MT9P031 1/2.5-Inch 5 Mp CMOS Digital Image Sensor General Description www.onsemi.com The ON Semiconductor MT9P031 is a 1/2.5-inch CMOS active-pixel digital image sensor with an active imaging pixel array of 2592 H x 1944 V. It incorporates sophisticated camera functions on-chip such as windowing, column and row skip mode, and snapshot mode. It is programmable through a simple two-wire serial interface. The 5 Mp CMOS image sensor features ON Semiconductor's breakthrough low-noise CMOS imaging technology that achieves CCD image quality (based on signal-to-noise ratio and low-light sensitivity) while maintaining the inherent size, cost, and integration advantages of CMOS. Applications Value Optical Format 1/2.5-inch (4:3) Active Imager Size 5.70 mm (H) x 4.28 mm (V) 7.13 mm Diagonal Active Pixels 2592 H x 1944 V Pixel Size 2.2 x 2.2 m Color Filter Array RGB Bayer Pattern Shutter Type Global Reset Release (GRR), Snapshot Only Electronic Rolling Shutter (ERS) Maximum Data Rate / Pixel Clock 96 Mp/s at 96 MHz (2.8 V I/O) 48 Mp/s at 48 MHz (1.8 V I/O) Frame Rate Programmable up to 14 fps HDTV (640 x 480, with binning) Programmable up to 53 fps 12-bit, On-chip Responsivity 1.4 V/lux-sec (550 nm) Pixel Dynamic Range 70.1 dB SNRMAX 38.1 dB I/O 1.7-3.1 V Digital 1.7-1.9 V (1.8 V Nominal) Analog 2.6-3.1 V (2.8 V Nominal) * * * * * Full Resolution ADC Resolution Supply Voltage ORDERING INFORMATION See detailed ordering and shipping information on page 2 of this data sheet. Table 1. KEY PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS Parameter ILCC48 10x10 CASE 847AA * Features * * * * * * * * Power Consumption 381 mW at 14 fps Full Resolution Operating Temperature -30C to +70C Packaging 48-pin iLCC, Die * * * * * (c) Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, 2006 January, 2017 - Rev. 10 1 High Resolution Network Cameras Wide FOV Cameras 720 P-60 fps Cameras Dome Cameras with Electronic Pan, Tile, and Zoom Hybrid Video Cameras with High Resolution Stills Detailed Feature Extraction for Smart Cameras High Frame Rate Superior Low-light Performance Low Dark Current Global Reset Release, which Starts the Exposure of All Rows Simultaneously Bulb Exposure Mode, for Arbitrary Exposure Times Snapshot Mode to Take Frames on Demand Horizontal and Vertical Mirror Image Column and row skip modes to reduce image size without reducing field-of-view (FOV) Column and Row Binning Modes to Improve Image Quality when Resizing Simple Two-wire Serial Interface Programmable Controls: Gain, Frame Rate, Frame Size, Exposure Automatic Black Level Calibration On-chip Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) Publication Order Number: MT9P031/D MT9P031 ORDERING INFORMATION Table 2. AVAILABLE PART NUMBERS Part Number Product Description Orderable Product Attribute Description MT9P031D00STCC18BC1-200 5 MP 1/3" CIS Die Sales, 200mm Thickness MT9P031D00STMC18BC1-200 5 MP 1/3" CIS Die Sales, 200mm Thickness MT9P031I12STC-DP 5 MP 1/3" CIS Dry Pack with Protective Film MT9P031I12STC-DR 5 MP 1/3" CIS Dry Pack without Protective Film MT9P031I12STC-DR1 5 MP 1/3" CIS Dry Pack Single Tray without Protective Film MT9P031I12STC-TP 5 MP 1/3" CIS Tape & Reel with Protective Film MT9P031I12STM-DP 5 MP 1/3" CIS Dry Pack with Protective Film MT9P031I12STM-DP1 5 MP 1/3" CIS Dry Pack Single Tray with Protective Film MT9P031I12STM-DR 5 MP 1/3" CIS Dry Pack without Protective Film MT9P031I12STM-DR1 5 MP 1/3" CIS Dry Pack Single Tray without Protective Film DESCRIPTION The MT9P031 sensor can be operated in its default mode or programmed by the user for frame size, exposure, gain setting, and other parameters. The default mode outputs a full resolution image at 14 frames per second (fps). An on-chip analog-to-digital converter (ADC) provides 12 bits per pixel. FRAME_VALID (FV) and LINE_VALID (LV) signals are output on dedicated pins, along with a pixel clock that is synchronous with valid data. The MT9P031produces extraordinarily clear, sharp digital pictures, and its ability to capture both continuous video and single frames makes it the perfect choice for a wide range of consumer and industrial applications, including cell phones, digital still cameras, digital video cameras, and PC cameras.. FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW The MT9P031 is a progressive-scan sensor that generates a stream of pixel data at a constant frame rate. It uses an on-chip, phase-locked loop (PLL) to generate all internal clocks from a single master input clock running between 6 and 27 MHz. The maximum pixel rate is 96 Mp/s, corresponding to a clock rate of 96 MHz. Figure 1 illustrates a block diagram of the sensor. Array Control TRIGGER Pixel Array EXTCLK RESET_BAR STANDBY_BAR OE Output 2752H x 2004V Serial Interface Analog Signal Chain Data Path SCLK S DATA SADDR PIXCLK DOUT [11:0] LV FV STROBE Figure 1. Block Diagram and then reading each row in turn. In the time interval between resetting a row and reading that row, the pixels in the row integrate incident light. The exposure is controlled by varying the time interval between reset and readout. Once a row has been read, the data from the columns is sequenced User interaction with the sensor is through the two-wire serial bus, which communicates with the array control, analog signal chain, and digital signal chain. The core of the sensor is a 5 Mp active-pixel array. The timing and control circuitry sequences through the rows of the array, resetting www.onsemi.com 2 MT9P031 through an analog signal chain (providing offset correction and gain), and then through an ADC. The output from the ADC is a 12-bit value for each pixel in the array. The ADC output passes through a digital processing signal chain (which provides further data path corrections and applies digital gain). The pixel data are output at a rate of up to 96 Mp/s, in addition to frame and line synchronization signals. VDD_PLL VAA_PIX VAA VDD VDD_IO 1.0k 1.5k1 1.5k1 VDD_IO 2,3 VDD2,3 VAA2,3 SADDR RESET_BAR STANDBY_BAR DOUT [11:0] PIXCLK FV LV STROBE 1F SCLK S DATA TRIGGER From controller Master clock To controller EXTCLK TEST AGND3 RSVD DGND3 OE Figure 2. Typical Configuration (Connection) 48 48 47 46 45 DOUT 9 1 DOUT 10 2 DOUT 11 A GND 3 DGND TEST 4 VDD SCLK 5 VAA_PIX SDATA 6 VAA_PIX RSVD Notes: 1. A resistor value of 1.5 k is recommended, but may be greater for slower two-wire speed. 2. All power supplies should be adequately decoupled. 3. All DGND pins must be tied together, as must all AGND pins, all VDD_IO pins, and all VDD pins. 44 43 FRAME_VALID 7 42 DOUT8 LINE_VALID 8 41 DOUT7 9 40 DOUT6 DGND 10 39 VDD_IO VDD_ IO 11 38 DOUT5 VDD 12 37 DOUT4 DOUT3 STROBE OE 17 PIXCLK NC 18 31 EXTCLK 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 NC DOUT0 32 NC 33 NC 16 NC RESET_BAR DGND DOUT1 VDD_PLL 34 VAA 15 VAA DOUT2 TRIGGER AGND 35 TEST 14 TEST 13 STANDBY_BAR NC SADDR 36 Figure 3. 48-Pin iLCC 10 x 10 Package Pinout Diagram (Top View) www.onsemi.com 3 MT9P031 Table 3. PIN DESCRIPTION Name Type RESET_BAR Input When LOW, the MT9P031 asynchronously resets. When driven HIGH, it resumes normal operation with all configuration registers set to factory defaults. Description EXTCLK Input External input clock. SCLK Input Serial clock. Pull to VDD_IO with a 1.5 k resistor. OE Input When HIGH, the PIXCLK, DOUT, FV, LV, and STROBE outputs enter a High-Z. When driven LOW, normal operation resumes. STANDBY_BAR Input Standby. When LOW, the chip enters a low-power standby mode. It resumes normal operation when the pin is driven HIGH. TRIGGER Input Snapshot trigger. Used to trigger one frame of output in snapshot modes, and to indicate the end of exposure in bulb exposure modes. SADDR Input Serial address. When HIGH, the MT9P031 responds to device ID (BA)H. When LOW, it responds to serial device ID (90)H. SDATA I/O PIXCLK Output Pixel clock. The DOUT, FV, LV, and STROBE outputs should be captured on the falling edge of this signal. DOUT[11:0] Output Pixel data. Pixel data is 12-bit. MSB (DOUT11) through LSB (DOUT0) of each pixel, to be captured on the falling edge of PIXCLK. FRAME_VALID Output Frame valid. Driven HIGH during active pixels and horizontal blanking of each frame and LOW during vertical blanking. LINE_VALID Output Line valid. Driven HIGH with active pixels of each line and LOW during blanking periods. STROBE Output Snapshot strobe. Driven HIGH when all pixels are exposing in snapshot modes. VDD Supply Digital supply voltage. Nominally 1.8 V. VDD_IO Supply IO supply voltage. Nominally 1.8 or 2.8 V. DGND Supply Digital ground. VAA Supply Analog supply voltage. Nominally 2.8 V. VAA_PIX Supply Pixel supply voltage. Nominally 2.8 V, connected externally to VAA. Serial data. Pull to VDD_IO with a 1.5 k resistor. AGND Supply Analog ground. VDD_PLL Supply PLL supply voltage. Nominally 2.8 V, connected externally to VAA. TEST - Tie to AGND for normal