CC2431RTC - Texas Instruments - Datasheet.Directory

CC2431

System-on-Chip for 2.4 GHz ZigBee

IEEE 802.15.4 with Location Engine

Applications

• ZigBee® systems

• 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 systems

• Home/building automation

• Industrial Control and Mon itoring

• Low power wireless sensor networks

• Access Control

• PC peripherals

• Set-top boxes and remote controls

• Consumer Electronics

• Container/Vehicle Tracking

• Active RFID

• Inventory Control

Product Description

The

CC2431

is a true System-On-Chip (SOC)

for wireless sensor networking ZigBee®/IEEE

802.15.4 solutions. The chip includes a

location detection hardware module that can

be used in so-called blind nodes (i.e. nodes

with unknown location) to receive signals from

nodes with known location’s. Based on this the

location engine calculates an estimate of a

blind node’s position. The

CC2431

enables

ZigBee® nodes to be built with very low total

bill-of-material costs. The

CC2431

combines the

excellent performance of the leading

CC2420

RF transceiver with an industry-standard

enhanced 8051 MCU, 128 KB flash memory, 8

KB RAM and many other powerful features.

Combined with the industry leading ZigBee®

protocol stack (Z-Stack™) from Texas

Instruments, the

CC2431

provides the market’s

most competitive ZigBee® solution.

The

CC2431

is highly suited for systems where

ultra low power consumption is required. This

is achieved by various operating modes. Short

transition times between these modes further

ensure low power consumption.

Key Features

• Location Engine calculates the location of a

node in a network

• High performance and low power 8051

microcontroller core.

• 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 compliant RF

transceiver (industry leading

CC2420

radio

core).

• ZigBee® protocol stack (Z-Stack™) from

Texas Instruments includes supp ort for

CC2431

‘s location engi ne.

• Excellent receiver sensitivity and robustness to

interferers

• 128 KB in-system programmable flash

• 8 KB RAM, 4 KB with data retention in all

power modes

• Powerful DMA functionality

• Very few external components

• Only a single crystal needed for mesh network

systems

• Low current consumption (RX: 27 mA, TX: 27

mA, microcontroller running at 32 MHz)

• Only 0.5µA current consumption in power-

down mode, where external interrupts or the

RTC can wake up the system

• 0.3 µA current consumption in power-down

mode, where external interrupts can wake up

the system

• Very fast transition times from low-power

modes to active mode enables ultra low

average power consumption in low duty-cycle

systems

• CSMA/CA hardware support

• Wide supply voltage range (2.0 V – 3.6 V)

• Digital RSSI/ LQI support

• Battery monitor and temperature sensor

• ADC with up to eight inputs and configurable

resolution

• 128-bit AES security coprocessor

CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01)

SWRS034B Page 1 of 15

CC2431

Key Features (continued)

• Two powerful USARTs with support for

several serial protocols.

• Hardware debug support

• Watchdog timer

• One IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Timer, one general

16-bit timer and two 8-bit timers

• RoHS compliant 7x7 mm QLP48 package

• 21 general I/O pins, two with 20 mA

sink/source capabilit y

• Powerful and flexible development tools

available

Note:

The CC2431 and the CC2430 are pin compatible, and the MCU and RF parts of the

CC2430-F128 are identical to the CC2431 except the Location Engine. This data sheet

complements the CC2430 data sheet with a description of the Location Engine. For

complete information about the CC2431, please refer to the CC2430 data sheet in

addition to this data sheet. The CC2430 data sheet can be found here:

http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2430.pdf

CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01)

SWRS034B Page 2 of 15

CC2431

Table Of Contents

1 REGISTER CONVENTIONS ................................................................................................................. 4

2 LOCATION ENGINE.............................................................................................................................. 5

2.1 LOCATION ENGINE OPERATION ................................................................................................................... 5

2.2 LOCATION ENGINE REGISTER .................................................................................................................... 10

3 ORDERING INFORMATION.............................................................................................................. 12

4 GENERAL INFORMA TION ................................................................................................................ 13

4.1 DOCUMENT HISTORY................................................................................................................................. 13

5 ADDRESS INFORMATION ................................................................................................................. 14

6 TI WORLDWIDE TECHNICAL SUPPORT...................................................................................... 14

CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) S WRS034B Page 3 of 15

CC2431

1 Register conventions

Each RF register is described in a separate table. The table heading is given in the following format:

In the register descriptions, each register bit is shown with a symbol indicating the access mode of the

indicates hexadecimal notation.

