = VDVDD = VDD = 3.3V, TA = +25C, unless otherwise noted.) (100% tested at TA = +105C.) PARAMETER Supply Voltage Supply Current SYMBOL VDD IIN CONDITIONS VAVDD = VDVDD = VDD TA < +105C MIN TYP MAX UNITS 3.0 V 3.3 3.6 fRF = 315MHz 5.3 6.7 fRF = 433MHz 5.8 7.3 1 2.7 Deep-sleep mode, VENABLE = 0V mA A DIGITAL INPUT (ENABLE) VDD 0.4 V Input High Voltage VIH VAVDD = VDVDD = VDD Input Low Voltage VIL VAVDD = VDVDD = VDD 0.4 V 0 VENABLE VDD 20 A 0.4 V Input Current IENABLE DIGITAL OUTPUT (DATAOUT) Output Low Voltage VOL ISINK = 100A Output High Voltage VOH ISOURCE = 100A 2 VDD 0.4 _______________________________________________________________________________________ V 300MHz to 450MHz ASK Receiver with Internal IF Filter (Typical Application Circuit, 50 system impedance, VDD = 4.5V to 5.5V, fRF = 300MHz to 450MHz, TA = -40C to +105C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at VDD = 5.0V, TA = +25C, unless otherwise noted.) (100% tested at TA = +105C.) PARAMETER Supply Voltage SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS 4.5 5.0 5.5 V fRF = 315MHz 5.4 6.8 fRF = 433MHz 5.9 7.4 1 3.4 VDD Supply Current IIN TA < +105C Deep-sleep mode, VENABLE = 0V mA A DIGITAL INPUT (ENABLE) VDD 0.4 V Input High Voltage VIH VAVDD = VDVDD Input Low Voltage VIL VAVDD = VDVDD 0.4 V 0 VENABLE VDD 20 A 0.4 V Input Current IENABLE DIGITAL OUTPUT (DATAOUT) Output Low Voltage VOL ISINK = 100A Output High Voltage VOH ISOURCE = 100A VDD 0.4 V AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Typical Application Circuit, 50 system impedance, VAVDD = VDVDD = VDD = 3.0V to 3.6V, fRF = 300MHz to 450MHz, TA = -40C to +105C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at VAVDD = VDVDD = VDD = 3.3V, TA = +25C, fRF = 315MHz, unless otherwise noted.) (100% tested at TA = +105C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL Receiver Input Frequency Range fRF Maximum Receiver Input Level CONDITIONS TYP 300 PRFIN Sensitivity (Note 2) MIN 0 fRF = 315MHz -109 fRF = 433MHz -107 Time for valid RSSI output, does not include baseband filter settling Enable power on (VDD > 3.0V) MAX UNITS 450 MHz dBm dBm 250 s 1 ms AGC Hysteresis 5 dB AGC Low Gain-to-High Gain Switching Time 13 ms Power-On Time tON VDD power on _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3 MAX7036 5.0V DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS MAX7036 300MHz to 450MHz ASK Receiver with Internal IF Filter AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (Typical Application Circuit, 50 system impedance, VAVDD = VDVDD = VDD = 3.0V to 3.6V, fRF = 300MHz to 450MHz, TA = -40C to +105C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at VAVDD = VDVDD = VDD = 3.3V, TA = +25C, fRF = 315MHz, unless otherwise noted.) (100% tested at TA = +105C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS LNA/MIXER LNA Input Impedance ZINLNA fRF = 315MHz 0.4 j5.6 fRF = 433MHz 0.4 j4.0 LO Signal Feedthrough to Antenna Voltage Gain Reduction LNA/Mixer Voltage Gain 3dB Cutoff Frequency BWIF -75 dBm Low-gain mode, AGC enabled 29 dB High-gain LNA mode 55 Low-gain LNA mode 26 Set by capacitors on IFC1 and IFC2 (see the Typical Application Circuit) 400 kHz 0.5 dB 80 dB RSSI Linearity RSSI Dynamic Range Includes AGC RSSI Level Intermediate Frequency Normalized to 50 PRFIN < -120dBm 1.34 PRFIN > 0dBm, AGC enabled 2.35 dB V fIF 200 kHz Maximum Data-Filter Bandwidth BWDF 50 kHz Maximum Data-Slicer Bandwidth BWDS 100 kHz 50 kHz Maximum Peak Detector Bandwidth Maximum Data Rate Crystal Frequency Crystal Load Capacitance Manchester coded 33 Nonreturn to zero (NRZ) 66 fXTAL CLOAD 9.36 14.06 10 Note 2: BER = 2 x 10-3, Manchester coded, data rate = 4kbps. IF bandwidth = 400kHz. 4 kbps _______________________________________________________________________________________ MHz pF 300MHz to 450MHz ASK Receiver with Internal IF Filter TA = +85C TA = +105C 5.1 TA = +25C 5.0 TA = +85C 5.30 5.25 5.20 TA = +25 5.15 5.10 4.9 TA = -40C TA = -40C 3.4 3.5 TA = +85C TA = +105C 5.5 5.0 TA = +25 T = -40C A 4.0 4.5 3.6 4.7 4.9 5.1 250 5.5 5.3 300 BIT ERROR RATE vs. PEAK RF INPUT POWER fRF = 433MHz BER = 0.2% -106.5 DATA RATE = 4kbps MANCHESTER -107.0 SENSITIVITY (dBm) 10 fRF = 315MHz 1 0.1 400 450 500 RSSI vs. INPUT POWER SENSITIVITY vs. TEMPERATURE -106.0 MAX7036 toc04 100 350 RF FREQUENCY (MHz) SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) 2.4 2.2 fRF = 433MHz fIF = 200kHz 2.0 -107.5 RSSI (V) 3.3 MAX7036 toc05 3.2 6.0 4.5 5.00 3.1 SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) BIT ERROR RATE (%) 6.5 5.05 4.8 3.0 MAX7036 toc03 TA = +105C 5.35 PRF = -80dBm MAX7036 toc06 5.2 5.0V APPLICATION CIRCUIT 5.40 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 5.3 SUPPLY CURRENT vs. RF FREQUENCY 7.0 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) VAVDD = VDVDD = VDD 5.4 5.45 MAX7036 toc01 5.5 SUPPLY CURRENT vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE (5.0V OPERATION) MAX7036 toc02 SUPPLY CURRENT vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE (3.3V OPERATION) -108.0 fRF = 433MHz -108.5 fRF = 315MHz 1.8 1.6 -109.0 -109.5 0.01 1.4 -110.0 -110.5 -120 -115 -110 -40 -15 10 35 60 85 105 1.2 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 TEMPERATURE (C) INPUT POWER (dBm) LNA/MIXER VOLTAGE GAIN vs. IF FREQUENCY S11 SMITH CHART PLOT OF RFIN (315MHz CIRCUIT) S11 SMITH CHART PLOT OF RFIN (433MHz CIRCUIT) fRF = 433.92MHz 56 MAX7036 toc08 PRF = -71dBm 58 0 MAX7036 toc09 PEAK RF INPUT POWER (dBm) 60 LNA/MIXER VOLTAGE GAIN (dB) -105 MAX7036 toc07 0.001 -125 54 52 50 48 S11 = 7.9729 - j0.6085 at fRF = 315MHz 46 S11 = 6.5175 - j5.5849 at fRF = 433MHz 44 42 40 0 200 400 600 800 1000 IF FREQUENCY (kHz) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5 MAX7036 Typical Operating Characteristics (Typical Application Circuit, VAVDD = VDD = VDVDD = 3.3V, fRF = 315MHz, TA = +25C, unless otherwise noted.) Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (Typical Application Circuit, VAVDD = VDD = VDVDD = 3.3V, fRF = 315MHz, TA = +25C, unless otherwise noted.) TA = +25C TA = -40C MAX7036 toc11 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 0 5 10 15 20 REGULATOR CURRENT (mA) 25 -120 0.01 fRF = 433MHz -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -110 3.00 -50 PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz) 3.10 3.05 fRF = 315MHz PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz) VDD = 5V, +5V CIRCUIT TA = +105C TA = +85C -50 MAX7036 toc10 3.15 PHASE NOISE vs. OFFSET FREQUENCY PHASE NOISE vs. OFFSET FREQUENCY MAX7036 toc12 REGULATOR VOLTAGE vs. REGULATOR CURRENT REGULATOR VOLTAGE (V) MAX7036 300MHz to 450MHz ASK Receiver with Internal IF Filter 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10,000 OFFSET FREQUENCY (kHz) -120 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10,000 OFFSET FREQUENCY (kHz) Pin Description 6 PIN NAME 1 ENABLE FUNCTION Enable Input. Internally pulled down to ground. Set VENABLE = VDD for normal operation. 2 XTAL2 Crystal Input 2. Connect an external crystal from XTAL2 to XTAL1. Bypass to GND if XTAL1 is driven from an AC-coupled external reference (see the Crystal Oscillator section). 3 XTAL1 Crystal Input 1. Connect an external crystal from XTAL2 to XTAL1. Can also be driven with an ACcoupled external reference oscillator (see the Crystal Oscillator section). 4 AVDD Positive Analog Supply Voltage. Connect to DVDD. Bypass to GND with a 0.1F capacitor as close as possible to the device (see the Typical Application Circuit). For 5.0V operation, AVDD is internally connected to an on-chip 3.2V LDO regulator. For 3.3V operation, connect AVDD to VDD. 5 LNAIN Low-Noise Amplifier Input. Must be AC-coupled (see the Low-Noise Amplifier section). 6 LNAOUT 7 MIXIN2 2nd Differential Mixer Input. Connect to the LNAOUT side of the LC tank filter through a 100pF capacitor (see the Typical Application Circuit). 8 MIXIN1 1st Differential Mixer Input. Connect to the AVDD side of the LC tank filter through a 100pF capacitor (see the Typical Application Circuit). 9 IFC2 IF Filter Capacitor Connection 2. This is for the Sallen-Key IF filter. Connect a capacitor from IFC2 to GND. The value of the capacitor is determined by the IF filter bandwidth (see the Typical Application Circuit). 