device operation (factory use only). RSVD - Tie to DGND for normal device operation (factory use only). NC - No connect. www.onsemi.com 4 MT9P031 PIXEL DATA FORMAT Pixel Array Structure The MT9P031 pixel array consists of a 2752-column by 2004-row matrix of pixels addressed by column and row. The address (column 0, row 0) represents the upper-right corner of the entire array, looking at the sensor, as shown in Figure 4. The array consists of a 2592-column by 1944-row active region in the center representing the default output image, surrounded by a boundary region (also active), surrounded by a border of dark pixels (see Table 4 and Table 5). The boundary region can be used to avoid edge effects when doing color processing to achieve a 2592 x 1944 result image, while the optically black column and rows can be used to monitor the black level. Pixels are output in a Bayer pattern format consisting of four "colors"-GreenR, GreenB, Red, and Blue (Gr, Gb, R, B)-representing three filter colors. When no mirror modes are enabled, the first row output alternates between Gr and R pixels, and the second row output alternates between B and Gb pixels. The Gr and Gb pixels have the same color filter, but they are treated as separate colors by the data path and analog signal chain. Table 4. PIXEL TYPE BY COLUMN Column Pixel Type 0-9 Dark (10) 10-15 Active boundary (6) 16-2607 Active image (2592) 2608-2617 Active boundary (10) 2618-2751 Dark (134) Table 5. PIXEL TYPE BY ROW Column Pixel Type 0-49 Dark (50) 50-53 Active boundary (4) 54-1997 Active image (1944) 1998-2001 Active boundary (3) 2002-2003 Dark (2) (0,0) 50 black rows 4 (16,54) Active Image 134 black columns 10 2592 x 1944 active pixels 6 10 black columns 4 2 black rows (2751, 2003) Figure 4. Pixel Array Description column readout direction .. black pixels . Gr R Gr R Gr R Gr row readout direction First clear pixel (10,50) B Gb B Gb B Gb B ... Gr R Gr R Gr R Gr B Gb B Gb B Gb B Gr R Gr R Gr R Gr B Gb B Gb B Gb B .. . Figure 5. Pixel Color Pattern Detail (Top Right Corner) www.onsemi.com 5 MT9P031 Default Readout Order When the sensor is imaging, the active surface of the sensor faces the scene as shown in Figure 5. When the image is read out of the sensor, it is read one row at a time, with the rows and columns sequenced as shown in Figure 6. By convention, the sensor core pixel array is shown with pixel (0,0) in the top right corner (see Figure 4). This reflects the actual layout of the array on the die. Also, the first pixel data read out of the sensor in default condition is that of pixel (16, 54). Lens Scene Sensor (rear view) Row Readout Order Column Readout Order Pixel (0,0) Figure 6. Imaging a Scene Output Data Format (Default Mode) and vertical blanking, as shown in Figure 7. LV is HIGH during the shaded region of the figure. FV timing is described in "Output Data Timing". The MT9P031 image data is read out in a progressive scan. Valid image data is surrounded by horizontal blanking P0,0 P0,1 P0,2 .....................................P0,n-1 P0,n P1,0 P1,1 P1,2 .....................................P1,n-1 P1,n 00 00 00 .................. 00 00 00 00 00 00 .................. 00 00 00 VALID IMAGE HORIZONTAL BLANKING Pm-1,0 Pm-1,1 .....................................Pm-1,n-1Pm-1,n Pm,0 Pm,1 .....................................Pm,n-1 Pm,n 00 00 00 ..................................... 00 00 00 00 00 00 ..................................... 00 00 00 00 00 00 .................. 00 00 00 00 00 00 .................. 00 00 00 00 00 00 .................. 00 00 00 00 00 00 .................. 00 00 00 VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL BLANKING VERTICAL BLANKING 00 00 00 ..................................... 00 00 00 00 00 00 ..................................... 00 00 00 00 00 00 .................. 00 00 00 00 00 00 .................. 00 00 00 Figure 7. Spatial Illustration of Image Readout www.onsemi.com 6 MT9P031 Readout Sequence Columns are read out in the following order: 1. Dark columns: If either Show_Dark_Columns or Row_BLC is set, dark columns on the left side of the image are read out followed by those on the right side. The set of columns read is shown in Table 7. The Column_Skip setting is ignored for the dark columns. If neither Show_Dark_Columns nor Row_BLC is set, no dark columns are read, allowing all columns to be part of the active image. This does not change the row time, as WDC is included in the vertical blank period. 2. Active image: The columns defined by column start, column size, bin, skip, and column mirror settings are read out. If this set of columns includes the columns read out above, these columns are resampled, meaning the data is invalid. Typically, the readout window is set to a region including only active pixels. The user has the option of reading out dark regions of the array, but if this is done, consideration must be given to how the sensor reads the dark regions for its own purposes. Rows are read from the array in the following order: 1. Dark rows: If Show_Dark_Rows is set, or if Manual_BLC is clear, dark rows on the top of the array are read out. The set of rows sampled are adjusted based on the Row_Bin setting such that there are 8 rows after binning, as shown in the Table 6. The Row_Skip setting is ignored for the dark row region. If Show_Dark_Rows is clear and Manual_BLC is set, no dark rows are read from the array as part of this step, allowing all rows to be part of the active image. This does not change the frame time, as HDR is included in the vertical blank period. 2. Active image: The rows defined by the row start, row size, bin, skip, and row mirror settings are read out. If this set of rows includes rows read out above, those rows are resampled, meaning that the data is invalid. Table 7. DARK COLUMNS SAMPLED AS A FUNCTION OF COLUMN_BIN Column_Bin WDC (Dark Columns After Binning) 0 80 1 40 3 20 Table 6. DARK ROWS SAMPLED AS A FUNCTION OF ROW_BIN Row_Bin HDR (Dark Rows After Binning) 0 8 1 8 3 8 www.onsemi.com 7 MT9P031 OUTPUT DATA TIMING The output images are divided into frames, which are further divided into lines. By default, the sensor produces 1944 rows of 2592 columns each. The FV and LV signals indicate the boundaries between frames and lines, respectively. PIXCLK can be used as a clock to latch the data. For each PIXCLK cycle, one 12-bit pixel datum outputs on the DOUT pins. When both FV and LV are asserted, the pixel is valid. PIXCLK cycles that occur when FV is negated are called vertical blanking. PIXCLK cycles that occur when only LV is negated are called horizontal blanking. PIXCLK FV LV D OUT [11:0] P0 Vertical Blanking Horiz Blanking P1 P2 P3 P4 Valid Image Data Pn Horiz Blanking Vertical Blanking Figure 8. Default Pixel Output Timing LV and FV will be extended back to include them; in this case, the first pixel of the active image still occurs at the same position relative to the leading edge of FV. Normally, LV will only be asserted if FV is asserted; this is configurable as described below. The timing of the FV and LV outputs is closely related to the row time and the frame time. FV will be asserted for an integral number of row times, which will normally be equal to the height of the output image. If Show_Dark_Rows is set, the dark sample rows will be output before the active image, and FV will be extended to include them. In this case, FV's leading edge happens at time 0. LV will be asserted during the valid pixels of each row. The leading edge of LV will be offset from the leading edge of FV by 609 PIXCLKs. If Show_Dark_Columns is set, the dark columns will be output before the image pixels, and LV LV Format Options The default situation is for LV to be negated when FV is negated. The other option available is shown in Figure 9. If Continuous_LV is set, LV is asserted even when FV is not, with the same period and duty cycle. If XOR_Line_Valid is set, but not Continuous_Line_Valid, the resulting LV will be the XOR of FV and the continuous LV. FV Default LV FV Continuous LV LV FV XOR LV LV Figure 9. LV Format Options The timing of an entire frame is shown in Figure 10. www.onsemi.com 8 MT9P031 t ROW W WDC LV Dark Columns FV Dark Rows Row Readout H t FRAME HDR Column Readout Active Image Blanking Region Figure 10. Frame Timing rate of 1 pixel per PIXCLK. One row time (tROW) is the period from the first pixel output in a row to the first pixel output in the next row. The row time and frame time are defined by equations in Table 8. Frame Time The pixel clock (PIXCLK) represents the time needed to sample 1 pixel from the array, and is typically equal to 1 EXTCLK period. The sensor outputs data at the maximum Table 8. FRAME TIME Parameters Name Equation fps Frame Rate 1/tFRAME tFRAME Frame Time (H + max(VB, VBMIN)) x tROW 14 71.66 ms tROW Row Time W Output Image Width 2 x ceil((Column_Size + 1) / (2 x (Column_Skip + 1))) 2 x ceil((Row_Size + 1) / (2 x (Row_Skip + 1))) 1944 rows max (1, (2 * 16 x Shutter_Width_Upper) + Shutter_Width_Lower) 1943 rows Horizontal_Blank + 1 1 PIXCLK H Output Image Height SW Shutter Width HB Horizontal Blanking VB Vertical Blanking HBMIN Minimum Horizontal Blanking VBMIN Minimum Vertical Blanking tPIXCLK Pixclk Period tPIXCLK Default Timing at EXTCLK = 96 MHz 2x x max(((W/2) + max(HB, HBMIN)), (41 + 346 x (Row_Bin+1) + 99)) Vertical_Blank + 1 346 x (Row_Bin + 1) + 64 + (WDC / 2) max (8, SW - H) + 1 1/fPIXCLK The minimum horizontal blanking (HBMIN) values for various Row_Bin and Column_Bin settings are shown in Table 9. www.onsemi.com 9 36.38 s 2592 PIXCLK 26 rows 450 PIXCLK 9 rows 10.42 ns MT9P031 Table 9. HBMIN VALUES FOR ROW_BIN VS. COLUMN_BIN SETTINGS Column_bin (WDC) Row_bin 0 1 3 0 450 430 420 1 796 776 766 3 1488 1468 1458 Frame Rates at Common Resolutions rates are shown both with subsampling enabled and disabled. Table 10 and Table 11 show examples of register settings to achieve common resolutions and their frame rates. Frame Table 10. STANDARD RESOLUTIONS Frame Rate Sub- sampling Mode Column_ Size (R0x04) Row_ Size (R0x03) Shutter_ Width_ Lower (R0x09) Row_ Bin (R0x22 [5:4]) Row_ Skip (R0x22 [2:0]) Column_ Bin (R0x23 [5:4]) Column_ Skip (R0x23 [2:0]) 2592 x 1944 (Full Resolution) 14 N/A 2591 1943 <1943 0 0 0 0 2048 x 1536 QXGA 21 N/A 2047 1535 <1535 0 0 0 0 1600 x 1200 UXGA 31 N/A 1599 1199 <1199 0 0 0 0 1280 x 1024 SXGA 42 N/A 1279 1023 <1023 0 0 0 0 1024 x 768 XGA 63 N/A 1023 767 <767 0 0 0 0 63 skipping 2047 1535 0 1 0 1 47 binning 2047 1535 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Resolution 800 x 600 SVGA 640 x 480 VGA 90 N/A 799 599 90 skipping 1599 1199 <599 65 binning 1599 1199 123 N/A 639 479 123 skipping 2559 1919 0 3 0 3 53 binning 2559 1919 3 3 3 3 <479 Table 11. WIDE SCREEN (16:9) RESOLUTIONS Frame Rate Sub- sampling Mode Column_ Size (R0x04) Row_ Size (R0x03) Shutter_ Width_ Lower (R0x09) Row_ Bin (R0x22 [5:4]) Row_ Skip (R0x22 [2:0]) Column_ Bin (R0x23 [5:4]) Column_ Skip (R0x23 [2:0]) 1920 x 1080 HDTV 31 N/A 1919 1079 <1079 0 0 0 0 1280 x 720 HDTV 60 N/A 1279 719 <719 0 0 0 0 60 skipping 2559 1439 <719 0 1 0 1 45 skipping 2559 1439 <719 1 1 1 1 Resolution 1. It is assumed that the minimum horizontal blanking and the minimum vertical blanking conditions are met, and that all other registers are set to default values. www.onsemi.com 10 MT9P031 SERIAL BUS DESCRIPTION Registers are written to and read from the MT9P031 through the two-wire serial interface bus. The MT9P031 is a serial interface slave and is controlled by the serial clock (SCLK), which is driven by the serial interface master. Data is transferred into and out of the MT9P031 through the serial data (SDATA) line. The SDATA line is pulled up to VDD_IO offchip by a 1.5 k resistor. Either the slave or master device can pull the SDATA line LOW-the serial interface protocol determines which device is allowed to pull the SDATA line down at any given time. Bus Idle State The bus is idle when both the data and clock lines are HIGH. Control of the bus is initiated with a start bit, and the bus is released with a stop bit. Only the master can generate the start and stop bits. Start Bit The start bit is defined as a HIGH-to-LOW transition of the data line while the clock line is HIGH. Stop Bit The stop bit is defined as a LOW-to-HIGH transition of the data line while the clock line is HIGH. Protocol The two-wire serial defines several different transmission codes, as follows: 1. a start bit 2. the slave device 8-bit address 3. an (a no) acknowledge bit 4. an 8-bit message 5. a stop bit Slave Address The 8-bit address of a two-wire serial interface device consists of 7 bits of address and 1 bit of direction. A "0" in the LSB (least significant bit) of the address indicates write mode (0xBA), and a "1" indicates read mode (0xBB). Data Bit Transfer Sequence One data bit is transferred during each clock pulse. The serial interface clock pulse is provided by the master. The data must be stable during the HIGH period of the two-wire serial interface clock-it can only change when the serial clock is LOW. Data is transferred 8 bits at a time, followed by an acknowledge bit. A typical READ or WRITE sequence begins by the master sending a start bit. After the start bit, the master sends the slave device's 8-bit address. The last bit of the address determines if the request is a READ or a WRITE, where a "0" indicates a WRITE and a "1"indicates a READ. The slave device acknowledges its address by sending an acknowledge bit back to the master. If the request is a WRITE, the master then transfers the 8-bit register address to which a WRITE should take place. The slave sends an acknowledge bit to indicate that the register address has been received. The master then transfers the data 8 bits at a time, with the slave sending an acknowledge bit after each 8 bits. The MT9P031 uses 16-bit data for its internal registers, thus requiring two 8-bit transfers to write to one register. After 16 bits are transferred, the register address is automatically incremented, so that the next 16 bits are written to the next register address. The master stops writing by sending a start or stop bit. A typical READ sequence is executed as follows. First the master sends the write-mode slave address and 8-bit register address, just as in the WRITE request. The master then sends a start bit and the read-mode slave address. The master then clocks out the register data 8 bits at a time. The master sends an acknowledge bit after each 8-bit transfer. The register address is automatically-incremented after every 16 bits is transferred. The data transfer is stopped when the master sends a no-acknowledge bit. Acknowledge Bit The master generates the acknowledge clock pulse. The transmitter (which is the master when writing, or the slave when reading) releases the data line, and the receiver indicates an acknowledge bit by pulling the data line LOW during the acknowledge clock pulse. No-Acknowledge Bit The no-acknowledge bit is generated when the data line is not pulled down by the receiver during the acknowledge clock pulse. A no-acknowledge bit is used to terminate a read sequence. www.onsemi.com 11 MT9P031 TWO-WIRE SERIAL INTERFACE SAMPLE WRITE AND READ SEQUENCES 16-Bit WRITE Sequence A typical WRITE sequence for writing 16 bits to a register is shown in Figure 11. A start bit given by the master, followed by the write address, starts the sequence. The image sensor then gives an acknowledge bit and expects the register address to come first, followed by the 16-bit data. After each 8-bit transfer, the image sensor gives an acknowledge bit. All 16 bits must be written before the register is updated. After 16 bits are transferred, the register address is automatically incremented so that the next 16 bits are written to the next register. The master stops writing by sending a start or stop bit. SCLK SDATA START 0000 0010 Reg0x09 0xBA ADDR ACK ACK 1000 0100 ACK STOP ACK Figure 11. Timing Diagram Showing a WRITE to Reg0x09 with the Value 0x0284 16-Bit READ Sequence then clocks out the register data 8 bits at a time. The master sends an acknowledge bit after each 8-bit transfer. The register address should be incremented after every 16 bits is transferred. The data transfer is stopped when the master sends a no-acknowledge bit. A typical READ sequence is shown in Figure 12. First the master has to write the register address, as in a WRITE sequence. Then a start bit and the read address specify that a READ is about to happen from the register. The master SCLK SDATA 0xBA ADDR START 0xBB ADDR Reg0x09 ACK ACK START 0000 0010 ACK 1000 0100 ACK Figure 12. Timing Diagram Showing a READ to Reg0x09 with the Value 0x0284 www.onsemi.com 12 STOP NACK MT9P031 FEATURES Reset Power Up and Power Down The MT9P031 may be reset by using RESET_BAR (active LOW) or the reset register. When first powering on the MT9P031, follow this sequence: 1. Ensure RESET_BAR is asserted (LOW). 2. Bring up the supplies. If both the analog and the digital supplies cannot be brought up simultaneously, ensure the digital supply comes up first. 