Load Regulation
It has been assumed in the previous discussion of the
change in transformer secondary voltage with line voltage that
no change has been occurring in load current. Therefore, the
transformers would seem to be ideal and the transformer
secondary voltage (VAC) will always be the same. Actually,
all the voltages calculated are assumed to be full load.
Since transformers are not ideal and have an internal
impedance or “regulation” characteristic, variations in load
current may cause a problem. If the load should be “light” at
“high line,” then there will be an additional rise in secondary
voltage, beyond that due to the rising line voltage, caused
by the decreasing voltage drop in the transformer windings.
Most smaller VA transformers (<10VA) have a load
regulation of 20% or higher. This means that the trans-
former no-load voltage will be 20% or more higher than
rated full-load voltage. This must then be taken into
account in the calculation of maximum VAC (and DC
voltage into regulator) with low-load currents.
Due to the inherent design characteristics of trans-
formers, “regulation” will vary inversely with size (or VA
rating). In larger transformers size is determined primarily
by the heat generated by internal losses. In smaller trans-
formers (low VA rating) size is determined by the maximum
permissible no-load to full-load regulation. Even though this
is an important design limitation, most transformer manu-
facturers do not publish load regulation data. The chart
below tabulates load regulation for Signal standard
transformers.
It is possible to estimate the output voltage at intermediate
loads since load regulation varies in an almost linear manner.
For example, the 241-8-16 has a full-load rating of 16 V @
6.25 A and a regulation of 10%. Its no-load output would be
10% more than 16 or 17.6 V. At half-load (3.1 2 A) its output
would be 5% more than 16 or 16.8 V. Similar estimates can
be made for any % load.
Another factor to bear in mind is that it is possible to
safely exceed the VA rating
of many small power trans-
formers. If the added
regulation (drop in output
voltage) is acceptable, an
“overload” may be per-
missible because the design
is regulation-limited rather
than heat rise-limited. If such
a choice is being considered,
the decision should be
checked with our Design
Engineering department.
Temperature Rise
In power transformers over 25VA, temperature rise
becomes a factor. The transformer may be constructed
with materials capable of withstanding higher temperatures
and be a perfectly valid design. However, the extra power
dissipated may cause heating of nearby components. This
added power loss increases the total power dissipated in the
circuit area. The problem is not the internal temperature of
the transformer, but the actual increase in watts lost.
Shielding
Certain AC power line noise and transients will be fed
through to the transformer secondary because of the
capacitance between windings. This is a problem which is
very difficult to analyze. Whether or not it is a problem in a
particular applicaton can be best determined empirically.
If such feedthrough is a problem, the most common first
step is to use an electro-static shield between windings.
This effectively reduces the inter-winding capacitance.
An equal and sometimes superior approach is to choose
transformers with non-concentric windings, i.e., with pri-
mary and secondary wound side-by-side rather than one
over the other. Both result in at least order of magnitude
reductions in capacitance. The “non-concentric” approach,
however, gives superior reductions. It also results in higher
insulation resistance and makes it simpler to obtain higher
insulation test voltages.
Certain types of feedthrough cannot be much affected
by the transformer design and other approaches such
as line filters or “MOVs” or ZNR’s (transient surge
suppressors) may have to be considered.
Summary
This has been an attempt to provide a simple, practical
method of determining transformer ratings. Certain basic
assumptions have been made and this section is not meant
as a rigorous academic analysis. However, such material is
readily available in the literature (see below). This, we feel,
may help bridge the gap for the working designer.
References
For more detailed theoretical analysis
the following are recommended:
1. Reuben Lee, Electronic
Transformers & Circuits, 1947,
John Wiley & Sons
2. EE Staff – MIT, Magnetic Circuits &
Transformers, 1943,
John Wiley & Sons
3. O.H. Schade, Proc. IRE, vol 31,
p. 356, 1943
37
How to specify power transformer
& filter ratings
Signal Transformer - % Load Regulation
of Standard Transformers
Family or Series Size or VA Rating Approx. %
Regulation
2.5, 5.0, 10VA 30
14A & 14A-R 20, 30 & 56 VA 20
IF (International 2VA-18VA 21-27
Flathead) 24VA & 30VA 20
25VA 20
A41 43VA 15
80 & 130VA 10
175VA 8
MPI 200VA-900VA 4-10
HPI 2KVA-3.5KVA 2-4
M4L 3, 6, 10 8
ST & DST ST-2 30
SPLIT TRAN ST, 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7 20
PC & DPC ALL 20
2.5 & 6VA 30
LP (Flathead) 12, 24 & 48VA 20
2.4 TO 12VA
SIZES 3, 4, 5 20
241 & DP241 30 & 56VA
SIZES 6 & 7 15
100VA SIZE 8 10
1 TO 100VA 10
RECTIFIER 100 TO 350VA 8
TYPES 500VA OR 5% OR
OVER LESS
ADDITIONAL FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN TRANSFORMER SELECTION
% load regulation is defined as: Vnl – Vfl x 100 %
Vfl
or the % rise in output voltage
at no load as compared to full load.