10 IFC1 IF Filter Capacitor Connection 1. This is for the Sallen-Key IF filter. Connect a capacitor from IFC1 to IFC3. The value of the capacitor is determined by the IF filter bandwidth (see the Typical Application Circuit). 11 IFC3 IF Filter Capacitor Connection 3. This is for the Sallen-Key IF filter. Connect a capacitor from IFC3 to IFC1. The value of the capacitor is determined by the IF filter bandwidth (see the Typical Application Circuit). 12 DVDD Positive Digital Supply Voltage Input. Connect to AVDD. Bypass to GND with a 0.01F capacitor as close as possible to the device (see the Typical Application Circuit). Low-Noise Amplifier Output. Must be connected to AVDD through a parallel LC tank circuit. ACcouple to MIXIN2 (see the Low-Noise Amplifier section). _______________________________________________________________________________________ 300MHz to 450MHz ASK Receiver with Internal IF Filter PIN NAME FUNCTION 13 DCOC DC Offset Capacitor Connection. This is for the RSSI amplifier. Connect a 1F capacitor from this pin to ground (see the Typical Application Circuit). 14 OPP Noninverting Op-Amp Input. This is for the Sallen-Key data filter. Connect a capacitor from this pin to GND. The value of the capacitor is determined by the data-filter bandwidth. 15 DFFB Data-Filter Feedback Input. Input for the feedback of the Sallen-Key data filter. Connect a capacitor from this pin to DSP. The value of the capacitor is determined by the data-filter bandwidth. 16 DSP Positive Data-Slicer Input. Connect a capacitor from this pin to DFFB. The value of the capacitor is determined by the data-filter bandwidth. 17 DSN Negative Data-Slicer Input 18 PDOUT 19 VDD 20 DATAOUT -- EP Peak-Detector Output Power-Supply Voltage Input. For 5.0V operation, VDD is the input to an on-chip voltage regulator whose 3.2V output drives AVDD. Bypass to ground with a 0.1F capacitor as close as possible to the device (see the Typical Application Circuit). Digital Baseband Data Output Exposed Pad. Internally connected to ground. Connect to a large ground plane using multiple vias to maximize thermal and electrical performance. Functional Diagram DATAOUT 20 DSN 17 PDOUT 18 DSP 16 OPP 14 DFFB 15 XTAL1 3 PEAK DETECTOR MAX7036 PLL XTAL2 2 ENABLE 1 VDD 19 3.2V REGULATOR AVDD 4 DVDD 12 EP* AGC REF LNAIN 5 REF 6 8 7 LNAOUT MIXIN2 MIXIN1 10 IFC1 9 IFC2 11 IFC3 13 DCOC *EXPOSED PAD. CONNECT TO GND. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7 MAX7036 Pin Description (continued) MAX7036 300MHz to 450MHz ASK Receiver with Internal IF Filter Detailed Description The MAX7036 CMOS RF receiver, and a few external components, provide the complete receiver chain from the antenna to the digital output data. Depending on signal power and component selection, data rates as high as 33kbps Manchester (66kbps NRZ) can be achieved. The MAX7036 is designed to receive binary ASK/OOK data modulated in the 300MHz to 450MHz frequency range. ASK modulation uses a difference in amplitude of the carrier to represent digital data. Automatic Gain Control (AGC) The AGC circuit monitors the RSSI output. The AGC switches to its low-gain state when the RSSI output reaches 2.2V. The AGC gain reduction is typically 29dB, corresponding to an RSSI voltage drop of 435mV. The LNA resumes high-gain mode when the RSSI level drops back below 1.67V for 13ms for 315MHz and 10ms for 433MHz operation. The AGC has a hysteresis of 5dB. With this AGC function, the MAX7036 can reliably produce an ASK output for RF input levels up to 0dBm, with modulation depth of 30dB. Voltage Regulator Mixer For operation with a single 3.0V to 3.6V supply voltage, connect AVDD, DVDD, and VDD to the supply voltage. For operation with a single 4.5V to 5.5V supply voltage, connect VDD to the supply voltage. An on-chip voltage regulator drives the AVDD pin to approximately 3.2V. For proper operation, connect DVDD and AVDD together. Bypass VDD and AVDD to GND with 0.1F capacitors placed as close as possible to the device. Bypass DVDD to GND with a 0.01F capacitor (see the Typical Application Circuit). The mixer cell is a double-balanced mixer that performs a downconversion of the RF input to a typical IF of 200kHz from either a high-side