SEMICONDUCTOR
TECHNICAL DATA
QUAD DIFFERENTIAL INPUT
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
ORDERING INFORMATION
PIN CONNECTIONS
Order this document by LM324/D
D SUFFIX
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CASE 751A
(SO–14)
N SUFFIX
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CASE 646
(LM224, LM324,
LM2902 Only)
14
1
14 1
8
Out 4
Inputs 4
VEE, Gnd
Inputs 3
Out 3
9
10
11
12
13
14
2
Out 1
VCC
Out 2
1
3
4
5
6
7
*
)
Inputs 1
Inputs 2
(Top View)
4
2 3
1
)
*
*
)
)
*
LM224N
Device Operating
Temperature Range Package
LM2902D
LM2902N
LM224D
LM324AD
LM324AN
LM324D
LM324N
TA = –40° to +105°C
TA = –25° to +85°C
TA = 0° to +70°C
Plastic DIP
Plastic DIP
SO–14
SO–14
SO–14
SO–14
Plastic DIP
Plastic DIP
1
MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA
The LM324 series are low–cost, quad operational amplifiers with true
differential inputs. They have several distinct advantages over standard
operational amplifier types in single supply applications. The quad amplifier
can operate at supply voltages as low as 3.0 V or as high as 32 V with
quiescent currents about one–fifth of those associated with the MC1741 (on
a per amplifier basis). The common mode input range includes the negative
supply, thereby eliminating the necessity for external biasing components in
many applications. The output voltage range also includes the negative
power supply voltage.
•Short Circuited Protected Outputs
•True Differential Input Stage
•Single Supply Operation: 3.0 V to 32 V
•Low Input Bias Currents: 100 nA Maximum (LM324A)
•Four Amplifiers Per Package
•Internally Compensated
•Common Mode Range Extends to Negative Supply
•Industry Standard Pinouts
•ESD Clamps on the Inputs Increase Ruggedness without Affecting
Device Operation
MAXIMUM RATINGS (TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
Rating Symbol LM224
LM324,A LM2902 Unit
Power Supply Voltages Vdc
Single Supply VCC 32 26
Split Supplies VCC, VEE ±16 ±13
Input Differential Voltage
Range (See Note 1) VIDR ±32 ±26 Vdc
Input Common Mode
Voltage Range VICR –0.3 to 32 –0.3 to 26 Vdc
Output Short Circuit
Duration tSC Continuous
Junction Temperature TJ150 °C
Storage Temperature
Range Tstg –65 to +150 °C
Operating Ambient
Temperature Range TA–25 to +85
0 to +70 –40 to +105 °C
NOTE: 1. Split Power Supplies.
Motorola, Inc. 1995
LM324, LM324A, LM224, LM2902
2MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 5.0 V, VEE = GND, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted)
LM224 LM324A LM324 LM2902
Characteristics Symbol Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Unit
Input Offset Voltage VIO mV
VCC = 5.0 V to 30 V
(26 V for LM2902),
VICR = 0 V to VCC –1.7 V,
VO = 1.4 V, RS = 0 Ω
TA = 25°C– 2.0 5.0 – 2.0 3.0 – 2.0 7.0 – 2.0 7.0
TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note 1) – – 7.0 – – 5.0 – – 9.0 – – 10
Average Temperature Coefficient of
Input Offset Voltage ∆VIO/∆T – 7.0 – – 7.0 30 – 7.0 – – 7.0 – µV/°C
TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note 1)
Input Offset Current IIO – 3.0 30 – 5.0 30 – 5.0 50 – 5.0 50 nA
TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note 1) – – 100 – – 75 – – 150 – – 200
Average Temperature Coefficient of
Input Offset Current ∆IIO/∆T – 10 – – 10 300 – 10 – – 10 – pA/°C
TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note 1)
Input Bias Current IIB – –90 –150 – –45 –100 – –90 –250 – –90 –250 nA
TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note 1) – – –300 – – –200 – – –500 – – –500
Input Common Mode V oltage Range
(Note 2) VICR V
VCC = 30 V (26 V for LM2902) 0 – 28.3 0 – 28.3 0 – 28.3 0 – 24.3