3. Negate RESET_BAR (HIGH) to bring up the sensor. Hard Reset Assert (LOW) RESET_BAR, it is not necessary to clock the device. All registers return to the factory defaults. When the pin is negated (HIGH), the chip resumes normal operation. Soft Reset Set the Reset register field to "1" (R0x0D[0] = 1). All registers except the following will be reset: * Chip_Enable * Synchronize_Changes * Reset * Use_PLL * Power_PLL * PLL_m_Factor * PLL_n_Divider * PLL_p1_Divider When powering down, be sure to follow this sequence to ensure that I/Os do not load any buses that they are connected to. 1. Assert RESET_BAR. 2. Remove the supplies. Clocks The MT9P031 requires one clock (EXTCLK), which is nominally 96 MHz. By default, this results in pixels being output on the DOUT pins at a maximum data rate of 96 Mp/s. With VDD_IO = 1.8 V, maximum master clock and maximum data rate become 48 MHz and 48 Mp/s, respectively. The EXTCLK clock can be divided down internally by setting Divide_Pixel_Clock to a non-zero value. This slows down the operation of the chip as though EXTCLK had been divided externally. When the field is returned to "0," the chip resumes normal operation. fEXTCLK fPIXCLK= if Divide_Pixel_Clock = 0 { fEXTCLK / (2 x Divide_Pixel_Clock) otherwise output, and another divider stage to generate the output clock. The clocking structure is shown in Figure 13. PLL control registers can be programmed to generate desired master clock frequency. NOTE: The PLL control registers must be programmed while the sensor is in the software Standby state. The effect of programming the PLL divisors while the sensor is in the streaming state is undefined. The DOUT, LV, FV, and STROBE outputs are launched on the rising edge of PIXCLK, and should be captured on the falling edge of PIXCLK. The specific relationship of PIXCLK to these other outputs can be adjusted in two ways. If Invert_Pixel_Clock is set, the sense of PIXCLK is inverted from that shown in Figure 8. In addition, if the pixel clock has been divided by Divide_Pixel_Clock, it can be shifted relative to the other outputs by setting Shift_Pixel_Clock. PLL-Generated Master Clock The PLL contains a prescaler to divide the input clock applied on EXTCLK, a VCO to multiply the prescaler PLL Output Clock PLL Input Clock EXTCLK Pre PLL Div PFD PLL Multiplier (VCO) N PLL_n_divider +1 PLL Output Div 1 M PLL_m_factor P1 PLL_p1_divider +1 Figure 13. PLL-Generated Master Clock www.onsemi.com 13 SYSCLK (PIXCLK) MT9P031 PLL Setup REG= 0x07, 0x1F82 REG= 0x07, 0x1F80 REG= 0x0B, 0x0001 The MT9P031 has a PLL which can be used to generate the pixel clock internally. To use the PLL: 1. Bring the MT9P031 up as normal, make sure that fEXTCLK is between 6 and 27 MHz and then power on the PLL by setting Power_PLL (R0x10[0] = 1). 2. Set PLL_m_Factor, PLL_n_Divider, and PLL_p1_Divider based on the desired input (fEXTCLK) and output (fPIXCLK) frequencies. Determine the M, N, and P1 values to achieve the desired fPIXCLK using this formula: Leaving Soft Standby REG= 0x0B, 0x0002 REG= 0x0B, 0x0003 REG= 0x07, 0x1F80 REG= 0x07, 0x1F82 REG= 0x0B, 0x0001 For maximum power savings in standby mode, EXTCLK should not be toggling. When standby mode is entered, either by clearing Chip_Enable or by asserting STANDBY_BAR, the PLL is disabled automatically or powered down. It must be manually re-enabled when leaving standby as needed. fPIXCLK = (fEXTCLK x M) / (N x P1) where M = PLL_m_Factor N = PLL_n_Divider + 1 P1 = PLL_p1_Divider + 1 2 MHz < fEXTCLK / N < 13.5 MHz 180 MHz < (fEXTCLK x M) / N < 360 MHz Full-Array Readout The entire array, including dark pixels, can be read out without digital processing or automatic black level adjustments. This can be accomplished as follows: 1. Set Row_Start and Column_Start to 0. 2. Set Row_Size to 2003. 3. Set Column_Size to 2751. 4. Set Manual_BLC to 1. 5. Set Row_BLC to 0. 6. Set Row_Black_Default_Offset to 0. 7. Set Show_Dark_Rows and Show_Dark_Columns to 0. NOTE: If P1 is odd (that is, PLL_p1_Divider is even), the duty cycle of the internal system clock will not be 50:50. In this case, it is important that either a slower clock is used or all clock enable bits are set in R101. It is desirable to keep (fEXTCLK / n) as large as possible within the limits. Also, "m" must be between 16 and 255, inclusive. 3. Wait 1ms to ensure that the VCO has locked. 4. Set Use_PLL (R0x10[1] = 1) to switch from EXTCLK to the PLL-generated clock. If automatic analog (coarse) BLC is desired, but no digital processing, modify the above settings as follows: 1. Set Row_Start to 12. 2. Set Row_Size to 1993. 3. Set Manual_BLC to 0. Standby and Chip Enable The MT9P031 can be put in a low-power Standby state by either method below: 1. Hard Standby: By pulling STANDBY_BAR LOW, or 2. Soft Standby: By clearing the Chip_Enable register field (R0x07[1] = 0). These settings result in the same array layout as above, but only 22 dark rows are available at the top of the array; the first eight are used in the black level algorithm, and there should be a two-row buffer between the black region and the active region. When the sensor is put in standby, all internal clocks are gated, and analog circuitry is put in a state that it draws minimal power. The two wire serial interface is still active. If the sensor was in continuous mode when put in standby, it resumes from where it was when standby was deactivated. Naturally, this frame and the next frame are corrupted, though the sensor itself does not realize this. As this could affect automatic black level calibration, it is recommended that either the chip be paused (by setting Restart_Pause) before being put in standby mode, or it be restarted (setting Restart) upon resumption of operation. Window Control The output image window of the pixel (the FOV) is defined by four register fields. Column_Start and Row_Start define the X and Y coordinates of the upper-left corner of the FOV. Column_Size defines the width of the FOV, and Row_Size defines the height of the FOV in array pixels. The Column_Start and Row_Start fields must be set to an even number. The Column_Size and Row_Size fields must be set to odd numbers (resulting in an even size for the FOV). The Row_Start register should be set no lower than 12 if either Manual_BLC is clear or Show_Dark_Rows is set. If no special resolution modes are set (see below), the width of the output image, W, is Column_Size + 1 and the height, H, is Row_Size + 1. Entering Soft Standby REG= 0x0B, 0x0002 REG= 0x0B, 0x0003 www.onsemi.com 14 MT9P031 Readout Modes binning modes are supported. Rows and columns can be binned independently. Subsampling By default, the resolution of the output image is the full width and height of the FOV as defined in "Window Control". The output resolution can be reduced by two methods: Skipping and Binning. Row and column skip modes use subsampling to reduce the output resolution without reducing FOV. The MT9P031 also has row and column binning modes, which can reduce the impact of aliasing introduced by the use of skip modes. This is achieved by the averaging of 2 or 3 adjacent rows and columns (adjacent same-color pixels). Both 2X and 4X Skipping Skipping reduces resolution by using only selected pixels from the FOV in the output image. In skip mode, entire rows and columns of pixels are not sampled, resulting in a lower resolution output image. A skip 2X mode skips one Bayer pair of pixels for every pair output. Skip 3X skips two pairs for each one pair output. Rows and columns are always read out in pairs. If skip 2X mode is enabled with otherwise default sensor settings, the columns in the output image correspond to the pixel array columns 16, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25... . LV Normal readout DOUT[11:0] G0 [11:0] R0 [11:0] G1 [11:0] R1 [11:0] G0 [11:0] R0 [11:0] G2 [11:0] R2 [11:0] G2 [11:0] R2 [11:0] G3 [11:0] R3 [11:0] LV Column skip 2X readout DOUT[11:0] Figure 14. Eight Pixels in Normal and Column Skip 2X Readout Modes Skipping can be enabled separately for rows and columns. To enable skip mode, set either or both of Row_Skip and Column_Skip to the number of pixel pairs that should be skipped for each pair used in the output image. For example, to set column skip 2X mode, set Column_Skip to "1". The size of the output image is reduced by the skip mode as shown in the following two equations: W+2 ceil((Column_Size ) 1))(2 H+2 ceil((Row_Size ) 1))(2 (Column_Skip ) 1))) (eq. 2) (Row_Skip ) 1))) X incrementing Y incrementing Y incrementing X incrementing Figure 16. Pixel Readout (Column Skip 2X) Figure 15. Pixel Readout (no skipping) www.onsemi.com 15 (eq. 1) MT9P031 X incrementing Y incrementing Y incrementing X incrementing Figure 18. Pixel Readout (Column Skip 2X, Row Skip 2X) Figure 17. Pixel Readout (Row Skip 2X) Row_Skip settings can be averaged instead by setting Column_Bin and Row_Bin to the number of neighbor pixels to be averaged with each output pixel. For example, to set bin 2X mode, set Column_Skip and Column_Bin to 1. Additionally, Column_Start must be a multiple of (2 * (Column_Bin + 1)) and Row_Start must be a multiple of (2 * (Row_Bin + 1)). Only certain combinations of binning and skipping are allowed. These are shown in Table 12. If an illegal skip value is selected for a bin mode, a legal value is selected instead. Binning Binning reduces resolution by combining adjacent same-color imager pixels to produce one output pixel. All of the pixels in the FOV contribute to the output image in bin