2–91Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
Amplifier Transistors
PNP Silicon
MAXIMUM RATINGS
Rating Symbol BC327 BC328 Unit
CollectorEmitter Voltage VCEO –45 –25 Vdc
CollectorBase Voltage VCBO –50 –30 Vdc
EmitterBase Voltage VEBO –5.0 Vdc
Collector Current — Continuous IC–800 mAdc
Total Device Dissipation @ TA = 25°C
Derate above 25°CPD625
5.0 mW
mW/°C
Total Device Dissipation @ TC = 25°C
Derate above 25°CPD1.5
12 Watt
mW/°C
Operating and Storage Junction
Temperature Range TJ, Tstg 55 to +150 °C
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Characteristic Symbol Max Unit
Thermal Resistance, Junction to Ambient R
q
JA 200 °C/W
Thermal Resistance, Junction to Case R
q
JC 83.3 °C/W
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted)
Characteristic Symbol Min Typ Max Unit
OFF CHARACTERISTICS
CollectorEmitter Breakdown Voltage
(IC = –10 mA, IB = 0) BC327
BC328
V(BR)CEO –45
–25
Vdc
CollectorEmitter Breakdown Voltage
(IC = –100 µA, IE = 0) BC327
BC328
V(BR)CES –50
–30
Vdc
EmitterBase Breakdown Voltage
(IE = –10
m
A, IC = 0) V(BR)EBO –5.0 Vdc
Collector Cutoff Current
(VCB = –30 V, IE = 0) BC327
(VCB = –20 V, IE = 0) BC328
ICBO
–100
–100
nAdc
Collector Cutoff Current
(VCE = –45 V, VBE = 0) BC327
(VCE = –25 V, VBE = 0) BC328
ICES
–100
–100
nAdc
Emitter Cutoff Current
(VEB = –4.0 V, IC = 0) IEBO –100 nAdc
MOTOROLA
SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNICAL DATA
BC327,-16,-25
BC328,-16,-25
CASE 29–04, STYLE 17
TO–92 (TO–226AA)
123
COLLECTOR
1
2
BASE
3
EMITTER
BC327,-16,-25 BC328,-16,-25
2–92 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted) (Continued)
Characteristic Symbol Min Typ Max Unit
ON CHARACTERISTICS
DC Current Gain
(IC = –100 mA, VCE = –1.0 V) BC327/BC328
BC327–16/BC328–16
BC327–25/BC328–25
(IC = –300 mA, VCE = –1.0 V)
hFE 100
100
160
40
630
250
400
Base–Emitter On Voltage
(IC = –300 mA, VCE = –1.0 V) VBE(on) –1.2 Vdc
CollectorEmitter Saturation V oltage
(IC = –500 mA, IB = –50 mA) VCE(sat) –0.7 Vdc
SMALL–SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS
Output Capacitance
(VCB = –10 V, IE = 0, f = 1.0 MHz) Cob 11 pF
CurrentGain — Bandwidth Product
(IC = –10 mA, VCE = –5.0 V, f = 100 MHz) fT 260 MHz
Figure 1. Thermal Response
t, TIME (SECONDS)
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10 20 50 100
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
1.0
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.02
0.01
SINGLE PULSE
θJC(t) = (t) θJC
θJC = 100°C/W MAX
θJA(t) = r(t) θJA
θJA = 375°C/W MAX
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
READ TIME AT t1
TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) θJC(t)
t1t2
P(pk)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
SINGLE PULSE
–1
000
–10 –100–1.0 –3.0 –10 –30
VCE, COLLECTOR–EMITTER VOLTAGE
Figure 2. Active Region — Safe Operating Area
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA)
Figure 3. DC Current Gain
I
C
,
COLLECTOR
C
U
RRENT
(m
A)
hFE, DC CURRENT GAIN
–100
1
000
10 –1000–0.1 –10 –100
100
–1.0
CURRENT LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
SECOND BREAKDOWN LIMIT
1.0 ms1.0 s TJ = 135°C
100 µs
VCE = –1.0 V
TA = 25°C
TA = 25°C
TC = 25°C
dc
dc
(APPLIES BELOW RATED VCEO)
BC327,-16,-25 BC328,-16,-25
2–93Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
IB, BASE CURRENT (mA)
Figure 4. Saturation Region
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA)
Figure 5. “On” Voltages
100
10
1.0
VR, REVERSE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 6. Temperature Coefficients
+1.0
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT
Figure 7. Capacitances
–0.1 –1.0–1.0 –10 –100 –1000
–2.0
–1.0
0
VCE
,
COLLECTOR–EMITTER
V
OLTA
G
E
(V
OLTS)
V, VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
V
,
TEMPERAT
U
RE
COE
FF
ICIENTS
(mV
/C)
°θ
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
–1
.0
–0.8
–0.6
–0.4
–0.2
0
–0.01 –0.1 –10 –100–1.0
–1
.0
–0.8
–0.6
–0.4
–0.2
0
–1.0 –10 –1000–100
–10 –100
TJ = 25°C
IC = –10 mA
IC = –100 mA
IC = –300 mA
IC =
–500 mA
TA = 25°CVBE(sat) @ IC/IB = 10
VBE(on) @ VCE = –1.0 V
VCE(sat) @ IC/IB = 10
θVC for VCE(sat)
θVB for VBE Cob
Cib
2–2 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
EMBOSSED TAPE AND REEL
SOT-23, SC-59, SC-70/SOT-323, SC–90/SOT–416, SOT-223 and SO-16 packages are available only in
Tape and Reel. Use the appropriate suffix indicated below to order any of the SOT-23, SC-59,
SC-70/SOT-323, SOT-223 and SO-16 packages. (See Section 6 on Packaging for additional information).
SOT-23: available in 8 mm Tape and Reel
Use the device title (which already includes the “T1” suffix) to order the 7 inch/3000 unit reel.
Replace the “T1” suffix in the device title with a “T3” suffix to order the 13 inch/10,000 unit reel.
SC-59: available in 8 mm Tape and Reel
Use the device title (which already includes the “T1” suffix) to order the 7 inch/3000 unit reel.
Replace the “T1” suffix in the device title with a “T3” suffix to order the 13 inch/10,000 unit reel.
SC-70/ available in 8 mm Tape and Reel
SOT-323: Use the device title (which already includes the “T1” suffix) to order the 7 inch/3000 unit reel.
Replace the “T1” suffix in the device title with a “T3” suffix to order the 13 inch/10,000 unit reel.
SOT-223: available in 12 mm Tape and Reel
Use the device title (which already includes the “T1” suffix) to order the 7 inch/1000 unit reel.
Replace the “T1” suffix in the device title with a “T3” suffix to order the 13 inch/4000 unit reel.
SO-16: available in 16 mm Tape and Reel
Add an “R1” suffix to the device title to order the 7 inch/500 unit reel.
Add an “R2” suffix to the device title to order the 13 inch/2500 unit reel.
RADIAL TAPE IN FAN FOLD BOX OR REEL
TO-92 packages are available in both bulk shipments and in Radial Tape in Fan Fold Boxes or Reels.
Fan Fold Boxes and Radial Tape Reel are the best methods for capturing devices for automatic insertion in
printed circuit boards.
TO-92: available in Fan Fold Box
Add an “RLR” suffix and the appropriate Style code* to the device title to order the Fan Fold box.
available in 365 mm Radial Tape Reel
Add an “RLR” suffix and the appropriate Style code* to the device title to order the Radial Tape
Reel.
*Refer to Section 6 on Packaging for Style code characters and additional information on ordering
*requirements.
DEVICE MARKINGS/DATE CODE CHARACTERS
SOT-23, SC-59, SC-70/SOT-323, and the SC–90/SOT–416 packages have a device marking and a date
code etched on the device. The generic example below depicts both the device marking and a representa-
tion of the date code that appears on the SC-70/SOT-323, SC-59 and SOT-23 packages.
ABCD
The “D” represents a smaller alpha digit Date Code. The Date Code indicates the actual month in which the
part was manufactured.
Tape and Reel Specifications
6–2 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
Tape and Reel Specifications
and Packaging Specifications
Embossed Tape and Reel is used to facilitate automatic pick and place equipment feed requirements. The tape is used as the
shipping container for various products and requires a minimum of handling. The antistatic/conductive tape provides a secure
cavity for the product when sealed with the “peel–back” cover tape.
Two Reel Sizes Available (7 and 13)
Used for Automatic Pick and Place Feed Systems
Minimizes Product Handling
EIA 481, –1, –2
SOD–123, SC–59, SC–70/SOT–323, SC–70ML/SOT–363,
SOT–23, TSOP–6, in 8 mm Tape
SOT–223 in 12 mm Tape
SO–14, SO–16 in 16 mm Tape
Use the standard device title and add the required suffix as listed in the option table on the following page. Note that the individual
reels have a finite number of devices depending on the type of product contained in the tape. Also note the minimum lot size is
one full reel for each line item, and orders are required to be in increments of the single reel quantity.
OF FEED
DIRECTION
SC–59, SC–70/SOT–323, SOT–23
8 mm8 mm
12 mm
SOT–223
SOD–123
16 mm
SO–14, 16
SC–70ML/SOT–363, TSOP–6
T1 ORIENTATION
8 mm
SC–70ML/SOT–363
T2 ORIENTATION
8 mm
EMBOSSED TAPE AND REEL ORDERING INFORMATION
Package Tape Width
(mm) Pitch
mm (inch) Reel Size
mm (inch)
Devices Per Reel
and Minimum
Order Quantity Device
Suffix
SC–59 8 4.0 ± 0.1 (.157 ± .004) 178 (7) 3,000 T1
SC–70/SOT–323 8 4.0 ± 0.1 (.157 ± .004) 178 (7) 3,000 T1
8 330 (13) 10,000 T3
SO–14 16 8.0 ± 0.1 (.315 ± .004) 178 (7) 500 R1
16 330 (13) 2,500 R2
SO–16 16 8.0 ± 0.1 (.315 ± .004) 178 (7) 500 R1
16 330 (13) 2,500 R2
SOD–123 8 4.0 ± 0.1 (.157 ± .004) 178 (7) 3,000 T1
8 330 (13) 10,000 T3
SOT–23 8 4.0 ± 0.1 (.157 ± .004) 178 (7) 3,000 T1
8 330 (13) 10,000 T3
SOT–223 12 8.0 ± 0.1 (.315 ± .004) 178 (7) 1,000 T1
12 330 (13) 4,000 T3
SC–70ML/SOT–363 8 4.0 ± 0.1 (.157 ± .004) 178 (7) 3,000 T1
8 178 (7) 3,000 T2
TSOP–6 8 4.0 ± 0.1 (.157 ± .004) 178 (7) 3,000 T1
6–3
Tape and Reel SpecificationsMotorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
EMBOSSED TAPE AND REEL DATA FOR DISCRETES
CARRIER TAPE SPECIFICATIONS
P0
K
t
B1K0
Top Cover
Tape
Embossment
User Direction of Feed
Center Lines
of Cavity
DP2
10 Pitches Cumulative Tolerance on Tape
± 0.2 mm
(± 0.008)
E
FW
P
B0
A0
D1
For Components
2.0 mm x 1.2 mm and Larger
* Top Cover Tape
Thickness (t1)
0.10 mm
(.004) Max.
