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–5–
Figure 9b. Compressor THD + N vs. Frequency (V
SY
=
±
15 V, Compression Ration = 2:1, V
IN
= 0 dBV, with
80 kHz Low-Pass Filter)
characteristics are worth pointing out. The bowing of
the 2:1 and 4:1 curves below –70 dBV is due to
nonlinearities in the VCA control port when trying to re-
alize significant amounts of gain above 20 dB. For the
4:1 compression curve, the transfer function shows
some flattening above +10 dBV, which is due to
nonlinearities for large amounts of attenuation.
The second graph shows the distortion performance of
the VCA with 2:1 compression. In doing this sweep,
ample time must be allowed for proper settling of the
level detector and VCA before the measurement is
made. The distinct rise in distortion below 100 Hz is due
to control feedthrough. Above this frequency, the aver-
aging capacitor (C5) filters the LOGAV voltage resulting
in a dc control signal. However, as the frequency drops
below 100 Hz the capacitor can no longer entirely filter
the signal, resulting in a low frequency, low amplitude
sine wave applied to the control port. Thus, the distor-
tion increases. This can be improved by increasing the
averaging capacitor or the filtering cap (C1) at the ex-
pense of an increased attack time.
This above section has discussed the most general type
of compressor, which is equal compression over the
entire input dynamic range. In practical applications,
many compressors only start compressing the signal
once the input level passes a certain threshold. These
types of circuits are discussed in the “compressor/
limiter” section below.
Adjusting the Unity Gain Point (Threshold)
Looking at the example in Figure 7, the compressor
curves pass through unity gain at –20 dBV. With the ad-
dition of the potentiometer, R5, shown as optional in
Figure 8, this threshold is easily adjusted. The voltage at
the wiper of the potentiometer has a one-to-one corre-
spondence with the voltage at CONOUT. This voltage is
summed with LOGAV to produce the CONOUT voltage.
To increase the unity gain point by 20 dB to 0.0 dBV, the
potentiometer needs to be adjusted to produce a volt-
age of 2.4 V at the wiper. This voltage produces a corre-
sponding –2.4 V at CONOUT. When the input signal
reaches 0 dBV, the level detector develops a voltage of
+2.4 V at CONOUT. The two voltages sum and cancel
each other out, leaving CONOUT with zero volts and the
VCA at unity gain. Further adjustment of the potentio-
meter can change the threshold across the entire dy-
namic range of the part. This same technique can also
be used in the expander circuit discussed below.
Automatic Gain Control
A small subsection of the general compressor is an AGC
circuit, where the output has constant amplitude regard-
less of the input. The basic compressor circuit shown in
Figure 8 realizes an AGC circuit with only a couple minor
changes resulting from gain limitations in the VCA. The
first change is to set R1 + R3 to 3.8 k Ω according to the
compressor formula. The second change involves prop-
erly setting the threshold control. The maximum usable
gain of the VCA should be limited to 40 dB; however, for
a –80 dBV input and a –20 dBV unity gain point, the re-
quired gain is 60 dB. To only require 40 dB of gain, the
unity gain point should be lowered to –40 dBV by adjust-
ing the threshold control. At the high end, 60 dB of at-
tenuation is required, which is fine since the SSM2120
has a 100 dB attenuation range. The graph in Figure 10
shows flat response of the entire 100 dB input range.
Notice, however, that the output level is –20 dBV and not
the –40 dBV that the threshold was adjusted to. The ex-
tra 20 dB of gain is realized by increasing the VCA’s out-
put resistor (R6) from 36 k Ω to 360 k Ω.
Figure 10. AGC Transfer Function
(V
SY
=
±
15 V, f
IN
= 1 kHz)
Linear Expander
The complement to a compressor is an expander. In-
stead of reducing the dynamic range of an audio signal,
an expander increases the dynamic range, as the name
implies. Figure 11 illustrates this process. As a continu-
ation of the example above, if the audio signal was com-
pressed by 2:1 and stored on an analog tape, expansion
recreates the original signal with its dynamic range of
100 dB. The actual circuit is identical to that for the com-
pressor except that the +V C port is controlled as op-
posed to the –V C port as shown in Figure 12. Deriving
the formula for the expander is very similar to the
thought process for the compressor above. For ex-
ample, a 4:1 expansion ratio implies that a