Table 1: Register bit conventions

Symbol Access Mode

R/W Read/write

R Read only

R0 Read as 0

R1 Read as 1

W Write only

W0 Write as 0

W1 Write as 1

H0 Hardware clear

H1 Hardware set

CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) S WRS034B Page 4 of 15

CC2431

2 Location Engine

The Location Engine is used to estimate the

position of nodes in an ad-hoc wireless

network. Reference nodes exist with known

coordinates, typically because they are part of

an installed infrastructure. Other nodes are

blind nodes, whose coordinates need to be

estimated. These blind nodes are often mobile

and attached to assets that need to be

tracked.

The Location Engine implements a distributed

computation algorithm that uses received

signal strength indicator (RSSI) values from

known reference nodes. Performing location

calculations at the node level reduces network

traffic and communication delays otherwise

present in a centralized computation

approach.

The Location Engine has the following main

features:

• 3 to 16 reference nodes can be used for

the location estimation algorithm

• Location estimate with readout resolution

of 0.25 meters (note: The accuracy of the

location estimate will depend on several

factors described below).

• Time to estimate node location is 50 µs to

13 ms

• Location range 64 x 64 meters

• Runs location estimation with minimum

CPU usage

To achieve the best possible accuracy one

should use antennas that have near-isotropic

radiation characteristics. The location error

depends on signal environment, deployment

pattern of reference nodes and the density of

reference nodes in a given area. In general,

having more reference nodes available

improves the accuracy of the location

estimation.

2.1 Location Engine Opera tion

This section describes the basic steps

required to obtain location estimates from the

Location Engine.

The Location Engine requires a set of three to

16 reference coordinates to be input together

with a set of measured parameters. The output

from the Location Engine consists of a pair of

estimated location coordinates.

Before any input data is written, the Location

Engine must be enabled by writing a 1 to the

enable bit, LOCENG.EN. When the Location

Engine is not in use, writing a 0 to

LOCENG.EN will reduce the power

consumption of the CC2431 by gating off the

Engine’s clock signal.

Figure 1 shows the basic operation of the

Location Engine.

CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) S WRS034B Page 5 of 15

CC2431

Figure 1: Location Engine Operation

CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) S WRS034B Page 6 of 15

CC2431

2.1.1 Reference Coordinates

The Location Engine requires a set of between

three and 16 reference coordinates [x0, y0, x1,

y1, …, x15, y15] to be input. The reference

coordinates express each reference nodes

position in meters, as unsigned values in the

interval [0, 63.75] meters. The finest possible

readout resolution is 0.25 meter. The format

used is fixed-point data with the two LSBs

representing the fractional part and the

remaining six bits representing the integer

part, thus e.g. 63.75 is represented as 0 x FF.

Reference coordinates are loaded into the RF

REFCOORD, a 1 must be written to the register

bit LOCENG.REFLD to indicate that a set of

reference coordinates are being written. Once

the coordinate load process commences

(LOCENG.REFLD =1), 16 coordinate pairs

must always be written. However, it is possible

for the Location Engine to use less than 16

reference coordinates, by marking certain

reference coordinates as unused. Zeros shall

be used to fill the unused reference coordinate

slots, and they will be interpreted as unused

when 0.0 is loaded as the RSSI value for

those reference coordinates.

The reference coordinates are written in the

order [x0, y0, x1, y1, …, x15, y15] to the

been written, a 0 is written to the register bit

LOCENG.REFLD.

2.1.2 Measured Parameters

After the reference coordinates have been

written, a set of measured parameters must be

input to the Location Engine. These

parameters consist of two radio parameters:

Four search boundary coordinates and 16

RSSI values. The radio parameters are the

values A and n. These radio parameters are

used in the Engine’s algorithm used to find the

estimated location. The parameters A and n

can be adjusted to describe the propagation

environment in which a network of devices will

operate.

2.1.2.1 Parameter Definitions

The measured parameters are described in

this section together with how these should be

estimated.

2.1.2.1.1 Parameter A

The radio parameter A is defined as the

absolute value of the average power in dBm

received at a close-in reference distance of

one meter from the transmitter, assuming an

omni-directional radiation pattern. For

example, if the mean received power at one

meter is -40 dBm, the parameter A is specified

as 40.

The Engine expects the parameter A to be in

the range [30.0, 50.0] with precision 0.5. The

parameter A is given as an unsigned fixed-

point value where the LSB bit is the fractional

bit and the remaining bits are the integer part.

A typical value for A is 40.0.

