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This document contains complete and detailed description of all modules included in
the Atmel®AVR®XMEGA®AU microcontroller family. The Atmel AVR XMEGA AU is a
family of low-power, high-performance, and peripheral-rich CMOS 8/16-bit
microcontrollers based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. The available Atmel
AVR XMEGA AU modules described in this manual are:
Atmel AVR CPU
Memories
DMAC - Direct memory access controller
Event system
System clock and clock options
Power management and sleep modes
System control and reset
Battery backup system
WDT - Watchdog timer
Interrupts and programmable multilevel interrupt controller
PORT - I/O ports
TC - 16-bit timer/counters
AWeX - Advanced waveform extension
Hi-Res - High resolution extension
RTC - Real-time counter
RTC32 - 32-bit real-time counter
USB - Universal serial bus interface
TWI - Two-wire serial interface
SPI - Serial peripheral interface
USART - Universal synchronous and asynchronous serial receiver and transmitter
IRCOM - Infrared communication module
AES and DES cryptographic engine
CRC - Cyclic redundancy check
EBI - External bus interface
ADC - Analog-to-digital converter
DAC - Digital-to-analog converter
AC - Analog comparator
IEEE 1149.1 JTAG interface
PDI - Program and debug interface
Memory programming
Peripheral address map
Register summary
Interrupt vector summary
Instruction set summary
8-bit Atmel XMEGA AU Microcontroller
XMEGA AU MANUAL
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1. About the Manual
This document contains in-depth documentation of all peripherals and modules available for the Atmel AVR XMEGA AU
microcontroller family. All features are documented on a functional level and described in a general sense. All peripherals
and modules described in this manual may not be present in all Atmel AVR XMEGA AU devices.
For all device-specific information such as characterization data, memory sizes, modules, peripherals available and their
absolute memory addresses, refer to the device datasheets. When several instances of a peripheral exists in one device,
each instance will have a unique name. For example each port module (PORT) have unique name, such as PORTA,
PORTB, etc. Register and bit names are unique within one module instance.
For more details on applied use and code examples for peripherals and modules, refer to the Atmel AVR XMEGA
specific application notes available from http://www.atmel.com/avr.
1.1 Reading the Manual
The main sections describe the various modules and peripherals. Each section contains a short feature list and overview
describing the module. The remaining section describes the features and functions in more detail.
The register description sections list all registers and describe each register, bit and flag with their function. This includes
details on how to set up and enable various features in the module. When multiple bits are needed for a configuration
setting, these are grouped together in a bit group. The possible bit group configurations are listed for all bit groups
together with their associated Group Configuration and a short description. The Group Configuration refers to the defined
configuration name used in the Atmel AVR XMEGA assembler header files and application note source code.
The register summary sections list the internal register map for each module type.
The interrupt vector summary sections list the interrupt vectors and offset address for each module type.
1.2 Resources
A comprehensive set of development tools, application notes, and datasheets are available for download from
http://www.atmel.com/avr.
1.3 Recommended Reading
Atmel AVR XMEGA AU device datasheets
XMEGA application notes
This manual contains general modules and peripheral descriptions. The AVR XMEGA AU device datasheets con-
tains the device-specific information. The XMEGA application notes and AVR Software Framework contain exam-
ple code and show applied use of the modules and peripherals.
For new users, it is recommended to read the AVR1000 - Getting Started Writing C Code for Atmel XMEGA, and
AVR1900 - Getting Started with Atmel ATxmega128A1 application notes.
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2. Overview
The AVR XMEGA AU microcontrollers is a family of low-power, high-performance, and peripheral-rich CMOS 8/16-bit
microcontrollers based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock
cycle, the Atmel AVR XMEGA AU devices achieve throughputs approaching one million instructions per second (MIPS)
per megahertz, allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.
The AVR CPU combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All 32 registers are directly
connected to the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in a single instruction,
executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs many times
faster than conventional single-accumulator or CISC based microcontrollers.
The Atmel AVR XMEGA AU devices provide the following features: in-system programmable flash with read-while-write
capabilities; internal EEPROM and SRAM; four-channel DMA controller; eight-channel event system and programmable
multilevel interrupt controller; up to 78 general purpose I/O lines; 16- or 32-bit real-time counter (RTC); up to eight
flexible, 16-bit timer/counters with capture, compare and PWM modes; up to eight USARTs; up to four I2C and SMBUS
compatible two-wire serial interfaces (TWIs); one full-speed USB 2.0 interface; up to four serial peripheral interfaces
(SPIs); CRC module; AES and DES cryptographic engine; up to two 16-channel, 12-bit ADCs with programmable gain;
up to two 2-channel, 12-bit DACs; up to four analog comparators with window mode; programmable watchdog timer with
separate internal oscillator; accurate internal oscillators with PLL and prescaler; and programmable brown-out detection.
The program and debug interface (PDI), a fast, two-pin interface for programming and debugging, is available. Selected
devices also have an IEEE std. 1149.1 compliant JTAG interface, and this can also be used for on-chip debug and
programming.
The Atmel AVR XMEGA devices have five software selectable power saving modes. The idle mode stops the CPU while
allowing the SRAM, DMA controller, event system, interrupt controller, and all peripherals to continue functioning. The
power-down mode saves the SRAM and register contents, but stops the oscillators, disabling all other functions until the
next TWI, USB resume, or pin-change interrupt, or reset. In power-save mode, the asynchronous real-time counter
continues to run, allowing the application to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. In standby
mode, the external crystal oscillator keeps running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast startup
from the external crystal, combined with low power consumption. In extended standby mode, both the main oscillator and
the asynchronous timer continue to run. To further reduce power consumption, the peripheral clock to each individual
peripheral can optionally be stopped in active mode and idle sleep mode.
The devices are manufactured using Atmel high-density, nonvolatile memory technology. The program flash memory can
be reprogrammed in-system through the PDI or JTAG interfaces. A boot loader running in the device can use any
interface to download the application program to the flash memory. The boot loader software in the boot flash section will
continue to run while the application flash section is updated, providing true read-while-write operation. By combining an
8/16-bit RISC CPU with In-system, self-programmable flash, the Atmel AVR XMEGA is a powerful microcontroller family
that provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution for many embedded applications.
The Atmel AVR XMEGA AU devices are supported with a full suite of program and system development tools, including
C compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, programmers, and evaluation kits.
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2.1 Block Diagram
Figure 2-1. Atmel AVR XMEGA AU block diagram.
In Table 2-1 on page 5 a feature summary for the XMEGA AU family is shown, split into one feature summary column for
each sub-family. Each sub-family has identical feature set, but different memory options, refer to their device datasheet
for ordering codes and memory options.
VBAT
Power
Supervision
Battery Backup
Controller
Real Time
Counter
32.768 kHz
XOSC
Power
Supervision
POR/BOD &
RESET
PORT A (8)
PORT B (8)
EVENT ROUTING NETWORK
DMA
Controller
BUS
Matrix
SRAM
EBI
ADCA
DACA
ACA
DACB
ADCB
ACB
OCD
PORT K (8)
PORT J (8)
PORT H (8)
PDI
Watchdog
Timer
Watchdog
Oscillator
Interrupt
Controller
DATA BUS
Prog/Debug
Controller
PORT R (2)
Oscillator
Circuits/
Clock
Generation
Oscillator
Control
Real Time
Counter
Event System
Controller
JTAG
Sleep
Controller
DES
CRC
IRCOM
PORT G (8)
PORT L (8)
PORT Q (8)
PORT M (8)
PORT C (8)
TCC0:1
USARTC0:1
TWIC
SPIC
PORT D (8)
TCD0:1
USARTD0:1
TWID
SPID
TCF0:1
USARTF0:1
TWIF
SPIF
TCE0:1
USARTE0:1
TWIE
SPIE
PORT E (8) PORT F (8)
USB
EVENT ROUTING NETWORK
AES
AREFA
AREFB
PORT N (8)
PORT P (8)
CPU
NVM Controller
MORPEEhsalF
DATA BUS
Int. Refs.
Tempref
Digital function
Analog function
Bus masters / Programming / Debug
Oscillator / Crystal / Clock
General Purpose I/O
EBI
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Table 2-1. XMEGA AU feature summary overview.
Feature Details / sub-family A1U A3U A3BU A4U
Pins, I/O
Total 100 64 64 44
Programmable I/O pins 78 50 47 34
Memory
Program memory (KB) 64 - 128 64 - 256 256 16 - 128
Boot memory (KB) 4 - 8 4 - 8 84 - 8
SRAM (KB) 4 - 8 4 - 16 16 2 - 8
EEPROM 22 - 4 41 -2
General purpose registers 16 16 16 16
Package
TQFP 100A 64A 64A 44A
QFN /VQFN –64M2 64M2 44M1
BGA 100C1/100C2 – – 49C2
QTouch Sense channels 56 56 56 56
DMA Controller Channels 4 4 4 4
Event System
Channels 8 8 8 8
QDEC 3 3 3 3
Crystal Oscillator
0.4 - 16MHz XOSC Yes Yes Yes Ye s
32.768 kHz TOSC Yes Yes Yes Ye s
Internal Oscillator
2MHz calibrated Yes Yes Yes Ye s
32MHz calibrated Yes Yes Yes Ye s
128MHz PLL Yes Yes Yes Ye s
32.768kHz calibrated Yes Yes Yes Yes
32kHz ULP Yes Yes Yes Yes
Timer / Counter
TC0 - 16-bit, 4 CC 4 4 4 3
TC1 - 16-bit, 2 CC 4 3 2 2
TC2 - 2x 8-bit 4 4 4 2
Hi-Res 4 4 4 3
AWeX 4 2 2 1
RTC 1 1 1
RTC32 1
Battery Backup System Yes
Serial Communication
USB full-speed device 1 1 1 1
USART 8 7 6 5
SPI 4 3 3 2
TWI 4 2 2 2
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Crypto /CRC
AES-128 Yes Yes Yes Yes
DES Yes Yes Yes Ye s
CRC-16 Yes Yes Yes Ye s
CRC-32 Yes Yes Yes Ye s
External Memory (EBI)
Chip selects 4 – – –
SRAM Yes
SDRAM Yes
Analog to Digital
Converter (ADC)
2 2 2 1
Resolution (bits) 12 12 12 12
Sampling speed (kbps) 2000 2000 2000 2000
Input channels per ADC 16 16 16 12
Conversion channels 4 4 4 4
Digital to Analog
Converter (DAC)
2 1 1 1
Resolution (bits) 12 12 12 12
Sampling speed (kbps) 1000 1000 1000 1000
Output channels per DAC 2 2 2 2
Analog Comparator (AC) 4 4 4 2
Program and Debug
Interface
PDI Yes Yes Yes Ye s
JTAG Yes Yes Yes
Boundary scan Yes Yes Yes
Feature Details / sub-family A1U A3U A3BU A4U
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3. AVR CPU
3.1 Features
8/16-bit, high-performance Atmel AVR RISC CPU
142 instructions
Hardware multiplier
32x8-bit registers directly connected to the ALU
Stack in RAM
Stack pointer accessible in I/O memory space
Direct addressing of up to 16MB of program memory and 16MB of data memory
True 16/24-bit access to 16/24-bit I/O registers
Efficient support for 8-, 16-, and 32-bit arithmetic
Configuration change protection of system-critical features
3.2 Overview
All Atmel AVR XMEGA devices use the 8/16-bit AVR CPU. The main function of the CPU is to execute the code and
perform all calculations. The CPU is able to access memories, perform calculations, control peripherals, and execute the
program in the flash memory. Interrupt handling is described in a separate section, “Interrupts and Programmable
Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131.
3.3 Architectural Overview
In order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR CPU uses a Harvard architecture with separate memories
and buses for program and data. Instructions in the program memory are executed with single-level pipelining. While one
instruction is being executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory. This enables instructions to
be executed on every clock cycle. For a summary of all AVR instructions, refer to “Instruction Set Summary” on page
429. For details of all AVR instructions, refer to http://www.atmel.com/avr.
Figure 3-1. Block diagram of the AVR CPU architectu re.
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The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) supports arithmetic and logic operations between registers or between a constant and a
register. Single-register operations can also be executed in the ALU. After an arithmetic operation, the status register is
updated to reflect information about the result of the operation.
The ALU is directly connected to the fast-access register file. The 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers all have
single clock cycle access time allowing single-cycle arithmetic logic unit operation between registers or between a
register and an immediate. Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit address pointers for program and data
space addressing, enabling efficient address calculations.
The memory spaces are linear. The data memory space and the program memory space are two different memory
spaces.
The data memory space is divided into I/O registers, SRAM, and external RAM. In addition, the EEPROM can be
memory mapped in the data memory.
All I/O status and control registers reside in the lowest 4KB addresses of the data memory. This is referred to as the I/O
memory space. The lowest 64 addresses can be accessed directly, or as the data space locations from 0x00 to 0x3F.
The rest is the extended I/O memory space, ranging from 0x0040 to 0x0FFF. I/O registers here must be accessed as
data space locations using load (LD/LDS/LDD) and store (ST/STS/STD) instructions.
The SRAM holds data. Code execution from SRAM is not supported. It can easily be accessed through the five different
addressing modes supported in the AVR architecture. The first SRAM address is 0x2000.
Data addresses 0x1000 to 0x1FFF are reserved for memory mapping of EEPROM.
The program memory is divided in two sections, the application program section and the boot program section. Both
sections have dedicated lock bits for write and read/write protection. The SPM instruction that is used for self-
programming of the application flash memory must reside in the boot program section. The application section contains
an application table section with separate lock bits for write and read/write protection. The application table section can
be used for save storing of nonvolatile data in the program memory.
3.4 ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit
The arithmetic logic unit supports arithmetic and logic operations between registers or between a constant and a register.
Single-register operations can also be executed. The ALU operates in direct connection with all 32 general purpose
registers. In a single clock cycle, arithmetic operations between general purpose registers or between a register and an
immediate are executed and the result is stored in the register file. After an arithmetic or logic operation, the status
register is updated to reflect information about the result of the operation.
ALU operations are divided into three main categories – arithmetic, logical, and bit functions. Both 8- and 16-bit
arithmetic is supported, and the instruction set allows for efficient implementation of 32-bit arithmetic. The hardware
multiplier supports signed and unsigned multiplication and fractional format.
3.4.1 Hardware Multiplier
The multiplier is capable of multiplying two 8-bit numbers into a 16-bit result. The hardware multiplier supports different
variations of signed and unsigned integer and fractional numbers:
Multiplication of unsigned integers
Multiplication of signed integers
Multiplication of a signed integer with an unsigned integer
Multiplication of unsigned fractional numbers
Multiplication of signed fractional numbers
Multiplication of a signed fractional number with an unsigned one
A multiplication takes two CPU clock cycles.
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3.5 Program Flow
After reset, the CPU starts to execute instructions from the lowest address in the flash program memory ‘0.’ The program
counter (PC) addresses the next instruction to be fetched.
Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional jump and call instructions capable of addressing the whole
address space directly. Most AVR instructions use a 16-bit word format, while a limited number use a 32-bit format.
During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address PC is stored on the stack. The stack is allocated in the general
data SRAM, and consequently the stack size is only limited by the total SRAM size and the usage of the SRAM. After
reset, the stack pointer (SP) points to the highest address in the internal SRAM. The SP is read/write accessible in the
I/O memory space, enabling easy implementation of multiple stacks or stack areas. The data SRAM can easily be
accessed through the five different addressing modes supported in the AVR CPU.
3.6 Instruction Execution Timing
The AVR CPU is clocked by the CPU clock, clkCPU. No internal clock division is used. Figure 3-2 on page 9 shows the
parallel instruction fetches and instruction executions enabled by the Harvard architecture and the fast-access register
file concept. This is the basic pipelining concept used to obtain up to 1MIPS/MHz performance with high power efficiency.
Figure 3-2. The parallel instruction fetches and instruction executions.
Figure 3-3 on page 9 shows the internal timing concept for the register file. In a single clock cycle, an ALU operation
using two register operands is executed and the result is stored back to the destination register.
Figure 3-3. Single Cycle ALU Operation.
clk
1st Instruction Fetch
1st Instruction Execute
2nd Instruction Fetch
2nd Instruction Execute
3rd Instruction Fetch
3rd Instruction Execute
4th Instruction Fetch
T1 T2 T3 T4
CPU
Total Execution Time
Register Operands Fetch
ALU Operation Execute
Result Write Back
T1 T2 T3 T4
clkCPU
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3.7 Status Register
The status register (SREG) contains information about the result of the most recently executed arithmetic or logic
instruction. This information can be used for altering program flow in order to perform conditional operations. Note that
the status register is updated after all ALU operations, as specified in the “Instruction Set Summary” on page 429. This
will in many cases remove the need for using the dedicated compare instructions, resulting in faster and more compact
code.
The status register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine nor restored when returning from an
interrupt. This must be handled by software.
The status register is accessible in the I/O memory space.
3.8 Stack and Stack Pointer
The stack is used for storing return addresses after interrupts and subroutine calls. It can also be used for storing
temporary data. The stack pointer (SP) register always points to the top of the stack. It is implemented as two 8-bit
registers that are accessible in the I/O memory space. Data are pushed and popped from the stack using the PUSH and
POP instructions. The stack grows from a higher memory location to a lower memory location. This implies that pushing
data onto the stack decreases the SP, and popping data off the stack increases the SP. The SP is automatically loaded
after reset, and the initial value is the highest address of the internal SRAM. If the SP is changed, it must be set to point
above address 0x2000, and it must be defined before any subroutine calls are executed or before interrupts are enabled.
During interrupts or subroutine calls, the return address is automatically pushed on the stack. The return address can be
two or three bytes, depending on program memory size of the device. For devices with 128KB or less of program
memory, the return address is two bytes, and hence the stack pointer is decremented/incremented by two. For devices
with more than 128KB of program memory, the return address is three bytes, and hence the SP is
decremented/incremented by three. The return address is popped off the stack when returning from interrupts using the
RETI instruction, and from subroutine calls using the RET instruction.
The SP is decremented by one when data are pushed on the stack with the PUSH instruction, and incremented by one
when data is popped off the stack using the POP instruction.
To prevent corruption when updating the stack pointer from software, a write to SPL will automatically disable interrupts
for up to four instructions or until the next I/O memory write.
3.9 Register File
The register file consists of 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers with single clock cycle access time. The register
file supports the following input/output schemes:
One 8-bit output operand and one 8-bit result input
Two 8-bit output operands and one 8-bit result input
Two 8-bit output operands and one 16-bit result input
One 16-bit output operand and one 16-bit result input
Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit address register pointers for data space addressing, enabling efficient
address calculations. One of these address pointers can also be used as an address pointer for lookup tables in flash
program memory.
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Figure 3-4. AVR CPU general purpose wo rking registers.
The register file is located in a separate address space, and so the registers are not accessible as data memory.