Embossment
Embossed Carrier
R Min
Bending Radius
Maximum Component Rotation
T ypical Component
Cavity Center Line
T ypical Component
Center Line
100 mm
(3.937)
250 mm
(9.843)
1 mm
(.039) Max
1 mm Max
10°
Tape and Components
Shall Pass Around Radius “R”
Without Damage
Tape
For Machine Reference Only
Including Draft and RADII
Concentric Around B0
Camber (Top View)
Allowable Camber To Be 1 mm/100 mm Nonaccumulative Over 250 mm
See
Note 1
Bar Code Label
DIMENSIONS
Tape
Size B1 Max D D1E F K P0P2R Min T Max W Max
8mm 4.55 mm
(.179)
1
.5
+0
.
1mm
0.0
( 0 9+ 004
1.0 Min
(.039)
1
.
7
5±
0
.
1mm
(.069±.004)3.5±0.05 mm
(.138±.002)2.4 mm Max
(.094)
4
.
0
±
0
.
1mm
(.157±.004)
2
.
0
±
0
.
1mm
(.079±.002)25 mm
(.98)
0
.
6mm
(.024)8.3 mm
(.327)
12 mm 8.2 mm
(.323)
(
.
0
5
9+
.
004
0.0)
1
.5
mm
Mi
n
(.060)5.5±0.05 mm
(.217±.002)6.4 mm Max
(.252)
30 mm
(1.18)12±.30 mm
(.470±.012)
16 mm 12.1 mm
(.476)7.5±0.10 mm
(.295±.004)7.9 mm Max
(.311)16.3 mm
(.642)
24 mm 20.1 mm
(.791)11.5±0.1 mm
(.453±.004)11.9 mm Max
(.468)24.3 mm
(.957)
Metric dimensions govern — English are in parentheses for reference only.
NOTE 1: A0, B0, and K0 are determined by component size. The clearance between the components and the cavity must be within .05 mm min. to .50 mm max.,
NOTE 1: the component cannot rotate more than 10° within the determined cavity.
NOTE 2: If B1 exceeds 4.2 mm (.165) for 8 mm embossed tape, the tape may not feed through all tape feeders.
NOTE 3: Pitch information is contained in the Embossed Tape and Reel Ordering Information on pg. 5.12–3.
Tape and Reel Specifications
6–4 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
EMBOSSED TAPE AND REEL DATA FOR DISCRETES
A
Full Radius
T Max
G
20.2 mm Min
(.795)
1.5 mm Min
(.06)13.0 mm ± 0.5 mm
(.512 ± .002)
50 mm Min
(1.969)
Outside Dimension
Measured at Edge
Inside Dimension
Measured Near Hub
Size A Max GT Max
8 mm 330 mm
(12.992)8.4 mm + 1.5 mm, –0.0
(.33 + .059, –0.00) 14.4 mm
(.56)
12 mm 330 mm
(12.992)12.4 mm + 2.0 mm, –0.0
(.49 + .079, –0.00) 18.4 mm
(.72)
16 mm 360 mm
(14.173)16.4 mm + 2.0 mm, –0.0
(.646 + .078, –0.00) 22.4 mm
(.882)
24 mm 360 mm
(14.173)24.4 mm + 2.0 mm, –0.0
(.961 + .070, –0.00) 30.4 mm
(1.197)
Reel Dimensions
Metric Dimensions Govern — English are in parentheses for reference only
6–5
Packaging SpecificationsMotorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
TO–92 EIA, IEC, EIAJ
Radial Tape in Fan Fold
Box or On Reel
Radial tape in fan fold box or on reel of the reliable TO–92 package are
the best methods of capturing devices for automatic insertion in printed
circuit boards. These methods of taping are compatible with various
equipment for active and passive component insertion.
Available in Fan Fold Box
Available on 365 mm Reels
Accommodates All Standard Inserters
Allows Flexible Circuit Board Layout
2.5 mm Pin Spacing for Soldering
EIA–468, IEC 286–2, EIAJ RC1008B
Ordering Notes:
When ordering radial tape in fan fold box or on reel, specify the style per
Figures 3 through 8. Add the suffix “RLR” and “Style” to the device title, i.e.
MPS3904RLRA. This will be a standard MPS3904 radial taped and
supplied on a reel per Figure 9.
Fan Fold Box Information — Order in increments of 2000.
Reel Information — Order in increments of 2000.
US/European Suffix Conversions
US EUROPE
RLRA RL
RLRE RL1
RLRM ZL1
TO–92
RADIAL
TAPE IN
FAN FOLD
BOX OR
ON REEL
Packaging Specifications
6–6 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
TO–92 EIA RADIAL TAPE IN FAN FOLD BOX OR ON REEL
H2A H2A
H
F1 F2
P2 P2
P1 P
D
W
W1
L1
W2
H2B H2B
T1
T
T2
H4 H5
H1
Figure 1. Device Positioning on Tape
L
Specification
Inches Millimeter
Symbol Item Min Max Min Max
DTape Feedhole Diameter 0.1496 0.1653 3.8 4.2
D2 Component Lead Thickness Dimension 0.015 0.020 0.38 0.51
F1, F2 Component Lead Pitch 0.0945 0.110 2.4 2.8
HBottom of Component to Seating Plane .059 .156 1.5 4.0
H1 Feedhole Location 0.3346 0.3741 8.5 9.5
H2A Deflection Left or Right 0 0.039 0 1.0
H2B Deflection Front or Rear 0 0.051 0 1.0
H4 Feedhole to Bottom of Component 0.7086 0.768 18 19.5
H5 Feedhole to Seating Plane 0.610 0.649 15.5 16.5
LDefective Unit Clipped Dimension 0.3346 0.433 8.5 11
L1 Lead Wire Enclosure 0.09842 2.5
PFeedhole Pitch 0.4921 0.5079 12.5 12.9
P1 Feedhole Center to Center Lead 0.2342 0.2658 5.95 6.75
P2 First Lead Spacing Dimension 0.1397 0.1556 3.55 3.95
TAdhesive Tape Thickness 0.06 0.08 0.15 0.20
T1 Overall Taped Package Thickness 0.0567 1.44
T2 Carrier Strip Thickness 0.014 0.027 0.35 0.65
WCarrier Strip Width 0.6889 0.7481 17.5 19
W1 Adhesive Tape Width 0.2165 0.2841 5.5 6.3
W2 Adhesive Tape Position .0059 0.01968 .15 0.5
NOTES:
1. Maximum alignment deviation between leads not to be greater than 0.2 mm.
2. Defective components shall be clipped from the carrier tape such that the remaining protrusion (L) does not exceed a maximum of 11 mm.
3. Component lead to tape adhesion must meet the pull test requirements established in Figures 5, 6 and 7.
4. Maximum non–cumulative variation between tape feed holes shall not exceed 1 mm in 20 pitches.
5. Holddown tape not to extend beyond the edge(s) of carrier tape and there shall be no exposure of adhesive.
6. No more than 1 consecutive missing component is permitted.
7. A tape trailer and leader, having at least three feed holes is required before the first and after the last component.
8. Splices will not interfere with the sprocket feed holes.
6–7
Packaging SpecificationsMotorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
TO–92 EIA RADIAL TAPE IN FAN FOLD BOX OR ON REEL
ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ
ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ
ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ
ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ
ADHESIVE TAPE ON
TOP SIDE
FLAT SIDE
CARRIER
STRIP
FLAT SIDE OF TRANSISTOR
AND ADHESIVE TAPE VISIBLE.
ADHESIVE TAPE ON
TOP SIDE
ROUNDED SIDE CARRIER
STRIP
ROUNDED SIDE OF TRANSIST OR AND
ADHESIVE TAPE VISIBLE.
252 mm
9.92”
58 mm
2.28”
MAX
MAX
13”
MAX
330 mm
Style M fan fold box is equivalent to styles E and F of
reel pack dependent on feed orientation from box. Style P fan fold box is equivalent to styles A and B of
reel pack dependent on feed orientation from box.
100 GRAM
PULL FORCE 16 mm
HOLDING
FIXTURE HOLDING
FIXTURE
HOLDING
FIXTURE
16 mm
70 GRAM
PULL FORCE
500 GRAM PULL FORCE
The component shall not pull free with a 300 gram
load applied to the leads for 3 ± 1 second. The component shall not pull free with a 70 gram
load applied to the leads for 3 ±1 second.
There shall be no deviation in the leads and
no component leads shall be pulled free of
the tape with a 500 gram load applied to the
component body for 3 ± 1 second.
Figure 2. Style M Figure 3. Style P Figure 4. Fan Fold Box Dimensions
Figure 5. Test #1 Figure 6. Test #2 Figure 7. Test #3
ADHESION PULL TESTS
FAN FOLD BOX STYLES
Packaging Specifications
6–8 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
TO–92 EIA RADIAL TAPE IN FAN FOLD BOX OR ON REEL
REEL STYLES
ARBOR HOLE DIA.
30.5mm ± 0.25mm
MARKING NOTE
RECESS DEPTH
9.5mm MIN
48 mm
MAX
CORE DIA.
82mm ± 1mm
HUB RECESS
76.2mm ± 1mm
365mm + 3, – 0mm
38.1mm ± 1mm
Material used must not cause deterioration of components or degrade lead solderability
CARRIER STRIP
ADHESIVE T APE
ROUNDED
SIDE
FEED
Rounded side of transistor and adhesive tape visible.
ADHESIVE TAPE ON REVERSE SIDE
CARRIER STRIP FLAT SIDE
FEED
Flat side of transistor and carrier strip visible
(adhesive tape on reverse side).
CARRIER STRIP
ADHESIVE T APE FLAT SIDE
FEED
Flat side of transistor and adhesive tape visible. Rounded side of transistor and carrier strip visible
(adhesive tape on reverse side).
FEED
ADHESIVE TAPE ON REVERSE SIDE
CARRIER STRIP ROUNDED
SIDE
Figure 8. Reel Specifications
Figure 9. Style A Figure 10. Style B
Figure 11. Style E Figure 12. Style F
Surface Mount Information
7–10 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
INFORMATION FOR USING SURFACE MOUNT PACKAGES
RECOMMENDED FOOTPRINTS FOR SURFACE MOUNTED APPLICATIONS
Surface mount board layout is a critical portion of the total
design. The footprint for the semiconductor packages must
be the correct size to ensure proper solder connection inter-
face between the board and the package. With the correct
pad geometry, the packages will self align when subjected to
a solder reflow process.