VCC = 30 V (26 V for LM2902),
TA = Thigh to Tlow
0 – 28 0 – 28 0 – 28 0 – 24
Differential Input Voltage Range VIDR – – VCC – – VCC – – VCC – – VCC V
Large Signal Open Loop V oltage
Gain AVOL V/mV
RL = 2.0 kΩ, VCC = 15 V, for
Large VO Swing, 50 100 – 25 100 – 25 100 – 25 100 –
TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note 1) 25 – – 15 – – 15 – – 15 – –
Channel Separation
10 kHz ≤ f ≤ 20 kHz, Input
Referenced
CS – –120 – – –120 – – –120 – – –120 – dB
Common Mode Rejection
RS ≤ 10 kΩCMR 70 85 – 65 70 – 65 70 – 50 70 – dB
Power Supply Rejection PSR 65 100 – 65 100 – 65 100 – 50 100 – dB
Output Voltage–High Limit
(TA = Thigh to Tlow) (Note 1) VOH V
VCC = 5.0 V, RL = 2.0 kΩ,
TA = 25°C3.3 3.5 – 3.3 3.5 – 3.3 3.5 – 3.3 3.5 –
VCC = 30 V (26 V for LM2902),
RL = 2.0 kΩ26 – – 26 – – 26 – – 22 – –
VCC = 30 V (26 V for LM2902),
RL = 10 kΩ27 28 – 27 28 – 27 28 – 23 24 –
Output Voltage – Low Limit
VCC = 5.0 V, RL = 10 kΩ,
TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note1)
VOL – 5.0 20 – 5.0 20 – 5.0 20 – 5.0 100 mV
Output Source Current
(VID = +1.0 V, VCC = 15 V) IO +mA
TA = 25°C20 40 – 20 40 – 20 40 – 20 40 –
TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note 1) 10 20 – 10 20 – 10 20 – 10 20 –
NOTES: 1.Tlow = –25°C for LM224 Thigh = +85°C for LM224
= 0°C for LM324, A = +70°C for LM324,A
= –40°C for LM2902 = +105°C for LM2902
2.The input common mode voltage or either input signal voltage should not be allowed to go negative by more than 0.3 V. The upper end of the
common mode voltage range is VCC –1.7 V.
LM324, LM324A, LM224, LM2902
3
MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 5.0 V, VEE = GND, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted)
Characteristics Symbol Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Unit
Output Sink Current IO –mA
(VID = –1.0 V, VCC = 15 V)
TA = 25°C10 20 – 10 20 – 10 20 – 10 20 –
TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note 1) 5.0 8.0 – 5.0 8.0 – 5.0 8.0 – 5.0 8.0 –
(VID = –1.0 V, VO = 200 mV,
TA = 25°C) 12 50 – 12 50 – 12 50 – – – – µA
Output Short Circuit to Ground
(Note 3) ISC – 40 60 – 40 60 – 40 60 – 40 60 mA
Power Supply Current
(TA = Thigh to Tlow) (Note 1) ICC mA
VCC = 30 V (26 V for LM2902),
VO = 0 V, RL = ∞– – 3.0 – 1.4 3.0 – – 3.0 – – 3.0
VCC = 5.0 V, VO = 0 V, RL = ∞– – 1.2 – 0.7 1.2 – – 1.2 – – 1.2
NOTES: 1.Tlow = –25°C for LM224 Thigh = +85°C for LM224
= 0°C for LM324, A = +70°C for LM324,A
= –40°C for LM2902 = +105°C for LM2902
3.Short circuits from the output to VCC can cause excessive heating and eventual destruction. Destructive dissipation can result from simultaneous
shorts on all amplifiers.
Representative Circuit Diagram
(One–Fourth of Circuit Shown)
Output
Bias Circuitry
Common to Four
Amplifiers
VCC
VEE/Gnd
Inputs
Q2
Q3 Q4
Q5
Q26
Q7
Q8
Q6
Q9 Q11
Q10 Q1 2.4 k
Q25
Q22
40 k
Q13
Q14
Q15
Q16
Q19
5.0 pF
Q18
Q17
Q20
Q21
2.0 k
Q24
Q23
Q12
25
+
–
LM324, LM324A, LM224, LM2902
4MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The LM324 series is made using four internally
compensated, two–stage operational amplifiers. The first
stage of each consists of differential input devices Q20 and
Q18 with input buffer transistors Q21 and Q17 and the
differential to single ended converter Q3 and Q4. The first
stage performs not only the first stage gain function but also
performs the level shifting and transconductance reduction
functions. By reducing the transconductance, a smaller
compensation capacitor (only 5.0 pF) can be employed, thus
saving chip area. The transconductance reduction is
accomplished by splitting the collectors of Q20 and Q18.
