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FEATURES APPLICATIONS
DESCRIPTION
1
2
3
4
5
6
PTMA40XXXX
Enable/Sync
Trim
VI+
CI
47 µF
(optional) VI−
RTRIM(down)
(optional)
RTRIM(up)
(optional)
CO
47 µF
(optional)
VO+
VO−
UDG−06003
PTMA403033
PTMA402050
PTMA401120
SLTS259B – FEBRUARY 2006 – REVISED MAY 2007
10-W, 36-V to 75-V INPUT, 1500-V ISOLATION, DC/DC CONVERTERS
•Intermediate Bus Architectures•Input Voltage: 36 V to 75 V
•Telecom, High-End Computing Platforms•10-W Total Output Power
•Power Over Ethernet Applications•Output Voltages: 3.3 V, 5 V, and 12 V
•Multi-Rail Power Systems•Output Voltage Trim ±10%•Up To 87% Efficiency•Overcurrent Protection•Input Undervoltage Lockout•Output Overvoltage Protection•Positive or Negative LogicEnable Control Option•Synchronization Option•Space-Saving, Industry Standard Footprint(1.1 in x 1.0 in) / (27.94 mm ×24.38 mm)•Industry Standard Pinout•Surface Mount Package•1500-Vdc Isolation•Agency Approvals:
UL/IEC/CSA-C22.2 60950-1
The PTMA40XX is a series of 10-W rated isolated dc/dc converters, designed to operate from a standard -48-Vtelecom central office supply. Housed in an industry standard 1.1 in ×1.0 in (27.94 mm ×24.38 mm) package,this series of isolated modules is set to one of the common intermediate bus voltages of 3.3 V, 5 V, or 12 V.
The PTMA40XX series includes many features expected of high-performance dc/dc converter modules.Operational features include an input undervoltage lockout (UVLO) and a dual-logic output enable control orsynchronization option. Overcurrent protection ensures survival against load faults.
Typical applications include distributed power architectures in both telecom and computing environments, powerover ethernet, and particularly complex digital systems requiring multiple power supply rails.
TYPICAL APPLICATION
Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of TexasInstruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.
PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date.
Copyright © 2006–2007, Texas Instruments IncorporatedProducts conform to specifications per the terms of the TexasInstruments standard warranty. Production processing does notnecessarily include testing of all parameters.
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ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
PACKAGE SPECIFICATIONS
PTMA403033
PTMA402050
PTMA401120
SLTS259B – FEBRUARY 2006 – REVISED MAY 2007
These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foamduring storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates.
ORDERING INFORMATION
For the most current package and ordering information, see the Package Option Addendum at the end of this datasheet, or seethe TI website at www.ti.com .
PART NUMBERING SCHEME
Input Output Output Enable Electrical Pin Style ShippingVoltage Current Voltage Options Package
PTMA 4 02 050 P 2 A D T
4 = 48 V 01 = 1 A 033 = 3.3 V A = None 1 = None D = Through-hole, Pb-free Blank = Tray02 = 2 A 050 = 5.0 V N = Negative 2 = V
O
Adjust S = SMD, SnPb solder ball T = Tape and Reel03 = 3 A 120 = 12.0 V P = Positive 3 = V
O
Adjust & Z = SMD, SnAgCu solderSyncronization ball
UNIT
Continuous 75 VV
I
Input Voltage
Surge, 1 s max 100 V
(1)
T
A
Operating temperature range Over V
I
range –40 °C to 85 °CSurface temperature of module or pinsT
WAVE
Wave solder temperature AD suffix 260 °C
(2)(20 seconds)
AS suffix 235 °C
(2)Surface temperature of module or pinsT
REFLOW
Solder reflow temperature
(20 seconds)
AZ suffix 260 °C
(2)
T
STG
Storage temperature –55 °C to 125 °CP
O
Output Power 10 W
(1) The converter's internal protection circuitry may cause the output to turn off when the applied input voltage is greater than 75 V.(2) During solder reflow of SMD package version, do not elevate the module PCB, pins, or internal component temperatures beyond thispeak temperature.
UNITS
Weight 6.5 gramsFlammability Meets UL94V-O
Horizontal T/H (Suffix AD) 500 G
(1)Per Mil-STD-883D, Method 2002.3, 1 ms,Mechanical shock
Horizontal SMD 500 G
(1)1/2 Sine, mounted
(Suffix AS & AZ)Horizontal T/H (Suffix AD) 20 G
(1)Mil-STD-883D, Method 2007.2, 20-2000 Hz,Mechanical vibration
Horizontal SMD 10 G
(1)PCB mounted
(Suffix AS & AZ)Reliability Telcordia SR-332 50% stress, T
A
= 40 °C, ground benign MTBF 7.3 10
6
Hr
(1) Qualification limit.