POWER DISSIPATION FOR A SURFACE MOUNT DEVICE
The power dissipation for a surface mount device is a func-
tion of the drain/collector pad size. These can vary from the
minimum pad size for soldering to a pad size given for
maximum power dissipation. Power dissipation for a surface
mount device is determined by TJ(max), the maximum rated
junction temperature of the die, RθJA, the thermal resistance
from the device junction to ambient, and the operating
temperature, TA. Using the values provided on the data
sheet, PD can be calculated as follows:
PD = TJ(max) – TA
RθJA
The values for the equation are found in the maximum
ratings table on the data sheet. Substituting these values into
the equation for an ambient temperature T A of 25°C, one can
calculate the power dissipation of the device. For example,
for a SOT–223 device, PD is calculated as follows.
PD = 150°C – 25°C
156°C/W = 800 milliwatts
The 156°C/W for the SOT–223 package assumes the use
of the recommended footprint on a glass epoxy printed circuit
board to achieve a power dissipation of 800 milliwatts. There
are other alternatives to achieving higher power dissipation
from the surface mount packages. One is to increase the
area of the drain/collector pad. By increasing the area of the
drain/collector pad, the power dissipation can be increased.
Although the power dissipation can almost be doubled with
this method, area is taken up on the printed circuit board
which can defeat the purpose of using surface mount
technology. For example, a graph of R θJA versus drain pad
area is shown in Figure 1.
Another alternative would be to use a ceramic substrate or
an aluminum core board such as Thermal Clad. Using a
board material such as Thermal Clad, an aluminum core
board, the power dissipation can be doubled using the same
footprint.
TO AMBIENT ( C/W)°
R
JA,
THERMAL
RE
S
I
S
TANCE
,
J
U
NCTI
O
N
θ
0.8 W atts
1.25 Watts* 1.5 Watts
A, AREA (SQUARE INCHES)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
160
140
120
100
80
Board Material = 0.0625
G–10/FR–4, 2 oz Copper TA = 25°C
*Mounted on the DPAK footprint
Figure 1. Thermal Resistance versus Drain Pad
Area for the SOT–223 Package (Typical)
SOLDER STENCIL GUIDELINES
Prior to placing surface mount components onto a printed
circuit board, solder paste must be applied to the pads.
Solder stencils are used to screen the optimum amount.
These stencils are typically 0.008 inches thick and may be
made of brass or stainless steel. For packages such as the
SOT–23, SC–59, SC–70/SOT–323, SC–90/SOT–416,
SOD–123, SOT–223, SOT–363, SO–14, SO–16, and
TSOP–6 packages, the stencil opening should be the same
as the pad size or a 1:1 registration.
7–11
Surface Mount InformationMotorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
SOLDERING PRECAUTIONS
The melting temperature of solder is higher than the rated
temperature of the device. When the entire device is heated
to a high temperature, failure to complete soldering within a
short time could result in device failure. Therefore, the
following items should always be observed in order to mini-
mize the thermal stress to which the devices are subjected.
Always preheat the device.
The delta temperature between the preheat and soldering
should be 100°C or less.*
When preheating and soldering, the temperature of the
leads and the case must not exceed the maximum
temperature ratings as shown on the data sheet. When
using infrared heating with the reflow soldering method,
the difference should be a maximum of 10°C.
The soldering temperature and time should not exceed
260°C for more than 10 seconds.
When shifting from preheating to soldering, the maximum
temperature gradient shall be 5°C or less.
After soldering has been completed, the device should be
allowed to cool naturally for at least three minutes.
Gradual cooling should be used since the use of forced
cooling will increase the temperature gradient and will
result in latent failure due to mechanical stress.
Mechanical stress or shock should not be applied during
cooling.
* Soldering a device without preheating can cause excessive
thermal shock and stress which can result in damage to the
device.
TYPICAL SOLDER HEATING PROFILE
For any given circuit board, there will be a group of control
settings that will give the desired heat pattern. The operator
must set temperatures for several heating zones and a figure
for belt speed. Taken together, these control settings make
up a heating “profile” for that particular circuit board. On
machines controlled by a computer, the computer remem-
bers these profiles from one operating session to the next.
Figure 2 shows a typical heating profile for use when
soldering a surface mount device to a printed circuit board.
This profile will vary among soldering systems, but it is a
good starting point. Factors that can affect the profile include
the type of soldering system in use, density and types of
components on the board, type of solder used, and the type
of board or substrate material being used. This profile shows
temperature versus time. The line on the graph shows the
actual temperature that might be experienced on the surface
of a test board at or near a central solder joint. The two
profiles are based on a high density and a low density board.
The Vitronics SMD310 convection/infrared reflow soldering
system was used to generate this profile. The type of solder
used was 62/36/2 Tin Lead Silver with a melting point
between 177–189°C. When this type of furnace is used for
solder reflow work, the circuit boards and solder joints tend to
heat first. The components on the board are then heated by
conduction. The circuit board, because it has a large surface
area, absorbs the thermal energy more efficiently, then
distributes this energy to the components. Because of this
effect, the main body of a component may be up to 30
degrees cooler than the adjacent solder joints.
STEP 1
PREHEAT
ZONE 1
“RAMP”
STEP 2
VENT
“SOAK”
STEP 3
HEATING
ZONES 2 & 5
“RAMP”
STEP 4
HEATING
ZONES 3 & 6
“SOAK”
STEP 5
HEATING
ZONES 4 & 7
“SPIKE”
STEP 6
VENT STEP 7
COOLING
200°C
150°C
100°C
50°C
TIME (3 TO 7 MINUTES TOTAL) TMAX
SOLDER IS LIQUID FOR
40 TO 80 SECONDS
(DEPENDING ON
MASS OF ASSEMBLY)
205° TO 219°C
PEAK AT
SOLDER JOINT
DESIRED CUR VE FOR LOW
MASS ASSEMBLIES
100°C
150°C
160°C170°C
140°C
Figure 2. Typical Solder Heating Profile
DESIRED CURVE FOR HIGH
MASS ASSEMBLIES
Surface Mount Information
7–12 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
Footprints for Soldering
0.094
2.4
SC–59
mm
inches
0.037
0.95
0.037
0.95
0.039
1.0
0.031
0.8
SOT–23
mm
inches
0.037
0.95
0.037
0.95
0.079
2.0
0.035
0.9
0.031
0.8
SO–14, SO–16
mm
inches
0.060
1.52
0.275
7.0
0.024
0.6 0.050
1.270
0.155
4.0
SOT–223
0.079
2.0
0.15
3.8
0.248
6.3
0.079
2.0
0.059
1.5 0.059
1.5 0.059
1.5
0.091
2.3
0.091
2.3
mm
inches
mm
inches
0.035
0.9
0.075
0.7
1.9
0.028
0.65
0.025
0.65
0.025
SC–70/SOT–323
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
1.4
1
0.5 min. (3x)
0.5 min. (3x)
0.5
SOT 416/SC–90
7–13
Surface Mount InformationMotorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
SOT–363
(SC–70 6 LEAD)
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
0.5 mm (min)
0.4 mm (min)
0.65 mm 0.65 mm
1.9 mm
SOD–123
ÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ
mm
inches
0.91
0.036
1.22
0.048
2.36
0.093
4.19
0.165
inches
mm
0.028
0.7
0.074
1.9
0.037
0.95
0.037
0.95
0.094
2.4
0.039
1.0
TSOP–6
Package Outline Dimensions
8–2 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
Package Outline Dimensions
Dimensions are in inches unless otherwise noted.
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH.
3. CONTOUR OF PACKAGE BEYOND DIMENSION R
IS UNCONTROLLED.
4. DIMENSION F APPLIES BETWEEN P AND L.
DIMENSION D AND J APPLY BETWEEN L AND K
MINIMUM. LEAD DIMENSION IS UNCONTROLLED
IN P AND BEYOND DIMENSION K MINIMUM.
R
A
P
J
L
F
B
K
G
H
SECTION X–X
C
V
D
N
N
XX
SEATING
PLANE
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
MILLIMETERSINCHES
A0.175 0.205 4.45 5.20
B0.170 0.210 4.32 5.33
C0.125 0.165 3.18 4.19
D0.016 0.022 0.41 0.55
F0.016 0.019 0.41 0.48
G0.045 0.055 1.15 1.39
H0.095 0.105 2.42 2.66
J0.015 0.020 0.39 0.50
K0.500 ––– 12.70 –––
L0.250 ––– 6.35 –––
N0.080 0.105 2.04 2.66
P––– 0.100 ––– 2.54
R0.115 ––– 2.93 –––
V0.135 ––– 3.43 –––
1
CASE 029–04
(TO–226AA) TO–92
PLASTIC
STYLE 21:
PIN 1. COLLECTOR
2. EMITTER
3. BASE
STYLE 22:
PIN 1. SOURCE
2. GATE
3. DRAIN
STYLE 14:
PIN 1. EMITTER
2. COLLECTOR
3. BASE
STYLE 30:
PIN 1. DRAIN
2. GATE
3. SOURCE
STYLE 1:
PIN 1. EMITTER
2. BASE
3. COLLECTOR
STYLE 2:
PIN 1. BASE
2. EMITTER
3. COLLECTOR
STYLE 3:
PIN 1. ANODE
2. ANODE
3. CATHODE
STYLE 5:
PIN 1. DRAIN
2. SOURCE
3. GATE
STYLE 7:
PIN 1. SOURCE
2. DRAIN
3. GATE
STYLE 15:
PIN 1. ANODE 1
2. CATHODE
3. ANODE 2
STYLE 17:
PIN 1. COLLECTOR
2. BASE
3. EMITTER
STYLE 4:
PIN 1. CATHODE
2. CATHODE
3. ANODE
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH.
3. CONTOUR OF PACKAGE BEYOND DIMENSION R
IS UNCONTROLLED.
4. DIMENSION F APPLIES BETWEEN P AND L.
DIMENSIONS D AND J APPLY BETWEEN L AND K
MIMIMUM. LEAD DIMENSION IS UNCONTROLLED
IN P AND BEYOND DIMENSION K MINIMUM.
R
A
PL
F
B
K
G
H
C
V
N
N
XX
SEATING
PLANE
1
J
SECTION X–X
D
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
MILLIMETERSINCHES
A0.175 0.205 4.44 5.21
B0.290 0.310 7.37 7.87
C0.125 0.165 3.18 4.19
D0.018 0.022 0.46 0.56
F0.016 0.019 0.41 0.48
G0.045 0.055 1.15 1.39
H0.095 0.105 2.42 2.66
J0.018 0.024 0.46 0.61
K0.500 ––– 12.70 –––
L0.250 ––– 6.35 –––
N0.080 0.105 2.04 2.66
P––– 0.100 ––– 2.54
R0.135 ––– 3.43 –––
V0.135 ––– 3.43 –––
23
CASE 029–05
(TO–226AE) TO–92
1–WATT PLASTIC
STYLE 1:
PIN 1. EMITTER
2. BASE
3. COLLECTOR
STYLE 14:
PIN 1. EMITTER
2. COLLECTOR
3. BASE
STYLE 22:
PIN 1. SOURCE
2. GATE
3. DRAIN
8–3
Package Outline DimensionsMotorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
PACKAGE OUTLINE DIMENSIONS (continued)
NOTES:
1. PACKAGE CONTOUR OPTIONAL WITHIN DIA B
AND LENGTH A. HEAT SLUGS, IF ANY, SHALL BE
INCLUDED WITHIN THIS CYLINDER, BUT SHALL
NOT BE SUBJECT TO THE MIN LIMIT OF DIA B.
