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ON Semiconductor and the ON Semiconductor logo are trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC dba ON Semiconductor or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries. ON Semiconductor owns the rights to a number of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and other intellectual property. A listing of ON Semiconductor's product/patent coverage may be accessed at www.onsemi.com/site/pdf/Patent-Marking.pdf. ON Semiconductor reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. ON Semiconductor makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does ON Semiconductor assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation special, consequential or incidental damages. Buyer is responsible for its products and applications using ON Semiconductor products, including compliance with all laws, regulations and safety requirements or standards, regardless of any support or applications information provided by ON Semiconductor. "Typical" parameters which may be provided in ON Semiconductor data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including "Typicals" must be validated for each customer application by customer's technical experts. ON Semiconductor does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others. ON Semiconductor products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as a critical component in life support systems or any FDA Class 3 medical devices or medical devices with a same or similar classification in a foreign jurisdiction or any devices intended for implantation in the human body. Should Buyer purchase or use ON Semiconductor products for any such unintended or unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and hold ON Semiconductor and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable attorney fees arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that ON Semiconductor was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part. ON Semiconductor is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. This literature is subject to all applicable copyright laws and is not for resale in any manner. FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C Optically Isolated Error Amplifier Features Description Optocoupler, precision reference and error amplifier in The FOD2743 Optically Isolated Amplifier consists of the popular KA431 precision programmable shunt reference and an optocoupler. The optocoupler is a gallium arsenide (GaAs) light emitting diode optically coupled to a silicon phototransistor. It comes in 3 grades of reference voltage tolerance = 2%, 1%, and 0.5%. a single package 2.5V reference CTR 50% to 100% at 1mA 5,000V RMS isolation UL approval E90700, Vol. 2 CSA approval 1296837 VDE approval pending BSI approval pending Low temperature coefficient 50ppm/C max FOD2743A: tolerance 0.5% FOD2743B: tolerance 1% FOD2743C: tolerance 2% Applications Power supplies regulation The Current Transfer Ratio (CTR) ranges from 50% to 100%. It also has an outstanding temperature coefficient of 50 ppm/C. It is primarily intended for use as the error amplifier/reference voltage/optocoupler function in isolated AC to DC power supplies and dc/dc converters. When using the FOD2743, power supply designers can reduce the component count and save space in tightly packaged designs. The tight tolerance reference eliminates the need for adjustments in many applications. The device comes in an 8-pin dip white package. DC to DC converters Functional Bock Diagram LED 1 Package Outlines 8 NC 8 COMP 2 7 C GND 3 6 E 1 8 FB 4 (c)2004 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C Rev. 1.0.1 5 NC 8 1 1 www.fairchildsemi.com FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C -- Optically Isolated Error Amplifier August 2008 Pin Number Pin Name Pin Description 1 LED 2 COMP 3 GND 4 FB Voltage Feedback. This pin is the inverting input to the error amplifier 5 NC Not connected 6 E Phototransistor Emitter 7 C Phototransistor Collector 8 NC Anode LED. This pin is the input to the light emitting diode. Error Amplifier Compensation. This pin is the output of the error amplifier. * Ground Not connected *The compensation network must be attached between pins 2 and 4. Typical Application V1 FAN4803 PWM Control VO FOD2743 7 1 2 6 4 3 (c)2004 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C Rev. 1.0.1 R1 R2 www.fairchildsemi.com 2 FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C -- Optically Isolated Error Amplifier Pin