3.9.1 The X -, Y-, and Z- Registers
Registers R26..R31 have added functions besides their general-purpose usage.
These registers can form 16-bit address pointers for addressing data memory. These three address registers are called
the X-register, Y-register, and Z-register. The Z-register can also be used as an address pointer to read from and/or write
to the flash program memory, signature rows, fuses, and lock bits.
Figure 3-5. The X-, Y- and Z-regis te r s.
The lowest register address holds the least-significant byte (LSB), and the highest register address holds the most-
significant byte (MSB). In the different addressing modes, these address registers function as fixed displacement,
automatic increment, and automatic decrement (see “Instruction Set Summary” on page 429 for details).
7 0 Addr.
R0 0x00
R1 0x01
R2 0x02
…
R13 0x0D
General R14 0x0E
Purpose R15 0x0F
Working R16 0x10
Registers R17 0x11
…
R26 0x1A X-register Low Byte
R27 0x1B X-register High Byte
R28 0x1C Y-register Low Byte
R29 0x1D Y-register High Byte
R30 0x1E Z-register Low Byte
R31 0x1F Z-register High Byte
Bit (individually) 7 R27 07 R26 0
X-register XH XL
Bit (X-register) 15 8 7 0
Bit (individually) 7 R29 07 R28 0
Y-register YH YL
Bit (Y-register) 15 8 7 0
Bit (individually) 7 R31 07 R30 0
Z-register ZH ZL
Bit (Z-register) 15 8 7 0
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3.10 RAMP and Extended Indirect Registers
In order to access program memory or data memory above 64KB, the address pointer must be larger than 16 bits. This is
done by concatenating one register to one of the X-, Y-, or Z-registers. This register then holds the most-significant byte
(MSB) in a 24-bit address or address pointer.
These registers are available only on devices with external bus interface and/or more than 64KB of program or data
memory space. For these devices, only the number of bits required to address the whole program and data memory
space in the device is implemented in the registers.
3.10.1 RAMPX, RAMPY and RAMPZ Registers
The RAMPX, RAMPY and RAMPZ registers are concatenated with the X-, Y-, and Z-registers, respectively, to enable
indirect addressing of the whole data memory space above 64KB and up to 16MB.
Figure 3-6. The combined RAMPX + X, RAMPY + Y and RAMPZ + Z registers.
When reading (ELPM) and writing (SPM) program memory locations above the first 128KB of the program memory,
RAMPZ is concatenated with the Z-register to form the 24-bit address. LPM is not affected by the RAMPZ setting.
3.10.2 RAMPD Register
This register is concatenated with the operand to enable direct addressing of the whole data memory space above 64KB.
Together, RAMPD and the operand will form a 24-bit address.
Figure 3-7. The combined RAMPD + K regi ster.
3.10.3 EIND - Extended Indirect Register
EIND is concatenated with the Z-register to enable indirect jump and call to locations above the first 128KB (64K words)
of the program memory.
Figure 3-8. The combined EIND + Z register.
Bit (Individually) 7 0 7 0 7 0
RAMPX XH XL
Bit (X-pointer) 23 16 15 8 7 0
Bit (Individually) 7 0 7 0 7 0
RAMPY YH YL
Bit (Y-pointer) 23 16 15 8 7 0
Bit (Individually) 7 0 7 0 7 0
RAMPZ ZH ZL
Bit (Z-pointer) 23 16 15 8 7 0
Bit (Individually) 7 0 15 0
RAMPD K
Bit (D-pointer) 23 16 15 0
Bit (Individually) 7 0 7 0 7 0
EIND ZH ZL
Bit (D-pointer) 23 16 15 8 7 0
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3.11 Accessing 16-bit Registers
The AVR data bus is 8 bits wide, and so accessing 16-bit registers requires atomic operations. These registers must be
byte-accessed using two read or write operations. 16-bit registers are connected to the 8-bit bus and a temporary register
using a 16-bit bus.
For a write operation, the low byte of the 16-bit register must be written before the high byte. The low byte is then written
into the temporary register. When the high byte of the 16-bit register is written, the temporary register is copied into the
low byte of the 16-bit register in the same clock cycle.
For a read operation, the low byte of the 16-bit register must be read before the high byte. When the low byte register is
read by the CPU, the high byte of the 16-bit register is copied into the temporary register in the same clock cycle as the
low byte is read. When the high byte is read, it is then read from the temporary register.
This ensures that the low and high bytes of 16-bit registers are always accessed simultaneously when reading or writing
the register.
Interrupts can corrupt the timed sequence if an interrupt is triggered and accesses the same 16-bit register during an
atomic 16-bit read/write operation. To prevent this, interrupts can be disabled when writing or reading 16-bit registers.
The temporary registers can also be read and written directly from user software.
3.11.1 Accessing 24- and 32-bit Registers
For 24- and 32-bit registers, the read and write access is done in the same way as described for 16-bit registers, except
there are two temporary registers for 24-bit registers and three for 32-bit registers. The least-significant byte must be
written first when doing a write, and read first when doing a read.
3.12 Configuration Change Protection
System critical I/O register settings are protected from accidental modification. The SPM instruction is protected from
accidental execution, and the LPM instruction is protected when reading the fuses and signature row. This is handled
globally by the configuration change protection (CCP) register. Changes to the protected I/O registers or bits, or
execution of protected instructions, are only possible after the CPU writes a signature to the CCP register. The different
signatures are described in the register description.
There are two modes of operation: one for protected I/O registers, and one for the protected instructions, SPM/LPM.
3.12.1 Seque n ce for writ e ope r at ion to protected I/O registers
1. The application code writes the signature that enable change of protected I/O registers to the CCP register.
2. Within four instruction cycles, the application code must write the appropriate data to the protected register. Most
protected registers also contain a write enable/change enable bit. This bit must be written to one in the same oper-
ation as the data are written. The protected change is immediately disabled if the CPU performs write operations to
the I/O register or data memory or if the SPM, LPM, or SLEEP instruction is executed.
3.12.2 Sequence for execution of protected SPM/LPM
1. The application code writes the signature for the execution of protected SPM/LPM to the CCP register.
2. Within four instruction cycles, the application code must execute the appropriate instruction. The protected change
is immediately disabled if the CPU performs write operations to the data memory or if the SLEEP instruction is
executed.
Once the correct signature is written by the CPU, interrupts will be ignored for the duration of the configuration change
enable period. Any interrupt request (including non-maskable interrupts) during the CCP period will set the
corresponding interrupt flag as normal, and the request is kept pending. After the CCP period is completed, any pending
interrupts are executed according to their level and priority. DMA requests are still handled, but do not influence the
protected configuration change enable period. A signature written by DMA is ignored.
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3.13 Fuse Lock
For some system-critical features, it is possible to program a fuse to disable all changes to the associated I/O control
registers. If this is done, it will not be possible to change the registers from the user software, and the fuse can only be
reprogrammed using an external programmer. Details on this are described in the datasheet module where this feature is
available.
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3.14 Register Descriptions
3.14.1 CCP – Configuration Change Protection register
Bit 7:0 – CCP[7:0]: Configuration Change Protection
The CCP register must be written with the correct signature to enable change of the protected I/O register or exe-
cution of the protected instruction for a maximum period of four CPU instruction cycles. All interrupts are ignored
during these cycles. After these cycles, interrupts will automatically be handled again by the CPU, and any pend-
ing interrupts will be executed according to their level and priority. When the protected I/O register signature is
written, CCP[0] will read as one as long as the protected feature is enabled. Similarly when the protected
SPM/LPM signature is written, CCP[1] will read as one as long as the protected feature is enabled. CCP[7:2] will
always read as zero. Table 3-1 on page 15 shows the signature for the various modes.
Table 3-1. Modes of CPU change protection.
3.14.2 RAMPD – Extended Direct Addressing register
This register is concatenated with the operand for direct addressing (LDS/STS) of the whole data memory space on
devices with more than 64KB of data memory. This register is not available if the data memory, including external
memory, is less than 64KB.
Bit 7:0 – RAMPD[7:0]: Extended Direct Addressing Bits
These bits hold the MSB of the 24-bit address created by RAMPD and the 16-bit operand. Only the number of bits
required to address the available data memory is implemented for each device. Unused bits will always read as
zero.
3.14.3 RAMPX – Extended X-Pointer register
This register is concatenated with the X-register for indirect addressing (LD/LDD/ST/STD) of the whole data memory
space on devices with more than 64KB of data memory. This register is not available if the data memory, including
external memory, is less than 64KB.
Bit 76543210
+0x04 CCP[7:0]
Read/Write W W W W W W R/W R/W
Initial Value 00000000
Signature Group configu ration Description
0x9D SPM Protected SPM/LPM
0xD8 IOREG Protected IO register
Bit 76543210
+0x08 RAMPD[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial value 00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x09 RAMPX[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial value 00000000
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Bit 7:0 – RAMPX[7:0]: Extended X-pointer Address Bits
These bits hold the MSB of the 24-bit address created by RAMPX and the 16-bit X-register. Only the number of
bits required to address the available data memory is implemented for each device. Unused bits will always read
as zero.
3.14.4 RAMPY – Extended Y-Pointer register
This register is concatenated with the Y-register for indirect addressing (LD/LDD/ST/STD) of the whole data memory
space on devices with more than 64KB of data memory. This register is not available if the data memory, including
external memory, is less than 64KB.
Bit 7:0 – RAMPY[7:0]: Extended Y-pointer Address Bits
These bits hold the MSB of the 24-bit address created by RAMPY and the 16-bit Y-register. Only the number of
bits required to address the available data memory is implemented for each device. Unused bits will always read
as zero.
3.14.5 RAMPZ – Extended Z-Pointer register
This register is concatenated with the Z-register for indirect addressing (LD/LDD/ST/STD) of the whole data memory
space on devices with more than 64KB of data memory. RAMPZ is concatenated with the Z-register when reading
(ELPM) program memory locations above the first 64KB and writing (SPM) program memory locations above the first
128KB of the program memory.
This register is not available if the data memory, including external memory and program memory in the device, is less
than 64KB.
Bit 7:0 – RAMPZ[7:0]: Extended Z-pointer Address Bits
These bits hold the MSB of the 24-bit address created by RAMPZ and the 16-bit Z-register. Only the number of
bits required to address the available data and program memory is implemented for each device. Unused bits will
always read as zero.
3.14.6 EIND – Extended Indirect register
This register is concatenated with the Z-register for enabling extended indirect jump (EIJMP) and call (EICALL) to the
whole program memory space on devices with more than 128KB of program memory. The register should be used for
jumps to addresses below 128KB if ECALL/EIJMP are used, and it will not be used if CALL and IJMP commands are
used. For jump or call to addresses below 128KB, this register is not used. This register is not available if the program
memory in the device is less than 128KB.
Bit 76543210
+0x0A RAMPY[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial value 00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x0B RAMPZ[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial value 00000000
Bit76543210
+0x0C EIND[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial value 00000000
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Bit 7:0 – EIND[7:0]: Extended Indirect Address Bits
These bits hold the MSB of the 24-bit address created by EIND and the 16-bit Z-register. Only the number of bits
required to access the available program memory is implemented for each device. Unused bits will always read as
zero.
3.14.7 SPL – Stack Pointer register Low
The SPH and SPL stack pointer pair represent the 16-bit SP value. The SP holds the stack pointer that points to the top
of the stack. After reset, the stack pointer points to the highest internal SRAM address. To prevent corruption when
updating the stack pointer from software, a write to SPL will automatically disable interrupts for the next four instructions
or until the next I/O memory write.
Only the number of bits required to address the available data memory, including external memory, up to 64KB is
implemented for each device. Unused bits will always read as zero.
Note: 1. Refer to specific device datasheets for exact size.
Bit 7:0 – SP[7:0]: Stack Pointer Low Byte
These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit stack pointer (SP).
3.14.8 SPH – Stack Pointer register High
Note: 1. Refer to specific device datasheets for the exact size.
Bit 7:0 – SP[15:8]: Stack Pointer High Byte
These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit stack pointer (SP).
3.14.9 SREG – Status register
The status register (SREG) contains information about the result of the most recently executed arithmetic or logic
instruction. For details information about the bits in this register and how they are affected by the different instructions
see “Instruction Set Summary” on page 429.
Bit 7 – I: Global Interrupt Enable
The global interrupt enable bit must be set for interrupts to be enabled. If the global interrupt enable register is
cleared, none of the interrupts are enabled independent of the individual interrupt enable settings. This bit is not
cleared by hardware after an interrupt has occurred. This bit can be set and cleared by the application with the SEI
and CLI instructions, as described in “Instruction Set Summary” on page 429. Changing the I flag through the I/O-
register result in a one-cycle wait state on the access.
Bit 76543210
+0x0D SP[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value(1) 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1
Bit 76543210
+0x0E SP[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial value(1) 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1
Bit 76543210
+0x0F ITHSVNZC
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial value 00000000
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Bit 6 – T: Bit Copy Storage
The bit copy instructions bit load (BLD) and bit store (BST) use the T bit as source or destination for the operated
bit. A bit from a register in the register file can be copied into this bit by the BST instruction, and this bit can be cop-
ied into a bit in a register in the register file by the BLD instruction.
Bit 5 – H: Half Carry Flag
The half carry flag (H) indicates a half carry in some arithmetic operations. Half carry is useful in BCD arithmetic.
Bit 4 – S: Sign Bit, S = N V
The sign bit is always an exclusive or between the negative flag, N, and the two’s complement overflow flag, V.
Bit 3 – V: Two’s Complement Overflow Flag
The two’s complement overflow flag (V) supports two’s complement arithmetic.
Bit 2 – N: Negative Flag
The negative flag (N) indicates a negative result in an arithmetic or logic operation.
Bit 1 – Z: Zero Flag
The zero flag (Z) indicates a zero result in an arithmetic or logic operation.
Bit 0 – C: Carry Flag
The carry flag (C) indicates a carry in an arithmetic or logic operation.
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3.15 Register Summary
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 Reserved ––––––––
+0x01 Reserved ––––––––
+0x02 Reserved ––––––––
+0x03 Reserved ––––––––
+0x04 CCP CCP[7:0] 15
+0x05 Reserved ––––––––
+0x06 Reserved ––––––––
+0x07 Reserved ––––––––
+0x08 RAMPD RAMPD[7:0] 15
+0x09 RAMPX RAMPX[7:0] 15
+0x0A RAMPY RAMPY[7:0] 16
+0x0B RAMPZ RAMPZ[7:0] 16
+0x0C EIND EIND[7:0] 16
+0x0D SPL SPL[7:0] 17
+0x0E SPH SPH[7:0] 17
+0x0F SREG I T H S V N Z C 17
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4. Memories
4.1 Features
Flash program memory
One linear address space
In-system programmable
Self-programming and boot loader support
Application section for application code
Application table section for application code or data storage
Boot section for application code or bootloader code
Separate read/write protection lock bits for all sections
Built in fast CRC check of a selectable flash program memory section
Data memory
One linear address space
Single-cycle access from CPU
SRAM
EEPROM
Byte and page accessible
Optional memory mapping for direct load and store
I/O memory
Configuration and status registers for all peripherals and modules
16 bit-accessible general purpose registers for global variables or flags
External memory support
SRAM
SDRAM
Memory mapped external hardware
Bus arbitration
Deterministic handling of priority between CPU, DMA controller, and other bus masters
Separate buses for SRAM, EEPROM, I/O memory, and external memory access
Simultaneous bus access for CPU and DMA controller
Production signature row memory for factory programmed data
ID for each microcontroller device type
Serial number for each device
Calibration bytes for factory calibrated peripherals
User signature row
One flash page in size
Can be read and written from software
Content is kept after chip erase
4.2 Overview
This section describes the different memory sections. The AVR architecture has two main memory spaces, the program
memory and the data memory. Executable code can reside only in the program memory, while data can be stored in the
program memory and the data memory. The data memory includes the internal SRAM, and EEPROM for nonvolatile
data storage. All memory spaces are linear and require no memory bank switching. Nonvolatile memory (NVM) spaces
can be locked for further write and read/write operations. This prevents unrestricted access to the application software.
A separate memory section contains the fuse bytes. These are used for configuring important system functions, and can
only be written by an external programmer.
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4.3 Flash Program Memory
All XMEGA devices contain on-chip, in-system reprogrammable flash memory for program storage. The flash memory
can be accessed for read and write from an external programmer through the PDI or from application software running in
the device.
All AVR CPU instructions are 16 or 32 bits wide, and each flash location is 16 bits wide. The flash memory is organized
in two main sections, the application section and the boot loader section, as shown in Figure 4-1 on page 21. The sizes
of the different sections are fixed, but device-dependent. These two sections have separate lock bits, and can have
different levels of protection. The store program memory (SPM) instruction, used to write to the flash from the application
software, will only operate when executed from the boot loader section.
The application section contains an application table section with separate lock settings. This enables safe storage of
nonvolatile data in the program memory.
Figure 4-1. Flash memory sections.
4.3.1 Application Section
The Application section is the section of the flash that is used for storing the executable application code. The protection
level for the application section can be selected by the boot lock bits for this section. The application section can not store
any boot loader code since the SPM instruction cannot be executed from the application section.
4.3.2 Application Table Section
The application table section is a part of the application section of the flash memory that can be used for storing data.
The size is identical to the boot loader section. The protection level for the application table section can be selected by
the boot lock bits for this section. The possibilities for different protection levels on the application section and the
application table section enable safe parameter storage in the program memory. If this section is not used for data,
application code can reside here.
Application Flash
Section
0x000000
End Application
Start Boot Loader
Flashend
Application Table
Flash Section
Boot Loader Flash
Section
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4.3.3 Boot Loader Section
While the application section is used for storing the application code, the boot loader software must be located in the boot
loader section because the SPM instruction can initiate programming when executing from this section. The SPM
instruction can access the entire flash, including the boot loader section itself. The protection level for the boot loader
section can be selected by the boot loader lock bits. If this section is not used for boot loader software, application code
can be stored here.
4.3.4 Production Signature Row
The production signature row is a separate memory section for factory programmed data. It contains calibration data for
functions such as oscillators and analog modules. Some of the calibration values will be automatically loaded to the
corresponding module or peripheral unit during reset. Other values must be loaded from the signature row and written to
the corresponding peripheral registers from software. For details on calibration conditions such as temperature, voltage
references, etc., refer to the device datasheet.
The production signature row also contains an ID that identifies each microcontroller device type and a serial number for
each manufactured device. The serial number consists of the production lot number, wafer number, and wafer
coordinates for the device.
The production signature row cannot be written or erased, but it can be read from application software and external
programmers.
4.3.5 User Signature Row
The user signature row is a separate memory section that is fully accessible (read and write) from application software
and external programmers. It is one flash page in size, and is meant for static user parameter storage, such as calibration
data, custom serial number, identification numbers, random number seeds, etc. This section is not erased by chip erase
commands that erase the flash, and requires a dedicated erase command. This ensures parameter storage during
multiple program/erase operations and on-chip debug sessions.