Another feature of this input stage is that the input common
mode range can include the negative supply or ground, in
single supply operation, without saturating either the input
devices or the differential to single–ended converter. The
second stage consists of a standard current source load
amplifier stage.
Large Signal Voltage Follower Response
VCC = 15 Vdc
RL = 2.0 k
Ω
TA = 25
°
C
5.0
µ
s/DIV
1.0 V/DIV
Each amplifier is biased from an internal–voltage regulator
which has a low temperature coefficient thus giving each
amplifier good temperature characteristics as well as
excellent power supply rejection.
Single Supply Split Supplies
VCC
VEE/Gnd
3.0 V to VCC(max)
1
2
3
4
VCC
1
2
3
4
VEE
1.5 V to VCC(max)
1.5 V to VEE(max)
LM324, LM324A, LM224, LM2902
5
MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA
VOR, OUTPUT VOLTAGE RANGE (V )
pp
VO, OUTPUT VOLTAGE (mV)
14
12
10
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
01.0 10 100 1000
f, FREQUENCY (kHz)
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
00 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
t, TIME (
µ
s)
2.4
2.1
1.8
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
00 5.0 10 15 20 25 30 35
VCC, POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) VCC, POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
90
80
70 0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14 16 18 20
I , POWER SUPPLY CURRENT (mA)
CC
I , INPUT BIAS CURRENT (nA)
IB
VCC = 30 V
VEE = Gnd
TA = 25
°
C
CL = 50 pF
Input
Output
V , INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
I
Figure 1. Input Voltage Range Figure 2. Open Loop Frequency
18
16
14
12
10
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
20
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14 16 18 20
±
VCC/VEE, POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGES (V)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
–201.0 10 100 1.0 k 10 k 100 k 1.0 M
f, FREQUENCY (Hz)
±
A , LARGE–SIGNAL
VOL
OPEN LOOP VOLTAGE GAIN (dB)
Positive
Negative
VCC = 15 V
VEE = Gnd
TA = 25
°
C
TA = 25
°
C
RL =
R
RL = 2.0 k
Ω
VCC = 15 V
VEE = Gnd
Gain = –100
RI = 1.0 k
Ω
RF = 100 k
Ω
Figure 3. Large–Signal Frequency Response Figure 4. Small–Signal Voltage Follower
Pulse Response (Noninverting)
Figure 5. Power Supply Current versus
Power Supply Voltage Figure 6. Input Bias Current versus
Power Supply Voltage
LM324, LM324A, LM224, LM2902
6MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA
2
1
R1
TBP
R1 + R2
R1
R1 + R2
eo
e1
e2
eo = C (1 + a + b) (e2 – e1)
R1 a R1
b R1
R
–
+
+
–
–
+R
+
–
R1
R2
VO
Vref
Vin
VOH
VO
VOL
VinL = R1 (VOL – Vref) + Vref
VinH = (VOH – Vref) + Vref
H = R1 + R2 (VOH – VOL)
R1
–
+
–
+
–
+
R
C
R2 R1 R3
C1
100 k
R
C
R
C1 R2
100 k
Vin
Vref
Vref Vref
Vref
Bandpass
Output
fo = 2
π
RC
R1 = QR
R2 =
R3 = TN R2
C1 = 10C
1
Notch Output
Vref = VCC
Hysteresis
1
CR
VinL VinH
Vref
Where: TBP = Center Frequency Gain
Where: TN= Passband Notch Gain
R = 160 k
Ω
C = 0.001
µ
F
R1 = 1.6 M
Ω
R2 = 1.6 M
Ω
R3 = 1.6 M
Ω
For: fo= 1.0 kHz
For: Q = 10
For: TBP = 1
For: TN= 1
–
+
MC1403
1/4
LM324
–
+
R1
VCC VCC
VO
2.5 V
R2
50 k
10 k
Vref
Vref = VCC
2
5.0 k
RCRC
+
–VO
2
π
RC
1
For: fo = 1.0 kHz
R = 16 k
Ω
C = 0.01
µ
F
VO = 2.5 V 1 + R1
R2
1
VCC
fo =
1/4
LM324
1/4
LM324
1/4
LM324
1/4
LM324
1
CR
1/4
LM324
1/4
LM324 1/4
LM324 1/4
LM324
1/4
LM324
Figure 7. Voltage Reference Figure 8. Wien Bridge Oscillator
Figure 9. High Impedance Differential Amplifier Figure 10. Comparator with Hysteresis
Figure 11. Bi–Quad Filter
LM324, LM324A, LM224, LM2902
7
MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA
2
1
Vref = VCC
1
2
For less than 10% error from operational amplifier,
If source impedance varies, filter may be preceded with
voltage follower buffer to stabilize filter parameters.