Definitions Stresses exceeding the absolute maximum ratings may damage the device. The device may not function or be operable above the recommended operating conditions and stressing the parts to these levels is not recommended. In addition, extended exposure to stresses above the recommended operating conditions may affect device reliability. The absolute maximum ratings are stress ratings only. Symbol Parameter Value Units TSTG Storage Temperature -40 to +125 C TOPR Operating Temperature -40 to +85 C TSOL Lead Solder Temperature 260 for 10 sec. C VLED Input Voltage 37 V ILED Input DC Current 20 mA VCEO Collector-Emitter Voltage 70 V VECO Emitter-Collector Voltage 7 V Collector Current 50 mA PD1 Input Power Dissipation 145 mW PD2 Transistor Power Dissipation 85 mW 145 mW IC PD3 Total Power Dissipation (1) Note: 1. See derating graph, Figure 21. (c)2004 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C Rev. 1.0.1 www.fairchildsemi.com 3 FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C -- Optically Isolated Error Amplifier Absolute Maximum Ratings (TA = 25C unless otherwise specified) Input Characteristics Symbol Parameter VF VREF Test Conditions LED Forward Voltage ILED = 1mA, VCOMP = VFB (Fig.1) Reference Voltage ILED = 1mA, VCOMP = VFB Device Min. Typ. Max. Unit All 1.07 V 1.2 FOD2743A 2.482 2.495 2.508 V FOD2743B 2.470 2.495 2.520 V FOD2743C 2.450 2.500 2.550 VREF (DEV)(2) Deviation of VREF Over Temperature(2) VREF / VCOMP Ratio of VREF Variation to the Output of the Error Amplifier TA = -25C to +85C All ILED = 1mA VCOMP = 10V to VREF All 4.5 VCOMP = 36V to 10V V 17 mV mV/V -0.4 -2.7 -0.3 -2.0 Feedback Input Current ILED = 1mA, R1 = 10k (Fig. 3) All 2 4 A Deviation of IREF Over Temperature TA = -25C to +85C All 1 1.2 A Minimum Drive Current VCOMP = VFB (Fig.1) All 0.45 1.0 mA I(OFF) Off-State Error Amplifier Current VLED = 37V, VFB = 0 (Fig. 4) All 0.001 1.0 A |ZOUT| Error Amplifier Output Impedance(3) VCOMP = VREF, ILED = 1mA to 20mA, f 1.0 kHz All 0.15 0.5 IREF IREF (DEV)(2) ILED (MIN) Output Characteristics Symbol ICEO Parameter Test Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit 1 50 nA Collector Dark Current VCE = 10V (Fig. 5) BVECO Emitter-Collector Voltage Breakdown IE = 100A 7 10 V BVCEO Collector-Emitter Voltage Breakdown IC = 1.0mA 70 100 V Transfer Characteristics Symbol Parameter CTR Current Transfer Ratio VCE (SAT) Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage Test Conditions ILED = 1mA, VCOMP = VFB, VCE = 5V (Fig. 6) ILED = 1mA, VCOMP = VFB, IC = 0.1mA (Fig. 6) Min. 50 Typ. Max. Unit 100 % 0.4 V Notes: 2. The deviation parameters VREF(DEV) and IREF(DEV) are defined as the differences between the maximum and minimum values obtained over the rated temperature range. The average full-range temperature coefficient of the reference input voltage, VREF, is defined as: 6 V REF { V REF ( DEV ) /V REF ( T A = 25C ) } x 10 ( ppm/C ) = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T A where TA is the rated operating free-air temperature range of the device. 3. The dynamic impedance is defined as |ZOUT| = VCOMP/ILED. When the device is operating with two external resistors (see Figure 2), the total dynamic impedance of the circuit is given by: V R1 Z OUT, TOT = -------- Z OUT x 1 + -------I R2 (c)2004 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C Rev. 1.0.1 www.fairchildsemi.com 4 FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C -- Optically Isolated Error Amplifier Electrical Characteristics (TA = 25C unless otherwise specified) Isolation Characteristics Symbol II-O Parameter Test Conditions Input-Output Insulation Leakage Current RH = 45%, TA = 25C, t = 5s, VI-O = 3000 VDC(4) VISO Withstand Insulation Voltage RH 50%, TA = 25C, t = 1 min.(4) RI-O Resistance (Input to Output) VI-O = 500 VDC(4) Min. Typ. Max. Unit 1.0 A 5000 Vrms 1012 Switching Characteristics Symbol BW Parameter Test Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit Bandwidth (Fig. 7) 50 kHZ CMH Common Mode Transient Immunity at Output HIGH ILED = 0mA, Vcm = 10 VPP, RL = 2.2k(5) (Fig. 8) 1.0 kV/s CML Common Mode Transient Immunity at Output LOW (ILED = 1 mA, Vcm = 10 VPP, RL = 2.2 k(5) (Fig. 8) 1.0 kV/s Notes: 4. Device is considered as a two terminal device: Pins 1,2, 3 and 4 are shorted together and Pins 5, 6, 7 and 8 are shorted together. 