4.4 Fuses and Lockbit s
The fuses are used to configure important system functions, and can only be written from an external programmer. The
application software can read the fuses. The fuses are used to configure reset sources such as brownout detector and
watchdog, startup configuration, JTAG enable, and JTAG user ID.
The lock bits are used to set protection levels for the different flash sections (i.e., if read and/or write access should be
blocked). Lock bits can be written by external programmers and application software, but only to stricter protection levels.
Chip erase is the only way to erase the lock bits. To ensure that flash contents are protected even during chip erase, the
lock bits are erased after the rest of the flash memory has been erased.
An unprogrammed fuse or lock bit will have the value one, while a programmed fuse or lock bit will have the value zero.
Both fuses and lock bits are reprogrammable like the flash program memory.
4.5 Data Memory
The data memory contains the I/O memory, internal SRAM, optionally memory mapped EEPROM, and external memory,
if available. The data memory is organized as one continuous memory section, as shown in Figure 4-2 on page 23.
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Figure 4-2. Data memory map.
I/O memory, EEPROM, and SRAM will always have the same start addresses for all XMEGA devices. The address
space for external memory will always start at the end of internal SRAM and end at address 0xFFFFFF.
4.6 Internal SRAM
The internal SRAM always starts at hexadecimal address 0x2000. SRAM is accessed by the CPU using the load
(LD/LDS/LDD) and store (ST/STS/STD) instructions.
4.7 EEPROM
All XMEGA devices have EEPROM for nonvolatile data storage. It is addressable in a separate data space (default) or
memory mapped and accessed in normal data space. The EEPROM supports both byte and page access. Memory
mapped EEPROM allows highly efficient EEPROM reading and EEPROM buffer loading. When doing this, EEPROM is
accessible using load and store instructions. Memory mapped EEPROM will always start at hexadecimal address
0x1000. However, flushing the buffer and erasing and writing pages must still be done through the NVM controller as for
I/O-mapped access.
4.8 I/O Memory
The status and configuration registers for peripherals and modules, including the CPU, are addressable through I/O
memory locations. All I/O locations can be accessed by the load (LD/LDS/LDD) and store (ST/STS/STD) instructions,
which are used to transfer data between the 32 registers in the register file and the I/O memory. The IN and OUT
instructions can address I/O memory locations in the range of 0x00 to 0x3F directly. In the address range 0x00 - 0x1F,
single-cycle instructions for manipulation and checking of individual bits are available.
I/O Memory
(Up to 4 KB)
EEPROM
(Up to 4 KB)
Internal SRAM
External Memory
(0 to 16 MB)
0x000000
0x001000
0xFFFFFF
0x002000
Start/End
Address Data Memory
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4.8.1 General Purpose I/O Registers
The lowest 16 I/O memory addresses are reserved as general purpose I/O registers. These registers can be used for
storing global variables and flags, as they are directly bit-accessible using the SBI, CBI, SBIS, and SBIC instructions.
4.9 External Memory
Up to four ports are dedicated to external memory, supporting external SRAM, SDRAM, and memory mapped
peripherals such as LCD displays. For details, refer to “EBI – External Bus Interface” on page 319. The external memory
address space will always start at the end of internal SRAM.
4.10 Data Memory and Bus Arbitration
Since the data memory is organized as four separate sets of memories, the different bus masters (CPU, DMA controller
read and DMA controller write, etc.) can access different memory sections at the same time. See Figure 4-3 on page 24.
The USB module acts as a bus master, and is connected directly to internal SRAM through a pseudo-dual-port (PDP)
interface.
Figure 4-3. Bus access.
4.10.1 Bus Priority
When several masters request access to the same bus, the bus priority is in the following order (from higher to lower
priority):
1. Bus Master with ongoing access.
2. Bus Master with ongoing burst.
1. Alternating DMA controller read and DMA controller write when they access the same data memory section.
3. Bus Master requesting burst access.
1. CPU has priority.
4. Bus Master requesting bus access.
1. CPU has priority.
Peripherals and system modules
Bus matrix
CPUDMA
RAM
DAC
OCD
USART
SPI
Timer /
Counter
TWI
USB
Interrupt
Controller
Power
Management
SRAM
External
Programming
External
Memory
EBI
PDIAVR core
CH0
ADC
AC
Crypto
modules
Event System
Controller
Oscillator
Control
CH1
CH2 CH3
Non-Volatile
Memory
EEPROM
Flash CRC
Real Time
Counter
I/O
NVM
Controller
Battery
Backup
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4.11 Memory Timing
Read and write access to the I/O memory takes one CPU clock cycle. A write to SRAM takes one cycle, and a read from
SRAM takes two cycles. For burst read (DMA), new data are available every cycle. EEPROM page load (write) takes one
cycle, and three cycles are required for read. For burst read, new data are available every second cycle. External
memory has multi-cycle read and write. The number of cycles depends on the type of memory and configuration of the
external bus interface. Refer to the instruction summary for more details on instructions and instruction timing.
4.12 Device ID and Revision
Each device has a three-byte device ID. This ID identifies Atmel as the manufacturer of the device and the device type. A
separate register contains the revision number of the device.
4.13 JTAG Disable
It is possible to disable the JTAG interface from the application software. This will prevent all external JTAG access to the
device until the next device reset or until JTAG is enabled again from the application software. As long as JTAG is
disabled, the I/O pins required for JTAG can be used as normal I/O pins.
4.14 I/O Memory Protection
Some features in the device are regarded as critical for safety in some applications. Due to this, it is possible to lock the
I/O register related to the clock system, the event system, and the advanced waveform extensions. As long as the lock is
enabled, all related I/O registers are locked and they can not be written from the application software. The lock registers
themselves are protected by the configuration change protection mechanism. For details, refer to “Configuration Change
Protection” on page 13.
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4.15 Register Description – NVM Controller
4.15.1 ADDR0 – Address register 0
The ADDR0, ADDR1, and ADDR2 registers represent the 24-bit value, ADDR. This is used for addressing all NVM
sections for read, write, and CRC operations.
Bit 7:0 – ADDR[7:0]: Address Byte 0
This register gives the address low byte when accessing NVM locations.
4.15.2 ADDR1 – Address register 1
Bit 7:0 – ADDR[15:8]: Address Byte 1
This register gives the address high byte when accessing NVM locations.
4.15.3 ADDR2 – Address register 2
Bit 7:0 – ADDR[23:16]: Address Byte 2
This register gives the address extended byte when accessing NVM locations.
4.15.4 DATA0 – Data register 0
The DATA0, DATA1, and DATA registers represent the 24-bit value, DATA. This holds data during NVM read, write, and
CRC access.
Bit 7:0 – DATA[7:0]: Data Byte 0
This register gives the data value byte 0 when accessing NVM locations.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 ADDR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Bit 76543210
+0x01 ADDR[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x02 ADDR[23:16]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x04 DATA[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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4.15.5 DATA1 – Data register 1
Bit 7:0 – DATA[15:8]: Data Byte 1
This register gives the data value byte 1 when accessing NVM locations.
4.15.6 DATA2 – Data register 2
Bit 7:0 – DATA[23:16]: Data Byte 2
This register gives the data value byte 2 when accessing NVM locations.
4.15.7 CMD – Command Register
Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 6:0 – CMD[6:0]: Command
These bits define the programming commands for the flash. Bit 6 is only set for external programming commands.
See “Memory Programming” on page 407” for programming commands.
4.15.8 CTRLA – Control register A
Bit 7:1 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 0 – CMDEX: Command Execute
Setting this bit will execute the command in the CMD register. This bit is protected by the configuration change
protection (CCP) mechanism. Refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page 13 for details on the CCP.
Bit76543210
+0x05 DATA[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x06 DATA[23:16]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x0A –CMD[6:0]
Read/Write R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x0B –––––––CMDEX
Read/Write R R R R R R R S
Initial Value00000000
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4.15.9 CTRLB – Control register B
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3 – EEMAPEN: EEPROM Data Memory Mapping Enable
Setting this bit enables data memory mapping of the EEPROM section. The EEPROM can then be accessed using
load and store instructions.
Bit 2 – FPRM: Flash Power Reduction Mode
Setting this bit enables power saving for the flash memory. If code is running from the application section, the boot
loader section will be turned off, and vice versa. If access to the section that is turned off is required, the CPU will
be halted for a time equal to the start-up time from the idle sleep mode.
Bit 1 – EPRM: EEPROM Power Reduction Mode
Setting this bit enables power saving for the EEPROM. The EEPROM will then be turned off in a manner equiva-
lent to entering sleep mode. If access is required, the bus master will be halted for a time equal to the start-up time
from idle sleep mode.
Bit 0 – SPMLOCK: SPM Locked
This bit can be written to prevent all further self-programming. The bit is cleared at reset, and cannot be cleared
from software. This bit is protected by the configuration change protection (CCP) mechanism. Refer to “Configura-
tion Change Protection” on page 13 for details on the CCP.
4.15.10 INTC TR L – In te rrup t Co n trol regi st er
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:2 – SPMLVL[1:0]: SPM Ready Interrupt Level
These bits enable the interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and Programmable Multi-
level Interrupt Controller” on page 131. This is a level interrupt that will be triggered only when the NVMBUSY flag
in the STATUS register is set to zero. Thus, the interrupt should not be enabled before triggering an NVM com-
mand, as the NVMBUSY flag will not be set before the NVM command is triggered. The interrupt should be
disabled in the interrupt handler.
Bit 1:0 – EELVL[1:0]: EEPROM Ready Interrupt Level
These bits enable the EEPROM ready interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and Pro-
grammable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. This is a level interrupt that will be triggered only when the
NVMBUSY flag in the STATUS register is set to zero. Thus, the interrupt should not be enabled before triggering
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x0C – – – – EEMAPEN FPRM EPRM SPMLOCK
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x0D – – – – SPMLVL[1:0] EELVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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an NVM command, as the NVMNVMBUSY flag will not be set before the NVM command is triggered. The interrupt
should be disabled in the interrupt handler.
4.15.11 STATUS – Status register
Bit 7 – NVMBUSY: Nonvolatile Memory Busy
The NVMBUSY flag indicates if the NVM (Flash, EEPROM, lock bit) is being programmed. Once an operation is
started, this flag is set and remains set until the operation is completed. The NVMBUSY flag is automatically
cleared when the operation is finished.
Bit 6 – FBUSY: Flash Busy
The FBUSY flag indicates if a flash programming operation is initiated. Once an operation is started, the FBUSY
flag is set and the application section cannot be accessed. The FBUSY flag is automatically cleared when the
operation is finished.
Bit 5:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1 – EELOAD: EEPROM Page Buffer Active Loading
The EELOAD flag indicates that the temporary EEPROM page buffer has been loaded with one or more data
bytes. It remains set until an EEPROM page write or a page buffer flush operation is executed. For more details,
see “Flash and EEPROM Programming Sequences” on page 409.
Bit 0 – FLOAD: Flash Page Buffer Active Loading
The FLOAD flag indicates that the temporary flash page buffer has been loaded with one or more data bytes. It
remains set until an application page write, boot page write, or page buffer flush operation is executed. For more
details, see “Flash and EEPROM Programming Sequences” on page 409.
4.15.12 LOC KBIT S – Lo c k Bit regi st er
This register is a mapping of the NVM lock bits into the I/O memory space, which enables direct read access from the
application software. Refer to “LOCKBITS – Lock Bit register” on page 33 for a description.
Bit 7 6 5432 1 0
+0x04 NVMBUSY FBUSY – – – – EELOAD FLOAD
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x07 BLBB[1:0] BLBA[1:0] BLBAT[1:0] LB[1:0]
Read/Write RRRRRRRR
Initial Value11111111
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4.16 Register Descriptions – Fuses and Lock bits
4.16.1 FUSEBYTE0 – Fuse Byte 0
Bit 7 – JTAGUID[7:0]: JTAG USER ID
These fuses can be used to set the default JTAG user ID for the device. During reset, the JTAGUID fuse bits will
be loaded into the MCU JTAG user ID register.
4.16.2 FUSEBYTE1 – Fuse Byte1
Bit 7:4 – WDWPER[3:0]: Watchdog Window Timeout Period
These fuse bits are used to set initial value of the closed window for the Watchdog Timer in Window Mode. During
reset these fuse bits are automatically written to the WPER bits Watchdog Window Mode Control Register. Refer
to “WINCTRL – Window Mode Control register” on page 128 for details.
Bit 3:0 – WDPER[3:0]: Watchdog Timeout Period
These fuse bits are used to set the initial value of the watchdog timeout period. During reset, these fuse bits are
automatically written to the PER bits in the watchdog control register. Refer to “CTRL – Control register” on page
127 for details.
4.16.3 FUSEBYTE2 – Fuse Byte2
Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to one
when this register is written.
Bit 6 – BOOTRST: Boot Loader Section Reset Vector
This fuse can be programmed so the reset vector is pointing to the first address in the boot loader flash section.
The device will then start executing from the boot loader flash section after reset.
Bit 7 6543210
+0x00 JTAGUID[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Bit 7 6543210
+0x01 WDWPER[3:0] WDPER[3:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value0 0000000
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 – BOOTRST TOSCSEL – – – BODPD[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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Table 4-1. Boot reset fuse.
Bit 5 – TOSCSEL: 32.768kHz Timer Oscillator Pin Selection
This fuse is used to select the pin location for the 32.768kHz timer oscillator (TOSC). This fuse is available only on
devices where XTAL and TOSC pins by default are shared.
Table 4-2. TOSCSEL fuse.
Note: 1. See the device datasheet for alternate TOSC position.
Bit 4:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
one when this register is written.
Bit 1:0 – BODPD[1:0]: BOD Operation in Power-down Mode
These fuse bits set the BOD operation mode in all sleep modes except idle mode.
For details on the BOD and BOD operation modes, refer to “Brownout Detection” on page 112.
Table 4-3. BOD operation modes in sleep modes.
4.16.4 FUSEBYTE4 – Fuse Byte4
Bit 7:5 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
one when this register is written.
Bit: 4 – RSTDISBL: External Reset Disable
This fuse can be programmed to disable the external reset pin functionality. When this is done, pulling the reset pin
low will not cause an external reset. A reset is required before this bit will be read correctly after it is changed.
BOOTRST Reset address
0Reset vector = Boot loader reset
1Reset vector = Application reset (address 0x0000)
TOSCSEL Group configuration Description
0 ALTERNATE(1) TOSC1/2 on separate pins
1XTAL TOSC1/2 shared with XTAL
BODPD[1:0] Description
00 Reserved
01 BOD enabled in sampled mode
10 BOD enabled continuously
11 BOD disabled
Bit 765 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 ––– RSTDISBL STARTUPTIME[1:0] WDLOCK JTAGEN
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
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Bit 3:2 – STARTUPTIME[1:0]: Start-up time
These fuse bits can be used to set at a programmable timeout period from when all reset sources are released
until the internal reset is released from the delay counter. A reset is required before these bits will be read correctly
after they are changed.
The delay is timed from the 1kHz output of the ULP oscillator. Refer to “Reset Sequence” on page 111 for details.
Table 4-4. Start-up time.
Bit 1 – WDLOCK: Watchdog Timer Lock
The WDLOCK fuse can be programmed to lock the watchdog timer configuration. When this fuse is programmed,
the watchdog timer configuration cannot be changed, and the ENABLE bit in the watchdog CTRL register is auto-
matically set at reset and cannot be cleared from the application software. The WEN bit in the watchdog WINCTRL
register is not set automatically, and needs to be set from software. A reset is required before this bit will be read
correctly after it is changed.
Table 4-5. Watchdog timer lock.
Bit 0 – JTAGEN: JTAG Enabled
This fuse controls whether or not the JTAG interface is enabled.
When the JTAG interface is disabled, all access through JTAG is prohibited, and the device can be accessed
using only the program and debug interface (PDI). The JTAGEN fuse is available only on devices with JTAG inter-
face. A reset is required before this bit will be read correctly after it is changed.
Table 4-6. JTAG Enable.
4.16.5 FUSEBYTE5 – Fuse Byte 5
STARTUPTIME[1:0] 1kHz ULP oscillator cycles
00 64
01 4
10 Reserved
11 0
WDLOCK Description
0Watchdog timer locked for modifications
1Watchdog timer not locked
JTAGEN Description
0JTAG enabled
1JTAG disabled
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x05 –– BODACT[1:0] EESAVE BODLEVEL[2:0]
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 1 1 ––– –––
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Bit 7:6 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
one when this register is written.
Bit 5:4 – BODACT[1:0]: BOD Operation in Active Mode
These fuse bits set the BOD operation mode when the device is in active and idle modes. For details on the BOD
and BOD operation modes, refer to “Brownout Detection” on page 112.
Table 4-7. BOD operation modes in active and idle modes.
Bit 3 – EESAVE: EEPROM is Preserved through the Chip Erase
A chip erase command will normally erase the flash, EEPROM, and internal SRAM. If this fuse is programmed, the
EEPROM is not erased during chip erase. This is useful if EEPROM is used to store data independently of the
software revision.
Table 4-8. EEPROM preserved through chip erase.
Changes to the EESAVE fuse bit take effect immediately after the write timeout elapses. Hence, it is possible to
update EESAVE and perform a chip erase according to the new setting of EESAVE without leaving and reentering
programming mode.
Bit 2:0 – BODLEVEL[2:0]: Brownout Detection Voltage Level
These fuse bits sets the BOD voltage level. Refer to “Reset System” on page 110 for details. For BOD level nomi-
nal values, see Table 9-2 on page 113.
4.16.6 LOC KBIT S – Lo c k Bit regi st er
Bit 7:6 – BLBB[1:0]: Boot Lock Bit Boot Loader Section
These lock bits control the software security level for accessing the boot loader section. The BLBB bits can only be
written to a more strict locking. Resetting the BLBB bits is possible only by executing a chip erase command.
BODACT[1:0] Description
00 Reserved
01 BOD enabled in sampled mode
10 BOD enabled continuously
11 BOD disabled
EESAVE Description
0EEPROM is preserved during chip erase
1EEPROM is erased during chip erase
Bit 76543210
+0x07 BLBB[1:0] BLBA[1:0] BLBAT[1:0] LB[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value11111111
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Table 4-9. Boot lock bit for the boot loader section.
Bit 5:4 – BLBA[1:0]: Boot Lock Bit Application Section
These lock bits control the software security level for accessing the application section. The BLBA bits can only be
written to a more strict locking. Resetting the BLBA bits is possible only by executing a chip erase command.
Table 4-10. Boot lock bit for the application section.
Bit 3:2 – BLBAT[1:0]: Boot Lock Bit Application Table Section
These lock bits control the software security level for accessing the application table section for software access.
The BLBAT bits can only be written to a more strict locking. Resetting the BLBAT bits is possible only by executing
a chip erase command
BLBB[1:0] Group configurat i on Description
11 NOLOCK No lock – no restrictions for SPM and (E)LPM accessing the boot loader
section.