2. LEAD DIA NOT CONTROLLED IN ZONES F, TO
ALLOW FOR FLASH, LEAD FINISH BUILDUP,
AND MINOR IRREGULARITIES OTHER THAN
HEAT SLUGS.
CASE 51–02
(DO–204AA)
DO–7
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
INCHESMILLIMETERS
A5.84 7.62 0.230 0.300
B2.16 2.72 0.085 0.107
D0.46 0.56 0.018 0.022
F––– 1.27 ––– 0.050
K25.40 38.10 1.000 1.500
All JEDEC dimensions and notes apply.
K
A
D
B
F
K
F
ÉÉ
ÉÉ
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH.
3. CONTOUR OF PACKAGE BEYOND ZONE R IS
UNCONTROLLED.
4. DIMENSION F APPLIES BETWEEN P AND L.
DIMENSIONS D AND J APPLY BETWEEN L AND K
MINIMUM. LEAD DIMENSION IS UNCONTROLLED
IN P AND BEYOND DIM K MINIMUM.
CASE 182–02
PLASTIC
(T0–226AC) TO–92
A
L
K
B
R
F
P
D
HG
XX
SEATING
PLANE
12
V
N
C
N
SECTION X–X
D
J
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
MILLIMETERSINCHES
A0.175 0.205 4.45 5.21
B0.170 0.210 4.32 5.33
C0.125 0.165 3.18 4.49
D0.016 0.022 0.41 0.56
F0.016 0.019 0.407 0.482
G0.050 BSC 1.27 BSC
H0.100 BSC 3.54 BSC
J0.014 0.016 0.36 0.41
K0.500 ––– 12.70 –––
L0.250 ––– 6.35 –––
N0.080 0.105 2.03 2.66
P––– 0.050 ––– 1.27
R0.115 ––– 2.93 –––
V0.135 ––– 3.43 –––
STYLE 1:
PIN 1. ANODE
2. CATHODE
Package Outline Dimensions
8–4 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
PACKAGE OUTLINE DIMENSIONS (continued)
CASE 318–08
(TO–236AB) SOT–23
DJ
K
L
A
C
BS
H
GV
3
12DIM
AMIN MAX MIN MAX
MILLIMETERS
0.1102 0.1197 2.80 3.04
INCHES
B0.0472 0.0551 1.20 1.40
C0.0350 0.0440 0.89 1.11
D0.0150 0.0200 0.37 0.50
G0.0701 0.0807 1.78 2.04
H0.0005 0.0040 0.013 0.100
J0.0034 0.0070 0.085 0.177
K0.0140 0.0285 0.35 0.69
L0.0350 0.0401 0.89 1.02
S0.0830 0.1039 2.10 2.64
V0.0177 0.0236 0.45 0.60
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH.
3. MAXIUMUM LEAD THICKNESS INCLUDES
LEAD FINISH THICKNESS. MINIMUM LEAD
THICKNESS IS THE MINIMUM THICKNESS OF
BASE MATERIAL.
STYLE 6:
PIN 1. BASE
2. EMITTER
3. COLLECTOR
STYLE 8:
PIN 1. ANODE
2. NO CONNECTION
3. CATHODE
STYLE 9:
PIN 1. ANODE
2. ANODE
3. CATHODE
STYLE 10:
PIN 1. DRAIN
2. SOURCE
3. GATE
STYLE 11:
PIN 1. ANODE
2. CATHODE
3. CATHODE–ANODE
STYLE 12:
PIN 1. CATHODE
2. CATHODE
3. ANODE
STYLE 18:
PIN 1. NO CONNECTION
2. CATHODE
3. ANODE
STYLE 19:
PIN 1. CATHODE
2. ANODE
3. CATHODE–ANODE
STYLE 21:
PIN 1. GATE
2. SOURCE
3. DRAIN
PLASTIC
S
G
H
D
C
B
L
A
1
3
2
J
K
DIM
AMIN MAX MIN MAX
INCHES
2.70 3.10 0.1063 0.1220
MILLIMETERS
B1.30 1.70 0.0512 0.0669
C1.00 1.30 0.0394 0.0511
D0.35 0.50 0.0138 0.0196
G1.70 2.10 0.0670 0.0826
H0.013 0.100 0.0005 0.0040
J0.09 0.18 0.0034 0.0070
K0.20 0.60 0.0079 0.0236
L1.25 1.65 0.0493 0.0649
S2.50 3.00 0.0985 0.1181
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
CASE 318D–04
SC–59
STYLE 3:
PIN 1. ANODE
2. ANODE
3. CATHODE
STYLE 1:
PIN 1. EMITTER
2. BASE
3. COLLECTOR
STYLE 2:
PIN 1. N.C.
2. ANODE
3. CATHODE
STYLE 4:
PIN 1. N.C.
2. CATHODE
3. ANODE
STYLE 5:
PIN 1. CATHODE
2. CATHODE
3. ANODE
8–5
Package Outline DimensionsMotorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
PACKAGE OUTLINE DIMENSIONS (continued)
H
S
F
A
B
D
G
L
4
123
0.08 (0003) C
MK
J
DIM
AMIN MAX MIN MAX
MILLIMETERS
0.249 0.263 6.30 6.70
INCHES
B0.130 0.145 3.30 3.70
C0.060 0.068 1.50 1.75
D0.024 0.035 0.60 0.89
F0.115 0.126 2.90 3.20
G0.087 0.094 2.20 2.40
H0.0008 0.0040 0.020 0.100
J0.009 0.014 0.24 0.35
K0.060 0.078 1.50 2.00
L0.033 0.041 0.85 1.05
M0 10 0 10
S0.264 0.287 6.70 7.30
NOTES:
3. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
4. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH.
____
CASE 318E–04
SOT–223
STYLE 1:
PIN 1. BASE
2. COLLECTOR
3. EMITTER
4. COLLECTOR
STYLE 3:
PIN 1. GATE
2. DRAIN
3. SOURCE
4. DRAIN
STYLE 2:
PIN 1. ANODE
2. CATHODE
3. NC
4. CATHODE
CASE 318G–02
TSOP–6
STYLE 1:
PIN 1. DRAIN
2. DRAIN
3. GATE
4. SOURCE
5. DRAIN
6. DRAIN
23
456
A
L
1
S
GD
B
H
C
0.05 (0.002)
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
INCHESMILLIMETERS
A0.1142 0.12202.90 3.10
B0.0512 0.06691.30 1.70
C0.0354 0.04330.90 1.10
D0.0098 0.01970.25 0.50
G0.0335 0.04130.85 1.05
H0.0005 0.00400.013 0.100
J0.0040 0.01020.10 0.26
K0.0079 0.02360.20 0.60
L0.0493 0.06101.25 1.55
M0 10 0 10
S0.0985 0.11812.50 3.00
____
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
3. MAXIMUM LEAD THICKNESS INCLUDES LEAD
FINISH THICKNESS. MINIMUM LEAD THICKNESS
IS THE MINIMUM THICKNESS OF BASE
MATERIAL.
M
J
K
PLASTIC
Package Outline Dimensions
8–6 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
PACKAGE OUTLINE DIMENSIONS (continued)
CASE 419–02
SC–70/SOT–323
CRN
AL
D
G
V
SB
H
J
K
3
12
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH.
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
MILLIMETERSINCHES
A0.071 0.087 1.80 2.20
B0.045 0.053 1.15 1.35
C0.035 0.049 0.90 1.25
D0.012 0.016 0.30 0.40
G0.047 0.055 1.20 1.40
H0.000 0.004 0.00 0.10
J0.004 0.010 0.10 0.25
K0.017 REF 0.425 REF
L0.026 BSC 0.650 BSC
N0.028 REF 0.700 REF
R0.031 0.039 0.80 1.00
S0.079 0.087 2.00 2.20
V0.012 0.016 0.30 0.40
0.05 (0.002)
STYLE 3:
PIN 1. BASE
2. EMITTER
3. COLLECTOR
STYLE 4:
PIN 1. CATHODE
2. CATHODE
3. ANODE
STYLE 2:
PIN 1. ANODE
2. N.C.
3. CATHODE
STYLE 5:
PIN 1. ANODE
2. ANODE
3. CATHODE
STYLE 7:
PIN 1. BASE
2. EMITTER
3. COLLECTOR
STYLE 9:
PIN 1. ANODE
2. CATHODE
3. CATHODE–ANODE
STYLE 10:
PIN 1. CATHODE
2. ANODE
3. ANODE–CATHODE
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH.
DIM
AMIN MAX MIN MAX
MILLIMETERS
1.80 2.200.071 0.087
INCHES
B1.15 1.350.045 0.053
C0.80 1.100.031 0.043
D0.10 0.300.004 0.012
G0.65 BSC0.026 BSC
H––– 0.10–––0.004
J0.10 0.250.004 0.010
K0.10 0.300.004 0.012
N0.20 REF0.008 REF
S2.00 2.200.079 0.087
V0.30 0.400.012 0.016
B0.2 (0.008) MM
123
A
GV
S
H
C
N
J
K
654
–B–
D6 PL
CASE 419B-01
SOT–363
STYLE 1:
PIN 1. EMITTER 2
2. BASE 2
3. COLLECTOR 1
4. EMITTER 1
5. BASE 1
6. COLLECTOR 2
STYLE 6:
PIN 1. ANODE 2
2. N/C
3. CATHODE 1
4. ANODE 1
5. N/C
6. CATHODE 2
8–7
Package Outline DimensionsMotorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
PACKAGE OUTLINE DIMENSIONS (continued)
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH.
STYLE 1:
PIN 1. CATHODE
2. ANODE
ÂÂÂ
ÂÂÂ
ÂÂÂ
B
D
K
AC
E
J
1
2
H
CASE 425–04
SOD–123
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
MILLIMETERSINCHES
A0.055 0.071 1.40 1.80
B0.100 0.112 2.55 2.85
C0.037 0.053 0.95 1.35
D0.020 0.028 0.50 0.70
E0.004 ––– 0.25 –––
H0.000 0.004 0.00 0.10
J––– 0.006 ––– 0.15
K0.140 0.152 3.55 3.85
CASE 463–01
SOT–416/SC–90
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
INCHESMILLIMETERS
A0.70 0.80 0.028 0.031
B1.40 1.80 0.055 0.071
C0.60 0.90 0.024 0.035
D0.15 0.30 0.006 0.012
G1.00 BSC 0.039 BSC
H––– 0.10 ––– 0.004
J0.10 0.25 0.004 0.010
K1.45 1.75 0.057 0.069
L0.10 0.20 0.004 0.008
S0.50 BSC 0.020 BSC
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
M
0.20 (0.008) B
–A–
–B–
S
D
G
3 PL
0.20 (0.008) A
K
J
L
C
H
3
2
1
STYLE 1:
PIN 1. BASE
2. EMITTER
3. COLLECTOR
STYLE 4:
PIN 1. CATHODE
2. CATHODE
3. ANODE
Package Outline Dimensions
8–8 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
PACKAGE OUTLINE DIMENSIONS (continued)
NOTES:
1. LEADS WITHIN 0.13 (0.005) RADIUS OF TRUE
POSITION AT SEATING PLANE AT MAXIMUM
MATERIAL CONDITION.