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PTMA403033 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
PTMA403033
PTMA402050
PTMA401120
SLTS259B – FEBRUARY 2006 – REVISED MAY 2007
T
A
= 25 °C, V
I
= 48 V, V
O
= 3.3 V, C
I
= 0 µF, C
O
= 0 µF, and I
O
= I
O
max (Unless otherwise stated)
PTMA403033PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS UNITMIN TYP MAX
P
O
Output power Over V
I
range 10 WI
O
Output current Over V
I
range 0.1
(1)
3
(2)
AI
LIM
Current Limit Threshold Shutdown, followed by autorecovery 4.25 AV
I
Input voltage range Over I
O
range 36 48 75 VSet-point voltage tolerance ±2
(3)
%V
O
Temperature variation -40 °C≤T
A
≤85 °C±1 %V
O
Line regulation Over V
I
range ±3 mVV
O
Load regulation Over I
O
range ±10 mVTotal output voltage variation Includes set-point, line, load, –40 °C≤T
A
≤85 °C 3 5
(3)
%V
O
Trim adjust range Over V
I
range 3.0 3.6 VηEfficiency P
O
= P
O
max 82%V
O
Ripple (peak-to-peak) 20-MHz bandwidth 65 mV
pp
0.1 A/ µs load step, Recovery time 750 µsTransient response 50% to 100%
V
O
over/undershoot ±150 mVI
O
max
Referenced to V
I
– Input high voltage (V
IH
) 4.5 Open
(4)
VOutput enable input (pin 3) Input low voltage (V
IL
) –0.2 0.8Input low current (I
IL
) 1 mAStandby input current Pin 3 open 8 mAUVLO Undervoltage lockout 32 34 VOVP Output Overvoltage Protection 3.7 5.4 Vƒ
S
Switching frequency Over V
I
and I
O
ranges (non-Sync option) 250 300 350 kHzFree-running 180 215
(5)
250Sync switching frequency kHzSynchronization range 250
(5)
350
(5)
SYNC high-level input voltage 3.5 6 Vlow-level input voltage –0.3 0.5 Vclock duty cycle 25 75 %C
I
External input capacitance 0 47 µFC
O
External output capacitance 0 47
(6)
1000 µFV
ISO
Isolation voltage 1,500 VdcC
ISO
Isolation capacitance Primary-Secondary 1,100 pFR
ISO
Isolation resistance 10 M Ω
(1) The converter requires a minimum load current for proper operation. However, the converter is not damaged when operated under ano-load condition.(2) See temperature derating curves for safe operating area (SOA), to determine output current derating at elevated ambient temperatures.(3) The set-point voltage tolerance is affected by the tolerance and stability of R
TRIM
. The stated limit is unconditionally met if R
TRIM
has atolerance of ≤1%, with ≤100 ppm/ °C temperature stability.(4) The Enable input (pin 3) has an internal pullup resistor. Do not place an external pullup resistor on this input pin. If the enable feature isnot used, for a positive enable device this input should be left open circuit and a negative enable device should be permanentlyconnected to V
I
– (pin 2). A discrete MOSFET or bipolar transistor is recommended for the enable control. The open-circuit voltage istypically less than 5 V. See the Application Information for a more detailed description.(5) A device with the synchronization option has a reduced switching frequency of 215 kHz typical. The synchronization frequency can onlybe adjusted to a higher frequency, up to 350 kHz maximum.(6) An output capacitor is not required for proper operation. However, additional capacitance at the load improves the transient response.