10 WLOCK Write lock – SPM is not allowed to write the boot loader section.
01 RLOCK
Read lock – (E)LPM executing from the application section is not allowed to
read from the boot loader section.
If the interrupt vectors are placed in the application section, interrupts are
disabled while executing from the boot loader section.
00 RWLOCK
Read and write lock – SPM is not allowed to write to the boot loader section,
and (E)LPM executing from the application section is not allowed to read
from the boot loader section.
If the interrupt vectors are placed in the application section, interrupts are
disabled while executing from the boot loader section.
BLBA[1:0] Group configurat i on Description
11 NOLOCK No Lock - no restrictions for SPM and (E)LPM accessing the application
section.
10 WLOCK Write lock – SPM is not allowed to write the application section.
01 RLOCK
Read lock – (E)LPM executing from the boot loader section is not allowed to
read from the application section.
If the interrupt vectors are placed in the boot loader section, interrupts are
disabled while executing from the application section.
00 RWLOCK
Read and write lock – SPM is not allowed to write to the application section,
and (E)LPM executing from the boot loader section is not allowed to read
from the application section.
If the interrupt vectors are placed in the boot loader section, interrupts are
disabled while executing from the application section.
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Table 4-11. Boot lock bit for the application tab le section.
Bit 1:0 – LB[1:0]: Lock Bits(1)
These lock bits control the security level for the flash and EEPROM during external programming. These bits are
writable only through an external programming interface. Resetting the lock bits is possible only by executing a
chip erase command. All other access; using the TIF and OCD, is blocked if any of the Lock Bits are written to 0.
These bits do not block any software access to the memory
Table 4-12. Lock bit protection mode.
Note: 1. Program the Fuse Bits and Boot Lock Bits before programming the Lock Bits.
BLBAT[1:0] Group configura tion Description
11 NOLOCK No lock – no restrictions for SPM and (E)LPM accessing the application
table section.
10 WLOCK Write lock – SPM is not allowed to write the application table
01 RLOCK
Read lock – (E)LPM executing from the boot loader section is not allowed to
read from the application table section.
If the interrupt vectors are placed in the boot loader section, interrupts are
disabled while executing from the application section.
00 RWLOCK
Read and write lock – SPM is not allowed to write to the application table
section, and (E)LPM executing from the boot loader section is not allowed to
read from the application table section.
If the interrupt vectors are placed in the boot loader section, interrupts are
disabled while executing from the application section.
LB[1:0] Group configurat i on Description
11 NOLOCK3 No lock – no memory locks enabled.
10 WLOCK
Write lock – programming of the flash and EEPROM is disabled for the
programming interface. Fuse bits are locked for write from the programming
interface.
00 RWLOCK
Read and write lock – programming and read/verification of the flash and
EEPROM are disabled for the programming interface. The lock bits and
fuses are locked for read and write from the programming interface.
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4.17 Register Description – Production Signature Row
4.17.1 RCOSC2M – Internal 2MHz Oscillator Calibration register
Bit 7:0 – RCOSC2M[7:0]: Internal 2MHz Oscillator Calibration Value
This byte contains the oscillator calibration value for the internal 2MHz oscillator. Calibration of the oscillator is per-
formed during production testing of the device. During reset, this value is automatically loaded into calibration
register B for the 2MHz DFLL. R.Refer to “CALB – DFLL Calibration register B” on page 99 for more details.
4.17.2 RCOSC2MA – Internal 2MHz Oscillator Calibration register
Bit 7:0 – RCOSC2MA[7:0]: Internal 2MHz Oscillator Calibration Value
This byte contains the oscillator calibration value for the internal 2MHz oscillator. Calibration of the oscillator is per-
formed during production testing of the device. During reset, this value is automatically loaded into calibration
register A for the 2MHz DFLL. Refer to “CALA – DFLL Calibration Register A” on page 98 for more details.
4.17.3 RCOSC32K – Internal 32.768kHz Oscillator Calibration register
Bit 7:0 – RCOSC32K[7:0]: Internal 32.768kHz Oscillator Calibration Value
This byte contains the oscillator calibration value for the internal 32.768kHz oscillator. Calibration of the oscillator
is performed during production testing of the device. During reset, this value is automatically loaded into the cali-
bration register for the 32.768kHz oscillator. Refer to “RC32KCAL – 32kHz Oscillator Calibration register” on page
97 for more details.
4.17.4 RCOSC32M – Internal 32MHz Oscillator Calibration register
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x00 RCOSC2M[7:0]
Read/Write RRRR R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x01 RCOSC2MA[7:0]
Read/Write RRRR R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 RCOSC32K[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 RCOSC32M[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x
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Bit 7:0 – RCOSC32M[7:0]: Internal 32MHz Oscillator Calibration Value
This byte contains the oscillator calibration value for the internal 32MHz oscillator. Calibration of the oscillator is
performed during production testing of the device. During reset, this value is automatically loaded into calibration
register B for the 32MHz DFLL. R.Refer to “CALB – DFLL Calibration register B” on page 99 for more details.
4.17.5 RCOSC32MA – Internal 32MHz RC Oscillator Calibration register
Bit 7:0 – RCOSC32MA[7:0]: Internal 32MHz Oscillator Calibration Value
This byte contains the oscillator calibration value for the internal 32MHz oscillator. Calibration of the oscillator is
performed during production testing of the device. During reset, this value is automatically loaded into calibration
register A for the 32MHz DFLL. R.Refer to “CALA – DFLL Calibration Register A” on page 98 for more details.
4.17.6 LOTNUM0 – Lot Number register 0
LOTNUM0, LOTNUM1, LOTNUM2, LOTNUM3, LOTNUM4, and LOTNUM5 contain the lot number for each device.
Together with the wafer number and wafer coordinates, this gives a serial number for the device.
Bit 7:0 – LOTNUM0[7:0]: Lot Number Byte 0
This byte contains byte 0 of the lot number for the device.
4.17.7 LOTNUM1 – Lot Number register 1
Bit 7:0 – LOTNUM1[7:0]: Lot Number Byte 1
This byte contains byte 1 of the lot number for the device.
4.17.8 LOTNUM2 – Lot Number register 2
Bit 7:0 – LOTNUM2[7:0]: Lot Number Byte 2
This byte contains byte 2 of the lot number for the device.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 RCOSC32MA[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x08 LOTNUM0[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x09 LOTNUM1[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x0A LOTNUM2[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x
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4.17.9 LOTNUM3- Lot Number register 3
Bit 7:0 – LOTNUM3[7:0]: Lot Number Byte 3
This byte contains byte 3 of the lot number for the device.
4.17.10 LOTNUM4 – Lot Number register 4
Bit 7:0 – LOTNUM4[7:0]: Lot Number Byte 4
This byte contains byte 4 of the lot number for the device.
4.17.11 LOTNUM5 – Lot Number register 5
Bit 7:0 – LOTNUM5[7:0]: Lot Number Byte 5
This byte contains byte 5 of the lot number for the device.
4.17.12 WAFNUM – Wafer Number register
Bit 7:0 – WAFNUM[7:0]: Wafer Number
This byte contains the wafer number for each device. Together with the lot number and wafer coordinates, this
gives a serial number for the device.
4.17.13 COORDX0 – Wafer Coordinate X register 0
COORDX0, COORDX1, COORDY0, and COORDY1 contain the wafer X and Y coordinates for each device. Together
with the lot number and wafer number, this gives a serial number for each device.
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x0B LOTNUM3[7:0]
Read/Write RRRR R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x0C LOTNUM4[7:0]
Read/Write RRRR R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x0D LOTNUM5[7:0]
Read/Write RRRR R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x10 WAFNUM[7:0]
Read/Write RRRR R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 x x x x x
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x12 COORDX0[7:0]
Read/Write RRRR R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
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Bit 7:0 – COORDX0[7:0]: Wafer Coordinate X Byte 0
This byte contains byte 0 of wafer coordinate X for the device.
4.17.14 COORDX1 – Wafer Coordinate X register 1
Bit 7:0 – COORDX0[7:0]: Wafer Coordinate X Byte 1
This byte contains byte 1 of wafer coordinate X for the device.
4.17.15 COORDY0 – Wafer Coordinate Y register 0
Bit 7:0 – COORDY0[7:0]: Wafer Coordinate Y Byte 0
This byte contains byte 0 of wafer coordinate Y for the device.
4.17.16 COORDY1 – Wafer Coordinate Y register 1
Bit 7:0 – COORDY1[7:0]: Wafer Coordinate Y Byte 1
This byte contains byte 1 of wafer coordinate Y for the device
4.17.17 USBCAL0 – USB Calibration register 0
USBCAL0 and USBCAL1 contain the calibration value for the USB pins. Calibration is done during production to enable
operation without requiring external components on the USB lines for the device. The calibration bytes are not loaded
automatically into the USB calibration registers, and so this must be done from software.
Bit 7:0 – USBCAL0[7:0]: USB Pad Calibration Byte 0
This byte contains byte 0 of the USB pin calibration data, and must be loaded into the USB CALL register.
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x13 COORDX1[7:0]
Read/Write RRRR R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x14 COORDY0[7:0]
Read/Write RRRR R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x15 COORDY1[7:0]
Read/Write RRRR R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x1A USBCAL0[7:0]
Read/Write RRRR R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
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4.17.18 USBCAL1 – USB Pad Calibration register 1
Bit 7:0 – USBCAL1[7:0]: USB Pad Calibration Byte 1
This byte contains byte 1 of the USB pin calibration data, and must be loaded into the USB CALH register.
4.17.19 RCOSC48M – USB RCOSC Calibration
Bit 7:0 – RCOSC48M[7:0]: 48MHz RSCOSC Calibration
This byte contains a 48MHz calibration value for the internal 32MHz oscillator. When this calibration value is writ-
ten to calibration register B for the 32MHz DFLL, the oscillator is calibrated to 48MHz to enable full-speed USB
operation from internal oscillator.
Note: The COMP2 and COMP1 registers inside the DFLL32M must be set to B71B.
4.17.20 ADCACAL0 – ADCA Calibration register 0
ADCACAL0 and ADCACAL1 contain the calibration value for the analog- to -digital converter A (ADCA). Calibration is
done during production testing of the device. The calibration bytes are not loaded automatically into the ADC calibration
registers, and so this must be done from software.
Bit 7:0 – ADCACAL0[7:0]: ADCA Calibration Byte 0
This byte contains byte 0 of the ADCA calibration data, and must be loaded into the ADCA CALL register.
4.17.21 ADCACAL1 – ADCA Calibration register 1
Bit 7:0 – ADCACAL1[7:0]: ADCA Calibration Byte 1
This byte contains byte 1 of the ADCA calibration data, and must be loaded into the ADCA CALH register.
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x1B USBCAL1[7:0]
Read/Write RRRR R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x1C RCOSC48M[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x20 ADCACAL0[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x21 ADCACAL1[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
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4.17.22 ADCBCAL0 – ADCB Calibration register 0
ADCBCAL0 and ADCBCAL1 contains the calibration value for the analog -to -digital converter B (ADCB). Calibration is
done during production testing of the device. The calibration bytes are not loaded automatically into the ADC calibration
registers, so this must be done from software.
Bit 7:0 – ADCBCAL0[7:0]: ADCB Calibration Byte 0
This byte contains byte 0 of the ADCB calibration data, and must be loaded into the ADCB CALL register.
4.17.23 ADCBCAL1 – ADCB Calibration register 1
Bit 7:0 – ADCBCAL0[7:0]: ADCB Calibration Byte 1
This byte contains byte 1 of the ADCB calibration data, and must be loaded into the ADCB CALH register.
4.17.24 TEMPSENSE0 – Temperature Sensor Calibration register 0
TEMPSENSE0 and TEMPSENSE1 contain the 12-bit ADCA value from a temperature measurement done with the
internal temperature sensor. The measurement is done in production testing at 85C, and can be used for single- or
multi-point temperature sensor calibration.
Bit 7:0 – TEMPSENSE0[7:0]: Temperature Sensor Calibration Byte 0
This byte contains the byte 0 of the temperature measurement.
4.17.25 TEMPSENSE1 – Temperature Sensor Calibration register 1
Bit 7:0 – TEMPSENSE1[7:0]: Temperature Sensor Calibration Byte 1
This byte contains byte 1 of the temperature measurement.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x24 ADCBCAL0[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x25 ADCBCAL1[7:0]
Read/Write RRRR R R R R
Initial Valuexxxx x x x x
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x2E TEMPSENSE0[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x2F TEMPSENSE1[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 x x x x
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4.17.26 DACA0OFFCAL – DACA Offset Calibration register
Bit 7:0 – DACA0OFFCAL[7:0]: DACA0 Offset Calibration Byte
This byte contains the offset calibration value for channel 0 in the digital -to -analog converter A (DACA). Calibra-
tion is done during production testing of the device. The calibration byte is not loaded automatically into the DAC
channel 0 offset calibration register, so this must be done from software.
4.17.27 DACA0GAINCAL – DACA Gain Calibration register
Bit 7:0 – DACA0GAINCAL[7:0]: DACA0 Gain Calibration Byte
This byte contains the gain calibration value for channel 0 in the digital -to -analog converter A (DACA). Calibration
is done during production testing of the device. The calibration byte is not loaded automatically into the DAC gain
calibration register, so this must be done from software.
4.17.28 DACB0OFFCAL – DACB Offset Calibration register
Bit 7:0 – DACB0OFFCAL[7:0]: DACB0 Offset Calibration Byte
This byte contains the offset calibration value for channel 0 in the digital- to -analog converter B (DACB). Calibra-
tion is done during production testing of the device. The calibration byte is not loaded automatically into the DAC
channel 0 offset calibration register, so this must be done from software.
4.17.29 DACB0GAINCAL – DACB Gain Calibration register
Bit 7:0 – DACB0GAINCAL[7:0]: DACB0 Gain Calibration Byte
This byte contains the gain calibration value for channel 0 in the digital- to- analog converter B (DACB). Calibration
is done during production testing of the device. The calibration byte is not loaded automatically into the DAC chan-
nel 0 gain calibration register, so this must be done from software.
Bit 76543 210
+0x30 DACA0OFFCAL[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 x x x x
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x31 DACA0GAINCAL[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 x x x x
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x32 DACB0OFFCAL[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 x x x x
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x33 DACB0GAINCAL[7:0]
Read/Write RRRR R R R R
Initial Value0000 x x x x
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4.17.30 DACA1OFFCAL – DACA Offset Calibration register
Bit 7:0 – DACA1OFFCAL[7:0]: DACA1 Offset Calibration Byte
This byte contains the offset calibration value for channel 1 in the digital- to -analog converter A (DACA). Calibra-
tion is done during production testing of the device. The calibration byte is not loaded automatically into the DAC
channel 1 offset calibration register, so this must be done from software.
4.17.31 DACA1GAINCAL – DACA Gain Calibration register
Bit 7:0 – DACA1GAINCAL[7:0]: DACA1 Gain Calibration Byte
This byte contains the gain calibration value for channel 1 in the digital -to- analog converter A (DACA). Calibration
is done during production testing of the device. The calibration byte is not loaded automatically into the DAC chan-
nel 1 gain calibration register, so this must be done from software.
4.17.32 DACB1OFFCAL – DACB Offset Calibration register
Bit 7:0 – DACB1OFFCAL[7:0]: DACB1 Offset Calibration Byte
This byte contains the offset calibration value for channel 1 in the digital- to -analog converter B (DACB). Calibra-
tion is done during production testing of the device. The calibration byte is not loaded automatically into the DAC
channel 1 offset calibration register, so this must be done from software.
4.17.33 DACB1GAINCAL – DACB Gain Calibration register
Bit 7:0 – DACB1GAINCAL[7:0]: DACB1 Gain Calibration Byte
This byte contains the gain calibration value for channel 1 in the digital- to -analog converter B (DACB). Calibration
is done during production testing of the device. The calibration byte is not loaded automatically into the DAC chan-
nel 1 gain calibration register, so this must be done from software.
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x34 DACA1OFFCAL[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 x x x x
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x35 DACA1GAINCAL[7:0]
Read/Write RRRR R R R R
Initial Value0000 x x x x
Bit 76543 210
+0x36 DACB1OFFCAL[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 x x x x
Bit 7654 3 2 1 0
+0x37 DACB1GAINCAL[7:0]
Read/Write RRRR R R R R
Initial Value0000 x x x x
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4.18 Register Description – General Purpose I/O Memory
4.18.1 GPIORn – General Purpose I/O register n
These are general purpose registers that can be used to store data, such as global variables and flags, in the bit-
accessible I/O memory space.
4.19 Register Description – External Memory
Refer to “EBI – External Bus Interface” on page 319.
4.20 Register Descriptions – MCU Control
4.20.1 DEVID0 – Device ID register 0
DEVID0, DEVID1, and DEVID2 contain the byte identification that identifies each microcontroller device type. For details
on the actual ID,, refer to the device datasheet.
Bit 7:0 – DEVID0[7:0]: Device ID Byte 0
Byte 0 of the device ID. This byte will always be read as 0x1E. This indicates that the device is manufactured by
Atmel.
4.20.2 DEVID1 – Device ID register 1
Bit 7:0 – DEVID[7:0]: Device ID Byte 1
Byte 1 of the device ID indicates the flash size of the device.
4.20.3 DEVID2 – Device ID register 2
Bit 7:0 – DEVID2[7:0]: Device ID Byte 2
Byte 2 of the device ID indicates the device number.
Bit 76543210
+n GPIORn[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x00 DEVID0[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
Bit 76543210
+0x01 DEVID1[7:0]
Read/Write RRRRRRRR
Initial Value 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0
Bit 76543210
+0x02 DEVID2[7:0]
Read/Write R R R RRRRR
Initial Value 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0
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4.20.4 REVID – Revision ID
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use.
Bit 3:0 – REVID[3:0]: Revision ID
These bits contains the device revision. 0 = A, 1 = B, and so on.
4.20.5 JTAGUID – JTAG User ID register
Bit 7:0 – JTAGUID[7:0]: JTAG User ID
The JTAGUID can be used to identify two devices with identical device IDs in a JTAG scan chain. The JTAGUID
will automatically be loaded from flash during reset and placed in these registers.
4.20.6 MCUCR – Control register
Bit 7:1 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 0 – JTAGD: JTAG Disable
Setting this bit will disable the JTAG interface. This bit is protected by the configuration change protection mecha-
nism. F.For details, refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page 13.