2. DIMENSION L TO CENTER OF LEADS WHEN
FORMED PARALLEL.
3. DIMENSION B DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD
FLASH.
4. ROUNDED CORNERS OPTIONAL.
17
14 8
B
A
F
HG D K
C
N
L
J
M
SEATING
PLANE
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
MILLIMETERSINCHES
A0.715 0.770 18.16 19.56
B0.240 0.260 6.10 6.60
C0.145 0.185 3.69 4.69
D0.015 0.021 0.38 0.53
F0.040 0.070 1.02 1.78
G0.100 BSC 2.54 BSC
H0.052 0.095 1.32 2.41
J0.008 0.015 0.20 0.38
K0.115 0.135 2.92 3.43
L0.300 BSC 7.62 BSC
M0 10 0 10
N0.015 0.039 0.39 1.01
____
CASE 646–06
14–PIN DIP
PLASTIC
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH.
3. DIMENSION L TO CENTER OF LEADS WHEN
FORMED PARALLEL.
4. DIMENSION B DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH.
5. ROUNDED CORNERS OPTIONAL.
–A–
B
FC
S
HGD
J
L
M
16 PL
SEATING
18
916
K
PLANE
–T–
M
A
M
0.25 (0.010) T
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
MILLIMETERSINCHES
A0.740 0.770 18.80 19.55
B0.250 0.270 6.35 6.85
C0.145 0.175 3.69 4.44
D0.015 0.021 0.39 0.53
F0.040 0.70 1.02 1.77
G0.100 BSC 2.54 BSC
H0.050 BSC 1.27 BSC
J0.008 0.015 0.21 0.38
K0.110 0.130 2.80 3.30
L0.295 0.305 7.50 7.74
M0 10 0 10
S0.020 0.040 0.51 1.01
____
CASE 648–08
16–PIN DIP
PLASTIC
8–9
Package Outline DimensionsMotorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
PACKAGE OUTLINE DIMENSIONS (continued)
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
3. DIMENSIONS A AND B DO NOT INCLUDE
MOLD PROTRUSION.
4. MAXIMUM MOLD PROTRUSION 0.15 (0.006)
PER SIDE.
5. DIMENSION D DOES NOT INCLUDE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION. ALLOWABLE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION SHALL BE 0.127 (0.005) TOTAL
IN EXCESS OF THE D DIMENSION AT
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION.
–A–
–B–
G
P7 PL
14 8
71 M
0.25 (0.010) B M
S
B
M
0.25 (0.010) A S
T
–T–
F
RX 45
SEATING
PLANE D14 PL K
C
J
M
_
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
INCHESMILLIMETERS
A8.55 8.75 0.337 0.344
B3.80 4.00 0.150 0.157
C1.35 1.75 0.054 0.068
D0.35 0.49 0.014 0.019
F0.40 1.25 0.016 0.049
G1.27 BSC 0.050 BSC
J0.19 0.25 0.008 0.009
K0.10 0.25 0.004 0.009
M0 7 0 7
P5.80 6.20 0.228 0.244
R0.25 0.50 0.010 0.019
____
CASE 751A–03
SO–14
PLASTIC
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
3. DIMENSIONS A AND B DO NOT INCLUDE
MOLD PROTRUSION.
4. MAXIMUM MOLD PROTRUSION 0.15 (0.006)
PER SIDE.
5. DIMENSION D DOES NOT INCLUDE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION. ALLOWABLE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION SHALL BE 0.127 (0.005) TOTAL
IN EXCESS OF THE D DIMENSION AT
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION.
18
16 9
SEATING
PLANE
F
J
M
RX 45
_
G
8 PLP
–B–
–A–
M
0.25 (0.010) B S
–T–
D
K
C
16 PL
S
B
M
0.25 (0.010) A S
T
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
INCHESMILLIMETERS
A9.80 10.00 0.386 0.393
B3.80 4.00 0.150 0.157
C1.35 1.75 0.054 0.068
D0.35 0.49 0.014 0.019
F0.40 1.25 0.016 0.049
G1.27 BSC 0.050 BSC
J0.19 0.25 0.008 0.009
K0.10 0.25 0.004 0.009
M0 7 0 7
P5.80 6.20 0.229 0.244
R0.25 0.50 0.010 0.019
____
CASE 751B–05
SO–16
PLASTIC
Reliability and Quality Assurance
9–12 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
OUTGOING QUALITY
The Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ) refers to the number
of devices per million that are outside the specification limits
at the time of shipment. Motorola has established Six Sigma
goals to improve its outgoing quality and will continue its ”error
free performance” focus to achieve its goal of zero parts per
million (PPM) outgoing quality. Motorola’s present quality level
has lead to vendor certification programs with many of its
customers. These programs ensure a level of quality which
allows the customer either to reduce or eliminate the need for
incoming inspections.
AVERAGE OUTGOING QUALITY (AOQ)
CALCULATION
AOQ = (Process Average)
D
(Probability of Acceptance)
D
(106) (PPM)
D
Process Average = Total Projected Reject Devices
Total Number of Devices
D
Projected Reject Devices = Defects in Sample
Sample Size
D
Lot Size
D
Total Number of Devices = Sum of units in each submitted lot
D
Probability of Acceptance = 1 ± Number of Lots Rejected
Number of Lots Tested
D
106 = Conversion to parts per million (PPM)
RELIABILITY DATA ANALYSIS
Reliability is the probability that a semiconductor device will
perform its specified function in a given environment for a
specified period. In other words, reliability is quality over time
and environmental conditions. The most frequently used
reliability measure for semiconductor devices is the failure
rate ( λ ). The failure rate is obtained by dividing the number
of failures observed by the product of the number of devices
on test and the interval in hours, usually expressed as percent
per thousand hours or failures per billion device hours (FITS).
This is called a point estimate because it is obtained from
observations on a portion (sample) of the population of
devices.
To project from the sample to the population in general, one
must establish confidence intervals. The application of
confidence intervals is a statement of how ‘‘confident’’ one is
that the sample failure rate approximates that for the
population. To obtain failure rates at different confidence
levels, it is necessary to make use of specific probability
distributions. The chi–square (χ2) distribution that relates
observed and expected frequencies of an event is frequently
used to establish confidence intervals. The relationship
between failure rate and the chi–square distribution is as
follows:
λ = χ2 (α, d. f.)
2t
where:
λ= failure rate
χ2 = chi–square function
α= (100 – confidence level) / 100
d.f. = degrees of freedom = 2r + 2
r = number of failures
t = device hours
Chi–square values for 60% and 90% confidence intervals for
up to 12 failures are shown in Table 1–1.
Table 1–1 – Chi–Square Table
Chi–Square Distribution Function
60% Confidence Level 90% Confidence Level
No. Fails χ2 Quantity No. Fails χ2 Quantity
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1.833
4.045
6.211
8.351
10.473
12.584
14.685
16.780
18.868
20.951
23.031
25.106
27.179
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
4.605
7.779
10.645
13.362
15.987
18.549
21.064
23.542
25.989
28.412
30.813
33.196
35.563
The failure rate of semiconductor devices is inherently low .
As a result, the industry uses a technique called accelerated
testing to assess the reliability of semiconductors. During
accelerated tests, elevated stresses are used to produce, in
a short period, the same failure mechanisms as would be
observed under normal use conditions. The objective of this
testing is to identify these failure mechanisms and eliminate
them as a cause of failure during the useful life of the product.
Temperature, relative humidity, and voltage are the most
frequently used stresses during accelerated testing. Their
relationship to failure rates has been shown to follow an Eyring
type of equation of the form:
λ = A exp(φkT) exp(B/RH) exp(CE)
Where A, B, C, φ, and k are constants, more specifically B,
C, and φ are numbers representing the apparent energy at
which various failure mechanisms occur. These are called
activation energies. ‘‘T’’ is the temperature, ‘‘RH’’ is the
relative humidity , and ‘‘E’’ is the electric field. The most familiar
form of this equation (shown on following page) deals with the
first exponential term that shows an Arrhenius type
relationship of the failure rate versus the junction temperature
of semiconductors. The junction temperature is related to the
ambient temperature through the thermal resistance and
power dissipation. Thus, we can test devices near their
maximum junction temperatures, analyze the failures to
assure that they are the types that are accelerated by
temperature and then by applying known acceleration factors,
estimate the failure rates for lower junction.
The table on the following page shows observed activation
energies with references.
9–13
Reliability and Quality AssuranceMotorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
Table 1–2 – T ime Dependent Failure Mechanisms in Semiconductor Devices
(Applicable to Discrete and Integrated Circuits)
Device
Association Process Relevant
Factors Accelerating
Factors
Typical
Activation
Energy in eV Model Reference
Silicon Oxide
Silicon–Silicon
Oxide Interface
Metallization
Bond and Other
Mechanical Interfaces
Various W ater Fab,
Assembly, and
Silicon Defects
Surface Charges
Inversion, Accumulation
Oxide Pinholes
Dielectric Breakdown
(TDDB)
Charge Loss
Electromigration
Corrosion
Chemical
Galvanic
Electrolytic
Intermetallic
Growth
Metal Scratches
Mask Defects, etc.
Silicon Defects
Mobile Ions
E/V, T
E/V, T
E/V, T
E, T
T, J
Grain Size
Doping
Contamination
T, Impurities
Bond Strength
T, V
T, V
E, T
E, T
E, T
J, T
H, E/V, T
T
T, V
1.0
0.7–1.0 (Bipolar)
1.0 (Bipolar)
0.3–0.4 (MOS)
0.3 (MOS)
0.8 (MOS)
EPROM
1.0 Large grain Al
(glassivated)
0.5
Small grain Al
0.7 Cu–Al/Cu–Si–Al
(sputtered)
0.6–0.7
(for electrolysis)
E/V may have
thresholds
1.0 (Au/Al)
0.5–0.7 eV
0.5 eV
Fitch, et al.
Peck
1984 WRS
Hokari, et al.
Domangue, et al.
Crook, D.L.
Gear, G.
Nanda, et al.
Black, J.R.
Black, J.R.
L ycoudes, N.E.
Fitch, W.T
Howes, et al.