or a low-side injected LO. The mixer output drives the input of the on-chip IF filter. Low-Noise Amplifier The LNA is an nMOS cascode amplifier. The LNA and mixer have a combined 55dB voltage gain. The gain and noise figures are dependent on both the antennamatching network at the LNA input and the LC tank network between the LNA output and the mixer inputs. L2 and C1 comprise the LC tank filter connected to LNAOUT (see the Typical Application Circuit). L2 also serves as a bias inductor to LNAOUT. Bypass the power-supply side of L2 to GND with a capacitor that provides a low-impedance path at the RF carrier frequency (e.g., 220pF). Select L2 and C1 to resonate at the desired RF input frequency. The resonant frequency is given by: fRF = 1 2 L TOTAL x CTOTAL where LTOTAL = L2 + LPARASITICS and CTOTAL = C1 + CPARASITICS. LPARASITICS and CPARASITICS include inductance and capacitance of the PCB traces, package pins, mixer input impedance, LNA output impedance, etc. At high frequencies, these parasitics can have a dramatic effect on the tank filter center frequency and must not be ignored. The total parasitic capacitance is generally 4pF to 6pF. Adjust L2 and C1 accordingly to achieve the desired tank center frequency. 8 Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) The PLL block contains a phase detector, charge pump, integrated loop filter, VCO, asynchronous clock dividers, and crystal-oscillator driver. Besides the crystal, this PLL does not require any external components. The VCO generates the LO. The relationship between the RF, IF, and crystal reference frequencies is given by: f XTAL = fLO 32 where fLO = fRF fIF Received-Signal-Strength Indicator (RSSI) The RSSI circuit provides a DC output proportional to the logarithm of the input power level. RSSI output voltage has a slope of about 14.5mV/dB (of input power).The RSSI monotonic dynamic range exceeds 80dB. This includes the 30dB of AGC. Applications Information Crystal Oscillator The crystal (XTAL) oscillator in the MAX7036 is designed to present a capacitance of approximately 4pF between XTAL1 and XTAL2. In most cases, this corresponds to a 6pF load capacitance applied to the external crystal when typical PCB parasitics are added. The MAX7036 is designed to operate with a typical 10pF load capacitance crystal. It is very important to use a crystal with a load capacitance equal to the capacitance of the MAX7036 crystal oscillator plus PCB parasitics. If a crystal designed to oscillate with a different load capacitance is used, the crystal is pulled away from its stated operating frequency, introducing _______________________________________________________________________________________ 300MHz to 450MHz ASK Receiver with Internal IF Filter f P= CM 2 1 1 x 106 - C + C C + C CASE LOAD CASE SPEC where: fp is the amount the crystal frequency is pulled in ppm. CM is the motional capacitance of the crystal. CCASE is the case capacitance. CSPEC is the specified load capacitance. CLOAD is the actual load capacitance. When the crystal is loaded, as specified (i.e., CLOAD = CSPEC), the frequency pulling equals zero. It is possible to use an external reference oscillator in place of a crystal to drive the VCO. AC-couple the external oscillator to XTAL1 with a 1000pF capacitor. Drive XTAL1 with a signal level of approximately -10dBm. ACcouple XTAL2 to ground with a 1000pF capacitor. IF Filter The IF filter is a 2nd-order Butterworth lowpass filter preceded by a low-frequency DC block. The lowpass filter is implemented as a Sallen-Key filter using an internal op amp and two on-chip 22k resistors. The pole locations are set by the combination of the on-chip resistors and two external capacitors (C9 and C10, Figure 1). The values of these two capacitors for a 3dB cutoff frequency of 400kHz are given below: C9 = 1 = 1 (1.414)(R)( ) ( fc ) (1.414)(22k)(3.14) (400kHz ) C10 = = 26pF 1 1 = = 13pF . 