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PTMA402050 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
PTMA403033
PTMA402050
PTMA401120
SLTS259B – FEBRUARY 2006 – REVISED MAY 2007
T
A
= 25 °C, V
I
= 48 V, V
O
= 5 V, C
I
= 0 µF, C
O
= 0 µF, and I
O
= I
O
max (Unless otherwise stated)
PTMA402050PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS UNITMIN TYP MAX
P
O
Output power Over V
I
range 10 WI
O
Output current Over V
I
range 0.1
(1)
2
(2)
AI
LIM
Current Limit Threshold Shutdown, followed by autorecovery 3 AV
I
Input voltage range Over I
O
range 36 48 75 VSet-point voltage tolerance ±2
(3)
%V
O
Temperature variation -40 °C≤T
A
≤85 °C±1 %V
O
Line regulation Over V
I
range 5 mVV
O
Load regulation Over I
O
range 10 mVTotal output voltage variation Includes set-point, line, load, –40 °C≤T
A
≤85 °C 3 5
(3)
%V
O
Trim adjust range Over V
I
range 4.5 5.5 VηEfficiency P
O
= P
O
max 85%V
O
Ripple (peak-to-peak) 20-MHz bandwidth 55 mV
pp
0.1 A/ µs load step, Recovery time 250 µsTransient response 50% to 100%
V
O
over/undershoot ±150 mVI
O
max
Referenced to V
I
– Input high voltage (V
IH
) 4.5 Open
(4)
VOutput enable input (pin 3) Input low voltage (V
IL
) –0.2 0.8Input low current (I
IL
) 1 mAStandby input current Pin 3 open 8 mAUVLO Undervoltage lockout 32 34 VOVP Output Overvoltage Protection 5.6 7.9 Vƒ
S
Switching frequency Over V
I
range 250 300 350 kHzFree-running 180 215
(5)
250Sync switching frequency kHzSynchronization range 250
(5)
350
(5)
SYNC high-level input voltage 3.5 6 Vlow-level input voltage –0.3 0.5 Vclock duty cycle 25 75 %C
I
External input capacitance 0 47 µFC
O
External output capacitance 0 47
(6)
1000 µFV
ISO
Isolation voltage 1,500 VdcC
ISO
Isolation capacitance Primary-Secondary 1,100 pFR
ISO
Isolation resistance 10 M Ω
(1) The converter requires a minimum load current for proper operation. However, the converter is not damaged when operated under ano-load condition.(2) See temperature derating curves for safe operating area (SOA), to determine output current derating at elevated ambient temperatures.(3) The set-point voltage tolerance is affected by the tolerance and stability of R
TRIM
. The stated limit is unconditionally met if R
TRIM
has atolerance of ≤1%, with ≤100 ppm/ °C temperature stability.(4) The Enable input (pin 3) has an internal pullup resistor. Do not place an external pullup resistor on this input pin. If the enable feature isnot used, for a positive enable device this input should be left open circuit and a negative enable device should be permanentlyconnected to V
I
– (pin 2). A discrete MOSFET or bipolar transistor is recommended for the enable control. The open-circuit voltage istypically less than 5 V. See the Application Information for a more detailed description.(5) A device with the synchronization option has a reduced switching frequency of 215 kHz typical. The synchronization frequency can onlybe adjusted to a higher frequency, up to 350 kHz maximum.(6) An output capacitor is not required for proper operation. However, additional capacitance at the load will improve the transient response.
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PTMA401120 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
PTMA403033
PTMA402050
PTMA401120
SLTS259B – FEBRUARY 2006 – REVISED MAY 2007
T
A
= 25 °C, V
I
= 48 V, V
O
= 12 V, C
I
= 0 µF, C
O
= 0 µF, and I
O
= I
O
max (Unless otherwise stated)
PTMA401120PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS UNITMIN TYP MAX
P
O
Output power Over V
I
range 12 WI
O
Output current Over V
I
range 0.1
(1)
1
(2)
AI
LIM
Current Limit Threshold Shutdown, followed by autorecovery 1.5 AV
I
Input voltage range Over I
O
range 36 48 75 VSet-point voltage tolerance ±2
(3)
%V
O
Temperature variation -40 °C≤T
A
≤85 °C±1 %V
O
Line regulation Over V
I
range 10 mVV
O
Load regulation Over I
O
range 3 mVTotal output voltage variation Includes set-point, line, load, –40 °C≤T
A
≤85 °C 3 5
(3)
%V
O
Trim adjust range Over V
I
range 10.8 13.2 VηEfficiency P
O
= P
O
max 87%V
O
Ripple (peak-to-peak) 20-MHz bandwidth 85 mV
pp
0.1 A/ µs load step, Recovery time 400 µsTransient Response 50% to 100%
V
O
over/undershoot ±250 mVI
O
max
Referenced to V
I
– Input high voltage (V
IH
) 4.5 Open
(4)
VOutput enable input (pin 3) Input low voltage (V
IL
) –0.2 0.8Input low current (I
IL
) 1 mAStandby input current Pin 3 open 8 mAUVLO Undervoltage lockout 32 34 VOVP Output Overvoltage Protection 13.5 17.5 Vƒ
S
Switching frequency Over V
I
range 250 300 350 kHzFree-running 180 215
(5)
250Sync switching frequency kHzSynchronization range 250
(5)
350
(5)
SYNC high-level input voltage 3.5 6 Vlow-level input voltage –0.3 0.5 Vclock duty cycle 25 75 %C
I
External input capacitance 0 47 µFC
O
External output capacitance 0 47
(6)
220 µFV
ISO
Isolation voltage 1,500 VdcC
ISO
Isolation capacitance Primary-Secondary 1,100 pFR
ISO
Isolation resistance 10 M Ω
(1) The converter requires a minimum load current for proper operation. The converter is not damaged when operated under a no-loadcondition.