MMPD
1A
2
18
5
3
4
11
6
7
12
8
9
10
13
V = voltage; E = electric field; T = temperature; J = current density; H = humidity
NO. REFERENCE
1A 1.0 eV activation for leakage type failures.
Fitch, W .T.; Greer, P.; L ycoudes, N.; ‘‘Data to Support 0.001%/1000
Hours for Plastic I/C’s.’ ’ Case study on linear product shows 0.914 eV
activation energy which is within experimental error of 0.9 to 1.3 eV
activation energies for reversible leakage (inversion) failures reported
in the literature.
1B 0.7 To 1.0 eV for oxide defect failures for bipolar structures. This is
under investigation subsequent to information obtained from 1984
W afer Reliability Symposium, especially for bipolar capacitors with
silicon nitride as dielectric.
2 1.0 eV activation for leakage type failures.
Peck, D.S.; ‘‘New Concerns About Integrated Circuit Reliability’’ 1978
Reliability Physics Symposium.
3 0.36 eV for dielectric breakdown for MOS gate structures.
Domangue, E.; Rivera, R.; Shedard, C.; ‘‘Reliability Prediction Using
Large MOS Capacitors’’, 1984 Reliability Physics Symposium.
4 0.3 eV for dielectric breakdown.
Crook, D.L.; ‘‘Method of Determining Reliability Screens for T ime
Dependent Dielectric Breakdown’ ’, 1979 Reliability Physics
Symposium.
5 1.0 eV for dielectric breakdown.
Hokari, Y.; et al.; IEDM Technical Digest, 1982.
6 1.0 eV for large grain Al–Si (compared to line width).
Nanda, Vangard, Gj–P; Black, J.R.; ‘‘Electromigration of Al–Si Alloy
Films’’, 1978 Reliability Physics Symposium.
7 0.5 eV Al, 0.7 eV Cu–Al small grain (compared to line width).
Black, J.R.; ‘‘Current Limitation of Thin Film Conductor’’ 1982 Reli-
ability Physics Symposium.
8 0.65 eV for corrosion mechanism.
L ycoudes, N.E.; ‘ ‘The Reliability of Plastic Microcircuits in Moist
Environments’’, 1978 Solid State Technology.
9 1.0 eV for open wires or high resistance bonds at the pad bond
due to Au–Al intermetallics.
Fitch, W .T.; ‘‘Operating Life vs Junction Temperatures for Plastic
Encapsulated I/C (1.5 mil Au wire)’’, unpublished report.
10 0.7 eV for assembly related defects.
Howes, M.G.; Morgan, D.V.; ‘‘Reliability and Degradation, Semi-
conductor Devices and CIrcuits’’ John Wiley and Sons, 1981.
11 Gear, G.; ‘‘FAMOUS PROM Reliability Studies’’, 1976 Reliability
Physics Symposium.
12 Black, J.R.: unpublished report.
13 Motorola Memory Products Division; unpublished report.
Reliability and Quality Assurance
9–14 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
THERMAL RESISTANCE
Circuit performance and long–term circuit reliabiity are
affected by die temperature. Normally, both are improved by
keeping the junction temperatures low.
Electrical power dissipated in any semiconductor device is
a source of heat. This heat source increases the temperature
of the die about some reference point, normally the ambient
temperature of 25°C in still air. The temperature increase,
then, depends on the amount of power dissipated in the circuit
and on the net thermal resistance between the heat source
and the reference point.
The temperature at the junction depends on the packaging
and mounting system’s ability to remove heat generated in the
circuit from the junction region to the ambient environment.
The basic formula for converting power dissipation to
estimated junction temperature is:
TJ = TA + PD (θJC + θCA) (1)
or TJ = TA + PD (θJA) (2)
where:
TJ= maximum junction temperature
TA= maximum ambient temperature
PD= calculated maximum power dissipation, including
effects of external loads when applicable
θJC = average thermal resistance, junction to case
θCA = average thermal resistance, case to ambient
θJA = average thermal resistance, junction to ambient
This Motorola recommended formula has been approved
by RADC and DESC for calculating a ‘‘practical’’ maximum
operating junction temperature for MIL–M–38510 devices.
Only two terms on the right side of equation (1) can be
varied by the user, the ambient temperature and the device
case–to–ambient thermal resistance, θCA. (To some extent
the device power dissipation can also be controlled, but under
recommended use the supply voltage and loading dictate a
fixed power dissipation.) Both system air flow and the package
mounting technique affect the θCA thermal resistance term.
θJC is essentially independent of air flow and external
mounting method, but is sensitive to package material, die
bonding method, and die area.
For applications where the case is held at essentially a fixed
temperature by mounting on a large or temperature controlled
heat sink, the estimated junction temperature is calculated by:
TJ = TC + PD (θJC) (3)
where TC = maximum case temperature and the other
parameters are as previously defined.
AIR FLOW
Air flow over the packages (due to a decrease in θJC)
reduces the thermal resistance of the package, therefore
permitting a corresponding increase in power dissipation
without exceeding the maximum permissible operating
junction temperature.
For thermal resistance values for specific packages, see
the Motorola Data Book or Design Manual for the appropriate
device family or contact your local Motorola sales office.
ACTIVATION ENERGY
Determination of activation energies is accomplished by
testing randomly selected samples from the same population
at various stress levels and comparing failure rates due to the
same failure mechanism. The activation energy is
represented by the slope of the curve relating to the natural
logarithm of the failure rate to the various stress levels.
In calculating failure rates, the comprehensive method is to
use the specific activation energy for each failure mechanism
applicable to the technology and circuit under consideration.
A common alternative method is to use a single activation
energy value for the ‘‘expected’’ failure mechanism(s) with the
lowest activation energy.
9–15
Reliability and Quality AssuranceMotorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
RELIABILITY STRESS TESTS
The following are brief descriptions of the reliability tests
commonly used in the reliability monitoring program. Not all of
the tests listed are performed by each product division. Other
tests may be performed when appropriate.
AUTOCLAVE (aka, PRESSURE COOKER)
Autoclave is an environmental test which measures device
resistance to moisture penetration and the resultant effect of
galvanic corrosion. Autoclave is a highly accelerated and
destructive test.
Typical Test Conditions: TA = 121°C, rh = 100%, p = 1
atmosphere (15 psig), t = 24 to 96 hours
Common Failure Modes: Parametric shifts, high leak-
age and/or catastrophic
Common Failure Mechanisms: Die corrosion or con-
taminants such as foreign material on or within the pack-
age materials. Poor package sealing.
HIGH HUMIDITY HIGH TEMPERATURE
BIAS (H3TB, H3TRB, or THB)
This is an environmental test designed to measure the
moisture resistance of plastic encapsulated devices. A bias is
applied to create an electrolytic cell necessary to accelerate
corrosion of the die metallization. With time, this is a
catastrophically destructive test.
Typical Test Conditions: TA = 85°C to 95°C, rh = 85%
to 95%, Bias = 80% to 100% of Data Book max. rating, t
= 96 to 1750 hours
Common Failure Modes: Parametric shifts, high leak-
age and/or catastrophic
Common Failure Mechanisms: Die corrosion or con-
taminants such as foreign material on or within the pack-
age materials. Poor package sealing.
HIGH TEMPERATURE GATE BIAS (HTGB)
This test is designed to electrically stress the gate oxide under
a bias condition at high temperature.
Typical Test Conditions: TA = 150°C, Bias = 80% of
Data Book max. rating, t = 120 to 1000 hours
Common Failure Modes: Parametric shifts in gate leak-
age and gate threshold voltage
Common Failure Mechanisms: Random oxide defects
and ionic contamination
Military Reference: MIL–STD–750, Method 1042
HIGH TEMPERATURE REVERSE BIAS
(HTRB)
The purpose of this test is to align mobile ions by means of
temperature and voltage stress to form a high–current
leakage path between two or more junctions.
Typical Test Conditions: TA = 85°C to 150°C, Bias =
80% to 100% of Data Book max. rating, t = 120 to 1000
hours
Common Failure Modes: Parametric shifts in leakage
and gain
Common Failure Mechanisms: Ionic contamination on
the surface or under the metallization of the die
Military Reference: MIL–STD–750, Method 1039
HIGH TEMPERATURE STORAGE LIFE
(HTSL)
High temperature storage life testing is performed to
accelerate failure mechanisms which are thermally activated
through the application of extreme temperatures
Typical Test Conditions: TA = 70°C to 200°C, no bias, t
= 24 to 2500 hours
Common Failure Modes: Parametric shifts in leakage
and gain
Common Failure Mechanisms: Bulk die and diffusion
defects
Military Reference: MIL–STD–750, Method 1032
INTERMITTENT OPERATING LIFE (IOL)
The purpose of this test is the same as SSOL in addition to
checking the integrity of both wire and die bonds by means of
thermal stressing
Typical Test Conditions: TA = 25°C, Pd = Data Book
maximum rating, Ton = Toff =
D
of 50°C to 100°C, t = 42
to 30000 cycles
Common Failure Modes: Parametric shifts and cata-
strophic
Common Failure Mechanisms: Foreign material, crack
and bulk die defects, metallization, wire and die bond
defects
Military Reference: MIL–STD–750, Method 1037
Reliability and Quality Assurance
9–16 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
MECHANICAL SHOCK
This test is used to determine the ability of the device to
withstand a sudden change in mechanical stress due to abrupt
changes in motion as seen in handling, transportation, or
actual use.
Typical Test Conditions: Acceleration = 1500 g’s, Orienta-
tion = X1, Y1, Y2 plane, t = 0.5 msec, Blows = 5
Common Failure Modes: Open, short, excessive leak-
age, mechanical failure
Common Failure Mechanisms: Die and wire bonds,
cracked die, package defects
Military Reference: MIL–STD–750, Method 2015
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
The purpose of this test is to evaluate the moisture resistance
of components under temperature/humidity conditions typical
of tropical environments.
Typical Test Conditions: TA = –10°C to 65°C, rh = 80%
to 98%, t = 24 hours/cycles, cycle = 10
Common Failure Modes: Parametric shifts in leakage
and mechanical failure
Common Failure Mechanisms: Corrosion or contami-
nants on or within the package materials. Poor package
sealing
Military Reference: MIL–STD–750, Method 1021
SOLDERABILITY
The purpose of this test is to measure the ability of the device
leads/terminals to be soldered after an extended period of
storage (shelf life).
Typical Test Conditions: Steam aging = 8 hours, Flux =
R, Solder = Sn60, Sn63
Common Failure Modes: Pin holes, dewetting, nonwet-
ting
Common Failure Mechanisms: Poor plating, contami-
nated leads
Military Reference: MIL–STD–750, Method 2026
SOLDER HEAT
This test is used to measure the ability of a device to withstand
the temperatures as may be seen in wave soldering
operations. Electrical testing is the endpoint critierion for this
stress.