22 k 3.14 )( 400kHz ) 2 828 2 828 . R f ( ) ( )( ( )( )( ) ( c ) Because the stray shunt capacitance at each of the pins (IFC1 and IFC2) on a typical PCB is approximately 2pF, choose the value of the external capacitors to be approximately 2pF lower than the desired total capacitance. Therefore, the practical values for C9 and C10 are 22pF and 10pF, respectively. MAX7036 22k 22k 10 IFC1 9 IFC2 11 IFC3 C10 C9 Figure 1. Sallen-Key Lowpass IF Filter Data Filter The data filter is implemented as a 2nd-order lowpass Sallen-Key filter. The pole locations are set by the combination of two on-chip resistors and two external capacitors. Adjusting the value of the external capacitors changes the corner frequency to optimize for different data rates. Set the corner frequency to approximately 1.5 times the fastest Manchester expected data rate from the transmitter. Keeping the corner frequency near the data rate rejects any noise at higher frequencies, resulting in an increase in receiver sensitivity. The configuration shown in Figure 2 can create a Butterworth or Bessel response. The Butterworth filter offers a very flat amplitude response in the passband and a rolloff rate of 40dB/decade for the two-pole filter. The Bessel filter has a linear phase response, which works with the coefficients in Table 1. C5 = b a (100k )( ) ( fc ) C6 = a 4 (100k )( ) ( fc ) where fC is the desired corner frequency. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 9 MAX7036 an error in the reference frequency. A crystal designed to operate at a higher load capacitance than the value specified for the oscillator is always pulled higher in frequency. Adding capacitance to increase the load capacitance on the crystal increases the start-up time and may prevent oscillation altogether. In actuality, the oscillator pulls every crystal. The crystal's natural frequency is really below its specified frequency, but when loaded with the specified load capacitance, the crystal is pulled and oscillates at its specified frequency. This pulling is already accounted for in the specification of the load capacitance. Additional pulling can be calculated if the electrical parameters of the crystal are known. The frequency pulling is given by: MAX7036 300MHz to 450MHz ASK Receiver with Internal IF Filter For example, to choose a Butterworth filter response with a corner frequency of 6kHz: C5 = 1.000 (1.414)(100k)(3.14)(6kHz ) C6 = 1.414 (4)(100k)(3.14)(6kHz ) = 375pF = 186pF Choosing standard capacitor values changes C5 to 390pF and C6 to 180pF, as shown in the Typical Application Circuit. Table 1. Coefficients to Calculate C5 and C6 The suggested data-slicer configuration uses a resistor (R1) connected between DSN and DSP with a capacitor (C4) from DSN to GND (Figure 3). This configuration averages the analog output of the filter and sets the threshold to approximately 50% of that amplitude. With this configuration, the threshold automatically adjusts as the analog signal varies, minimizing the possibility for errors in the digital data. The values of R1 and C4 affect how fast the threshold tracks to the analog amplitude. Be sure to keep the corner frequency of the RC circuit much lower than the lowest expected data rate. MAX7036 FILTER TYPE a b Butterworth (Q = 0.707) 1.414 1.000 Bessel (Q = 0.577) 1.3617 0.618 DATA FILTER DATA SLICER 20 17 DSN 16 DSP R1 DATAOUT MAX7036 RDF2 100k 16 DSP 14 OPP C6 C4 RSSI RDF1 100k Figure 3. Generating Data-Slicer Threshold Note that a long string of zeros or ones can cause the threshold to drift. This configuration works best if a coding scheme (e.g., Manchester coding, which has an equal number of zeros and ones) is used. 15 DFFB C5 Peak Detector Figure 2. Sallen-Key Lowpass Data Filter Data Slicer The data slicer takes the analog output of the data filter and converts it to a digital signal. This is achieved by using a comparator and comparing the analog input to a threshold voltage. One input is supplied by the datafilter output. Both comparator inputs are accessible off chip to allow for different methods of generating the slicing threshold, which is applied to the second comparator input. 