mode. This can result in a more pleasing output image with reduced subsampling artifacts. It also improves low-light performance. For columns, the combination step can be either an averaging or summing operation. Depending on lighting conditions, one or the other may be desirable. In low-light conditions, summing produces a gain roughly equivalent to the column bin factor. Column summing may be enabled by setting Column_Sum. Binning works in conjunction with skipping. Pixels that would be skipped because of the Column_Skip and Table 12. LEGAL VALUES FOR COLUMN_SKIP BASED ON COLUMN_BIN Column_Bin Legal Values for Column_Skip 0 (no binning) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 1 (Bin 2x) 1, 3, 5 3 (Bin 4x) 3 1. Ensure that Column_Start (R0x02) is set in the form shown below, where n is an integer: no bin Bin 2x Bin 4x Mirror Column = 0 4n 8n 16n Mirror Column = 1 4n + 2 8n + 4 16n + 8 Bin mode is illustrated in Figure 19 and Figure 20. www.onsemi.com 16 MT9P031 X incrementing Y incrementing Y incrementing X incrementing Figure 20. Pixel Readout (Column Bin 2X, Row Bin 2X) Figure 19. Pixel Readout (Column Bin 2X) Mirror Column Mirror Image By setting R0x20[14] = 1, the readout order of the columns is reversed, as shown in Figure 21. The starting color, thus Bayer pattern, is preserved when mirroring the columns. LINE_VALID Normal readout DOUT [11:0] G0 (11:0) R0 (11:0) G1 (11:0) R1 (11:0) G2 (11:0) R2 (11:0) R2 (11:0) G2 (11:0) R1 (11:0) G1 (11:0) R0 (11:0) G0 (11:0) Reverse readout DOUT[11:0] Figure 21. Six Pixels in Normal and Column Mirror Readout Modes Row Mirror Image By setting R0x20[15] = 1, the readout order of the rows is reversed as shown in Figure 22. The starting color, thus Bayer pattern, is preserved when mirroring the rows. FRAME_VALID Normal readout DOUT[11:0] Row0 (11:0) Row1 (11:0) Row2 (11:0) Row3 (11:0) Row4 (11:0) Row5 (11:0) Row5 (11:0) Row4 (11:0) Row3 (11:0) Row2 (11:0) Row1 (11:0) Row0 (11:0) Reverse readout DOUT[11:0] Figure 22. Six Rows in Normal and Row Mirror Readout Modes By default, active pixels in the resulting image are output in row-major order (an entire row is output before the next row is begun), from lowest row/column number to highest. If desired, the output (and sampling) order of the rows and columns can be reversed. This affects only pixels in the active region defined above, not any pixels read out as dark rows or dark columns. When the readout direction is reversed, the color order is reversed as well (red, green, red, and so on, instead of green, red, green, and so on, for example). www.onsemi.com 17 MT9P031 As a special case, in Snapshot modes (see "Operating Modes"), register writes that occur after FV but before the next trigger will take effect immediately on the next frame, as if there had been a Restart. However, if the trigger for the next frame in ERS Snapshot mode occurs during FV, register writes take effect as with continuous mode. Additional control over the timing of register updates can be achieved by using synchronize_changes. If this bit is set, writes to certain register fields that affect the brightness of the output image do not take effect immediately. Instead, the new value is remembered internally. When synchronize_changes is cleared, all the updates simultaneously take effect on the next frame (as if they had all been written the instant synchronize_changes was cleared). Register fields affected by this bit are identified in Table 13 of the register reference. Fields not identified as being frame-synchronized or affected by synchronize_changes are updated immediately after the register write is completed. The effect of these registers on the next frame can be difficult to predict if they affect the shutter pointer. If row binning is combined with row mirroring, the binning is still done in the positive direction. Therefore, if the first output row in bin 2X + row mirror was 1997, pixels on rows 1997 and 1999 would be averaged together. The next pixel output would be from rows 1996 and 1998, followed by the average of 1993 and 1995. For column mirroring plus binning, the span of pixels used should be the same as with non-mirror mode. Maintaining a Constant Frame Rate Maintaining a constant frame rate while continuing to have the ability to adjust certain parameters is the desired scenario. This is not always possible, however, because register updates are synchronized to the read pointer, and the shutter pointer for a frame is usually active during the readout of the previous frame. Therefore, any register changes that could affect the row time or the set of rows sampled causes the shutter pointer to start over at the beginning of the next frame. By default, the following register fields cause a "bubble" in the output rate (that is, the vertical blank increases for one frame) if they are written in continuous mode, even if the new value would not change the resulting frame rate: * Row_Start * Row_Size * Column_Size * Horizontal_Blank * Vertical_Blank * Shutter_Delay * Mirror_Row * Row_Bin * Row_Skip * Column_Skip Restart To restart the MT9P031 at any time during the operation of the sensor, write a "1" to the restart register (R0x0B[0] = 1). This has two effects: first, the current frame is interrupted immediately. Second, any writes to frame-synchronized registers and the shutter width registers take effect immediately, and a new frame starts (in continuous mode). Register updates being held by synchronize_changes do not take effect until that bit is cleared. The current row and one following row complete before the new frame is started, so the time between issuing the Restart and the beginning of the next frame can vary by about tROW. If Pause_Restart is set, rather than immediately beginning the next frame after a restart in continuous mode, the sensor pauses at the beginning of the next frame until Pause_Restart is cleared. This can be used to achieve a deterministic time period from clearing the Pause_Restart bit to the beginning of the first frame, meaning that the controller does not need to be tightly synchronized to LV or FV. NOTE: When Pause_Restart is cleared, be sure to leave Restart set to "1" for proper operation. The Restart bit will be cleared automatically by the device. The size of this bubble is (SW x tROW), calculating the row time according to the new settings. The Shutter_Width_Lower and Shutter_Width_Upper fields may be written without causing a bubble in the output rate under certain circumstances. Because the shutter sequence for the next frame often is active during the output of the current frame, this would not be possible without special provisions in the hardware. Writes to these registers take effect two frames after the frame they are written, which allows the shutter width to increase without interrupting the output or producing a corrupt frame (as long as the change in shutter width does not affect the frame time). Image Acquisition Modes The MT9P031 supports two image acquisition modes (Shutter Types) (see "Operating Modes"), electronic rolling shutter and global reset release. Synchronizing Register Writes to Frame Boundaries Changes to most register fields that affect the size or brightness of an image take effect on the frame after the one during which they are written. These fields are noted as "synchronized to frame boundaries" in Table 12 of the register reference. To ensure that a register update takes effect on the next frame, the write operation must be completed after the leading edge of FV and before the trailing edge of FV. Electronic Rolling Shutter The ERS modes take pictures by scanning the rows of the sensor twice in the order described in "Full-Array Readout". On the first scan, each row is released from reset, starting the exposure. On the second scan, the row is sampled, processed, and returned to the reset state. The exposure for www.onsemi.com 18 MT9P031 SDmax = 1232; if SW < 3 1504, otherwise any row is therefore the time between the first and second scans. Each row is exposed for the same duration, but at slightly different point in time, which can cause a shear in moving subjects. Whenever the mode is changed to an ERS mode (even from another ERS mode), and before the first frame following reset, there is an anti-blooming sequence where all rows are placed in reset. This sequence must complete before continuous readout begins. This delay is: tALLRESET = 16 x 2004 x tACLK The exposure time is calculated by determining the reset time of each pixel row (with time 0 being the start of the first row time), and subtracting it from the sample time. Under normal conditions in ERS modes, every pixel should end up with the same exposure time. In global shutter release modes, or in row binning modes, the exposure times of individual pixels can vary. In global shutter release modes (described