where fo and BW are expressed in Hz.
Qo fo
BW < 0.1
Given: fo= center frequency
A(fo) = gain at center frequency
Choose value fo, C
Then: R3 = Q
π
fo C
R3
R1 = 2 A(fo)
R1 R3
4Q2 R1 – R3
R2 =
+
–+
–
–
+
Vref = VCC
Vref
f = R1 + RC
4 CRf R1 R3 = R2 R1
R2 + R1
R2
300 k
75 k
R3
R1
100 k
C
Triangle Wave
Output
Square
Wave
Output
VCC
R3
R1
R2
Vref
Vin
CC
VO
CO = 10 C
Rf
if
Vref
CO
1/4
LM324
1/4
LM324 1/4
LM324
Figure 12. Function Generator Figure 13. Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter
LM324, LM324A, LM224, LM2902
8MOTOROLA ANALOG IC DEVICE DATA
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
NOTES:
1. LEADS WITHIN 0.13 (0.005) RADIUS OF TRUE
POSITION AT SEATING PLANE AT MAXIMUM
MATERIAL CONDITION.
2. DIMENSION L TO CENTER OF LEADS WHEN
FORMED PARALLEL.
3. DIMENSION B DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD
FLASH.
4. ROUNDED CORNERS OPTIONAL.
1 7
14 8
B
A
F
H G D K
C
N
L
J
M
SEATING
PLANE
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
MILLIMETERSINCHES
A0.715 0.770 18.16 19.56
B0.240 0.260 6.10 6.60
C0.145 0.185 3.69 4.69
D0.015 0.021 0.38 0.53
F0.040 0.070 1.02 1.78
G0.100 BSC 2.54 BSC
H0.052 0.095 1.32 2.41
J0.008 0.015 0.20 0.38
K0.115 0.135 2.92 3.43
L0.300 BSC 7.62 BSC
M0 10 0 10
N0.015 0.039 0.39 1.01
_ _ _ _
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
3. DIMENSIONS A AND B DO NOT INCLUDE
MOLD PROTRUSION.
4. MAXIMUM MOLD PROTRUSION 0.15 (0.006)
PER SIDE.
5. DIMENSION D DOES NOT INCLUDE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION. ALLOWABLE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION SHALL BE 0.127 (0.005) TOTAL
IN EXCESS OF THE D DIMENSION AT
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION.
–A–
–B–
G
P7 PL
14 8
71 M
0.25 (0.010) B M
S
B
M
0.25 (0.010) A S
T
–T–
F
RX 45
SEATING
PLANE
D14 PL K
C
J
M
_
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
INCHESMILLIMETERS
A8.55 8.75 0.337 0.344
B3.80 4.00 0.150 0.157
C1.35 1.75 0.054 0.068
D0.35 0.49 0.014 0.019
F0.40 1.25 0.016 0.049
G1.27 BSC 0.050 BSC
J0.19 0.25 0.008 0.009
K0.10 0.25 0.004 0.009
M0 7 0 7
P5.80 6.20 0.228 0.244
R0.25 0.50 0.010 0.019
_ _ _ _
D SUFFIX
PLASTIC PACKAGE
CASE 751A–03
(SO–14)
ISSUE F
N SUFFIX
PLASTIC PACKAGE
CASE 646–06
(LM224, LM324,
LM2902 Only)
ISSUE L
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