Typical Test Conditions: Solder Temperature = 260°C, t
= 10 seconds
Common Failure Modes: Parameter shifts, mechanical
failure
Common Failure Mechanisms: Poor package design
Military Reference: MIL–STD–750, Method 2031
STEADY STATE OPERATING LIFE (SSOL)
The purpose of this test is to evaluate the bulk stability of the
die and to generate defects resulting from manufacturing
aberrations that are manifested as time and
stress–dependent failures.
Typical Test Conditions: TA = 25°C, PD = Data Book
maximum rating, t = 16 to 1000 hours
Common Failure Modes: Parametric shifts and cata-
strophic
Common Failure Mechanisms: Foreign material, crack
die, bulk die, metallization, wire and die bond defects
Military Reference: MIL–STD–750, Method 1026
TEMPERATURE CYCLING (AIR TO AIR)
The purpose of this test is to evaluate the ability of the device
to withstand both exposure to extreme temperatures and
transitions between temperature extremes. This testing will
also expose excessive thermal mismatch between materials.
Typical Test Conditions: TA = –65°C to 200°C, cycle =
10 to 4000
Common Failure Modes: Parametric shifts and cata-
strophic
Common Failure Mechanisms: Wire bond, cracked or
lifted die and package failure
Military Reference: MIL–STD–750, Method 1051
THERMAL SHOCK (LIQUID TO LIQUID)
The purpose of this test is to evaluate the ability of the device
to withstand both exposure to extreme temperatures and
sudden transitions between temperature extremes. This
testing will also expose excessive thermal mismatch between
materials.
Typical Test Conditions: TA = 0°C to 100°C, cycle = 20
to 300
Common Failure Modes: Parametric shifts and cata-
strophic
Common Failure Mechanisms: Wire bond, cracked or
lifted die and package failure
Military Reference: MIL–STD–750, Method 1056
VARIABLE FREQUENCY VIBRATION
This test is used to examine the ability of the device to
withstand deterioration due to mechanical resonance.
Typical Test Conditions: Peak acceleration = 20 g’s,
Frequency range = 20 Hz to KHz, t = 48 minutes
Common Failure Modes: Open, short, excessive leak-
age, mechanical failure
Common Failure Mechanisms: Die and wire bonds,
cracked die, package defects
Military Reference: MIL–STD–750, Method 2056
9–17
Reliability and Quality AssuranceMotorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL
Communication Power & Signal Technologies Group
(CPSTG) is continually pursuing new ways to improve product
quality. Initial design improvement is one method that can be
used to produce a superior product. Equally important to
outgoing product quality is the ability to produce product that
consistently conforms to specification. Process variability is
the basic enemy of semiconductor manufacturing since it
leads to product variability. Used in all phases of Motorola’s
product manufacturing, STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL
(SPC) replaces variability with predictability. The traditional
philosophy in the semiconductor industry has been
adherence to the data sheet specification. Using SPC
methods ensures that the product will meet specific process
requirements throughout the manufacturing cycle. The
emphasis is on defect prevention, not detection. Predictability
through SPC methods requires the manufacturing culture to
focus on constant and permanent improvements. Usually,
these improvements cannot be bought with state–of–the–art
equipment or automated factories. With quality in design,
process, and material selection, coupled with manufacturing
predictability, Motorola can produce world class products.
The immediate effect of SPC manufacturing is predictability
through process controls. Product centered and distributed
well within the product specification benefits Motorola with
fewer rejects, improved yields, and lower cost. The direct
benefit to Motorola’s customers includes better incoming
quality levels, less inspection time, and ship–to–stock
capability. Circuit performance is often dependent on the
cumulative effect of component variability. Tightly controlled
component distributions give the customer greater circuit
predictability. Many customers are also converting to
just–in–time (JIT) delivery programs. These programs require
improvements in cycle time and yield predictability achievable
only through SPC techniques. The benefit derived from SPC
helps the manufacturer meet the customer’s expectations of
higher quality and lower cost product.
Ultimately, Motorola will have Six Sigma capability on all
products. This means parametric distributions will be centered
within the specification limits, with a product distribution of plus
or minus Six Sigma about mean. Six Sigma capability , shown
graphically in Figure 1, details the benefit in terms of yield and
outgoing quality levels. This compares a centered distribution
versus a 1.5 sigma worst case distribution shift.
New product development at Motorola requires more robust
design features that make them less sensitive to minor
variations in processing. These features make the
implementation of SPC much easier.
A complete commitment to SPC is present throughout
Motorola. All managers, engineers, production operators,
supervisors, and maintenance personnel have received
multiple training courses on SPC techniques. Manufacturing
has identified 22 wafer processing and 8 assembly steps
considered critical to the processing of semiconductor
products. Processes controlled by SPC methods that have
shown significant improvement are in the diffusion,
photolithography, and metallization areas.
Figure 1. AOQL and Yield from a Normal
Distribution of Product With 6σ Capability
Standard Deviations From Mean
Distribution Centered Distribution Shifted ± 1.5
At ±3σ2700 ppm defective
99.73% yield
At ±4σ63 ppm defective
99.9937% yield
At ±5σ0.57 ppm defective
99.999943% yield
At ±6σ0.002 ppm defective
99.9999998% yield
66810 ppm defective
93.32% yield
6210 ppm defective
99.379% yield
233 ppm defective
99.9767% yield
3.4 ppm defective
99.99966% yield
–6σ–5σ–4σ–3σ–2σ–1σ01σ2σ3σ4σ5σ6σ
To better understand SPC principles, brief explanations
have been provided. These cover process capability,
implementation, and use.
PROCESS CAPABILITY
One goal of SPC is to ensure a process is CAPABLE.
Process capability is the measurement of a process to
produce products consistently to specification requirements.
The purpose of a process capability study is to separate the
inherent RANDOM VARIABILITY from ASSIGNABLE
CAUSES. Once completed, steps are taken to identify and
eliminate the most significant assignable causes. Random
variability is generally present in the system and does not
fluctuate. Sometimes, the random variability is due to basic
limitations associated with the machinery, materials,
personnel skills, or manufacturing methods. Assignable
cause inconsistencies relate to time variations in yield,
performance, or reliability.
Traditionally, assignable causes appear to be random due
to the lack of close examination or analysis. Figure 2 shows
the impact on predictability that assignable cause can have.
Figure 3 shows the difference between process control and
process capability.
A process capability study involves taking periodic samples
from the process under controlled conditions. The
performance characteristics of these samples are charted
against time. In time, assignable causes can be identified and
engineered out. Careful documentation of the process is the
key to accurate diagnosis and successful removal of the
assignable causes. Sometimes, the assignable causes will
remain unclear, requiring prolonged experimentation.
Elements which measure process variation control and
capability are Cp and Cpk, respectively . Cp is the specification
width divided by the process width or Cp = (specification
width) / 6σ. Cpk is the absolute value of the closest
specification value to the mean, minus the mean, divided by
half the process width or Cpk = closest specification – X/3σ.
Reliability and Quality Assurance
9–18 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
Figure 2. Impact of Assignable Causes
on Process Predictable Figure 3. Difference Between Process
Control and Process Capability
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Process “under control” – all assignable causes are
removed and future distribution is predictable.
PREDICTION
TIME
SIZE
SIZE
TIME
PREDICTION
SIZE
TIME
Out of control
(assignable causes present)
In control assignable
causes eliminated
SIZE
TIME
In control but not capable
(variation from random variability
excessive)
Lower
Specification Limit Upper
Specification Limit
In control and capable
(variation from random
variability reduced)
??
At Motorola, for critical parameters, the process capability
is acceptable with a Cpk = 1.50 with continual improvement
our goal. The desired process capability is a Cpk = 2 and the
ideal is a Cpk = 5. Cpk, by definition, shows where the current
production process fits with relationship to the specification
limits. Off center distributions or excessive process variability
will result in less than optimum conditions.
SPC IMPLEMENTATION AND USE
CPSTG uses many parameters that show conformance to
specification. Some parameters are sensitive to process
variations while others remain constant for a given product
line. Often, specific parameters are influenced when changes
to other parameters occur. It is both impractical and
unnecessary to monitor all parameters using SPC methods.
Only critical parameters that are sensitive to process
variability are chosen for SPC monitoring. The process steps
affecting these critical parameters must be identified as well.
It is equally important to find a measurement in these process
steps that correlates with product performance. This
measurement is called a critical process parameter.
Once the critical process parameters are selected, a
sample plan must be determined. The samples used for
measurement are organized into RATIONAL SUBGROUPS
of approximately two to five pieces. The subgroup size should
be such that variation among the samples within the subgroup
remain small. All samples must come from the same source
e.g., the same mold press operator, etc. Subgroup data should
be collected at appropriate time intervals to detect variations
in the process. As the process begins to show improved
stability, the interval may be increased. The data collected
must be carefully documented and maintained for later
correlation. Examples of common documentation entries are
operator, machine, time, settings, product type, etc.
Once the plan is established, data collection may begin. The
data collected with generate X and R values that are plotted
with respect to time. X refers to the mean of the values within
a given subgroup, while R is the range or greatest value minus
least value. When approximately 20 or more X and R values
have been generated, the average of these values is
computed as follows:
X = (X + X2 + X3 + . . .)/K
R = (R1 + R2 + R2 + . . .)/K
where K = the number of subgroups measured.
The values of X and R are used to create the process control
chart. Control charts are the primary SPC tool used to signal
a problem. Shown in Figure 4, process control charts show X
and R values with respect to time and concerning reference
to upper and lower control limit values. Control limits are
computed as follows:
R upper control limit = UCLR = D4 R
R lower control limit = LCLR = D3 R
X upper control limit = UCLX = X + A2 R
X lower control limit = LCL X = X – A2 R
9–19
Reliability and Quality AssuranceMotorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
UCL = 152.8
= 150.4
LCL = 148.0
UCL = 7.3
= 3.2
LCL = 0
X
R
Figure 4. Example of Process Control Chart Showing Oven Temperature Data
Where D4, D3, and A2 are constants varying by sample size,
with values for sample sizes from 2 to 10 shown in the
following partial table:
n2345678910
D43.27 2.57 2.28 2.11 2.00 1.92 1.86 1.82 1.78
D3* * * * * 0.08 0.14 0.18 0.22
A21.88 1.02 0.73 0.58 0.48 0.42 0.37 0.34 0.31
*For sample sizes below 7, the LCLR would technically be a negative number;
in those cases there is no lower control limit; this means that for a subgroup size
6, six ‘‘identical’ ’ measurements would not be unreasonable.
Control charts are used to monitor the variability of critical
process parameters. The R chart shows basic problems with
piece to piece variability related to the process. The X chart can
often identify changes in people, machines, methods, etc. The
source of the variability can be difficult to find and may require
experimental design techniques to identify assignable causes.
Some general rules have been established to help determine
when a process is OUT–OF–CONTROL. Figure 5 shows a
control chart subdivided into zones A, B, and C corresponding
to 3 sigma, 2 sigma, and 1 sigma limits respectively . In Figures
6 through 9 four of the tests that can be used to identify
excessive variability and the presence of assignable causes
are shown. As familiarity with a given process increases, more
subtle tests may be employed successfully.