4.20.7 ANAINIT – Analog Initialization register
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 76543210
+0x03 –––– REVID[3:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value00001/01/01/01/0
Bit 76543210
+0x04 JTAGUID[7:0]
Read/Write RRRRRRRR
Initial Value 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0
Bit 76543210
+0x06 –––––––JTAGD
Read/Write RRRRRRRR/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x07 ––––STARTUPDLYB[1:0] STARTUPDLYA[1:0]
Read/Write RRRRR/WR/WR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
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Bit 3:2 / 1:0 – STARTUPDLYx
Setting these bits enables sequential start of the internal components used for the ADC, DAC, and analog compar-
ator with the main input/output connected to that port. When this is done, the internal components, such as voltage
reference and bias currents, are started sequentially when the module is enabled. This reduces the peak current
consumption during startup of the module. For maximum effect, the start-up delay should be set so that it is larger
than 0.5µs.
Table 4-13. Analog startup delay.
4.20.8 EVSYSLOCK – Event System Lock register
Bit 7:5 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 4 – EVSYS1LOCK
Setting this bit will lock all registers in the event system related to event channels 4 to 7against for further modifica-
tion. The following registers in the event system are locked: CH4MUX, CH4CTRL, CH5MUX, CH5CTRL,
CH6MUX, CH6CTRL, CH7MUX, and CH7CTRL. This bit is protected by the configuration change protection
mechanism. For details, refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page 13.
Bit 3:1 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 0 – EVSYS0LOCK
Setting this bit will lock all registers in the event system related to event channels 0 to 3 for against further modifi-
cation. The following registers in the event system are locked: CH0MUX, CH0CTRL, CH1MUX, CH1CTRL,
CH2MUX, CH2CTRL, CH3MUX, and CH3CTRL. This bit is protected by the configuration change protection
mechanism. F.For details, refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page 13.
4.20.9 AWEXLOCK – Advanced Waveform Extension Lock register
STARTUPDLYx Group configuration Description
00 NONE Direct startup
11 2CLK 2 * ClkPER
10 8CLK 8 * ClkPER
11 32CLK 32 * ClkPER
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x08 – – – EVSYS1LOCK – – – EVSYS0LOCK
Read/Write R R R R/W R R R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x09 – – – – – AWEXELOCK –AWEXCLOCK
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Bit 7:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 2 – AWEXELOCK: Advanced Waveform Extension Lock for TCE0
Setting this bit will lock all registers in the AWEXE module for timer/counter E0 for against further modification.
This bit is protected by the configuration change protection mechanism.For details, refer to “Configuration Change
Protection” on page 13.
Bit 1 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 0 – AWEXCLOCK: Advanced Waveform Extension Lock for TCC0
Setting this bit will lock all registers in the AWEXC module for timer/counter C0 for against further modification.
This bit is protected by the configuration change protection mechanism. For details, refer to “Configuration Change
Protection” on page 13.
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4.21 Register summary – NVM controller
4.22 Register summary – Fuses and Lock Bits
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 ADDR0 Address Byte 0 26
+0x01 ADDR1 Address Byte 1 26
+0x02 ADDR2 Address Byte 2 26
+0x03 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x04 DATA0 Data Byte 0 26
+0x05 DATA1 Data Byte 1 27
+0x06 DATA2 Data Byte 2 27
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x08 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x09 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0A CMD –CMD[6:0] 27
+0x0B CTRLA – – – – – – – CMDEX 27
+0x0C CTRLB – – – – EEMAPEN FPRM EPRM SPMLOCK 28
+0x0D INTCTRL – – – – SPMLVL[1:0] EELVL[1:0] 28
+0x0E Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0F STATUS NVMBUSY FBUSY – – – – EELOAD FLOAD 29
+0x10 LOCKBITS BLBB[1:0] BLBA[1:0] BLBAT[1:0] LB[1:0] 29
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 FUSEBYTE0 JTAGUID 30
+0x01 FUSEBYTE1 WDWPER3:0] WDPER[3:0] 30
+0x02 FUSEBYTE2 –BOOTRST TOSCSEL – – – BODPD[1:0] 30
+0x03 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x04 FUSEBYTE4 – – – RSTDISBL STARTUPTIME[1:0] WDLOCK JTAGEN 31
+0x05 FUSEBYTE5 – – BODACT[1:0] EESAVE BODLEVEL[2:0] 32
+0x06 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x07 LOCKBITS BLBB[1:0] BLBA[1:0] BLBAT[1:0] LB[1:0] 33
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4.23 Register summary – Production Signature Row
Address Auto load Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 YES RCOSC2M RCOSC2M[7:0] 36
+0x01 YES RCOSC2MA RCOSC2MA[7:0] 36
+0x02 YES RCOSC32K RCOSC32K[7:0] 36
+0x03 YES RCOSC32M RCOSC32M[7:0] 36
+0x04 YES RCOSC32MA RCOSC32MA[7:0] 36
+0x05 Reserved ––––––––
+0x06 Reserved ––––––––
+0x07 Reserved ––––––––
+0x08 NO LOTNUM0 LOTNUM0[7:0] 37
+0x09 NO LOTNUM1 LOTNUM1[7:0] 37
+0x0A NO LOTNUM2 LOTNUM2[7:0] 37
+0x0B NO LOTNUM3 LOTNUM3[7:0] 38
+0x0C NO LOTNUM4 LOTNUM4[7:0] 38
+0x0D NO LOTNUM5 LOTNUM5[7:0] 38
+0x0E Reserved ––––––––
+0x0F Reserved ––––––––
+0x10 NO WAFNUM WAFNUM[7:0] 38
+0x11 Reserved ––––––––
+0x12 NO COORDX0 COORDX0[7:0] 38
+0x13 NO COORDX1 COORDX1[7:0] 39
+0x14 NO COORDY0 COORDY0[7:0] 39
+0x15 NO COORDY1 COORDY1[7:0] 39
+0x16 Reserved ––––––––
+0x17 Reserved ––––––––
+0x18 Reserved ––––––––
+0x19 Reserved ––––––––
+0x1A USBCAL0 USBCAL0[7:0] 39
+0x1B USBCAL1 USBCAL1[7:0] 40
+0x1C RCOSC48M RCOSC48M[7:0] 40
+0x1D Reserved ––––––––
+0x1E Reserved ––––––––
+0x1F Reserved ––––––––
+0x20 NO ADCACAL0 ADCACAL0[7:0] 40
+0x21 NO ADCACAL1 ADCACAL1[7:0] 40
+0x22 Reserved ––––––––
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+0x23 Reserved ––––––––
+0x24 NO ADCBCAL0 ADCBCAL0[7:0] 41
+0x25 NO ADCBCAL1 ADCBCAL0[7:0] 41
+0x26 Reserved ––––––––
+0x27 Reserved ––––––––
+0x28 Reserved ––––––––
+0x29 Reserved ––––––––
+0x2A Reserved ––––––––
+0x2B Reserved ––––––––
+0x2C Reserved ––––––––
+0x2D Reserved ––––––––
+0x2E NO TEMPSENSE0 TEMPSENSE0[7:0] 41
+0x2F NO TEMPSENSE1 –––– TEMPSENSE1[11:8] 41
+0x30 NO DACA0OFFCAL DACA0OFFCAL[7:0] 42
+0x31 NO DACA0GAINCAL DACA0GAINCAL[7:0] 42
+0x32 NO DACB0OFFCAL DACB0OFFCAL[7:0] 42
+0x33 NO DACB0GAINCAL DACB0GAINCAL[7:0] 42
+0x34 NO DACA1OFFCAL DACA1OFFCAL[7:0] 43
+0x35 NO DACA1GAINCAL DACA1GAINCAL[7:0] 43
+0x36 NO DACB1OFFCAL DACB1OFFCAL[7:0] 43
+0x37 NO DACB1GAINCAL DACB1GAINCAL[7:0] 43
+0x38 Reserved ––––––––
+0x39 Reserved ––––––––
0x3A Reserved ––––––––
+0x3B Reserved ––––––––
+0x3C Reserved ––––––––
+0x3D Reserved ––––––––
+0x3E Reserved ––––––––
Address Auto load Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
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4.24 Register summary – General Purpose I/O registers
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 GPIOR0 GPIOR[7:0] 44
+0x01 GPIOR1 GPIOR[7:0] 44
+0x02 GPIOR2 GPIOR[7:0] 44
+0x03 GPIOR3 GPIOR[7:0] 44
+0x04 GPIOR4 GPIOR[7:0] 44
+0x05 GPIOR5 GPIOR[7:0] 44
+0x06 GPIOR6 GPIOR[7:0] 44
+0x07 GPIOR7 GPIOR[7:0] 44
+0x08 GPIOR8 GPIOR[7:0] 44
+0x09 GPIOR9 GPIOR[7:0] 44
+0x0A GPIOR10 GPIOR[7:0] 44
+0x0B GPIOR11 GPIOR[7:0] 44
+0x0C GPIOR12 GPIOR[7:0] 44
+0x0D GPIOR13 GPIOR[7:0] 44
+0x0E GPIOR14 GPIOR[7:0] 44
+0x0F GPIOR15 GPIOR[7:0] 44
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4.25 Register summary – MCU control
4.26 Interrupt vector summary – NVM Controller
Table 4-14. NVM interrupt vectors and their wo rd offset address from the NVM controller interru pt base.
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 bit 0 Page
+0x00 DEVID0 DEVID0[7:0] 44
+0x01 DEVID1 DEVID1[7:0] 44
+0x02 DEVID2 DEVID2[7:0] 44
+0x03 REVID – – – – REVID[3:0] 45
+0x04 JTAGUID JTAGUID[7:0] 45
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 MCUCR – – – – – – – JTAGD 45
+0x07 ANAINIT – – – – STARTUPDLYB[1:0] STARTUPDLYA[1:0] 45
+0x08 EVSYSLOCK –––EVSYS1LOCK – – – EVSYS0LOCK 46
+0x09 AWEXLOCK – – – – – AWEXELOCK –AWEXCLOCK 46
+0x0A Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0B Reserved – – – – – – – –
Offset Source Interrupt description
0x00 EE_vect Nonvolatile memory EEPROM interrupt vector
0x02 SPM_vect Nonvolatile memory SPM interrupt vector
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5. DMAC - Direct Memory Access Controller
5.1 Features
Allows high speed data transfers with minimal CPU intervention
from data memory to data memory
from data memory to peripheral
from peripheral to data memory
from peripheral to peripheral
Four DMA channels with separate
transfer triggers
interrupt vectors
addressing modes
Programmable channel priority
From 1 byte to 16MB of data in a single transaction
Up to 64KB block transfers with repeat
1, 2, 4, or 8 byte burst transfers
Multiple addressing modes
Static
Incremental
Decremental
Optional reload of source and destination addresses at the end of each
Burst
Block
Transaction
Optional interrupt on end of transaction
Optional connection to CRC generator for CRC on DMA data
5.2 Overview
The four-channel direct memory access (DMA) controller can transfer data between memories and peripherals, and thus
off load these tasks from the CPU. It enables high data transfer rates with minimum CPU intervention, and frees up CPU
time. The four DMA channels enable up to four independent and parallel transfers.
The DMA controller can move data between SRAM and peripherals, between SRAM locations and directly between
peripheral registers. With access to all peripherals, the DMA controller can handle automatic transfer of data to/from
communication modules. The DMA controller can also read from memory mapped EEPROM.
Data transfers are done in continuous bursts of 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes. They build block transfers of configurable size from 1
byte to 64KB. A repeat counter can be used to repeat each block transfer for single transactions up to 16MB. Source and
destination addressing can be static, incremental or decremental. Automatic reload of source and/or destination
addresses can be done after each burst or block transfer, or when a transaction is complete. Application software,
peripherals, and events can trigger DMA transfers.
The four DMA channels have individual configuration and control settings. This include source, destination, transfer
triggers, and transaction sizes. They have individual interrupt settings. Interrupt requests can be generated when a
transaction is complete or when the DMA controller detects an error on a DMA channel.
To allow for continuous transfers, two channels can be interlinked so that the second takes over the transfer when the
first is finished, and vice versa.
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Figure 5-1. DMA Overview.
5.3 DMA Transaction
A complete DMA read and write operation between memories and/or peripherals is called a DMA transaction. A
transaction is done in data blocks, and the size of the transaction (number of bytes to transfer) is selectable from
software and controlled by the block size and repeat counter settings. Each block transfer is divided into smaller bursts.
5.3.1 Block Transfer and Repeat
The size of the block transfer is set by the block transfer count register, and can be anything from 1 byte to 64KB.
A repeat counter can be enabled to set a number of repeated block transfers before a transaction is complete. The
repeat is from 1 to 255, and an unlimited repeat count can be achieved by setting the repeat count to zero.
5.3.2 Burst Transfer
Since the AVR CPU and DMA controller use the same data buses, a block transfer is divided into smaller burst transfers.
The burst transfer is selectable to 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes. This means that if the DMA acquires the data bus and a transfer
request is pending, it will occupy the bus until all bytes in the burst are transferred.
A bus arbiter controls when the DMA controller and the AVR CPU can use the bus. The CPU always has priority, and so
as long as the CPU requests access to the bus, any pending burst transfer must wait. The CPU requests bus access
when it executes an instruction that writes or reads data to SRAM, I/O memory, EEPROM or the external bus interface.
For more details on memory access bus arbitration, refer to “Data Memory” on page 22.
Figure 5-2. DMA transaction.
R/W Master port
Arbitration
BUF
Bus
matrix
Arbiter
Read
Write
Slave port
Read /
Write
CTRL
DMA Channel 1
DMA Channel 2
DMA Channel 3
DMA trigger /
Event
DMA Channel 0
SRCADDR
TRFCNT DESTADDR
TRIGSRC
REPCNT
Control Logic
Enable
Burst
CTRLA
CTRLB
Four-byte burst mode Block size: 12 bytes Repeat count: 2
Burst transfer Block transfer
DMA transaction
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5.4 Transfer Triggers
DMA transfers can be started only when a DMA transfer request is detected. A transfer request can be triggered from
software, from an external trigger source (peripheral), or from an event. There are dedicated source trigger selections for
each DMA channel. The available trigger sources may vary from device to device, depending on the modules or
peripherals that exist in the device. Using a transfer trigger for a module or peripherals that does not exist will have no
effect. For a list of all transfer triggers, refer to “TRIGSRC – Trigger Source” on page 62.
By default, a trigger starts a block transfer operation. When the block transfer is complete, the channel is automatically
disabled. When enabled again, the channel will wait for the next block transfer trigger. It is possible to select the trigger to
start a burst transfer instead of a block transfer. This is called a single-shot transfer, and for each trigger only one burst is
transferred. When repeat mode is enabled, the next block transfer does not require a transfer trigger. It will start as soon
as the previous block is done.
If the trigger source generates a transfer request during an ongoing transfer, this will be kept pending, and the transfer
can start when the ongoing one is done. Only one pending transfer can be kept, and so if the trigger source generates
more transfer requests when one is already pending, these will be lost.
5.5 Addressing
The source and destination address for a DMA transfer can either be static or automatically incremented or
decremented, with individual selections for source and destination. When address increment or decrement is used, the
default behaviour is to update the address after each access. The original source and destination addresses are stored
by the DMA controller, and so the source and destination addresses can be individually configured to be reloaded at the
following points:
End of each burst transfer
End of each block transfer
End of transaction
Never reloaded
5.6 Priority Between Channels
If several channels request a data transfer at the same time, a priority scheme is available to determine which channel is
allowed to transfer data. Application software can decide whether one or more channels should have a fixed priority or if
a round robin scheme should be used. A round robin scheme means that the channel that last transferred data will have
the lowest priority.
5.7 Double Buffering
To allow for continuous transfer, two channels can be interlinked so that the second takes over the transfer when the first
is finished, and vice versa. This leaves time for the application to process the data transferred by the first channel,
prepare fresh data buffers, and set up the channel registers again while the second channel is working. This is referred to
as double buffering or chained transfers.
When double buffering is enabled for a channel pair, it is important that the two channels are configured with the same
repeat count. The block sizes need not be equal, but for most applications they should be, along with the rest of the
channel’s operation mode settings.
Note that the double buffering channel pairs are limited to channels 0 and 1 as the first pair and channels 2 and 3 as the
second pair. However, it is possible to have one pair operate in double buffered mode while the other is left unused or
operating independently.
5.8 Transfer Buffers
To avoid unnecessary bus loading when doing data transfer between memories with different access timing (for
example, I/O register and external memory), the DMA controller has a four-byte buffer. Two bytes will be read from the
source address and written to this buffer before a write to the destination is started.
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5.9 Error detection
The DMA controller can detect erroneous operation. Error conditions are detected individually for each DMA channel,
and the error conditions are:
Write to memory mapped EEPROM locations
Reading EEPROM when the EEPROM is off (sleep entered)
DMA controller or a busy channel is disabled in software during a transfer
5.10 Software Reset
Both the DMA controller and a DMA channel can be reset from the user software. When the DMA controller is reset, all
registers associated with the DMA controller, including channels, are cleared. A software reset can be done only when
the DMA controller is disabled.
When a DMA channel is reset, all registers associated with the DMA channel are cleared. A software reset can be done
only when the DMA channel is disabled.
5.11 Protection
In order to ensure safe operation, some of the channel registers are protected during a transaction. When the DMA
channel busy flag (CHnBUSY) is set for a channel, the user can modify only the following registers and bits:
CTRL register
INTFLAGS register
TEMP registers
CHEN, CHRST, TRFREQ, and REPEAT bits of the channel CTRL register
TRIGSRC register
5.12 Interrupts
The DMA controller can generate interrupts when an error is detected on a DMA channel or when a transaction is
complete for a DMA channel. Each DMA channel has a separate interrupt vector, and there are different interrupt flags
for error and transaction complete.
If repeat is not enabled, the transaction complete flag is set at the end of the block transfer. If unlimited repeat is enabled,
the transaction complete flag is also set at the end of each block transfer.
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5.13 Register Description – DMA Controller
5.13.1 CTRL – Control register
Bit 7 – ENABLE: Enable
Setting this bit enables the DMA controller. If the DMA controller is enabled and this bit is written to zero, the
ENABLE bit is not cleared before the internal transfer buffer is empty, and the DMA data transfer is aborted.
Bit 6 – RESET: Software Reset
Writing a one to RESET will be ignored as long as DMA is enabled (ENABLE = 1). This bit can be set only when
the DMA controller is disabled (ENABLE = 0).
Bit 5:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:2 – DBUFMODE[1:0]: Double Buffer Mode
These bits enable the double buffer on the different channels according to Table 5-1.
Table 5-1. DMA double buffer settings.
Bit 1:0 – PRIMODE[1:0]: Channel Priority Mode
These bits determine the internal channel priority according to Table 5-2
Table 5-2. DMA channel priority settings.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 ENABLE RESET –– DBUFMODE[1:0] PRIMODE[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DBUFMODE[1:0] Group confi guration Description
00 DISABLED No double buffer enabled
01 CH01 Double buffer enabled on channel0/1
10 CH23 Double buffer enabled on channel2/3
11 CH01CH23 Double buffer enabled on channel0/1 and channel2/3
PRIMODE[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 RR0123 Round robin
01 CH0RR123 Channel0 > Round robin (channel 1, 2 and 3)
10 CH01RR23 Channel0 > Channel1 > Round robin (channel 2 and 3)
11 CH0123 Channel0 > Channel1 > Channel2 > Channel3
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5.13.2 INTFLAGS – Interrupt Status register
Bit 7:4 – CHnERRIF[3:0]: Channel n Error Interrupt Flag
If an error condition is detected on DMA channel n, the CHnERRIF flag will be set. Writing a one to this bit location
will clear the flag.