(2) See temperature derating curves for safe operating area (SOA), to determine output current derating at elevated ambient temperatures.(3) The set-point voltage tolerance is affected by the tolerance and stability of R
TRIM
. The stated limit is unconditionally met if R
TRIM
has atolerance of 1%, with 100 ppm/ °C temperature stability.(4) The Enable input (pin 3) has an internal pullup resistor. Do not place an external pullup resistor on this input pin. If the enable feature isnot used, for a positive enable device this input should be left open circuit and a negative enable device should be permanentlyconnected to V
I
– (pin 2). A discrete MOSFET or bipolar transistor is recommended for the enable control. The open-circuit voltage istypically less than 5 V. See the Application Information for a more detailed description.(5) A device with the synchronization option has a reduced switching frequency of 215 kHz typical. The synchronization frequency can onlybe adjusted to a higher frequency, up to 350 kHz maximum.(6) An output capacitor is not required for proper operation. However, additional capacitance at the load will improve the transient response.
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3
5
2
1
4
6
PTMA40XXXX
PTMA403033
PTMA402050
PTMA401120
SLTS259B – FEBRUARY 2006 – REVISED MAY 2007
TERMINAL FUNCTIONS
TERMINAL
DESCRIPTIONNAME NO.
The Enable input is an open-base logic input that is referenced to V
I
–. Two ON/OFF enable options are available,positve logic and negative logic. Positive logic devices are enabled by applying a logic high voltage (Open) andare disabled by applying a logic low voltage (V
I
–). Negative logic devices are enabled by applying a logic lowvoltage (V
I
–) and are disabled by applying a logic high voltage (Open). See the Application Information section forEnable/Sync
(1)
3
more detailed information.This pin also has the option of a synchronization input. A module that has the synchronization option does nothave ON/OFF enable control. A 5-V logic signal greater than the free-running frequency but ≤ 350 kHz is requiredfor synchronization control. See the Application Information section for more detailed information.The negative input supply for the module, and the 0-V reference for the Enable/Sync inputs. When powering theV
I
–
(1)
2
module from a positive source, this input is connected to the input source return.The positive input for the module with respect to V
I
–. When powering the module from a negative input voltage,V
I
+
(1)
1
this input is connected to the input source ground.V
O
+ 4 This is the positive power output with respect to V
O
–. It is dc isolated from the input power pins.This pin allows the output voltage set point of the module to be increased or decreased up to ± 10 %. Connectinga resistor between this terminal and V
O
+ decreases the output voltage set point. Connecting a resistor betweenthis terminal and V
O
– increases the output voltage set point. A 0.05-W rated resistor may be used, with toleranceTrim 5
and temperature stability of 1% and 100 ppm/ °C, respectively. If left open circuit, the converter output voltagedefaults to its nominal value. The specification table gives the standard resistor values for the most commonoutput voltages.
This is the output power return for the V
O
+ bus. This terminal should be connected to the common of the loadV
O
– 6
circuit.
(1) These functions indicate signals electrically common with the input.
6
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TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
PTMA403033 Characteristic Data (V
O
= 3.3 V)
(1) (2)
0.5
0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
3.0
0 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.5 3.01.5
IO − Output Current − A
VIN = 48 V
VIN = 36 V
VIN = 60 V
VIN = 75 V
PD − Power Dissipation −W
0
60
55 0.5
85
80
75
70
65
1.0 2.0 2.5 3.01.5
IO − Output Current − A
VIN = 48 V
VIN = 36 V
VIN = 60 V
VIN = 75 V
η Efficiency − %
30
40
60
10
20
50
0 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.51.5
0
IO − Output Current − A
VO − Output Voltage Ripple − VPP mV
VIN = 48 V
VIN = 36 V
VIN = 60 V
VIN = 75 V
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.5 3.01.5
IO − Output Current − A
200 LFM
TA − Ambient Temperature − °C
Natural
Convection
PTMA403033
PTMA402050
PTMA401120
SLTS259B – FEBRUARY 2006 – REVISED MAY 2007
EFFICIENCY POWER DISSIPATIONvs OUTPUT CURRENT vs OUTPUT CURRENT
Figure 1. Figure 2.
OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE TEMPERATURE DERATINGvs OUTPUT CURRENT vs OUTPUT CURRENT
Figure 3. Figure 4.