Once the variability is identified, the cause of the variability
must be determined. Normally, only a few factors have a
significant impact on the total variability of the process. The
importance of correctly identifying these factors is stressed in
the following example. Suppose a process variability depends
on the variance of five factors A, B, C, D, and E. Each has a
variance of 5, 3, 2, 1, and 0.4, respectively.
Since:
σ tot = σ A2 + σ B2 + σ C2 + σ D2 + σ E2
σ tot = 52 + 32 + 22 + 12 +(0.4)2 = 6.3
If only D is identified and eliminated, then:
σ tot = 52 + 32 + 22 + (0.4)2 = 6.2
This results in less than 2% total variability improvement. If
B, C, and D were eliminated, then:
σ tot = 52 + (0.4)2 = 5.02
This gives a considerably better improvement of 23%. If
only A is identified and reduced from 5 to 2, then:
σ tot = 22 + 32 + 22 + 12 + (0.4)2 = 4.3
Identifying and improving the variability from 5 to 2 yields a
total variability improvement of nearly 40%.
Most techniques may be employed to identify the primary
assignable cause(s). Out–of–control conditions may be
correlated to documented process changes. The product may
be analyzed in detail using best versus worst part comparisons
or Product Analysis Lab equipment. Multi–variance analysis
can be used to determine the family of variation (positional,
critical, or temporal). Lastly, experiments may be run to test
theoretical or factorial analysis. Whatever method is used,
assignable causes must be identified and eliminated in the
most expeditious manner possible.
After assignable causes have been eliminated, new control
limits are calculated to provide a more challenging variablility
criteria for the process. As yields and variability improve, it may
become more difficult to detect improvements because they
become much smaller. When all assignable causes have been
eliminated and the points remain within control limits for 25
groups, the process is said to in a state of control.
Reliability and Quality Assurance
9–20 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
UCL
LCL
UCL
UCL
UCL
UCL
LCL
LCL
LCL
LCL
CENTERLINE
A
B
C
C
B
A
A
B
C
C
B
A
A
B
C
C
B
A
A
B
C
C
B
A
ZONE A (+ 3 SIGMA)
ZONE B (+ 2 SIGMA)
ZONE C (+ 1 SIGMA)
ZONE C (– 1 SIGMA)
ZONE B (– 2 SIGMA)
ZONE A (– 3 SIGMA)
Figure 5. Control Chart Zones Figure 6. One Point Outside Control Limit
Indicating Excessive Variability
Figure 7. Two Out of Three Points in Zone A or
Beyond Indicating Excessive Variability Figure 8. Four Out of Five Points in Zone B or
Beyond Indicating Excessive Variability
Figure 9. Seven Out of Eight Points in Zone C or
Beyond Indicating Excessive Variability
SUMMARY
Motorola is committed to the use of STATISTICAL
PROCESS CONTROLS. These principles, used throughout
manufacturing have already resulted in many significant
improvements to the processes. Continued dedication to the
SPC culture will allow Motorola to reach the Six Sigma and
zero defect capability goals. SPC will further enhance the
commitment to TOTAL CUSTOMER SATISFACTION.
DEVICE REPLACEMENT DEVICE REPLACEMENTDEVICE REPLACEMENT
REPLACEMENT DEVICES
Replacement Devices
10–2 Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
1N5139 MV2101
1N5139A MV2101
1N5140 MMBV2103LT1
1N5140A MMBV2103LT1
1N5141 MMBV2104LT1
1N5141A MMBV2104LT1
1N5142 MMBV2105LT1
1N5142A MMBV2105LT1
1N5143 MMBV2105LT1
1N5143A MMBV2105LT1
1N5144 MMBV2107LT1
1N5144A MMBV2107LT1
1N5145 MMBV2108LT1
1N5145A MMBV2108LT1
1N5146 MMBV2109LT1
1N5146A MV2109
1N5147 MV2111
1N5147A MV2111
1N5441A MV2101
1N5443A MV2103
1N5444A MV2104
1N5445A MV2105
1N5449A MV2108
1N5450A MV2109
1N5451A MV2111
1N5452A MV2111
1N5453A MV2111
1N5455A MV2115
2N697 MPSA20
2N718A MPSA05
2N720A MPSA06
2N930 MPSA18
2N930A MPSA18
2N956 MPSA05
2N1613 2N4410
2N1711 MPSA05
2N1893 MPSA06
2N2102 2N4410
2N2218A MPS2222A
2N2219 MPS2222A
2N2219A MPS2222A
2N2222 MPS2222
2N2222A MPS2222A
2N2270 MPSA05
2N2369 MPS2369
2N2369A MPS2369A
2N2484 2N5087
2N2895 MPSA06
2N2896 2N5551
2N2904 MPS2907
2N2904A MPS2907A
2N2905 MPS2907
2N2905A MPS2907A
2N2906 MPS2907
2N2906A MPS2907A
2N2907 MPS2907
2N2907A MPS2907A
2N3019 MPSA06
2N3020 MPSA06
2N3053 MPSA20
2N3053A MPSA05
2N3244 2N4403
2N3250 2N4403
2N3251 MPS2907A
2N3251A MPS2907A
2N3467 MPSA56
2N3468 MPSA56
2N3497 2N5401
2N3500 2N5551
2N3501 2N5551
2N3546 MPSH17
2N3634 2N5401
2N3635 2N5401
2N3636 MPSA92
2N3637 MPSA92
2N3700 MPSA06
2N3799 MPSA18
2N3947 MPS2222A
2N3963 MPSA18
2N3964 MPSA18
2N4014 MPS2222A
2N4032 MPS2907A
2N4033 MPSA56
2N4036 MPSA56
2N4037 MPSA56
2N4126 MPS4126
2N4265 2N4264
2N4405 MPS8599
2N4407 MPS8599
2N4931 MPSA92
2N5086 2N5087
2N5668 2N3819
2N5669 2N3819
2N5670 2N3819
2N6431 MPSA42
2N6433 MPSA92
2N6516 2N6517
BA582T1 MMBV3401LT1
BC107 BC237
BC107A BC237
BC107B BC237
BC108
BC109C BC3338
BC140–10 MPSW06
BC140–16 MPSW06
BC141–10 MPSW06
BC141–16 MPSW06
BC160–16 MPSW56
BC161–16 MPSW56
BC177 BC547
BC177A BC547A
BC177B BC547B
BC238 BC238B
BC309B BC308C
BC393 MPSA92
BC394 MPSA42
BC450 MPSA92
BC450A MPSA92
BC546A BC546B
BC559 BC559B
BC560B BC560C
BC849ALT1 BC848ALT1
BC850ALT1 BC848ALT1
BC857CLT1 BC857ALT1
BCY70 MPS2222A
BCY71 MPS2222A
BCY72 MPS2222A
BDB01D BDB01C
BDB02D BDB02C
BDC02D BDC01D
BDC05 MPSW42
BF244A 2N3819
BF244B 2N3819
BF245 BF245A
BF245A BF245A
BF245B BF245A
BF245C BF245A
BF246A BF245A
BF246B BF245A
BF247B BF245A
BF256B BF256A
BF256C BF256A
BF258 BF422
BF374 BC338
BF391 MPSA42
BF392 MPSA42
BF492 MPSA92
BF493 MPSA92
BFW43 2N5401
BSP20AT1 BF720T1
BSS71 MPSA42
BSS72 MPSA42
BSS73 MPSA42
BSS74 MPSA92
BSS75 MPSA92
BSS76 MPSA92
BSS89 BS107
BSV16–10 MPS2907A
BSX20 MPS2369A
CV12253 MPSA06
IRFD110 BSS123LT1
IRFD113 MMBF170LT1
IRFD120 BSS123LT1
IRFD123 MMBF170LT1
IRFD210 MMFT107T1
IRFD213 MMFT107T1
IRFD220 MMFT107T1
IRFD223 MMFT107T1
IRFD9120 BSS123LT1
IRFD9123 2N7002LT1
J111 J111RLRA
J113 J113RL1
J203 2N5458
J300 2N5486
J305 MMBF5484LT1
MAD130P BAS16LT1
MAD1103P BAS16LT1
MAD1107P BAS16LT1
MAD1108P BAS16LT1
MAD1109P BAS16LT1
DEVICE REPLACEMENT DEVICE REPLACEMENTDEVICE REPLACEMENT
REPLACEMENT DEVICES
10–3
Replacement DevicesMotorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
MM3001 2N5551
MM3725 MPS2222A
MM4001 2N5401
MMAD1106 BAS16LT1
MMBF4856LT1 MMBF4391LT1
MMBF4860LT1 MMBF5457LT1
MMBF5459LT1 MMBF5457LT1
MMBF5486LT1 2N5486
MMBT8599LT1 MMBT5551LT1
MMBV2104LT1 MMBV2103LT1
MMPQ3799 MMPQ3725
MMSV3401T1 MMBV3401LT1
MPF970 MMBFJ175LT1
MPF971 MMBFJ175LT1
MPF3821 MMBF5457LT1
MPF3822 MMBF5457LT1
MPF4856 MPF4391RLRA
MPF4857 2N5639
MPF4858 J112
MPF4859 2N5638RLRA
MPF4860 2N5638RLRA
MPF4861 J112
MPQ6501 MPQ6502
MPS3638 MPS3638A
MPS3866 BF224
MPS4123 MPS4124
MPS4125 MPS4126
MPS4258 MPS3640
MPS5771 MPS3640
MPS6520 MPS6521
MPS6530 MPS6530RLRM
MPS6531 MPS6530RLRM
MPS6562 MPS6651
MPS6568A MPS918
MPS6571 MPSA18
MPS6595 MPS3563
MPS8093 2N4402
MPSA16 MPSA17
MPSH04 MPSH17
MPSH07A MPSH17
MPSH20 MPSH17
MPSH24 MPSH17
MPSH34 MPSH17
MPSH69 MPSH81
MSA1022–BT1 MSA1022–CT1
MSB709–ST1 MSB709–RT1
MSB710–QT1 MSB710–RT1
MSB1218A–ST1 MSB1218A–RT1
MSC1621T1 MSD602–RT1
MSC2404–CT1 MSC2295–CT1
MSD1819A–ST1 MSD1819A–RT1
MV1620 MV2101
MV1624 MMBV2103LT1
MV1636 MV2108
MV1640 MV2109
MV1642 MV2111
MV1644 MV2111
MV2103 MMBV2103LT1
MV2107 MV2108
MV2113 MV2111
MV2114 MV2115
MVAM108 MMBV2109LT1
MVAM109 MMBV2109LT1
MVAM115 MMBV2109LT1
MVAM125 MMBV2109LT1
PBF259 MMBT6517LT1
PBF259S MMBT6517LT1
PBF259RS MMBT6517LT1
PBF493 MMBTA92LT1
PBF493R MMBTA92LT1
PBF493RS MMBTA92LT1
PBF493S MMBTA92LT1
VN1706L MMFT107T1