later) exposure time starts simultaneously for all rows, but still ends as defined above. In a real system, the exposure would be stopped by a mechanical shutter, which would effectively stop the exposure to all rows simultaneously. Because this specification does not consider the effect of an external shutter, each output row's exposure time will differ by tROW from the previous row. Global shutter modes also introduce a constant added to the shutter time for each row, because the exposure starts during the global shutter sequence, and not during any row's shutter sequence. For each additional row in a row bin, this offset will increase by the length of the shutter sequence. In Bulb_Exposure modes (see details in Table 13), the exposure time is determined by the width of the TRIGGER pulse rather than the shutter width registers. In ERS bulb mode, it is still a multiple of row times, and the shutter overhead equation still applies. In GRR bulb mode, the exposure time is granular to ACLKs, and shutter overhead (and thus shutter_delay) has no effect. Global Reset Release The GRR modes attempt to address the shearing effect by starting all rows' exposures at the same time. Instead of the first scan used in ERS mode, the reset to each row is released simultaneously. The second scan occurs as normal, so the exposure time for each row would different. Typically, an external mechanical shutter would be used to stop the exposure of all rows simultaneously. In GRR modes, there is a startup overhead before each frame as all rows are initially placed in the reset state (tALLRESET). Unlike ERS mode, this delay always occurs before each frame. However, it occurs as soon as possible after the preceding frame, so typically the time from trigger to the start of exposure does not include this delay. To ensure that this is the case, the first trigger must occur no sooner than tALLRESET after the previous frame is read out. Exposure The nominal exposure time, tEXP, is the effective shutter time in ERS modes, and is defined by the shutter width, SW, and the shutter overhead, SO, which includes the effect of Shutter_Delay. Exposure time for other modes is defined relative to this time. Increasing Shutter_Delay (SD) decreases the exposure time. Exposure times are typically specified in units of row time, although it is possible to fine-tune exposures in units of tACLKs (where tACLK is 2 * tPIXCLK). tEXP = SW x tROW - SO x 2 x tPIXCLK where: SW = max(1, (2 * 16 x Shutter_Width_Upper) + Shutter_Width_Lower) SO = 208 x (Row_Bin + 1) + 98 + min(SD, SDmax) - 94 SD = Shutter_Delay + 1 Operating Modes In the default operating mode, the MT9P031 continuously samples and outputs frames. It can be put in "snapshot" or triggered mode by setting snapshot, which means that it samples and outputs a frame only when triggered. To leave snapshot mode, it is necessary to first clear Snapshot then issue a restart. When in snapshot mode, the sensor can use the ERS or the GRR. The exposure can be controlled as normal, with the shutter_width_lower and shutter_width_upper registers, or it can be controlled using the external TRIGGER signal. The various operating modes are summarized in Table 13. Table 13. OPERATING MODE Mode Settings Description ERS Continuous Default Frames are output continuously at the frame rate defined by tFRAME. ERS is used, and the exposure time is electronically controlled to be tEXP. ERS Snapshot Snapshot = 1 Frames are output one at a time, with each frame initiated by a trigger. ERS is used, and the exposure time is electronically controlled to be tEXP. ERS Bulb Snapshot = 1; Bulb_Exposure = 1 Frames are output one at a time, with each frame's exposure initiated by a trigger. ERS is used. End of exposure and readout are initiated by a second trigger. www.onsemi.com 19 MT9P031 Table 13. OPERATING MODE (continued) Mode Settings Description GRR Snapshot Snapshot = 1; Global_Reset = 1 Frames are output one at a time, with each frame initiated by a trigger. GRR is used. Readout is electronically triggered based on SW. GRR Bulb Snapshot = 1; Bulb_Exposure = 1; Global_Reset = 1 Frames are output one at a time, with each frame initiated by a trigger. GRR is used. Readout is initiated by a second trigger. 1. In ERS bulb mode, SW must be greater than 4 (use trigger wider than tROW * 4). Invert_Trigger is set, the second trigger is a low level on TRIGGER (or a Restart). In bulb modes, the minimum possible exposure time depends on the mechanical shutter used. After one frame has been output, the chip will reset step 1, above, eventually waiting for the first trigger again. The next trigger may be issued after ((VB - 8) x tROW) in ERS modes or tALLREST in GRR modes. The choice of shutter type is made by Global_Reset. If it is set, the GRR shutter is used; otherwise, ERS is used. The two shutters are described in "Electronic Rolling Shutter" and "Global Reset Release". The default ERS continuous mode is shown in Figure 8. Figure 23 shows default signal timing for ERS snapshot modes, while Figure 24 shows default signal timing for GRR snapshot modes. All operating modes share a common set of operations: 1. Wait for the first trigger, then start the exposure. 2. Wait for the second trigger, then start the readout. The first trigger is by default automatic, producing continuous images. If snapshot is set, the first trigger can either be a low level on the TRIGGER pin or writing a "1" to the trigger register field. If Invert_Trigger is set, the first trigger is a high level on TRIGGER pin (or a "1" written to trigger register field). Because TRIGGER is level-sensitive, multiple frames can be output (with a frame rate of tFRAME) by holding TRIGGER pin at the triggering level. The second trigger is also normally automatic, and generally occurs SW row times after the exposure is started. If Bulb_Exposure is set, the second trigger can either be a high level on TRIGGER or a write to Restart. If TT1 TSW TT2 TSE SW xtROW TRIGGER 8 x tROW (H + VB) x t ROW STROBE FV LV DOUT 8 x tROW tROW (a) ERS Snapshot tROW First Row Exposure Second Row Exposure TT1 TSE TRIGGER SW x tROW STROBE (H + VB) x tROW TSW TT2 8 x tROW FV LV DOUT (b) ERS Bulb 8 x tROW First Row Exposure tROW Second Row Exposure Figure 23. ERS Snapshot Timing www.onsemi.com 20 tROW MT9P031 TT1 TRIGGER TSE SW x tROW + 2000 x tACLK TSW VB x tROW + 2000 xtACLK STROBE TT2 8 x tROW FV LV DOUT tROW First Row Exposure (a) GRR Snapshot Second Row Exposure TT1 TRIGGER STROBE TSE SW x tROW + 2000 x tACLK VB xtROW + 2000 xtACLK TSW TT2 8 x t ROW FV LV DOUT First Row Exposure (b) GRR Bulb tROW Second Row Exposure Figure 24. GRR Snapshot Timing as shown in Figure 23 and Figure 24. Also indicated in these figures are the leading and trailing edges of STROBE, which an be configured to occur at one of several timepoints. The leading edge of STROBE occurs at STROBE_Start, and the trailing edge at STROBE_End, which are set to codes described in Table 14. Strobe Control To support synchronization of the exposure with external events such as a flash or mechanical shutter, the MT9P031 produces a STROBE output. By default, this signal is asserted for approximately the time that all rows are simultaneously exposing, minus the vertical blanking time, Table 14. STROBE TIMEPOINTS Symbol Timepoint Code TT1 Trigger 1 (start of shutter scan) - TSE Start of exposure (all rows simultaneously exposing) offset by VB 1 TSW End of shutter width (expiration of the internal shutter width counter) 2 TT2 Trigger 2 (start of readout scan) 3 Signal Chain and Datapath If STROBE_Start and STROBE_End are set to the same timepoint, the strobe is a tROW wide pulse starting at the STROBE_Start timepoint. If the settings are such that the strobe would occur after the trailing edge of FV, the strobe may be only tACLK wide; however, because there is no concept of a row at that time. The sense of the STROBE signal can be inverted by setting Invert_Strobe (R0x1E[5] = 1. To use strobe as a flash in snapshot modes or with mechanical shutter, set the Strobe_Enable register bit field R0x1E[4] = 1. The signal chain and datapath are shown in Figure 25. Each color is processed independently, including separate gain and offset settings. Voltages sampled from the pixel array are first passed through an analog gain stage, which can produce gain factors between 1 and 8. An analog offset is then applied, and the signal is sent through a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter. In the digital space, a digital gain factor of between 1 and 16 is applied, and then a digital www.onsemi.com 21 MT9P031 offset of between -2048 and 2047 is added. The resulting 12-bit pixel value is then output on the DOUT[11:0] ports. The analog offset applied is determined automatically by the black level calibration algorithm, which attempts to shift the output of the