ZD-01745_1.1_September-10-2013 9 www.power-one.com
4 CHARACTERIZATION
4.1 GENERAL INFORMATION
The converter has been characterized for many operational aspects, to include thermal derating (maximum load current as a
function of ambient temperature and airflow) for vertical and horizontal mounting, efficiency, startup and shutdown parame-
ters, output ripple and noise, transient response to load step-change, overload, and short circuit.
The following pages contain specific plots or waveforms associated with the converter. Additional comments for specific data
are provided below.
4.2 TEST CONDITIONS
All data presented were taken with the converter soldered to a test board, specifically a 0.060” thick printed wiring board
(PWB) with four layers. The top and bottom layers were not metalized. The two inner layers, comprised of two-ounce copper,
were used to provide traces for connectivity to the converter.
The lack of metalization on the outer layers as well as the limited thermal connection ensured that heat transfer from the
converter to the PWB was minimized. This provides a worst-case but consistent scenario for thermal derating purposes.
All measurements requiring airflow were made in the vertical and horizontal wind tunnel using Infrared (IR) thermography
and thermocouples for thermometry.
Ensuring components on the converter do not exceed their ratings is important to maintaining high reliability. If one antici-
pates operating the converter at or close to the maximum loads specified in the derating curves, it is prudent to check actual
operating temperatures in the application. Thermographic imaging is preferable; if this capability is not available, then ther-
mocouples may be used. The use of AWG #40 gauge thermocouples is recommended to ensure measurement accuracy.
Careful routing of the thermocouple leads will further minimize measurement error. Refer to Fig. H for the optimum measur-
ing thermocouple locations.
4.3 THERMAL DERATING
Load current vs. ambient temperature and airflow rates are given in Figure 1. Ambient temperature was varied between
25 ° C and 85 ° C, with airflow rates from 30 to 500 LFM (0.15 to 2.5 m/s).
For each set of conditions, the maximum load current was defined as the lowest of:
(i) The output current at which any FET junction temperature does not exceed a maximum temperature of 120 ° C as indicat-
ed by the thermographic image, or
(ii) The temperature of the transformer does not exceed 120 ° C, or
(iii) The nominal rating of the converter (40 A at 1.5 V).
During normal operation, derating curves with maximum FET temperature less or equal to 120 ° C should not be exceeded.
Temperature at both thermocouple locations shown in Fig. H should not exceed 120 ° C in order to operate inside the derat-
ing curves.
Fig. H: Locations of the Thermocouple for Thermal Testing.
4.4 EFFICIENCY
Figure 2 shows the efficiency vs. load current plot for ambient temperature of 25 ºC, airflow rate of 300 LFM (1.5 m/s) with
vertical mounting and input voltages of 36 V, 48 V, 54 V, and 72 V. Also, a plot of efficiency vs. load current, as a function of
ambient temperature with Vin = 48 V, airflow rate of 200 LFM (1 m/s) with vertical mounting is shown in Figure 3.