Bit 3:0 – CHnTRNFIF[3:0]: Channel n Transaction Complete Interrupt Flag
When a transaction on channel n has been completed, the CHnTRFIF flag will be set. If unlimited repeat count is
enabled, this flag is read as one after each block transfer. Writing a one to this bit location will clear the flag.
5.13.3 STATUS – Status register
Bit 7:4 – CHnBUSY[3:0]: Channel Busy
When channel n starts a DMA transaction, the CHnBUSY flag will be read as one. This flag is automatically
cleared when the DMA channel is disabled, when the channel n transaction complete interrupt flag is set, or if the
DMA channel n error interrupt flag is set.
Bit 3:0 – CHnPEND[3:0]: Channel Pending
If a block transfer is pending on DMA channel n, the CHnPEND flag will be read as one. This flag is automatically
cleared when the block transfer starts or if the transfer is aborted.
5.13.4 TEMPL – Temporary register Low
Bit 7:0 – TEMP[7:0]: Temporary register 0
This register is used when reading 16- and 24-bit registers in the DMA controller. Byte 1 of the 16/24-bit register is
stored here when it is written by the CPU. Byte 1 of the 16/24-bit register is stored when byte 0 is read by the CPU.
This register can also be read and written from the user software.
Reading and writing 16- and 24-bit registers requires special attention. For details, refer to “The combined EIND +
Z register.” on page 12.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 CH3ERRIF CH2ERRIF CH1ERRIF CH0ERRIF CH3TRNFIF CH2TRNFIF CH1TRNFIF CH0TRNFIF
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x04 CH3BUSY CH2BUSY CH1BUSY CH0BUSY CH3PEND CH2PEND CH1PEND CH0PEND
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x06 TEMP[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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5.13.5 TEMPH – Temporary Register High
Bit 7:0 – TEMP[15:8]: Temporary Register
This register is used when reading and writing 24-bit registers in the DMA controller. Byte 2 of the 24-bit register is
stored when it is written by the CPU. Byte 2 of the 24-bit register is stored here when byte 1 is read by the CPU.
This register can also be read and written from the user software.
Reading and writing 24-bit registers requires special attention. For details, refer to “The combined EIND + Z regis-
ter.” on page 12.
5.14 Register Description – DMA Channel
5.14.1 CTRLA – Control register A
Bit 7 – ENABLE: Channel Enable
Setting this bit enables the DMA channel. This bit is automatically cleared when the transaction is completed. If the
DMA channel is enabled and this bit is written to zero, the CHEN bit is not cleared until the internal transfer buffer
is empty and the DMA transfer is aborted.
Bit 6 – RESET: Software Reset
Setting this bit will reset the DMA channel. It can only be set when the DMA channel is disabled (CHEN = 0). Writ-
ing a one to this bit will be ignored as long as the channel is enabled (CHEN=1). This bit is automatically cleared
when reset is completed.
Bit 5 – REPEAT: Repeat Mode
Setting this bit enables the repeat mode. In repeat mode, this bit is cleared by hardware at the beginning of the last
block transfer. The REPCNT register should be configured before setting the REPEAT bit.
Bit 4 – TRFREQ: Transfer Request
Setting this bit requests a data transfer on the DMA channel. This bit is automatically cleared at the beginning of
the data transfer. Writing this bit does not have any effect unless the channel is enabled.
Bit 3 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 2 – SINGLE: Single-Shot Data transfer
Setting this bit enables the single-shot mode. The channel will then do a burst transfer of BURSTLEN bytes on the
transfer trigger. A write to this bit will be ignored while the channel is enabled.
Bit 1:0 – BURSTLEN[1:0]: Burst Mode
These bits decide the DMA channel burst mode according to Table 5-3 on page 60. These bits cannot be changed
if the channel is busy.
Bit 76543210
+0x07 TEMP[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x00 ENABLE RESET REPEAT TRFREQ – SINGLE BURSTLEN[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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Table 5-3. DMA channel burst mode.
Table 5-4. Summary of triggers, transaction complete flag and channel disable according to DMA channel
configuration.
5.14.2 CTRLB – Control register B
Bit 7 – CHBUSY: Channel Busy
When the DMA channel starts a DMA transaction, the CHBUSY flag will be read as one. This flag is automatically
cleared when the DMA channel is disabled, when the channel transaction complete interrupt flag is set or when the
channel error interrupt flag is set.
Bit 6 – CHPEND: Channel Pending
If a block transfer is pending on the DMA channel, the CHPEND flag will be read as one. This flag is automatically
cleared when the transfer starts or if the transfer is aborted.
Bit 5 – ERRIF: Error Interrupt Flag
If an error condition is detected on the DMA channel, the ERRIF flag will be set and the optional interrupt is gener-
ated. Since the DMA channel error interrupt shares the interrupt address with the DMA channel n transaction
BURSTLEN[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 1BYTE 1 byte burst mode
01 2BYTE 2 bytes burst mode
10 4BYTE 4 bytes burst mode
11 8BYTE 8 bytes burst mode
REPEAT SINGLE REPCNT Trigger Flag set after Channel disabled after
000Block 1 block 1 block
001Block 1 block 1 block
0 0 n > 1 Block 1 block 1 block
010BURSTLEN 1 block 1 block
011BURSTLEN 1 block 1 block
0 1 n > 1 BURSTLEN 1 block 1 block
100Block Each block Each block
101Transaction 1 block 1 block
1 0 n > 1 Transaction n blocks n blocks
110BURSTLEN Each block Never
111BURSTLEN 1 block 1 block
1 1 n > 1 BURSTLEN n blocks n blocks
Bit 76543210
+0x01 CHBUSY CHPEND ERRIF TRNIF ERRINTLVL[1:0] TRNINTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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complete interrupt, ERRIF will not be cleared when the interrupt vector is executed. This flag is cleared by writing
a one to this location.
Bit 4 – TRNIF: Channel n Transaction Complete Interrupt Flag
When a transaction on the DMA channel has been completed, the TRNIF flag will be set and the optional interrupt
is generated. When repeat is not enabled, the transaction is complete and TRNIFR is set after the block transfer.
When unlimited repeat is enabled, TRNIF is also set after each block transfer.
Since the DMA channel transaction n complete interrupt shares the interrupt address with the DMA channel error
interrupt, TRNIF will not be cleared when the interrupt vector is executed. This flag is cleared by writing a one to
this location.
Bit 3:2 – ERRINTLVL[1:0]: Channel Error Interrupt Level
These bits enable the interrupt for DMA channel transfer errors and select the interrupt level, as described in
“Interrupts and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. The enabled interrupt will trigger for the
conditions when ERRIF is set.
Bit 1:0 – TRNINTLVL[1:0]: Channel Transaction Complete Interrupt Level
These bits enable the interrupt for DMA channel transaction completes and select the interrupt level, as described
in “Interrupts and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. The enabled interrupt will trigger for
the conditions when TRNIF is set.
5.14.3 ADDRCTRL – Address Control register
Bit 7:6 – SRCRELOAD[1:0]: Channel Source Address Reload
These bits decide the DMA channel source address reload according to Table 5-5 on page 61. A write to these bits
is ignored while the channel is busy.
Table 5-5. DMA channel source address reload settings.
Bit 5:4 – SRCDIR[1:0]: Channel Source Address Mode
These bits decide the DMA channel source address mode according to Table 5-6. These bits cannot be changed if
the channel is busy.
Bit 76543210
+0x02 SRCRELOAD[1:0] SRCDIR[1:0] DESTRELOAD[1:0] DESTDIR[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
SRCRELOAD[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 NONE No reload performed.
01 BLOCK DMA source address register is reloaded with initial value at end of each
block transfer.
10 BURST DMA source address register is reloaded with initial value at end of each
burst transfer.
11 TRANSACTION DMA source address register is reloaded with initial value at end of each
transaction.
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Table 5-6. DMA channel source address mode settings.
Bit 3:2 – DESTRELOAD[1:0]: Channel Destination Address Reload
These bits decide the DMA channel destination address reload according to Table 5-7 on page 62. These bits can-
not be changed if the channel is busy.
Table 5-7. DMA channel destination address reload settings.
Bit 1:0 – DESTDIR[1:0]: Channel Destination Address Mode
These bits decide the DMA channel destination address mode according to Table 5-8 on page 62. These bits can-
not be changed if the channel is busy.
Table 5-8. DMA channel destination addr ess mode settings.
5.14.4 TRIGSRC – Trigger Source
Bit 7:0 – TRIGSRC[7:0]: Channel Trigger Source Select
These bits select which trigger source is used for triggering a transfer on the DMA channel. A zero value means
that the trigger source is disabled. For each trigger source, the value to put in the TRIGSRC register is the sum of
the module’s or peripheral’s base value and the offset value for the trigger source in the module or peripheral.
SRCDIR[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 FIXED Fixed
01 INC Increment
10 DEC Decrement
11 –Reserved
DESTRELOAD[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 NONE No reload performed.
01 BLOCK DMA channel destination address register is reloaded with initial value
at end of each block transfer.
10 BURST DMA channel destination address register is reloaded with initial value
at end of each burst transfer.
11 TRANSACTION DMA channel destination address register is reloaded with initial value
at end of each transaction.
DESTDIR[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 FIXED Fixed
01 INC Increment
10 DEC Decrement
11 –Reserved
Bit 76543210
+0x03 TRIGSRC[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 00000000
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Table 5-9 on page 63 shows the base value for all modules and peripherals. Table 5-10 on page 64 to Table 5-13
on page 64 shows the offset value for the trigger sources in the different modules and peripheral types. For mod-
ules or peripherals which do not exist for a device, the transfer trigger does not exist. Refer to the device datasheet
for the list of peripherals available.
If the interrupt flag related to the trigger source is cleared or the interrupt level enabled so that an interrupt is trig-
gered, the DMA request will be lost. Since a DMA request can clear the interrupt flag, interrupts can be lost.
Note: For most trigger sources, the request is cleared by accessing a register belonging to the peripheral with the request. Refer to the different peripheral
chapters for how requests are generated and cleared.
Table 5-9. DMA trigger source base value s for all modules and peripherals.
TRIGSRC base value Group configuration Description
0x00 OFF Software triggers only
0x01 SYS Event system DMA triggers base value
0x04 AES AES DMA trigger value
0x10 ADCA ADCA DMA triggers base value
0x15 DACA DACA DMA trigger bas
0x20 ADCB ADCB DMA triggers base value
0x25 DACB DACB DMA triggers base value
0x40 TCC0 Timer/counter C0 DMA triggers base value
0x46 TCC1 Timer/counter C1 triggers base value
0x4A SPIC SPI C DMA triggers value
0x4B USARTC0 USART C0 DMA triggers base value
0x4E USARTC1 USART C1 DMA triggers base value
0x60 TCD0 Timer/counter D0 DMA triggers base value
0x66 TCD1 Timer/counter D1 triggers base value
0x6A SPID SPI D DMA triggers value
0x6B USARTD0 USART D0 DMA triggers base value
0x6E USARTD1 USART D1 DMA triggers base value
0x80 TCE0 Timer/counter E0 DMA triggers base value
0x86 TCE1 Timer/counter E1 triggers base value
0x8A SPIE SPI E DMA triggers value
0x8B USARTE0 USART E0 DMA triggers base value
0x8E USARTE1 USART E1 DMA triggers base value
0xA0 TCF0 Timer/counter F0 DMA triggers base value
0xA6 TCF1 Timer/counter F1 triggers base value
0xAA SPIF SPI F DMA trigger value
0xAB USARTF0 USART F0 DMA triggers base value
0xAE USARTF1 USART F1 DMA triggers base value
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Notes: 1. For DAC only, channel 0 and 1 exists and can be used as triggers.
2. Channel 4 equals ADC channel 0 to 3 all together.
Note: 1. CC channel C and D triggers are available only for timer/counters 0.
The group configuration is the “base_offset;” for example, TCC1_CCA for the timer/counter C1 CC channel A the transfer
trigger.
Table 5-10. DMA trigger source offset values for event system triggers.
TRGSRC offset value Group co nfiguration Description
+0x00 CH0 Event channel 0
+0x01 CH1 Event channel 1
+0x02 CH2 Event channel 2
Table 5-11. DMA trigger source offset valu es for DAC and ADC triggers.
TRGSRC offset value Group configuration Description
+0x00 CH0 ADC/DAC channel 0
+0x01 CH1 ADC/DAC channel 1
+0x02 CH2(1) ADC channel 2
+0x03 CH3 ADC channel 3
+0x04 CH4(2) ADC channel 0, 1, 2, 3
Table 5-12. DMA trigger source offset values for timer/ counter triggers.
TRGSRC offset value Group configuration Description
+0x00 OVF Overflow/underflow
+0x01 ERR Error
+0x02 CCA Compare or capture channel A
+0x03 CCB Compare or capture channel B
+0x04 CCC(1) Compare or capture channel C
+0x05 CCD(1) Compare or capture channel D
Table 5-13. DMA trigger source offset va lues for USART triggers.
TRGSRC offset value Group co nfiguration Description
0x00 RXC Receive complete
0x01 DRE Data register empty
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5.14.5 TRFCNTL – Channel Block Transfer Count register Low
The TRFCNTH and TRFCNTL register pair represents the 16-bit value TRFCNT. TRFCNT defines the number of bytes
in a block transfer. The value of TRFCNT is decremented after each byte read by the DMA channel. When TRFCNT
reaches zero, the register is reloaded with the last value written to it.
Bit 7:0 – TRFCNT[7:0]: Channel n Block Transfer Count low byte
These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit block transfer count.
The default value of this register is 0x1. If a user writes 0x0 to this register and fires a DMA trigger, DMA will be
doing 0xFFFF transfers.
5.14.6 TRFCNTH – Channel Block Transfer Count register High
Reading and writing 16-bit values requires special attention. For details, refer to “The combined EIND + Z register.” on
page 12.
Bit 7:0 – TRFCNT[15:8]: Channel n Block Transfer Count high byte
These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit block transfer count.
The default value of this register is 0x1. If a user writes 0x0 to this register and fires a DMA trigger, DMA will be
doing 0xFFFF transfers.
5.14.7 REPCNT – Repeat Counter register
REPCNT counts how many times a block transfer is performed. For each block transfer, this register will be
decremented.
When repeat mode is enabled (see REPEAT bit in “ADDRCTRL – Address Control register” on page 61), this register is
used to control when the transaction is complete. The counter is decremented after each block transfer if the DMA has to
serve a limited number of repeated block transfers. When repeat mode is enabled, the channel is disabled when
REPCNT reaches zero and the last block transfer is completed. Unlimited repeat is achieved by setting this register to
zero.
5.14.8 SRCADDR0 – Source Address 0
SRCADDR0, SRCADDR1, and SRCADDR2 represent the 24-bit value SRCADDR, which is the DMA channel source
address. SRCADDR2 is the most significant byte in the register. SRCADDR may be automatically incremented or
decremented based on settings in the SRCDIR bits in “ADDRCTRL – Address Control register” on page 61.
Bit 76543210
+0x04 TRFCNT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x05 TRFCNT[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x06 REPCNT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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Bit 7:0 – SRCADDR[7:0]: Channel Source Address Byte 0
These bits hold byte 0 of the 24-bit source address.
5.14.9 SRCADDR1 – Channel Source Address 1
Bit 7:0 – SRCADDR[15:8]: Channel Source Address Byte 1
These bits hold byte 1 of the 24-bit source address.
5.14.10 SRCADDR2 – Channel Source Address 2
Reading and writing 24-bit values require special attention. For details, refer to “Accessing 24- and 32-bit Registers” on
page 13.
Bit 7:0 – SRCADDR[23:16]: Channel Source Address Byte 2
These bits hold byte 2 of the 24-bit source address.
5.14.11 DESTADDR0 – Channel Destination Address 0
DESTADDR0, DESTADDR1, and DESTADDR2 represent the 24-bit value DESTADDR, which is the DMA channel
destination address. DESTADDR2 holds the most significant byte in the register. DESTADDR may be automatically
incremented or decremented based on settings in the DESTDIR bits in “ADDRCTRL – Address Control register” on page
61.
Bit 7:0 – DESTADDR[7:0]: Channel Destination Address Byte 0
These bits hold byte 0 of the 24-bit source address.
5.14.12 DESTADDR1 – Channel Destination Address 1
Bit 76543210
+0x08 SRCADDR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit76543210
+0x09 SRCADDR[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x0A SRCADDR[23:16]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit76543210
+0x0C DESTADDR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit76543210
+0x0D DESTADDR[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Bit 7:0 – DESTADDR[15:8]: Channel Destination Address Byte 1
These bits hold byte 1 of the 24-bit source address.
5.14.13 DESTADDR2 – Channel Destination Address 2
Reading and writing 24-bit values require special attention. For details, refer to “Accessing 24- and 32-bit Registers” on
page 13.
Bit 7:0 – DESTADDR[23:16]: Channel Destination Address Byte 2
These bits hold byte 2 of the 24-bit source address.
Bit 76543210
+0x0E DESTADDR[23:16]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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5.15 Register Summary – DMA Controller
5.16 Register Summary – DMA Channel
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL ENABLE RESET – – DBUFMODE[1:0] PRIMODE[1:0] 57
+0x01 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x02 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x03 INTFLAGS CH3ERRIF CH2ERRIF CH1ERRIF CH0ERRIF CH3TRNFIF CH2TRNFIF CH1TRNFIF CH0TRNFIF 58
+0x04 STATUS CH3BUSY CH2BUSY CH1BUSY CH0BUSY CH3PEND CH2PEND CH1PEND CH0PEND 58
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 TEMPL TEMP[7:0] 58
+0x07 TEMPH TEMP[15:8] 59
+0x10 CH0 Offset Offset address for DMA Channel 0
+0x20 CH1 Offset Offset address for DMA Channel 1
+0x30 CH2 Offset Offset address for DMA Channel 2
+0x40 CH3 Offset Offset address for DMA Channel 3
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA ENABLE RESET REPEAT TRFREQ –SINGLE BURSTLEN[1:0] 59
+0x01 CTRLB CHBUSY CHPEND ERRIF TRNIF ERRINTLVL[1:0] TRNINTLVL[1:0] 60
+0x02 ADDCTRL SRCRELOAD[1:0] SRCDIR[1:0] DESTRELOAD[1:0] DESTDIR[1:0] 61
+0x03 TRIGSRC TRIGSRC[7:0] 62
+0x04 TRFCNTL TRFCNT[7:0] 65
+0x05 TRFCNTH TRFCNT[15:8] 65
+0x06 REPCNT REPCNT[7:0] 65
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x08 SRCADDR0 SRCADDR[7:0] 65
+0x09 SRCADDR1 SRCADDR[15:8] 66
+0x0A SRCADDR2 SRCADDR[23:16] 66
+0x0B Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0C DESTADDR0 DESTADDR[7:0] 66
+0x0D DESTADDR1 DESTADDR[15:8] 66
+0x0E DESTADDR2 DESTADDR[23:16] 67
+0x0F Reserved – – – – – – – –
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5.17 Interrupt vector summary
Table 5-14. DMA interrupt vectors and their word offset addresses from the DMA contro ller interrupt base.