analog signal chain so that black is at a particular level. The digital offset is a fine-tuning of the analog offset. Analog Signal Chain Analog Gain Pixel X Voltage Digital Datapath Analog Offset + Digital Offset Correction Black Level Calibration ADC X + DOUT[11:0] Digital Gain Figure 25. Signal path possible. The recommended gain settings are shown in Table 15. Gain There are two types of gain supported: analog gain and digital gain. Combined, gains of between 1 and 128 are Table 15. GAIN INCREMENT SETTINGS Gain Range Increments Digital Gain Analog Multipier Analog Gain 1- 4 0.125 0 0 8-32 4.25-8 0.25 0 1 17-32 9-128 1 1-120 1 32 1. Analog gain should be maximized before applying digital gain. 2. The recommended minimum gain is 1.38 (0x000B) 3. For optimal sensor performance, when using gain settings <= 4.0, also set reserved register R0x3E = 0x0080 and for gain settings >4.0, set register R0x003E=0x00C0. The combined gain for a color C is given by: GC = AGC x DGC. Digital Gain The digital gain is specified independently for each color channel in steps of 0.125. It is controlled by the register fields Green1_Digital_Gain, Red_Digital_Gain, Blue_Digital_Gain, and Green2_Digital_Gain. The digital gain for a color C is given by: DGC = 1 + (C_Digital_Gain / 8) Analog Gain The analog gain is specified independently for each color channel. There are two components, the gain and the multiplier. The gain is specified by Green1_Analog_Gain, Red_Analog_Gain, Blue_Analog_Gain, and Green2_Analog_Gain in steps of 0.125. The analog multiplier is specified by Green1_Analog_Multiplier, Red_Analog_Multiplier, Blue_Analog_Multiplier, and Green2_Analog_Multiplier. These combine to form the analog gain for a given color C as shown in this equation: AGC = (1 + C_Analog_Multiplier) x (C_Analog_Gain / 8) The gain component can range from 0 to 7.875 in steps of 0.125, and the multiplier component can be either 0 or 1 (resulting in a multiplier of 1 or 2). However, it is best to keep the "gain" component between 1 and 4 for the best noise performance, and use the multiplier for gains between 4 and 8. Offset The MT9P031 sensor can apply an offset or shift to the image data in a number of ways. An analog offset can be applied on a color-wise basis to the pixel voltage as it enters the ADC. This makes it possible to adjust for offset introduced in the pixel sampling and gain stages to be removed, centering the resulting voltage swing in the ADC's range. This offset can be automatically determined by the sensor using the automatic black level calibration (BLC) circuit, or it can be set manually by the user. It is a fairly coarse adjustment, with adjustment step sizes of 4 to 8 LSBs. www.onsemi.com 22 MT9P031 Digital offset is also added on a color-wise and line-wise basis to fine tune the black level of the output image. This offset is based on an average black level taken from each row's dark columns, and is automatically determined by the digital row-wise black level calibration (RBLC) circuit. If the RBLC circuit is not used, a user-defined offset can be applied instead. This offset has a resolution of 1 LSBs. A digital offset is added on a color-wise basis to account for channel offsets that can be introduced due to "even" and "odd" pixels of the same color going through a slightly different ADC chain. This offset is automatically determined based on dark row data, but it can also be manually set. Digital Black Level Calibration Digital black level calibration is the final calculation applied to pixel data before it is output. It provides a precise black level to complement the coarser-grained analog black level calibration, and also corrects for black level shift introduced by digital gain. This correction applies to the active columns for all rows, including dark rows. Test Patterns The MT9P031 has the capability of injecting a number of test patterns into the top of the datapath to debug the digital logic. With one of the test patterns activated, any of the datapath functions can be enabled to exercise it in a deterministic fashion. Test patterns are enabled when Enable_Test_Pattern is set. Only one of the test patterns can be enabled at a given point in time by setting the Test_Pattern_Mode register according to Table 16. When test patterns are enabled the active area will receive the value specified by the selected test pattern and the dark pixels will receive the value in Test_Pattern_Green for green pixels, Test_Pattern_Blue for blue pixels, and Test_Pattern_Red for red pixels'+. NOTE: ON Semiconductor recommends turning off black level calibration (BLC) when Test Pattern is enabled, otherwise some of the test patterns will not be properly output. Analog Black Level Calibration The MT9P031 black level calibration circuitry provides a feedback control system since adjustments to the analog offset are imprecise by nature. The goal is that within the dark row region of any supported output image size, the offset should have been adjusted such that the average black level falls within the specified target thresholds. The analog offsets normally need a major adjustment only when leaving the Reset state or when there has been a change to a color's analog gain. Factors like shutter width and temperature have lower-order impact, and generally only require a minor adjustment to the analog offsets. The MT9P031 has various calibration modes to keep the system stable while still supporting the need for rapid offset adjustments when necessary. The two basic steps of black level calibration are: 1. Take a sample. 2. If necessary, adjust the analog offset. Table 16. TEST PATTERN MODES Test_Pattern_Mode Black level calibration is normally done separately for each color channel, and different channels can use different sample or adjustment methods at the same time. However, because both Green1 and Green2 pixels go through the same signal chain, and Red and Blue pixels likewise go through the same signal chain, it is expected that the chosen offset for these pairs should be the same as long as the gains are the same. If Lock_Green_Calibration is set, and (Green1_Analog_Gain = Green2_Analog_Gain) and (Green1_Analog_Multiplier = Green2_Analog_ Multiplier), the calculated or user-specified Green1_Offset is used for both green channels. Similarly, if Lock_Red/Blue_Calibration is set, and (Red_Analog_Gain = Blue_Analog_Gain) and (Red_Analog_Multiplier = Blue_Analog_Multiplier), the calculated or user-specified Red_Offset is used for both the red and blue channels. The current values of the offsets can be read from the Green1_Offset, Red_Offset, Blue_Offset, and Green2_Offset registers. Writes to these registers when Manual_BLC is set change the offsets being used. In automatic BLC mode, writes to these registers are effective when manual mode is re-entered. In Manual_BLC mode, no sampling or adjusting takes place for any color. Test Pattern Output 0 Color field (normal operation) 1 Horizontal gradient 2 Vertical gradient 3 Diagonal gradient 4 Classic test pattern 5 Walking 1s 6 Monochrome horizontal bars 7 Monochrome vertical bars 8 Vertical color bars Classic Test Pattern When selected, a value from Test_Data will be sent through the digital pipeline instead of sampled data from the sensor. The value will alternate between Test_Data for even and odd columns. Color Field When selected, the value for each pixel is determined by its color. Green pixels will receive the value in Test_Pattern_Green, red pixels will receive the value in Test_Pattern_Red, and blue pixels will receive the value in Test_Pattern_Blue. www.onsemi.com 23 MT9P031 When selected, a walking 1s pattern will be sent through the digital pipeline. The first value in each row is 1. Vertical Color Bars When selected, a typical color bar pattern will be sent through the digital pipeline. Monochrome Vertical Bars When selected, vertical monochrome bars will be sent through the digital pipeline. The width of each bar can be set in Test_Pattern_Bar_Width and the intensity of each bar is set by Test_Pattern_Green for even bars and Test_Pattern_Blue for odd bars. Horizontal Gradient When selected, a horizontal gradient will be produced based on a counter which increments on every active pixel. Vertical Gradient When selected, a vertical gradient will be produced based on a counter which increments on every active row. Monochrome Horizontal Bars When selected, horizontal monochrome bars will be sent through the digital pipeline. The width of each bar can be set in Test_Pattern_Bar_Width and the intensity of each bar is set by Test_Pattern_Green for even bars and Test_Pattern_Blue for odd bars. Diagonal Gradient When selected, a diagonal gradient will be produced based on the counter used by the horizontal and vertical gradients. Walking 1s www.onsemi.com 24 MT9P031 SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS 70 60 QE (%) 50 40 R 30 Gr 20 Gb 10 B 0 350 450 550 650 750 850 1050 950 Wavelength (nm) Figure 26. Typical Spectral Characteristics Image Height CRA vs. Image Height Plot CRA Design 14 12 CRA (deg) 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Image He ight (%) 80 Figure 27. CRA vs. Image Height (7 deg) www.onsemi.com 25 90 100 110 (%) (mm) CRA (deg) 0 0 0 5 0.178 0.35 10 0.356 0.70 15 0.535 1.05 20 0.713 1.40 25 0.891 1.75 30 1.069 2.10 35 1.247 2.45 40 1.426 2.80 45 1.604 3.15 50 1.782 3.50 55 1.960 3.85 60 2.138 4.20 65 2.317 4.55 70 2.495 4.90 75 2.673 5.25 80 2.851 5.60 85 3.029 5.95 90 3.208 6.30 95 3.386 6.65 100 3.564 7.00 MT9P031 ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS Two-Wire Serial Register Interface The electrical characteristics of the two-wire serial register interface (SCLK, SDATA) are shown in Figure 28 and Table 17. tr_clk t SCLK t SDH tSDS t SCLK SRTH SDATA Write Address Bit 7 tf_sdat 90% 90% 10% 10% tAHSW tSHAW t Register Address Bit 7 Write Address Bit 0 Write Start STPS tSTPH Register Value Bit 0 ACK t SHAR SCLK SDATA tr_sdat tf_clk Read Address tAHSR Read Start t t SDHR SDSR Register Value Bit 7 Read Address Bit 0 Bit 7 Stop Register Value Bit 0 ACK Figure 28. Two-Wire Serial Bus Timing Parameters Notes: Read sequence: For an 8-bit READ, read waveforms start after WRITE command and register address are issued. Table 17. TWO-WIRE SERIAL BUS CHARACTERISTICS Symbol fSCLK tSCLK Definition Condition Min Typ Max Unit Serial interface input clock frequency - - - 400 kHz Serial Input clock period - - - 2.5 msec SCLK duty cycle - 40 50 60 % tr_sclk SCLK rise time - 34 - ns tf_sclk SCLK fall time - 8 - ns tr_sdat SDATA rise time - 34 - ns tf_sdat SDATA fall time - 10 - ns tSRTH Start hold time WRITE/READ 0 10 28 ns tSDH SDATA hold WRITE 0 0 0 ns tSDS SDATA setup WRITE 0 19.9 59.9 ns tSHAW SDATA hold to ACK WRITE 279 281 300 ns tAHSW ACK hold to SDATA WRITE 279 281 300 ns tSTPS Stop setup time WRITE/READ 0 0 0 ns tSTPH Stop hold time WRITE/READ 0 0 0 ns tSHAR SDATA hold to ACK READ 279 284 300 ns tAHSR ACK hold to SDATA READ 279 284 300 ns tSDHR SDATA hold READ 0 0 0 ns www.onsemi.com 26 MT9P031 Table 17. TWO-WIRE SERIAL BUS CHARACTERISTICS (continued) Symbol Definition Condition Min Typ Max Unit READ 0 19.9 59.9 ns tSDSR SDATA setup CIN_SI Serial interface input pin capacitance - - 3.5 - pF CLOAD_SD SDATA max load capacitance - - 15 - pF RSD SDATA pull-up resistor - - 1.5 - k I/O Timing See Figure 29 and Table 18 for I/O timing (AC) characteristics. By default, the MT9P031 launches pixel data, FV and LV with the rising edge of PIXCLK. The expectation is that the user captures DOUT[11:0], FV and LV using the falling edge of PIXCLK. tR tRP tF tFP 90 % 90 % 10 % 10 % tEXTCLK EXTCLK tCP PIXCLK tPD tPD Pxl _ 0 Data[7:0] Pxl _ 1 Pxl _ 2 Pxl _ n tPFH tPLH FRAME_VALID/ LINE_VALID tPF tPL FRAME_VALID leads LINE_VALID by 609 PIXCLKs. FRAME_VALID trails LINE_VALID by 16 PIXCLKs. *PLL disabled for t CP Figure 29. I/O Timing Diagram Table 18. I/O TIMING CHARACTERISTICS Symbol Definition Condition Min Typ Max Unit PLL enabled 6 - 27 MHz Input clock period PLL enabled 166 - 37 ns Input clock frequency PLL disabled 6 - 96 MHz tEXTCLK2 Input clock period PLL disabled 125 - 10.4 ns tR Input clock rise time 0.03 - 1 V/ns tF Input clock fall time 0.03 - 1 V/ns tRP Pixclk rise time 0.03 - 1 V/ns tFP Pixclk fall time 0.03 - 1 V/ns Clock duty cycle 40 50 60 % Jitter on PIXCLK - - 1.03 ns tJITTER1 Input clock jitter 48 MHz - 300 - ps tJITTER2 Input clock jitter 96 MHz - 220 - ps tCP EXTCLK to PIXCLK propagation delay Nominal voltages 11.5 17.7 19.1 ns fPIXCLK PIXCLK frequency Default 6 - 96 MHz tPD PIXCLK to data valid Default 0.8 2.1 3.9 ns tPFH PIXCLK to FV HIGH Default 2.8 4.3 5.9 ns fEXTCLK1 Input clock frequency tEXTCLK1 fEXTCLK2 t(PIX JITTER) www.onsemi.com 27 MT9P031 Table 18. I/O TIMING CHARACTERISTICS Symbol Definition Condition Min Typ Max Unit tPLH PIXCLK to LV HIGH Default 2.2 3.5 5.9 ns tPFL PIXCLK to FV LOW Default 2.4 4.2 5.9 ns tPLL PIXCLK to LV LOW Default 2.6 4.1 5.9 ns CLOAD Output load capacitance - <10 - pF CIN Input pin capacitance - 2.5 - pF www.onsemi.com 28 MT9P031 DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The DC electrical characteristics are shown in Table 19, Table 20 and Table 21. Table 19. DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Min Typ Max Unit VDD Symbol Core digital voltage 1.7 1.8 1.9 V VDD_IO I/O digital voltage 1.7 1.8/2.8 3.1 V VAA Analog voltage 2.6 2.8 3.1 V VAA_PIX Pixel supply voltage 2.6 2.8 3.1 V VDD_PLL PLL supply voltage 2.6 2.8 3.1 V VIH Input HIGH voltage 2 - 3.3 V VDD_IO = 1.8 V 1.3 - 2.3 V VIL Input LOW voltage VDD_IO = 2.8 V -0.3 - 0.8 V VDD_IO = 1.8 V -0.3 - 0.5 V IIN Input leakage current No pull-up resistor; VIN = VDD_IO or DGND - <10 - A VOH Output HIGH voltage VDD_IO = 1.8 V 1.3 - 1.82 V VDD_IO = 2.8 V 2.3 - - V VDD_IO = 2.8 V 0.16 - 0.35 V VDD_IO = 2.8 V - - 0.6 V VOL Definition Output LOW voltage Condition VDD_IO = 2.8 V IOH Output HIGH current At specified VOH = VDD_IO - 400 mv at 1.7 V VDD_IO 8.9 - 22.3 mA IOL Output LOW current At specified VOL = 400mv at 1.7 V VDD_IO 2.6 - 5.1 mA IOZ Tri-state output leakage current VIN = VDD_IO or GND - - 2 A IDD1 Digital operating current Parallel mode 96 MHz full frame nominal voltage, PLL enabled - 28 35 mA IDD_IO1 I/O digital operating current Parallel mode 96 MHz full frame nominal voltage, PLL enabled - 38.6 50 mA IAA1 Analog operating current Parallel mode 96 MHz full frame nominal voltage, PLL enabled - 72 80 mA IAA_PIX1 Pixel supply current Parallel mode 96 MHz full frame nominal voltage, PLL enabled - 2.4 6 mA IDD_PLL1 PLL supply current Parallel mode 96 MHz full frame nominal voltage, PLL enabled - 5 6 mA IDD2 Digital operating current Parallel mode 96 MHz 4X binning nominal voltage, PLL enabled - 15 35 mA IDD_IO2 I/O digital operating current Parallel mode 96 MHz 4X binning nominal voltage, PLL enabled - 6.4 50 mA IAA2 Analog operating current Parallel mode 96 MHz 4X binning nominal voltage, PLL enabled - 69 80 mA IAA_PIX2 Pixel supply current Parallel mode 96 MHz 4X binning nominal voltage, PLL Enabled - 3.4 6 mA IDD_PLL2 PLL supply current Parallel mode 96 MHz 4X binning nominal voltage, PLL enabled - 5 6 mA ISTBY1 Hard standby current PLL enabled EXTCLK enabled - <500 - A ISTBY2 Hard standby current PLL disabled EXTCLK disabled - <50 - A www.onsemi.com 29 MT9P031 Table 19. DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) Symbol Definition Condition Min Typ Max Unit ISTBY3 Soft standby current PLL enabled EXTCLK enabled (PLL enabled) - <500 - A ISTBY4 Soft standby current PLL disabled EXTCLK enabled (PLL disabled) - <500 - A Product parametric performance is indicated in the Electrical Characteristics for the listed test conditions, unless otherwise noted. Product performance may not be indicated by the Electrical Characteristics if operated under different conditions. Table 20. POWER CONSUMPTION Mode Full Resolution (14 fps) 4X Binning Unit Streaming 381 262 mW CAUTION: Stresses greater than those listed in Table 21 may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied. Table 21. ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Symbol Definition Condition Min Max Unit VDD_MAX Core digital voltage -0.3 1.9 V VDD_IO_MAX I/O digital voltage -0.3 3.1 V VAA_MAX Analog voltage -0.3 3.1 V VAA_PIX_MAX Pixel supply voltage -0.3 3.1 V VDD_PLL_MAX PLL supply voltage -0.3 3.1 V VIN_MAX Input voltage -0.3 3.4 V IDD_MAX Digital operating current - 35 mA IDD_IO_MAX I/O digital operating current - 100 mA IAA_MAX Analog operating current - 95 mA IAA_PIX_MAX Pixel supply current - 6 mA IDD_PLL_MAX PLL supply current - 6 mA TOP Operating temperature -30 70 C TST Storage temperature -40 125 C Measure at junction Stresses exceeding those listed in the Maximum Ratings table may damage the device. If any of these limits are exceeded, device functionality should not be assumed, damage may occur and reliability may be affected. 1. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect reliability. 2. To keep dark current and shot noise artifacts from impacting image quality, care should be taken to keep TOP at a minimum. www.onsemi.com 30 MECHANICAL CASE OUTLINE PACKAGE DIMENSIONS ILCC48 10x10 CASE 847AA ISSUE O DOCUMENT NUMBER: 98AON93401F DESCRIPTION: ILCC48 10X10 DATE 30 DEC 2014 Electronic versions are uncontrolled except when accessed directly from the Document Repository. Printed versions are uncontrolled except when stamped "CONTROLLED COPY" in red. PAGE 1 OF 1 ON Semiconductor and are trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC dba ON Semiconductor or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries. ON Semiconductor reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. 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