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Figure 3 and Figure 4 show how to connect an external
resistor to SD_MODE when using an open-drain driver or
a pullup/down driver.
When the device is configured in left channel mode
(SD_MODE is directly driven to logic-high by the con-
trol interface) care must be taken to avoid violating
the Absolute Maximum Ratings limits for SD_MODE.
Ensuring that VDD is always greater than VDDIO is one
way to prevent SD_MODE from violating the Absolute
Maximum Ratings limits. If this is not possible in the
application (e.g., if VDD < 3.0V and VDDIO = 3.3V), then
it is necessary to add a small resistance (~2kΩ) in series
with SD_MODE to limit the current into the SD_MODE
pin. This is not a concern when using the right channel or
monomix modes.
Class D Speaker Amplier
The filterless Class D amplifier offers much higher effi-
ciency than Class AB amplifiers. The high efficiency of
a Class D amplifier is due to the switching operation of
the output stage transistors. Any power loss associated
with the Class D output stage is mostly due to the I2R
loss of the MOSFET on-resistance and quiescent current
overhead.
Ultra-Low EMI Filterless Output Stage
Traditional Class D amplifiers require the use of external
LC filters, or shielding, to meet EN55022B electromagnet-
ic-interference (EMI) regulation standards. Maxim’s active
emissions-limiting edge-rate control circuitry and spread-
spectrum modulation reduces EMI emissions while main-
taining up to 92% efficiency.
Maxim’s spread-spectrum modulation mode flattens wide-
band spectral components while proprietary techniques
ensure that the cycle-to-cycle variation of the switching
period does not degrade audio reproduction or efficiency.
The ICs’ spread-spectrum modulator randomly varies the
switching frequency by ±20kHz around the center fre-
quency (330kHz). Above 10MHz, the wideband spectrum
looks like noise for EMI purposes (Figure 5).
Speaker Current Limit
If the output current of the speaker amplifier exceeds the
current limit (2.8A typ), the IC disables the outputs for
approximately 100µs. At the end of the 100µs, the outputs
are re-enabled. If the fault condition still exists, the IC con-
tinues to disable and re-enable the outputs until the fault
condition is removed.
Gain Selection
The IC offers five programmable gain selections through
a singel gain input (GAIN). Gain is referenced to the
full-scale output of the DAC, which is 2.1dBV (Table 7).
Assuming that the desired output swing is not limited by
the supply voltage rail, the IC’s output level can be calcu-
lated based on the PDM input ones’s density and selected
amplifier gain according to the following equation:
Output signal level (dBV) = 20 x log[abs(PDM one’s
density(%) - 50) /25] (dBFS) + 2.1dB + selected
speaker amplifier gain (dB)
where the one’s density of the PDM input ranges from
75% (maximum positive magnitude) to 25% (maximum
negative magnitude). 0dFBS is referenced to 0dBV.
Click-and-Pop Suppression
The IC speaker amplifier features Maxim’s compre-
hensive click-and-pop suppression. During startup, the
click-and-pop suppression circuitry reduces audible tran-
sient sources internal to the device. To achieve optimal
click-and-pop reduction at startup, it is recommended
that idle data be sent to the digital audio interface for the
first 0.5ms of turn-on time. When entering shutdown, the
differential speaker outputs simultaneously drop to GND.
Table 6. Examples of SD_MODE Pullup
Resistor Values
Table 7. Gain Selection
LOGIC VOLTAGE
LEVEL (VDDIO) (V) RSMALL (kΩ) RLARGE (kΩ)
1.8 69.8 300
3.3 210 634
GAIN GAIN (dB)
Connect to GND through
100kΩ ±5% resistor 15
Connect to GND 12
Unconnected 9
Connect to VDD 6
Connect to VDD through
100kΩ ±5% resistor 3
MAX98358 PDM Input Class D Audio Power Amplier
www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated
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