Offset Source Interrupt description
0x00 CH0_vect DMA controller channel 0 interrupt vector
0x02 CH1_vect DMA controller channel 1 interrupt vector
0x04 CH2_vect DMA controller channel 2 interrupt vector
0x06 CH3_vect DMA controller channel 3 interrupt vector
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6. Event System
6.1 Features
System for direct peripheral-to-peripheral communication and signaling
Peripherals can directly send, receive, and react to peripheral events
CPU and DMA controller independent operation
100% predictable signal timing
Short and guaranteed response time
Eight event channels for up to eight different and parallel signal routing and configurations
Events can be sent and/or used by most peripherals, clock system, and software
Additional functions include
Quadrature decoders
Digital filtering of I/O pin state
Works in active mode and idle sleep mode
6.2 Overview
The event system enables direct peripheral-to-peripheral communication and signaling. It allows a change in one
peripheral’s state to automatically trigger actions in other peripherals. It is designed to provide a predictable system for
short and predictable response times between peripherals. It allows for autonomous peripheral control and interaction
without the use of interrupts, CPU, or DMA controller resources, and is thus a powerful tool for reducing the complexity,
size and execution time of application code. It also allows for synchronized timing of actions in several peripheral
modules.
A change in a peripheral’s state is referred to as an event, and usually corresponds to the peripheral’s interrupt
conditions. Events can be directly passed to other peripherals using a dedicated routing network called the event routing
network. How events are routed and used by the peripherals is configured in software.
Figure 6-1 on page 71 shows a basic diagram of all connected peripherals. The event system can directly connect
together analog and digital converters, analog comparators, I/O port pins, the real-time counter, timer/counters, IR
communication module (IRCOM), and USB interface. It can also be used to trigger DMA transactions (DMA controller).
Events can also be generated from software and the peripheral clock.
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Figure 6-1. Event system overview an d connected pe ripherals.
The event routing network consists of eight software-configurable multiplexers that control how events are routed and
used. These are called event channels, and allow for up to eight parallel event configurations and routings. The
maximum routing latency is two peripheral clock cycles. The event system works in both active mode and idle sleep
mode.
6.3 Events
In the context of the event system, an indication that a change of state within a peripheral has occurred is called an
event. There are two main types of events: signaling events and data events. Signaling events only indicate a change of
state while data events contain additional information about the event.
The peripheral from which the event originates is called the event generator. Within each peripheral (for example, a
timer/counter), there can be several event sources, such as a timer compare match or timer overflow. The peripheral
using the event is called the event user, and the action that is triggered is called the event action.
DAC
Timer /
Counters
USB
ADC
Real Time
Counter
Port pins
CPU /
Software
DMA
Controller
IRCOM
Event Routing Network
Event
System
Controller
clkPER
Prescaler
AC
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Figure 6-2. Example of event source, generator, user, and action.
Events can also be generated manually in software.
6.3.1 Signaling Events
Signaling events are the most basic type of event. A signaling event does not contain any information apart from the
indication of a change in a peripheral. Most peripherals can only generate and use signaling events. Unless otherwise
stated, all occurrences of the word ”event” are to be understood as meaning signaling events.
6.3.2 Data Events
Data events differ from signaling events in that they contain information that event users can decode to decide event
actions based on the receiver information.
Although the event routing network can route all events to all event users, those that are only meant to use signaling
events do not have decoding capabilities needed to utilize data events. How event users decode data events is shown in
Table 6-1 on page 73.
Event users that can utilize data events can also use signaling events. This is configurable, and is described in the
datasheet module for each peripheral.
6.3.3 Peripheral Clock Events
Each event channel includes a peripheral clock prescaler with a range from 1 (no prescaling) to 32768. This enables
configurable periodic event generation based on the peripheral clock. It is possible to periodically trigger events in a
peripheral or to periodically trigger synchronized events in several peripherals. Since each event channel include a
prescaler, different peripherals can receive triggers with different intervals.
6.3.4 Software Events
Events can be generated from software by writing the DATA and STROBE registers. The DATA register must be written
first, since writing the STROBE register triggers the operation. The DATA and STROBE registers contain one bit for each
event channel. Bit n corresponds to event channel n. It is possible to generate events on several channels at the same
time by writing to several bit locations at once.
Software-generated events last for one clock cycle and will overwrite events from other event generators on that event
channel during that clock cycle.
Table 6-1 on page 73 shows the different events, how they can be manually generated, and how they are decoded.
Event
Routing
Network
|
Compare Match
Over-/Underflow
Error
Timer/Counter
Channel Sweep
Single
Conversion
ADC
Event Generator
Event Source
Event User
Event Action
Event Action Selection
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Table 6-1. Quadrature decoder data events.
6.4 Event Routing Network
The event routing network routes the events between peripherals. It consists of eight multiplexers (CHnMUX), which can
each be configured to route any event source to any event users. The output from a multiplexer is referred to as an event
channel. For each peripheral, it is selectable if and how incoming events should trigger event actions. Details on
configurations can be found in the datasheet for each peripheral. The event routing network is shown in Figure 6-3 on
page 74.
STROBE DATA Data event user Signaling event user
0 0 No event No event
0 1 Data event 01 No event
1 0 Data event 02 Signaling event
1 1 Data event 03 Signaling event
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Figure 6-3. Event routing network.
Eight multiplexers means that it is possible to route up to eight events at the same time. It is also possible to route one
event through several multiplexers.
Not all XMEGA devices contain all peripherals. This only means that a peripheral is not available for generating or using
events. The network configuration itself is compatible between all devices.
(48)
PORTA
PORTB
PORTC
PORTD
PORTE
PORTF
ADCA
ADCB
DACA
DACB
TCF0
TCF1
(6)
(4)
TCE0
TCE1
(6)
(4)
TCD0
TCD1
(6)
(4)
TCC0
TCC1
(6)
(4)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(10)
(10)
(10)
(10)
(36)
(4)
(4)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
ACA
ACB
RTC
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
CH0MUX[7:0]
CH1MUX[7:0]
CH2MUX[7:0]
CH3MUX[7:0]
CH4MUX[7:0]
CH5MUX[7:0]
CH6MUX[7:0]
CH7MUX[7:0]
CH1CTRL[7:0]
CH0CTRL[7:0]
CH2CTRL[7:0]
CH3CTRL[7:0]
CH4CTRL[7:0]
CH5CTRL[7:0]
CH6CTRL[7:0]
CH7CTRL[7:0]
Event Channel 7
Event Channel 6
Event Channel 5
Event Channel 4
Event Channel 3
Event Channel 2
Event Channel 1
Event Channel 0
USB (4)
ClkPER (16)
(2)
(3)
(3)
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6.5 Event Timing
An event normally lasts for one peripheral clock cycle, but some event sources, such as a low level on an I/O pin, will
generate events continuously. Details on this are described in the datasheet for each peripheral, but unless otherwise
stated, an event lasts for one peripheral clock cycle.
It takes a maximum of two peripheral clock cycles from when an event is generated until the event actions in other
peripherals are triggered. This ensures short and 100% predictable response times, independent of CPU or DMA
controller load or software revisions.
6.6 Filtering
Each event channel includes a digital filter. When this is enabled, an event must be sampled with the same value for a
configurable number of system clock cycles before it is accepted. This is primarily intended for pin change events.
6.7 Quadrature Decoder
The event system includes three quadrature decoders (QDECs), which enable the device to decode quadrature input on
I/O pins and send data events that a timer/counter can decode to count up, count down, or index/reset. Table 6-2 on
page 75 summarizes which quadrature decoder data events are available, how they are decoded, and how they can be
generated. The QDECs and related features and control and status registers are available for event channels 0, 2, and 4.
Table 6-2. Quadrature decoder data events.
6.7.1 Quadrature Operation
A quadrature signal is characterized by having two square waves that are phase shifted 90 degrees relative to each
other. Rotational movement can be measured by counting the edges of the two waveforms. The phase relationship
between the two square waves determines the direction of rotation.
Figure 6-4. Quadrature signals from a rotary encoder.
Figure 6-4 shows typical quadrature signals from a rotary encoder. The signals QDPH0 and QDPH90 are the two
quadrature signals. When QDPH90 leads QDPH0, the rotation is defined as positive or forward. When QDPH0 leads
STROBE DATA Data event user Signaling event user
0 0 No event No event
0 1 Index/reset No event
1 0 Count down Signaling event
1 1 Count up Signaling event
00 10 11 01
QDPH0
QDPH90
QDINDX
Forward Direction
Backward
Direction
01 11 10 00
1 cycle / 4 states
QDPH0
QDPH90
QDINDX
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QDPH90, the rotation is defined as negative or reverse. The concatenation of the two phase signals is called the
quadrature state or the phase state.
In order to know the absolute rotary displacement, a third index signal (QINDX) can be used. This gives an indication
once per revolution.
6.7.2 QDEC Setup
For a full QDEC setup, the following is required:
Two or three I/O port pins for quadrature signal input
Two event system channels for quadrature decoding
One timer/counter for up, down, and optional index count
The following procedure should be used for QDEC setup:
1. Choose two successive pins on a port as QDEC phase inputs.
2. Set the pin direction for QDPH0 and QDPH90 as input.
3. Set the pin configuration for QDPH0 and QDPH90 to low level sense.
4. Select the QDPH0 pin as a multiplexer input for an event channel, n.
5. Enable quadrature decoding and digital filtering in the event channel.
6. Optional:
1. Set up a QDEC index (QINDX).
2. Select a third pin for QINDX input.
3. Set the pin direction for QINDX as input.
4. Set the pin configuration for QINDX to sense both edges.
5. Select QINDX as a multiplexer input for event channel n+1
6. Set the quadrature index enable bit in event channel n.
7. Select the index recognition mode for event channel n.
7. Set quadrature decoding as the event action for a timer/counter.
8. Select event channel n as the event source for the timer/counter.
Set the period register of the timer/counter to ('line count' * 4 - 1), the line count of the quadrature encoder.
Enable the timer/counter without clock prescaling.
The angle of a quadrature encoder attached to QDPH0, QDPH90 (and QINDX) can now be read directly from the
timer/counter count register. If the count register is different from BOTTOM when the index is recognized, the
timer/counter error flag is set. Similarly, the error flag is set if the position counter passes BOTTOM without the
recognition of the index.
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6.8 Register Description
6.8.1 CHnMUX – Event Channel n Multiplexer register
Bit 7:0 – CHnMUX[7:0]: Channel Multiplexer
These bits select the event source according to Table 6-3. This table is valid for all XMEGA devices regardless of
whether the peripheral is present or not. Selecting event sources from peripherals that are not present will give the
same result as when this register is zero. When this register is zero, no events are routed through. Manually gen-
erated events will override CHnMUX and be routed to the event channel even if this register is zero.
Table 6-3. CHnMUX[7:0] bit settings.
Bit 76543210
CHnMUX[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 00000000
CHnMUX[7:4] CHnMUX[3:0] Group configu ration Eve nt sou rce
0000 0000 None (manually generated events only)
0000 0001 (Reserved)
0000 0 0 1 X (Reserved)
0000 0 1 X X (Reserved)
0000 1000RTC_OVF/RTC32_OVF RTC overflow / RTC32 overflow
0000 1001RTC_CMP RTC compare match
0000 1010
USB start of frame on CH0 (see Table 6-4 on page 78)
USB error on CH1 (see Table 6-4 on page 78)
USB overflow on CH2 (see Table 6-4 on page 78)
USB setup on CH3 (see Table 6-4 on page 78)
0000 1 0 1 X (Reserved)
0000 1 1 X X (Reserved)
0001 0000ACA_CH0 ACA channel 0
0001 0001ACA_CH1 ACA channel 1
0001 0010ACA_WIN ACA window
0001 0011ACB_CH0 ACB channel 0
0001 0100ACB_CH1 ACB channel 1
0001 0101ACB_WIN ACB window
0001 0 1 1 X (Reserved)
0001 1 X X X (Reserved)
0010 0 0 n ADCA_CHn ADCA channel n (n =0, 1, 2 or 3)
0010 0 1 n ADCB_CHn ADCB channel n (n=0, 1, 2 or 3)
0010 1 X X X (Reserved)
0011 X X X X (Reserved)
0100 X X X X (Reserved)
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Notes: 1. The description of how the ports generate events is described in “Port Event” on page 145.
2. The different USB events can be selected for only event channel, 0 to 3.
Table 6-4. Timer/counter events.
6.8.2 CHnCTRL – Event Channel n Control register
0101 0 n PORTA_PINn(1) PORTA pin n (n= 0, 1, 2 ... or 7)
0101 1 n PORTB_PINn(1) PORTB pin n (n= 0, 1, 2 ... or 7)
0110 0 n PORTC_PINn(1) PORTC pin n (n= 0, 1, 2 ... or 7)
0110 1 n PORTD_PINn(1) PORTD pin n (n= 0, 1, 2 ... or 7)
0111 0 n PORTE_PINn(1) PORTE pin n (n= 0, 1, 2 ... or 7)
0111 1 n PORTF_PINn(1) PORTF pin n (n= 0, 1, 2 ... or 7)
1000 MPRESCALER_M ClkPER divide by 2M (M=0 to 15)
1001 X X X X (Reserved)
1010 X X X X (Reserved)
1011 X X X X (Reserved)
1100 0 E See Table 6-4 Timer/counter C0 event type E
1100 1 E See Table 6-4 Timer/counter C1 event type E
1101 0 E See Table 6-4 Timer/counter D0 event type E
1101 1 E See Table 6-4 Timer/counter D1 event type E
1110 0 E See Table 6-4 Timer/counter E0 event type E
1110 1 E See Table 6-4 Timer/counter E1 event type E
1111 0 E See Table 6-4 Timer/counter F0 event type E
1111 1 E See Table 6-4 Timer/counter F1 event type E
T/C event E Group configuration Event type
000TCxn_OVF Over/Underflow (x = C, D, E or F) (n= 0 or 1)
001TCxn_ERR Error (x = C, D, E or F) (n= 0 or 1)
0 1 X (Reserved)
100TCxn_CCA Capture or compare A (x = C, D, E or F) (n= 0 or 1)
101TCxn_CCB Capture or compare B (x = C, D, E or F) (n= 0 or 1)
110TCxn_CCC Capture or compare C (x = C, D, E or F) (n= 0)
111TCxn_CCD Capture or compare D (x = C, D, E or F) (n= 0)
CHnMUX[7:4] CHnMUX[3:0] Group configu ration Eve nt sou rce
Bit 76543210
–QDIRM[1:0] QDIEN QDEN DIGFILT[2:0]
Read/Write R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R
Initial Value 00000000
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Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is reserved and will always be read as zero. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 6:5 – QDIRM[1:0]: Quadrature Decode Index Recognition Mode
These bits determine the quadrature state for the QDPH0 and QDPH90 signals, where a valid index signal is rec-
ognized and the counter index data event is given according to Table 6-5 on page 79. These bits should only be
set when a quadrature encoder with a connected index signal is used.These bits are available only for CH0CTRL,
CH2CTRL, and CH4CTRL.
Table 6-5. QDIRM bit settings..
Bit 4 – QDIEN: Quadrature Decode Index Enable
When this bit is set, the event channel will be used as a QDEC index source, and the index data event will be
enabled.
This bit is available only for CH0CTRL, CH2CTRL, and CH4CTRL.
Bit 3 – QDEN: Quadrature Decode Enable
Setting this bit enables QDEC operation.
This bit is available only for CH0CTRL, CH2CTRL, and CH4CTRL.
Bit 2:0 – DIGFILT[2:0]: Digital Filter Coefficient
These bits define the length of digital filtering used. Events will be passed through to the event channel only when
the event source has been active and sampled with the same level for the number of peripheral clock cycles
defined by DIGFILT.
QDIRM[1:0] Index recognition state
0 0 {QDPH0, QDPH90} = 0b00
0 1 {QDPH0, QDPH90} = 0b01
1 0 {QDPH0, QDPH90} = 0b10
1 1 {QDPH0, QDPH90} = 0b11
Table 6-6. Digital filter coefficient values .
DIGFILT[2:0] Group configuration Description
000 1SAMPLE One sample
001 2SAMPLES Two samples
010 3SAMPLES Three samples
011 4SAMPLES Four samples
100 5SAMPLES Five samples
101 6SAMPLES Six samples
110 7SAMPLES Seven samples
111 8SAMPLES Eight samples
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6.8.3 STROBE – Strobe regis ter
If the STROBE register location is written, each event channel will be set according to the STROBE[n] and corresponding
DATA[n] bit settings, if any are unequal to zero.
A single event lasting for one peripheral clock cycle will be generated.
6.8.4 DATA – Data register
This register contains the data value when manually generating a data event. This register must be written before the
STROBE register. For details, See ”STROBE – Strobe register” on page 80.
Bit 76543210
+0x10 STROBE[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x11 DATA[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 00000000
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6.9 Register Summary
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CH0MUX CH0MUX[7:0] 77
+0x01 CH1MUX CH1MUX[7:0] 77
+0x02 CH2MUX CH2MUX[7:0] 77
+0x03 CH3MUX CH3MUX[7:0] 77
+0x04 CH4MUX CH4MUX[7:0] 77
+0x05 CH5MUX CH5MUX[7:0] 77
+0x06 CH6MUX CH6MUX[7:0] 77
+0x07 CH7MUX CH7MUX[7:0] 77
+0x08 CH0CTRL –QDIRM[1:0] QDIEN QDEN DIGFILT[2:0] 78
+0x09 CH1CTRL – – – – – DIGFILT[2:0] 78
+0x0A CH2CTRL –QDIRM[1:0] QDIEN QDEN DIGFILT[2:0] 78
+0x0B CH3CTRL – – – – – DIGFILT[2:0] 78
+0x0C CH4CTRL –QDIRM[1:0] QDIEN QDEN DIGFILT[2:0] 78
+0x0D CH5CTRL – – – – – DIGFILT[2:0] 78
+0x0E CH6CTRL – – – – – DIGFILT[2:0] 78
+0x0F CH7CTRL – – – – – DIGFILT[2:0] 78
+0x10 STROBE STROBE[7:0] 80
+0x11 DATA DATA[7:0] 80
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7. System Clock and Clock Options
7.1 Features
Fast start-up time
Safe run-time clock switching
Internal oscillators:
32MHz run-time calibrated oscillator
2MHz run-time calibrated oscillator
32.768kHz calibrated oscillator
32kHz ultra low power (ULP) oscillator with 1kHz output
External clock options
0.4MHz - 16MHz crystal oscillator
32.768kHz crystal oscillator
External clock
PLL with 20MHz - 128MHz output frequency
Internal and external clock options and 1x to 31x multiplication
Lock detector
Clock prescalers with 1x to 2048x division
Fast peripheral clocks running at 2 and 4 times the CPU clock
Automatic run-time calibration of internal oscillators
External oscillator and PLL lock failure detection with optional non-maskable interrupt
7.2 Overview
XMEGA devices have a flexible clock system supporting a large number of clock sources. It incorporates both accurate
internal oscillators and external crystal oscillator and resonator support. A high-frequency phase locked loop (PLL) and
clock prescalers can be used to generate a wide range of clock frequencies. A calibration feature (DFLL) is available,
and can be used for automatic run-time calibration of the internal oscillators to remove frequency drift over voltage and
temperature. An oscillator failure monitor can be enabled to issue a non-maskable interrupt and switch to the internal
oscillator if the external oscillator or PLL fails.