(1) All data listed in Figure 1 ,Figure 2 , and Figure 3 have been developed from actual products tested at 25 °C. This data is consideredtypical data for the dc-dc converter.(2) The temperature derating curves represent operating conditions at which internal components are at or below manufacturer's maximumrated operating temperature. Derating limits apply to modules soldered directly to a 100–mm ×100–mm, double-sided PCB with 2 oz.copper. For surface mount packages, multiple vias (plated through holes) are required to add thermal paths around the power pins.Please refer to the mechanical specification for more information. Applies to Figure 4 .
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PTMA402050 Characteristic Data (V
O
= 5 V)
(3) (4)
0
60
55 0.5
85
80
75
70
65
1.0 2.0 2.5 3.01.5
IO − Output Current − A
VIN = 48 V
VIN = 36 V
VIN = 60 V
VIN = 75 V
η Efficiency − %
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 0.5 1.0 2.01.5
IO − Output Current − A
Natural
Convection
TA − Ambient Temperature − °C
30
40
60
10
20
50
00 0.5 1.0 2.01.5
IO − Output Current − A
VIN = 48 V
VIN = 36 V
VIN = 60 V
VIN = 75 V
VO − Output Voltage Ripple − VPP mV
PTMA403033
PTMA402050
PTMA401120
SLTS259B – FEBRUARY 2006 – REVISED MAY 2007
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
EFFICIENCY POWER DISSIPATIONvs OUTPUT CURRENT vs OUTPUT CURRENT
Figure 5. Figure 6.
OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE TEMPERATURE DERATINGvs OUTPUT CURRENT vs OUTPUT CURRENT
Figure 7. Figure 8.
(3) All data listed in Figure 5 ,Figure 7 , and Figure 6 have been developed from actual products tested at 25 °C. This data is consideredtypical data for the dc-dc converter.(4) The temperature derating curves represent operating conditions at which internal components are at or below manufacturer's maximumrated operating temperature. Derating limits apply to modules soldered directly to a 100–mm ×100–mm, double-sided PCB with 2 oz.copper. For surface mount packages, multiple vias (plated through holes) are required to add thermal paths around the power pins.Please refer to the mechanical specification for more information. Applies to Figure 8 .
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PTMA401120 Characteristic Data (V
O
= 12 V)
(5) (6)
0
65
60
0.2
90
85
80
75
70
0.4 0.8 10.6
I − OutputCurrent − A
O
η − Efficiency − %
VIN =36V
V =48V
IN
VIN =60V
VIN =75V
1.2
2
0.8
1.6
0.4
0 0.2 0.4 10.6
I − OutputCurrent − A
O
P − PowerDissipation
D− W
VIN =36V
V =48V
IN
VIN =60V
VIN =75V
0.8
40
80
20
60
10
0 0.2 0.4 10.6
I − OutputCurrent − A
O
V − OutputVoltageRipple
O− V (mW)
PP
0.8
VIN =36V
V =48V
IN
VIN =60V
VIN =75V
70
50
30
40
80
30
70
20
0 0.2 0.4 10.6
I − OutputCurrent − A
O
AmbientTemperature − C
o
0.8
90
60
Natural
Convection
50
PTMA403033
PTMA402050
PTMA401120
SLTS259B – FEBRUARY 2006 – REVISED MAY 2007
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
EFFICIENCY POWER DISSIPATIONvs OUTPUT CURRENT vs OUTPUT CURRENT
Figure 9. Figure 10.
OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE TEMPERATURE DERATINGvs OUTPUT CURRENT vs OUTPUT CURRENT
Figure 11. Figure 12.
(5) All data listed in Figure 9 ,Figure 10 , and Figure 11 have been developed from actual products tested at 25 °C. This data is consideredtypical data for the dc-dc converter.(6) The temperature derating curves represent operating conditions at which internal components are at or below manufacturer's maximumrated operating temperature. Derating limits apply to modules soldered directly to a 100–mm ×100–mm, double-sided PCB with 2 oz.copper. For surface mount packages, multiple vias (plated through holes) are required to add thermal paths around the power pins.Please refer to the mechanical specification for more information. Applies to Figure 12 .
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APPLICATION INFORMATION
Operating Features and System Considerations for the PTMA40XX DC/DC Converters
Primary-Secondary Isolation
Undervoltage Lockout
Output Overvoltage Clamp
Overcurrent Protection
Soft-Start Power Up
PTMA403033
PTMA402050
PTMA401120
SLTS259B – FEBRUARY 2006 – REVISED MAY 2007
These converters incorporate electrical isolation between the input terminals (primary) and the output terminals(secondary). All converters are tested to a withstand voltage of 1500 Vdc. This complies with UL/cUL 60950 andEN 60950 and the requirements for functional isolation. It allows the converter to be configured for either apositive or negative input voltage source. The data sheet Terminal Functions table provides guidance as to thecorrect reference that must be used for the external control signals.