5. Common mode transient immunity at output high is the maximum tolerable (positive) dVcm/dt on the leading edge of the common mode impulse signal, Vcm, to assure that the output will remain high. Common mode transient immunity at output low is the maximum tolerable (negative) dVcm/dt on the trailing edge of the common pulse signal,Vcm, to assure that the output will remain low. (c)2004 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C Rev. 1.0.1 www.fairchildsemi.com 5 FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C -- Optically Isolated Error Amplifier Electrical Characteristics (Continued) (TA = 25C unless otherwise specified) I(LED) I(LED) 1 1 7 7 VF 2 2 V 4 V R1 6 6 4 VCOMP R2 VREF VREF 3 3 Figure 2. VREF / VCOMP Test Circuit Figure 1. VREF, VF, ILED (min.) Test Circuit I(LED) I(OFF) 1 7 1 7 IREF 2 2 6 4 V 6 V(LED) 4 V R1 3 3 Figure 4. I(OFF) Test Circuit Figure 3. IREF Test Circuit 1 I(LED) ICEO 1 7 VCE 2 IC 7 VCE 2 6 4 V 6 4 VCOMP VREF 3 3 Figure 5. ICEO Test Circuit (c)2004 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C Rev. 1.0.1 Figure 6. CTR, VCE(sat) Test Circuit www.fairchildsemi.com 6 FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C -- Optically Isolated Error Amplifier Test Circuits FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C -- Optically Isolated Error Amplifier Test Circuits (Continued) VCC = +5V DC IF = 1mA RL 47 1 8 1F VOUT 4 7 VIN 0.47V 0.1 VPP 6 2 5 3 Figure 7. Frequency Response Test Circuit. VCC = +5V DC IF = 0mA (A) IF = 1mA (B) R1 2.2k VOUT 8 1 7 4 6 2 5 3 _ A B VCM + 10VP-P Figure 8. CMH and CML Test Circuit (c)2004 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C Rev. 1.0.1 www.fairchildsemi.com 7 Fig. 9a - LED Current vs. Cathode Voltage Fig. 9b - LED Current vs. Cathode Voltage 1.0 TA = 25C VCOMP = VFB ILED - SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) ILED - SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 15 10 5 0 -5 TA = 25C VCOMP = VFB 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -10 -15 -1 0 1 2 -1.0 -1 3 0 1 2 3 VCOMP - CATHODE VOLTAGE (V) Fig. 10 - Reference Voltage Variation vs. Ambient Temperature Fig. 11 - Reference Current vs Ambient Temperature 1.0 4.0 ILED = 1mA, 10mA Normalized to TA = 25C 0.8 IREF - REFERENCE CURRENT (A) VREF - REFERENCE VOLTAGE VARIATION (%) VCOMP - CATHODE VOLTAGE (V) 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 ILED = 1mA, 10mA R1 = 10k 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 -0.8 -1.0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 1.0 -40 100 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 TA - AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (C) TA - AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (C) Fig. 12 - Off-State Current vs. Ambient Temperature Fig. 13 - Forward Current vs. Forward Voltage 20 100 IF - FORWARD CURRENT (mA) IOFF - OFF-STATE CURRENT (nA) VCC = 37V 10 15 25C 10 0C 70C 5 1 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.9 100 (c)2004 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C Rev. 1.0.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 VF - FORWARD VOLTAGE (V) TA - AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (C) www.fairchildsemi.com 8 FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C -- Optically Isolated Error Amplifier Typical Performance Curves Fig. 15 - Collector Current vs. Ambient Temperature Fig. 14 - Dark Current vs. Ambient Temperature 32 VCE = 10V 1.6 VCE = 5V IC - COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA) ILED = 5, 10, 20mA ICEO - DARK CURRENT (nA) 28 1000 100 10 1 0.1 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 1.4 ILED = 20mA 24 20 16 0.8 ILED = 10mA 12 0.6 ILED = 5mA 8 0.4 4 0.2 -20 TA - AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (C) Fig. 16 - Current Transfer Ratio vs. LED Current 0 20 40 60 TA - AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (C) 0.0 100 80 Fig. 17 - Saturation Voltage vs. Ambient Temperature 0.26 160 VCE = 5V VCE(sat) - SATURATION VOLTAGE (V) (IC/IF) - CURRENT TRANSFER RATIO (%) 1.0 ILED = 1mA 0 -40 100 1.2 IC - COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA) ILED = 1mA 10000 140 120 25C 100 0C 80 -40C 60 70C 40 100C 20 0 0.1 0.24 0.22 0.20 ILED = 10mA IC = 2.5mA 0.18 0.16 ILED = 1mA IC = 0.1mA 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 -40 1 10 ILED - FORWARD CURRENT (mA) -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 TA - AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (C) Fig. 19 - Rate of Change Vref to Vout vs. Temperature Fig. 18 - Collector Current vs. Collector Voltage -0.32 35 -0.34 DELTA Vref / DELTA Vout ( mV/V) IC - COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA) TA = 25C 30 ILED = 20mA 25 