2.1.2.1.2 Parameter n

The radio parameter n is defined as the path

loss exponent that describes the rate at which

the signal power decays with increasing

distance from the transmitter. This decay is

proportional to d-n where d is the distance

between transmitter and receiver.

The actual parameter n value written to the

Location Engine is an integer index value

selected from a lookup table shown in Table 2.

As an example, in the case when the value

n=2.98 is found from measurements, the

closest available value of n in the lookup table

is 3.00, corresponding to index 13. Therefore,

the integer value 13 is used for the parameter

n written to the Location Engine.

Refer to section 2.1.2.1.3 in order to find the

value for n to be used.

CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) S WRS034B Page 7 of 15

CC2431

Table 2: n parameter lookup table

n inde

n n inde

0 1.000 16 3.375

1 1.250 17 3.500

2 1.500 18 3.625

3 1.750 19 3.750

4 1.875 20 3.875

5 2.000 21 4.000

6 2.125 22 4.125

7 2.250 23 4.250

8 2.375 24 4.375

9 2.500 25 4.500

10 2.625 26 4.625

11 2.750 27 5.000

12 2.875 28 5.500

13 3.000 29 6.000

14 3.125 30 7.000

15 3.250 31 8.000

The parameter n is written to the Location

Engine as an integer index in the range [0, 31]

as the index is given as an integer value with

no fractional bits, e.g. the value n = 7 is loaded

as 00000111. The typical value for n depends

on the environment.

2.1.2.1.3 Parameter Estimation

The parameters A and n can be estimated

empirically by collecting RSSI data (and

therefore path loss data) for which the

distances between the transmitting and

receiving devices are known. Figure 2 is a

scatter plot of abs(RSSI) data versus log

distance in meters. A least-squares best-fit line

is used to glean the specific values of A and n

for the environment in which the data were

measured:

• A is the y-intercept of the line, and

• n is the slope of the line

The data in Figure 2 give A=42.4 and n=2.98

for that environment. Note that the plot in this

example does not show the actual y-intercept

i.e. the point on the line where x=0.

The value of A loaded into the engine in this

case would by 42.5. The value of n loaded into

the engine, is seen to be 13 from Table 2.

CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) S WRS034B Page 8 of 15

CC2431

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

10*log10(distance)

Path Loss (dB)

Path Los s vs . log-distance for sourc e 0x85, Z=2. 1082. A = 42.4103, n= 2. 9773

Figure 2: Path loss vs. log distance

2.1.2.1.4 Search Boundary Coordinates

It is possible to reduce error and estimation

time by setting search boundaries for the

estimated location X and Y coordinates. The

maximum area that can be considered is with

X and Y in the interval [0.0, 63.75] meters.

Assume that the Location Engine search is to

be limited to include only the rectangular area

bounded by the coordinates [xmin, ymin] and

[xmax, ymax].

Four search boundary parameters are entered

in the following order:

xmin, xdelta , ymin, ydelta

where:

xdelta = xmax - xmin

ydelta = ymax - ymin

Note that even when it is chosen to search in

the whole possible search space, these

coordinates must be entered as the

coordinates for the whole space, i.e. the

following values: 0.0, 63.75, 0.0, 63.75.

If some input parameters are omitted the

Location Engine will not estimate correctly.

2.1.2.1.5 RSSI Values

The RSSI values are the RSSI measurements

corresponding to the set of reference

coordinates. The RSSI values are within the

interval [-40 dBm, -95 dBm] with precision 0.5

dBm. The negative sign is removed in the

value written. As an example, in the case

where the value RSSI = -50.35 dB, this would

be written into the location engine as 50 .5.

Note that a value of 0.0 must be written as

RSSI value for unused reference coordinates,

if less than 16 reference nodes are used. The

engine will not function correctly if only some

of the parameters are loaded.

2.1.2.2 Loading Parameters

All measured parameters described in the

previous sections are loaded into the RF

MEASPARM, a 1 must be written to the register

bit LOCENG.PARLD to indicate that a set of

measured parameters are being written. Once

the parameter load process commences

CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) S WRS034B Page 9 of 15

CC2431

(LOCENG.PARLD =1), all 22 parameters must

be written.

The measured parameters must be written in

the order [A, n, xmin, xdelta, ymin, ydelta, rssi0, rssi1,

…, rssi15] to the MEASPARM register. Once

the parameter load process commences

(LOCENG.PARLD =1) it must be completed

with all 22 parameters. Included in these are

the 16 RSSI values which must be all written,

so any unused slots must be written as zeros.