The undervoltage lockout (UVLO) is designed to prevent the operation of the converter until the input voltage isclose to the minimum operating voltage. The converter is held off when the input voltage is below the UVLOthreshold, and turns on when the input voltage rises above the threshold. This prevents high start-up currentduring normal power up of the converter, and minimizes the current drain from the input source during low inputvoltage conditions. The converter meets full specifications when the minimum specified input voltage is reached.The UVLO circuitry also overrides the operation of the enable or synchronization controls. Only when the inputvoltage is above the UVLO threshold does this input become functional.
The module is protected from an overvoltage on the output using an internal clamp. This protects against abreak in the feedback path as well as a ground fault on the external Trim resistor, which would cause the outputvoltage to increase.
To protect against load faults, these converters incorporate output overcurrent protection. Applying a load to theoutput that exceeds the converter overcurrent threshold (see applicable specification) causes the output voltageto momentarily fold back, and then shut down. Following shutdown, the module periodically attempts toautomatically recover by initiating a soft-start power up. This is often described as a hiccup mode of operation,whereby the module continues in the cycle of successive shutdown and power up until the load fault is removed.Once the fault is removed, the converter automatically recovers and returns to normal operation.
When the converter is first powered, the internal soft-start circuit limits how fast the output voltage can rise. Thesoft-start circuit functions after a valid input source is applied and the output is enabled, after the converteroutput is enabled using the Enable input, or on a recovery from a load fault. The purpose of the soft-start featureis to limit the surge of current drawn from the input source when the converter begins to operate. By limiting therate at which the output voltage rises, the magnitude of current required to charge up the load circuitcapacitance is significantly reduced.
Figure 13 shows the power-up characteristic of a PTMA403033 converter. The output voltage is 3.3 V. Thesoft-start circuit causes a slow, soft rise of the output voltage. The output voltage will begin to rise after a timedelay (typically 85 ms-100 ms) once a valid input voltage is applied. The output then progressively rises to thevoltage set-point. The waveforms were recorded with a resistive load of 3 A.
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t − T ime − 20 ms/div
VOUT
(1 V/div)
VIN (10 V/div)
IIN (100 mA/div)
Output Voltage Trim Adjustment
PTMA403033
PTMA402050
PTMA401120
SLTS259B – FEBRUARY 2006 – REVISED MAY 2007
APPLICATION INFORMATION (continued)
Figure 13. Power-up Waveforms
An external resistor is required to increase or decrease the output voltage set point of the module by ± 10 %.The resistor, R
TRIM
, must be connected between the TRIM pin (pin 5) and V
O
+ (pin 4) to decrease the outputvoltage, or between the TRIM pin and V
O
– (pin 6) to increase the output voltage. A 0.05-W rated resistor can beused. The tolerance should be 1%, with a temperature stability of 100 ppm/ °C (or better). Place the resistorclose to the converter and connect it using dedicated PCB traces (see Figure 14 ). Table 1 gives the neareststandard value of external resistor for the common voltages within each model's adjust range.
Table 1. Standard Values of R
TRIM
for Common Output Voltages
PTMA403033 PTMA402050 PTMA401120
V
O
R
TRIM
(k Ω) V
O
R
TRIM
(k Ω) V
O
R
TRIM
(k Ω)(required) (required) (required)down up down up down up
3.0 V 118 — 4.5 V 18.7 — 10.8 V 64.9 —3.1 V 187 — 4.6 V 24.9 — 11.0 V 80.6 —3.2 V 392 — 4.7 V 35.7 — 11.2 V 105 —3.3 V open open 4.8 V 57.6 — 11.4 V 143 —3.4 V — 249 4.9 V 121 — 11.6 V 221 —3.5 V — 124 5.0 V open open 11.8 V 464 —3.6 V — 82.5 5.1 V — 124 12.0 V open open— — — 5.2 V — 61.9 12.2 V — 118— — — 5.3 V — 40.2 12.4 V — 57.6— — — 5.4 V — 29.4 12.6 V — 36.5— — — 5.5 V — 23.2 12.8 V — 26.1— — — — — — 13.0 V — 19.6— — — — — — 13.2 V — 15.8
11Submit Documentation Feedback
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RTRIM(up) +RO VR
ǒVO*VSETǓ*RP(kW)
(1)
RTRIM(dwn) +RO ǒVO*VRǓ
ǒVSET *VOǓ*RP(kW)
(2)
VO +
VO +
VO −
4
5
6
TRIM
4
5
6
TRIM
RTRIM
RTRIM COCO
VO +
VO −VO −
VO +
VO −
(a) TRIM DOWN (b) TRIM UP
Thermal Considerations
On/Off Enable Controls
PTMA403033
PTMA402050
PTMA401120
SLTS259B – FEBRUARY 2006 – REVISED MAY 2007
For other output voltages, the value of the required trim resistor may be calculated using Equation 1 to adjustthe voltage up or Equation 2 to adjust the voltage down.