10 The peak-detector output (PDOUT), in conjunction with an external RC filter, creates a DC output voltage equal to the peak value of the data signal. The resistor provides a path for the capacitor to discharge, allowing the peak detector to dynamically follow peak changes of the data-filter output voltage. The peak detector can be used for at least two functions. First, it can serve as an RSSI for ASK modulation. Second, it can be used for faster data-slicer response by adding it to the threshold pin (DSN) on the data-slicer comparator (Figure 4). The two capacitors in this circuit should be equal, and the peak detector resistor should be approximately 10 ______________________________________________________________________________________ 300MHz to 450MHz ASK Receiver with Internal IF Filter DATA FILTER MAX7036 DATA SLICER 20 17 DSN 16 DSP 18 PDOUT R1 DATAOUT C4 Figure 4. Using PDOUT for Faster Startup Layout Considerations A properly designed PCB is an essential part of any RF/microwave circuit. On high-frequency inputs and outputs, use controlled-impedance lines and keep them as short as possible to minimize losses and radiation. At high frequencies, trace lengths that are /10 or longer act as antennas. Keeping the traces short also reduces parasitic inductance. Generally, 1in of a PCB trace adds about 20nH of parasitic inductance. The parasitic inductance can have a dramatic effect on the effective inductance of a passive component. For example, a 0.5in trace connecting a 100nH inductor adds an extra 10nH of inductance or 10%. To reduce the parasitic inductance, use wider traces and a solid ground or power plane below the signal traces. Also, use low-inductance connections to ground on all GND pins, and place decoupling capacitors close to all power-supply connections. Table 2. Component Values COMPONENT fRF = 315MHz C1 4.7pF fRF = 433.92MHz 2.7pF C2 100pF 100pF C3 100pF 100pF C4 0.1F 0.1F C5 390pF 390pF C6 180pF 180pF C7 1F 1F C8 0.01F 0.01F C9 22pF 22pF C10 10pF 10pF C11 0.1F 0.1F C12 220pF 220pF C13 10pF 10pF C14 10pF 10pF C15 100pF 100pF C16 0.1F 0.1F L1 100nH 47nH L2 27nH 15nH R1 22k 22k Y1 9.8375MHz 13.55375MHz ______________________________________________________________________________________ 11 MAX7036 times larger than the resistor in the RC smoothing circuit between DSP and DSN. This circuit will provide an instantaneous jump of one-half of the DSP increase from "no signal" voltage to peak voltage, which then decays with the same time constant as that of the threshold build-up from the RC smoothing circuit. The DC slicing voltage at DSN is slightly higher (by the ratio of the two resistors in the circuit) than it would be without the speed-up circuit. Always provide a capacitive path from the PDOUT pin to ground when using the peak-detector output. 300MHz to 450MHz ASK Receiver with Internal IF Filter MAX7036 Typical Application Circuit V3V IF VSUP IS THEN V3V IS 3.0V TO 3.6V TIED TO VSUP 4.5V TO 5.5V CREATED BY LDO, AVAILABLE AT AVDD (PIN 4) R2 C17 VSUP R1 (SEE TABLE ABOVE) C11 C4 DATAOUT VDD C5 PDOUT DSN DSP ENABLE DFFB XTAL2 C13 C14 OPP C6 Y1 MAX7036 XTAL1 DCOC C7 AVDD DVDD C16 L1 C8 C15 LNAIN IFC3 LNAOUT MIXIN2 MIXIN1 IFC2 IFC1 C9 C3 C1 C2 C10 L2 C12 Chip Information PROCESS: CMOS Package Information For the latest package outline information and land patterns, go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages. Note that a "+", "#", or "-" in the package code indicates RoHS status only. Package drawings may show a different suffix character, but the drawing pertains to the package regardless of RoHS status. LAND PACKAGE PACKAGE OUTLINE NO. PATTERN NO. TYPE CODE 20 Thin QFN-EP 12 T2055+3 21-0140 ______________________________________________________________________________________ 90-0008 300MHz to 450MHz ASK Receiver with Internal IF Filter REVISION NUMBER REVISION DATE 0 3/09 Initial release 1 8/10 Updated Absolute Maximum Ratings, TOCs 5, 11, and 12, Pin Description, Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) and Crystal Oscillator sections, and Typical Application Circuit DESCRIPTION PAGES CHANGED -- 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12 Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600 ____________________ 13 (c) 2010 Maxim Integrated Products Maxim is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. MAX7036 Revision History