After all 22 parameters have been written, a 0

must be written to the register bit

LOCENG.PARLD.

2.1.3 Location Estimation

The estimated location coordinates are given

in meters in the interval [0.0, 63.75] with

resolution 0.25 m. The data format uses the

LSB bit as the fractional part.

When reference coordinates and measured

parameters have been loaded, the location

estimate is calculated by writing 1 to the

LOCENG.RUN register bit. The estimated

coordinates can be read from the LOCX and

LOCY registers when LOCENG.DONE is set to

1. The time until estimated coordinates can be

read varies with the search boundary

parameters, from 50 µs to 13 ms (with 32

MHz system clock) after LOCENG.RUN was

set to 1. The Location Engine does not

produce any interrupt requests.

The value of the X coordinate estimate given

by LOCX includes an offset value which must

be removed to obtain the actual X coordinate.

The offset removal must be performed after

reading the LOCX register, to obtain the actual

X value as follows:

X = (XLOCX - xmin +1) % ( xdelta+ 1) + xmin

Where XLOCX is the value read from register

LOCX, and xmin and xdelta are the boundary

parameters used as inputs to limit the search

as described in section 2.1.2.1.4. Notice that

the Y coordinate read LOCY from can be used

directly.

The estimated coordinates remain valid in the

LOCX and LOCY registers until new results

have been calculated or until a reset.

Note that LOCENG.EN must be 1 during

operation of the Location Engine.

2.2 Location Engine Register

This section describes the RF registers

associated with the Location Engine. These

registers are:

• LOCENG - Location Engine control

and status

• REFCOORD - Reference coordinates

input

• MEASPARM - Measured parameters

input

• LOCX - Location estimate X

coordinate

• LOCY - Location estimate Y

coordinate

The RF registers reside in XDATA memory

space. Table 3 gives an overview of register

addresses while the remaining tables in this

section describe each register in detail. Refer

also to section 1 for Register co nventions.

For the remaining RF registers refer to the

CC2430 Data Sheet.

CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) S WRS034B Page 10 of 15

CC2431

Table 3 : Overview of Location Engine RF registers

XDATA A d d r e ss Register name Description

0xDF55 REFCOORD Reference coordinates input

0xDF56 MEASPARM Measured parameters input

0xDF57 LOCENG Location Engine control and status

0xDF58 LOCX Location estimate X coordinate

0xDF59 LOCY Location estimate Y coordinate

0xDF60 CHVER Chip Version

0xDF61 CHIPID Chip Identification

REFCOORD (0xDF55)

Bit Name Reset R/W Description

7:0 REFCOORD 0 R/W Location Engine reference coordinate [x0, y0, x1, y1, …

x15, y15]

MEASPARM (0xDF56)

Bit Name Reset R/W Description

7:0 MEASPARM 0 R/W Location Engine measured parameters of channel and

reference nodes

[A, n, xmin, xdelta, ymin, ydelta, rssi0, rssi1, …, rssi15]

LOCENG (0xDF57)

Bit Name Reset R/W Description

7:5 - 00 R0 Reserved, read as 0.

4 EN 0 R/W

Enable location engine

0 Disable location engine

1 Enable location engine

3 DONE 0 R Estimation completed. After 1 has been written to RUN, this

bit is cleared and then set to 1 when the estimated data is

ready.

2 PARLD 0 R/W

Load parameters. This bit shall be written as 1 before the

set of parameters are written to MEASPARM. Write 0 to this

bit after the last parameter has been written.

1 REFLD 0 R/W

Load reference coordinates. This bit shall be written as 1

before the set of coordinates are written to RE FCOORD.

Write 0 to this bit after the last coordinate has been written.

0 RUN 0 R0W1

Location estimate start. This bit shall be written as 1 when

desired coordinates and parameters have been written to

REFCOORD and MEASPARM registers. Estimation

process starts when 1 is written to this bit. Always read as

LOCX (0xDF58)

Bit Name Reset R/W Description

7:0 LOCX 00h R Location estimate X coordinate with offset.

CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) S WRS034B Page 11 of 15

CC2431

LOCY (0xDF59)

Bit Name Reset R/W Description

7:0 LOCY 00h R Location estimate Y coordinate.

CHVER (0xDF60)

Bit Name Reset R/W Description

7:0 VERSION[7:0] 0x03 R Chip revision number. The current die revision is as follows:

0x04 : Die revision E

The current number in VERSION[7:0] may not be

consistent with past or future die revisions of this product

CHIPID (0xDF61)

Bit Name Reset R/W Description

7:0 CHIPID[7:0] 0x89 R Chip identification number. Always read as 0x89.