Table 2 gives the required R
TRIM
equation constants for the converter model selected. To calculate the requiredvalue of R
TRIM
, simply locate the applicable constants and substitute these into the formula along with thedesired output voltage.
Table 2. Trim Adjust Equation Constants
Constants PTMA403033 PTMA402050 PTMA401120
V
R
(V) 1.24 2.50 2.50R
O
(Ω) 20 5.11 10R
P
(Ω) 1.0 2.05 5.11V
SET
(V) 3.3 5.0 12.0V
O
(V) Desired Output Voltage Desired Output Voltage Desired Output Voltage
Figure 14. Output Voltage Adjustment
Airflow may be necessary to ensure that the module can supply the desired load current in environments withelevated ambient temperatures. The required airflow rate is determined from the safe operating area (SOA). TheSOA is the area beneath the applicable airflow rate curve on the graph of temperature derating vs outputcurrent. (See the Typical Characteristics.) Operating the converter within the SOA limits ensures that all theinternal components are at or below their stated maximum operating temperatures.
On/Off enable options include positive logic or negative logic. A positive logic device enables the module'soutput when a logic high voltage is present on the Enable pin (pin 3) and disables the output with a logic lowvoltage. A negative logic device disables the output when a logic high voltage is present on the Enable pin andenables the output during a logic low voltage. See the Electrical Characteristics table for logic high and logic lowlimits. The Enable pin is ideally controlled with an open-collector (or open-drain) discrete transistor. SeeFigure 15 below for a typical On/Off Enable control circuit. For automatic start-up, the Enable pin should be leftopen for a positive logic module and should be shorted to V
I
– (pin 2) for a negative logic module. Both inputs areelectrically referenced to V
I
– on the primary (input) side of the converter. Do not place an external pull-upresistor on this input pin.
12
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Enable Control Schematic
1
2
3 ENABLE/SYNC
On/Off Control
VI +
VI −
VI +
VI −
On/Off Enable Turn-On Time
t − T ime − 1 ms/div
VOUT (1 V/div)
VENABLE (5 V/div)
IIN (100 mA/div)
PTMA403033
PTMA402050
PTMA401120
SLTS259B – FEBRUARY 2006 – REVISED MAY 2007
Figure 15. Typical On/Off Enable Control Circuit
Once enabled, the converter executes a soft-start power up. The converter exibits a short delay of approximately100 µs, measured from the transition of the enable signal to the instance the V
O
Bus output begins to rise. Theoutput is in regulation within 1.5 ms.
Figure 16. Output Enable Power-Up Characteristic
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Synchronization
1
2
3 ENABLE/SYNC
Sync
Control
VI +
VI −
VI +
VI −
MECHANICALS
Tape and Reel
TOLERANCESUNLESS
OTHERWISESPECIFIED
.XX= 0.005HOLES= 0.001
.XXX= 0.003 ANGLES= 1/2”
± ±
± ±
©ThisDocumentandtheinformation
containedhereinisconfidentialand
proprietarytoTexasInstrumants,and
maynotbereproducedorusedforany
purposewithouttheexpressedwritten
permissionofTexasInstruments.
PTMA403033
PTMA402050
PTMA401120
SLTS259B – FEBRUARY 2006 – REVISED MAY 2007
The Synchronization option allows multiple power modules to be synchronized to a common frequency. Drivingthe Sync pin (pin 3) with an external clock set to the desired frequency, synchronizes all connected modules tothat frequency. Modules with the synchronization option have a reduced free-running switching frequency of215 kHz typical. The synchronization frequency can only be adjusted to a higher frequency, up to 350 kHz. A5-V logic signal is recommended for control. See Figure 17 . See the Electrical Characteristics table forsynchronization limits.
Figure 17. Synchronization Control
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Tray
©ThisDocumentandtheinformation
containedhereinisconfidentialand
proprietarytoTexasInstrumants,and
maynotbereproducedorusedforany
purposewithouttheexpressedwritten
permissionofTexasInstruments.