20 15 ILED = 10mA 10 ILED = 5mA 5 -0.36 -0.38 -0.40 -0.42 -0.44 ILED = 1mA 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -0.46 -60 10 (c)2004 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C Rev. 1.0.1 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 TEMPERATURE (C) VCE - COLLECTOR-EMITTER VOLTAGE (V) www.fairchildsemi.com 9 FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C -- Optically Isolated Error Amplifier Typical Performance Curves (Continued) FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C -- Optically Isolated Error Amplifier Typical Performance Curves (Continued) Fig. 20 - Voltage Gain vs. Frequency 5 VOLTAGE GAIN (dB) VCC = 10V 0 IF = 10mA R L = 500 IF = 1mA RL = 2.4k -5 IF = 10mA RL = 100 IF = 10mA R L = 1k -10 -15 1 10 100 FREQUENCY (kHz) 1000 Fig. 21 - Package Power Dissipation vs Ambient Temperature PACKAGE POWER DISSIPATION (mW) 200 150 100 50 0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ta - AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (C) (c)2004 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C Rev. 1.0.1 www.fairchildsemi.com 10 Compensation The FOD2743 is an optically isolated error amplifier. It incorporates three of the most common elements necessary to make an isolated power supply, a reference voltage, an error amplifier, and an optocoupler. It is functionally equivalent to the popular KA431 shunt voltage regulator plus the CNY17F-X optocoupler. The compensation pin of the FOD2743 provides the opportunity for the designer to design the frequency response of the converter. A compensation network may be placed between the COMP pin and the FB pin. In typical low-bandwidth systems, a 0.1F capacitor may be used. For converters with more stringent requirements, a network should be designed based on measurements of the system's loop. An excellent reference for this process may be found in "Practical Design of Power Supplies" by Ron Lenk, IEEE Press, 1998. Powering the Secondary Side The LED pin in the FOD2743 powers the secondary side, and in particular provides the current to run the LED. The actual structure of the FOD2743 dictates the minimum voltage that can be applied to the LED pin: The error amplifier output has a minimum of the reference voltage, and the LED is in series with that. Minimum voltage applied to the LED pin is thus 2.5V + 1.2V = 3.7V. This voltage can be generated either directly from the output of the converter, or else from a slaved secondary winding. The secondary winding will not affect regulation, as the input to the FB pin may still be taken from the output winding. Secondary Ground The GND pin should be connected to the secondary ground of the converter. No Connect Pins The NC pins have no internal connection. They should not have any connection to the secondary side, as this may compromise the isolation structure. The LED pin needs to be fed through a current limiting resistor. The value of the resistor sets the amount of current through the LED, and thus must be carefully selected in conjunction with the selection of the primary side resistor. Photo-Transistor Feedback The value of the pull-up resistor, and the current limiting resistor feeding the LED, must be carefully selected to account for voltage range accepted by the PWM IC, and for the variation in current transfer ratio (CTR) of the opto-isolator itself. The Photo-transistor is the output of the FOD2743. In a normal configuration the collector will be attached to a pull-up resistor and the emitter grounded. There is no base connection necessary. Output voltage of a converter is determined by selecting a resistor divider from the regulated output to the FB pin. The FOD2743 attempts to regulate its FB pin to the reference voltage, 2.5V. The ratio of the two resistors should thus be: Example: The voltage feeding the LED pins is +12V, the voltage feeding the collector pull-up is +10V, and the PWM IC is the Fairchild FAN4803, which has a 5V reference. If we select a 10k resistor for the LED, the maximum current the LED can see is: R TOP V OUT ------------------------- = --------------1 R BOTTOM V REF The absolute value of the top resistor is set by the input offset current of 5.2A. To achieve 0.5% accuracy, the resistance of RTOP should be: (12V - 4V) / 10k = 800A. The CTR of the opto-isolator is a minimum of 50%, so the minimum collector current of the photo-transistor when the diode is full on is 400A. The collector resistor must thus be such that: V OUT - 2.5 ----------------------------- > 1040A R TOP 10V - 5V ----------------------------------- < 400A or R COLLECTOR > 12.5k; R COLLECTOR select 20k to allow some margin. (c)2004 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C Rev. 1.0.1 www.fairchildsemi.com 11 FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C -- Optically Isolated Error Amplifier The FOD2743 Option Example Part Number Description No Option FOD2743A S FOD2743AS SD FOD2743ASD T FOD2743AT 0.4" Lead Spacing V FOD2743AV VDE0884 TV FOD2743ATV VDE0884; 0.4" Lead Spacing SV FOD2743ASV VDE0884; Surface Mount SDV FOD2743ASDV Standard Through Hole Surface Mount Lead Bend Surface Mount; Tape and Reel VDE0884; Surface Mount; Tape and Reel Marking Information 1 V 3 2743A 2 XX YY B 6 4 5 Definitions 1 Fairchild logo 2 Device number 3 VDE mark (Note: Only appears on parts ordered with VDE option - See order entry table) 4 Two digit year code, e.g., `03' 5 Two digit work week ranging from `01' to `53' 6 Assembly package code (c)2004 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C Rev. 1.0.1 www.fairchildsemi.com 12 FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C -- Optically Isolated Error Amplifier Ordering Information D0 P0 t K0 P2 E F A0 W1 d t P User Direction of Feed Symbol W W B0 Description D1 Dimension in mm Tape Width 16.0 0.3 Tape Thickness 0.30 0.05 P0 Sprocket Hole Pitch 4.0 0.1 D0 Sprocket Hole Diameter 1.55 0.05 E Sprocket Hole Location 1.75 0.10 F Pocket Location 7.5 0.1 4.0 0.1 P2 P Pocket Pitch A0 Pocket Dimensions 12.0 0.1 10.30 0.20 B0 10.30 0.20 K0 4.90 0.20 W1 d R (c)2004 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C Rev. 1.0.1 Cover Tape Width 1.6 0.1 Cover Tape Thickness 0.1 max Max. Component Rotation or Tilt 10 Min. Bending Radius 30 www.fairchildsemi.com 13 FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C -- Optically Isolated Error Amplifier Carrier Tape Specifications FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C -- Optically Isolated Error Amplifier Reflow Profile * Peak reflow temperature * Time of temperature higher than 245C * Number of reflows 260C (package surface temperature) 40 seconds or less Three 10 s 300 260 245 Temperature (C) 250 200 150 40 s 100 50 50 100 150 Time (s) 200 250 300 Figure 22. Recommended IR Reflow Profile (c)2004 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation FOD2743A, FOD2743B, FOD2743C Rev. 1.0.1 www.fairchildsemi.com 14 ON Semiconductor and are trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC dba ON Semiconductor or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries. ON Semiconductor owns the rights to a number of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and other intellectual property. A listing of ON Semiconductor's product/patent coverage may be accessed at www.onsemi.com/site/pdf/Patent-Marking.pdf. ON Semiconductor reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. ON Semiconductor makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does ON Semiconductor assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation special, consequential or incidental damages. Buyer is responsible for its products and applications using ON Semiconductor products, including compliance with all laws, regulations and safety requirements or standards, regardless of any support or applications information provided by ON Semiconductor. "Typical" parameters which may be provided in ON Semiconductor data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including "Typicals" must be validated for each customer application by customer's technical experts. ON Semiconductor does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others. ON Semiconductor products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as a critical component in life support systems or any FDA Class 3 medical devices or medical devices with a same or similar classification in a foreign jurisdiction or any devices intended for implantation in the human body. Should Buyer purchase or use ON Semiconductor products for any such unintended or unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and hold ON Semiconductor and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable attorney fees arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that ON Semiconductor was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part. ON Semiconductor is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. This literature is subject to all applicable copyright laws and is not for resale in any manner. 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