3 Ordering Information

Table 4: Ordering Information

Ordering part

number Description MOQ

CC2431RTC CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, trays with

260 pcs per tray, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash

memory, System-on-chip RF transceiver.

260

CC2431RTCR CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, T&R with

2500 pcs per reel, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash

memory, System-on-chip RF transceiver.

2500

CC2431ZRTC CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, trays with 260

pcs per tray, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash memory,

System-on-chip RF transceiver, including royalty for using TI’s

ZigBee® Software Stack, Z-Stack™, in an end product

260

CC2431ZRTCR CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, T&R with

2500 pcs per reel, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash

memory, System-on-chip RF transceiver, including royalty for

using TI’s ZigBee® Software Stack, Z-Stack™, in an end product

2500

CC2431DK CC2431 Development Kit 1

CC2431ZDK CC2431 ZigBee® Development Kit 1

CC2431EMK CC2431 Evaluation Module Kit 1

MOQ = Minimum Order Quantity T&R = tape and reel

CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) S WRS034B Page 12 of 15

CC2431

4 General Information

4.1 Document History

Table 5 : Docume nt His tory

Revision Date Description/Changes

2.01 2007-05-30

First data sheet for released product.

Preliminary data sheets exist for engineering samples and pre-production

prototype devices, but these data sheets are not complete and may be incorrect in some

aspects compared with the released product.

CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) S WRS034B Page 13 of 15

CC2431

5 Address Information

Texas Instruments Norway AS

Gaustadalléen 21

N-0349 Oslo

NORWAY

Tel: +47 22 95 85 44

Fax: +47 22 95 85 46

Web site: http://www.ti.com/lpw

6 TI Worldwide Technical Support

Internet

TI Semiconductor Product Information Center Home Page: support.ti.com

TI Semiconductor KnowledgeB ase Home Page: support.ti.com/sc/knowledgebase

Product Information Centers

Americas

Phone: +1(972) 644-5580

Fax: +1(972) 927-6377

Internet/Email: support.ti.com/sc/pic/americas.htm

Europe, Middle East and Africa

Phone:

Belgium (English) +32 (0) 27 45 54 32

Finland (English) +358 (0) 9 25 173948

France +33 (0) 1 30 70 11 64

Germany +49 (0) 8161 80 33 11

Israel (English) 180 9 49 0107

Italy 800 79 11 37

Netherlands (English) +31 (0) 546 87 95 45

Russia +7 (0) 95 363 4824

Spain +34 902 35 40 28

Sweden (English) +46 (0) 8587 555 22

United Kingdom + 44 (0) 1604 66 33 99

Fax: +49 (0) 8161 80 2045

Internet: support.ti.com/sc/pic/euro.htm

Japan

Fax International +81-3-3344-5317

Domestic 0120-81-0036

Internet/Email International support.ti.com/sc/pic/japan.htm

Domestic www.tij.co.jp/pic

CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) S WRS034B Page 14 of 15

CC2431

Asia

Phone International +886-2-23786800

Domestic Toll-Free Number

Australia 1-800-999-084

China 800-820-8682

Hong Kong 800-96-5941

India +91-80-51381665 (Toll)

Indonesia 001-803-8861-1006

Korea 080-551-2804

Malaysia 1-800-80-3973

New Zealand 0800-446-934

Philippines 1-800-765-7404

Singapore 800-886-1028

Taiwan 0800-006800

Thailand 001-800-886-0010

Fax +886-2-2378-6808

Email tiasia@ti.com or ti-china@ti.com

Internet support.ti.com/sc/pic/asia.htm

CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) S WRS034B Page 15 of 15

TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION

*All dimensions are nominal

Device Package

Type Package

Drawing Pins SPQ Reel

Diameter

(mm)

Reel

Width

W1 (mm)

(mm) B0

(mm) K0

(mm) P1

(mm) W

(mm) Pin1

Quadrant

CC2431ZRTCR VQFN RTC 48 2500 330.0 16.4 7.4 7.4 1.6 12.0 16.0 Q2

PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION

www.ti.com 8-Dec-2009

Pack Materials-Page 1

*All dimensions are nominal

Device Package Type Package Drawing Pins SPQ Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm)

CC2431ZRTCR VQFN RTC 48 2500 378.0 70.0 346.0

PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION

www.ti.com 8-Dec-2009

Pack Materials-Page 2

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