PTMA403033
PTMA402050
PTMA401120
SLTS259B – FEBRUARY 2006 – REVISED MAY 2007
MECHANICALS (continued)
15Submit Documentation Feedback
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
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Addendum-Page 1
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device Status (1) Package Type Package
Drawing Pins Package Qty Eco Plan (2) Lead/
Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp (3) Samples
(Requires Login)
PTMA401120A1AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 4 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA401120A1AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 4 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA401120A1AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 4 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA401120A1AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 4 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA401120A1AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 4 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA401120A2AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEV 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA401120A2AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EEW 5 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA401120A2AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EEW 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA401120A2AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BEW 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA401120A2AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BEW 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA401120A3AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA401120A3AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA401120A3AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA401120A3AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA401120A3AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA401120N1AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA401120N1AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 5 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
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Addendum-Page 2
Orderable Device Status (1) Package Type Package
Drawing Pins Package Qty Eco Plan (2) Lead/
Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp (3) Samples
(Requires Login)
PTMA401120N1AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA401120N1AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA401120N1AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA401120N2AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA401120N2AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA401120N2AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA401120N2AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA401120N2AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA401120P1AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA401120P1AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 5 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA401120P1AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA401120P1AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA401120P1AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA401120P2AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA401120P2AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA401120P2AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA401120P2AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA401120P2AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
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Addendum-Page 3
Orderable Device Status (1) Package Type Package
Drawing Pins Package Qty Eco Plan (2) Lead/
Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp (3) Samples
(Requires Login)
PTMA402050A1AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 4 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA402050A1AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 4 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA402050A1AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 4 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA402050A1AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 4 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA402050A1AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 4 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA402050A2AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEV 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA402050A2AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EEW 5 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA402050A2AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EEW 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA402050A2AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BEW 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA402050A2AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BEW 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA402050A3AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA402050A3AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA402050A3AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA402050A3AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA402050A3AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA402050N1AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA402050N1AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 5 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA402050N1AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
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Addendum-Page 4
Orderable Device Status (1) Package Type Package
Drawing Pins Package Qty Eco Plan (2) Lead/
Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp (3) Samples
(Requires Login)
PTMA402050N1AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA402050N1AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA402050N2AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA402050N2AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA402050N2AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA402050N2AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA402050N2AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA402050P1AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA402050P1AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 5 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA402050P1AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA402050P1AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA402050P1AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA402050P2AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA402050P2AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA402050P2AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA402050P2AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA402050P2AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA403033A1AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 4 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
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Addendum-Page 5
Orderable Device Status (1) Package Type Package
Drawing Pins Package Qty Eco Plan (2) Lead/
Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp (3) Samples
(Requires Login)
PTMA403033A1AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 4 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA403033A1AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 4 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA403033A1AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 4 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA403033A1AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 4 200 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA403033A2AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEV 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA403033A2AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EEW 5 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA403033A2AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EEW 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA403033A2AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BEW 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA403033A2AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BEW 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA403033A3AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA403033A3AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA403033A3AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA403033A3AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA403033A3AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA403033N1AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA403033N1AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 5 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA403033N1AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA403033N1AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
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Addendum-Page 6
Orderable Device Status (1) Package Type Package
Drawing Pins Package Qty Eco Plan (2) Lead/
Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp (3) Samples
(Requires Login)
PTMA403033N1AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA403033N2AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA403033N2AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA403033N2AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA403033N2AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA403033N2AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA403033P1AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA403033P1AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 5 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA403033P1AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA403033P1AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 5 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA403033P1AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 5 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA403033P2AD ACTIVE Through-
Hole Module EEP 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SN N / A for Pkg Type
PTMA403033P2AS ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 30 TBD SNPB Level-1-235C-UNLIM/
Level-3-260C-168HRS
PTMA403033P2AST ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module EET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
PTMA403033P2AZ ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 30 Pb-Free (RoHS) SNAGCU Level-3-260C-168 HR
PTMA403033P2AZT ACTIVE Surface
Mount Module BET 6 250 TBD Call TI Call TI
(1) The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
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Addendum-Page 7
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2) Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS), Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt), or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please check http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability
information and additional product content details.
TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined.
Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements for all 6 substances, including the requirement that
lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes.
Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt): This component has a RoHS exemption for either 1) lead-based flip-chip solder bumps used between the die and package, or 2) lead-based die adhesive used between
the die and leadframe. The component is otherwise considered Pb-Free (RoHS compatible) as defined above.
Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight
in homogeneous material)
(3) MSL, Peak Temp. -- The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature.
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