When a reset occurs, all clock sources except the 32kHz ultra low power oscillator are disabled. After reset, the device
will always start up running from the 2MHz internal oscillator. During normal operation, the system clock source and
prescalers can be changed from software at any time.
Figure 7-1 on page 83 presents the principal clock system in the XMEGA family of devices. Not all of the clocks need to
be active at a given time. The clocks for the CPU and peripherals can be stopped using sleep modes and power
reduction registers, as described in “Power Management and Sleep Modes” on page 103.
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Figure 7-1. The clock system, clock sources, and clock distribution.
Real Time
Counter Peripherals RAM AVR CPU Non-Volatile
Memory
Watchdog
Timer
Brown-out
Detector
System Clock Prescalers
USB
Prescaler
System Clock Multiplexer
(SCLKSEL)
PLLSRC
RTCSRC
DIV32
32 kHz
Int. ULP
32.768 kHz
Int. OSC
32.768 kHz
TOSC
2 MHz
Int. Osc
32 MHz
Int. Osc
0.4 – 16 MHz
XTAL
DIV32
DIV32
DIV4
XOSCSEL
PLL
USBSRC
TOSC1
TOSC2
XTAL1
XTAL2
clkSYS
clkRTC
clkPER2
clkPER
clkCPU
clkPER4
clkUSB
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7.3 Clock Distribution
Figure 7-1 on page 83 presents the principal clock distribution system used in XMEGA devices.
7.3.1 System Clock - ClkSYS
The system clock is the output from the main system clock selection. This is fed into the prescalers that are used to
generate all internal clocks except the asynchronous and USB clocks.
7.3.2 CPU Cloc k - Clk CPU
The CPU clock is routed to the CPU and nonvolatile memory. Halting the CPU clock inhibits the CPU from executing
instructions.
7.3.3 Peripheral Clo ck - ClkPER
The majority of peripherals and system modules use the peripheral clock. This includes the DMA controller, event
system, interrupt controller, external bus interface and RAM. This clock is always synchronous to the CPU clock, but may
run even when the CPU clock is turned off.
7.3.4 Periphera l 2x/4x Clocks - ClkPER2/ClkPER4
Modules that can run at two or four times the CPU clock frequency can use the peripheral 2x and peripheral 4x clocks.
7.3.5 Asynchronous Clock - ClkRTC
The asynchronous clock allows the real-time counter (RTC) to be clocked directly from an external 32.768kHz crystal
oscillator or the 32 times prescaled output from the internal 32.768kHz oscillator or ULP oscillator. The dedicated clock
domain allows operation of this peripheral even when the device is in sleep mode and the rest of the clocks are stopped.
7.3.6 USB Cloc k - Clk USB
The USB device module requires a 12MHz or 48MHz clock. It has a separate clock source selection in order to avoid
system clock source limitations when USB is used.
7.4 Clock Sources
The clock sources are divided in two main groups: internal oscillators and external clock sources. Most of the clock
sources can be directly enabled and disabled from software, while others are automatically enabled or disabled,
depending on peripheral settings. After reset, the device starts up running from the 2MHz internal oscillator. The other
clock sources, DFLLs and PLL, are turned off by default.
7.4.1 Internal Oscillators
The internal oscillators do not require any external components to run. For details on characteristics and accuracy of the
internal oscillators, refer to the device datasheet.
7.4.1.1 32kHz Ultra Low Power Oscillator
This oscillator provides an approximate 32kHz clock. The 32kHz ultra low power (ULP) internal oscillator is a very low
power clock source, and it is not designed for high accuracy.The oscillator employs a built-in prescaler that provides a
1kHz output. The oscillator is automatically enabled/disabled when it is used as clock source for any part of the device.
This oscillator can be selected as the clock source for the RTC.
7.4.1.2 32.768kHz Calibrated Oscillator
This oscillator provides an approximate 32.768kHz clock. It is calibrated during production to provide a default frequency
close to its nominal frequency. The calibration register can also be written from software for run-time calibration of the
oscillator frequency. The oscillator employs a built-in prescaler, which provides both a 32.768kHz output and a 1.024kHz
output.
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7.4.1.3 32MHz Run-time Calibrated Oscillator
The 32MHz run-time calibrated internal oscillator is a high-frequency oscillator. It is calibrated during production to
provide a default frequency close to its nominal frequency. A digital frequency looked loop (DFLL) can be enabled for
automatic run-time calibration of the oscillator to compensate for temperature and voltage drift and optimize the oscillator
accuracy. This oscillator can also be adjusted and calibrated to any frequency between 30MHz and 55MHz. The
production signature row contains 48 MHz calibration values intended used when the oscillator is used a full-speed USB
clock source.
7.4.1.4 2MHz Run-time Calibrated Oscillator
The 2MHz run-time calibrated internal oscillator is the default system clock source after reset. It is calibrated during
production to provide a default frequency close to its nominal frequency. A DFLL can be enabled for automatic run-time
calibration of the oscillator to compensate for temperature and voltage drift and optimize the oscillator accuracy.
7.4.2 External Clock Sources
The XTAL1 and XTAL2 pins can be used to drive an external oscillator, either a quartz crystal or a ceramic resonator.
XTAL1 can be used as input for an external clock signal. The TOSC1 and TOSC2 pins is dedicated to driving a
32.768kHz crystal oscillator.
7.4.2.1 0.4MHz - 16MHz Crystal Oscillator
This oscillator can operate in four different modes optimized for different frequency ranges, all within 0.4MHz - 16MHz.
Figure 7-2 shows a typical connection of a crystal oscillator or resonator.
Figure 7-2. Crystal oscillator connection .
Two capacitors, C1 and C2, may be added to match the required load capacitance for the connected crystal.
7.4.2.2 External Clock Input
To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL1 must be driven as shown in Figure 7-3 on page 85. In this
mode, XTAL2 can be used as a general I/O pin.
Figure 7-3. External clock drive configuration.
C1
C2
XTAL2
XTAL1
GND
General
Purpose
I/O
XTAL2
XTAL1
External
Clock
Signal
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7.4.2.3 32.768kHz Crystal Oscillator
A 32.768kHz crystal oscillator can be connected between the TOSC1 and TOSC2 pins and enables a dedicated low
frequency oscillator input circuit. A typical connection is shown in Figure 7-4 on page 86. A low power mode with reduced
voltage swing on TOSC2 is available. This oscillator can be used as a clock source for the system clock and RTC, and as
the DFLL reference clock.
Figure 7-4. 32.768kHz crystal osc illator connection.
Two capacitors, C1 and C2, may be added to match the required load capacitance for the connected crystal. For details
on recommended TOSC characteristics and capacitor load, refer to device datasheets.
7.5 System Clock Selection and Prescalers
All the calibrated internal oscillators, the external clock sources (XOSC), and the PLL output can be used as the system
clock source. The system clock source is selectable from software, and can be changed during normal operation. Built-in
hardware protection prevents unsafe clock switching. It is not possible to select a non-stable or disabled oscillator as the
clock source, or to disable the oscillator currently used as the system clock source. Each oscillator option has a status
flag that can be read from software to check that the oscillator is ready.
The system clock is fed into a prescaler block that can divide the clock signal by a factor from 1 to 2048 before it is routed
to the CPU and peripherals. The prescaler settings can be changed from software during normal operation. The first
stage, prescaler A, can divide by a factor of from 1 to 512. Then, prescalers B and C can be individually configured to
either pass the clock through or combine divide it by a factor from 1 to 4. The prescaler guarantees that derived clocks
are always in phase, and that no glitches or intermediate frequencies occur when changing the prescaler setting. The
prescaler settings are updated in accordance with the rising edge of the slowest clock.
Figure 7-5. System clock selection and prescalers.
Prescaler A divides the system clock, and the resulting clock is clkPER4. Prescalers B and C can be enabled to divide the
clock speed further to enable peripheral modules to run at twice or four times the CPU clock frequency. If Prescalers B
and C are not used, all the clocks will run at the same frequency as the output from Prescaler A.
The system clock selection and prescaler registers are protected by the configuration change protection mechanism,
employing a timed write procedure for changing the system clock and prescaler settings. For details, refer to
“Configuration Change Protection” on page 13.
C1
C2
TOSC2
TOSC1
GND
Prescaler A
1, 2, 4, ... , 512
Prescaler B
1, 2, 4
Prescaler C
1, 2
Internal 2MHz Osc.
Internal 32.768kHz Osc.
Internal 32MHz Osc.
External Oscillator or Clock.
Clk
CPU
Clock Selection
Clk
PER
Clk
SYS
Clk
PER2
Clk
PER4
Internal PLL.
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7.6 PLL with 1x-31x Multiplication Factor
The built-in phase locked loop (PLL) can be used to generate a high-frequency system clock. The PLL has a user-
selectable multiplication factor of from 1 to 31. The output frequency, fOUT, is given by the input frequency, fIN, multiplied
by the multiplication factor, PLL_FAC.
Four different clock sources can be chosen as input to the PLL:
2MHz internal oscillator
32MHz internal oscillator divided by 4
0.4MHz - 16MHz crystal oscillator
External clock
To enable the PLL, the following procedure must be followed:
1. Enable reference clock source.
2. Set the multiplication factor and select the clock reference for the PLL.
3. Wait until the clock reference source is stable.
4. Enable the PLL.
Hardware ensures that the PLL configuration cannot be changed when the PLL is in use. The PLL must be disabled
before a new configuration can be written.
It is not possible to use the PLL before the selected clock source is stable and the PLL has locked.
The reference clock source cannot be disabled while the PLL is running.
7.7 DFLL 2MHz and DFLL 32MHz
Two built-in digital frequency locked loops (DFLLs) can be used to improve the accuracy of the 2MHz and 32MHz
internal oscillators. The DFLL compares the oscillator frequency with a more accurate reference clock to do automatic
run-time calibration of the oscillator and compensate for temperature and voltage drift. The choices for the reference
clock sources are:
32.768kHz calibrated internal oscillator
32.768kHz crystal oscillator connected to the TOSC pins
External clock
USB start of frame
The DFLLs divide the oscillator reference clock by 32 to use a 1.024kHz reference. The reference clock is individually
selected for each DFLL, as shown on Figure 7-6 on page 88.
fOUT fIN PLL_FAC=
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Figure 7-6. DFLL reference clock selection.
The ideal counter value representing the frequency ratio between the internal oscillator and a 1.024kHz reference clock
is loaded into the DFLL oscillator compare register (COMP) during reset. For the 32MHz oscillator, this register can be
written from software to make the oscillator run at a different frequency or when the ratio between the reference clock
and the oscillator is different (for example when the USB start of frame is used). The 48MHz calibration values must be
read from the production signature row and written to the 32MHz CAL register before the DFLL is enabled with USB SOF
as reference source.
The value that should be written to the COMP register is given by the following formula:
When the DFLL is enabled, it controls the ratio between the reference clock frequency and the oscillator frequency. If the
internal oscillator runs too fast or too slow, the DFLL will decrement or increment its calibration register value by one to
adjust the oscillator frequency. The oscillator is considered running too fast or too slow when the error is more than a half
calibration step size.
32.768 kHz Crystal Osc
External Clock
32.768 kHz Int. Osc
DFLL32M
32 MHz Int. RCOSC
DFLL2M
2 MHz Int. RCOSC
clkRC32MCREF
clkRC2MCREF
TOSC1
TOSC2
XTAL1
DIV32DIV32
XOSCSEL
USB Start of Frame
)(
RCnCREF
OSC
ff
hexCOMP
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Figure 7-7. Automatic run-time calibration.
The DFLL will stop when entering a sleep mode where the oscillators are stopped. After wake up, the DFLL will continue
with the calibration value found before entering sleep. The reset value of the DFLL calibration register can be read from
the production signature row.
When the DFLL is disabled, the DFLL calibration register can be written from software for manual run-time calibration of
the oscillator.
7.8 PLL and External Clock Source Failure Monitor
A built-in failure monitor is available for the PLL and external clock source. If the failure monitor is enabled for the PLL
and/or the external clock source, and this clock source fails (the PLL looses lock or the external clock source stops) while
being used as the system clock, the device will:
Switch to run the system clock from the 2MHz internal oscillator
Reset the oscillator control register and system clock selection register to their default values
Set the failure detection interrupt flag for the failing clock source (PLL or external clock)
Issue a non-maskable interrupt (NMI)
If the PLL or external clock source fails when not being used for the system clock, it is automatically disabled, and the
system clock will continue to operate normally. No NMI is issued. The failure monitor is meant for external clock sources
above 32kHz. It cannot be used for slower external clocks.
When the failure monitor is enabled, it will not be disabled until the next reset.
The failure monitor is stopped in all sleep modes where the PLL or external clock source are stopped. During wake up
from sleep, it is automatically restarted.
The PLL and external clock source failure monitor settings are protected by the configuration change protection
mechanism, employing a timed write procedure for changing the settings. For details, refer to “Configuration Change
Protection” on page 13.
DFLL CNT
COMP
0
tRCnCREF
Frequency
OK RCOSC fast,
CALA decremented
RCOSC slow,
CALA incremented
clkRCnCREF
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7.9 Register Description – Clock
7.9.1 CTRL – Control register
Bit 7:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 2:0 – SCLKSEL[2:0]: System Clock Selection
These bits are used to select the source for the system clock. See Table 7-1 on page 90 for the different selec-
tions. Changing the system clock source will take two clock cycles on the old clock source and two more clock
cycles on the new clock source. These bits are protected by the configuration change protection mechanism. For
details, refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page 13.
SCLKSEL cannot be changed if the new clock source is not stable. The old clock can not be disabled until the
clock switching is completed.
Table 7-1. System clock selection.
7.9.2 PSCTRL – Prescaler register
This register is protected by the configuration change protection mechanism. For details, refer to “Configuration Change
Protection” on page 13.
Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 ––––– SCLKSEL[2:0]
Read/Write RRRRRR/WR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
SCLKSEL[2:0] Group configura tion Description
000 RC2MHZ 2MHz internal oscillator
001 RC32MHZ 32MHz internal oscillator
010 RC32KHZ 32.768kHz internal oscillator
011 XOSC External oscillator or clock
100 PLL Phase locked loop
101 –Reserved
110 –Reserved
111 –Reserved
Bit 76543210
+0x01 – PSADIV[4:0] PSBCDIV
Read/Write R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Bit 6:2 – PSADIV[4:0]: Prescaler A Division Factor
These bits define the division ratio of the clock prescaler A according to Table 7-2 on page 91. These bits can be
written at run-time to change the frequency of the ClkPER4 clock relative to the system clock, ClkSYS.
Table 7-2. Prescaler A division factor.
Bit 1:0 – PSBCDIV: Prescaler B and C Division Factors
These bits define the division ratio of the clock prescalers B and C according to Table 7-3 on page 91. Prescaler B
will set the clock frequency for the ClkPER2 clock relative to the ClkPER4 clock. Prescaler C will set the clock fre-
quency for the ClkPER and ClkCPU clocks relative to the ClkPER2 clock. Refer to Figure 7-5 on page 86 fore more
details.
Table 7-3. Prescaler B and C divi sion factors.
PSADIV[4:0] Group configurat i on Description
00000 1No division
00001 2Divide by 2
00011 4Divide by 4
00101 8Divide by 8
00111 16 Divide by 16
01001 32 Divide by 32
01011 64 Divide by 64
01101 128 Divide by 128
01111 256 Divide by 256
10001 512 Divide by 512
10101 Reserved
10111 Reserved
11001 Reserved
11011 Reserved
11101 Reserved
11111 Reserved
PSBCDIV[1:0] Group configuration Prescaler B division Prescaler C division
00 1_1 No division No division
01 1_2 No division Divide by 2
10 4_1 Divide by 4 No division
11 2_2 Divide by 2 Divide by 2
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7.9.3 LOCK – Lock register
Bit 7:1 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 0 – LOCK: Clock System Lock
When this bit is written to one, the CTRL and PSCTRL registers cannot be changed, and the system clock selec-
tion and prescaler settings are protected against all further updates until after the next reset. This bit is protected
by the configuration change protection mechanism. For details, refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page
13.
The LOCK bit can be cleared only by a reset.
7.9.4 RTCCTRL – RTC Control register
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:1 – RTCSRC[2:0]: RTC Clock Source
These bits select the clock source for the real-time counter according to Table 7-4 on page 92.
Table 7-4. RTC clock source selection(1).
Notes: 1. This table is not applicable for RTC32
2. Not available on devices with Battery Backup System
Bit 76543210
+0x02 –––––––LOCK
Read/Write RRRRRRRR/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x03 –––– RTCSRC[2:0] RTCEN
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
RTCSRC[2:0] Group configuration Description
000 ULP 1kHz from 32kHz internal ULP oscillator
001 TOSC 1.024kHz from 32.768kHz crystal oscillator on TOSC
010 RCOSC 1.024kHz from 32.768kHz internal oscillator(2)
011 –Reserved
100 –Reserved
101 TOSC32 32.768kHz from 32.768kHz crystal oscillator on TOSC
110 RCOSC32 32.768kHz from 32.768kHz internal oscillator
111 EXTCLK External clock from TOSC1(2)
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Bit 0 – RTCEN: RTC Clock Source Enable
Setting the RTCEN bit enables the selected RTC clock source for the real-time counter.
7.9.5 USBCTRL – USB Control register
Bit 7:6 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 5:3 – USBPSDIV[2:0]: USB Prescaler Division Factor
These bits define the division ratio of the USB clock prescaler according to Table 7-5 on page 93. These bits are
locked as long as the USB clock source is enabled.
Table 7-5. USB prescaler division factor.
Bit 2:1 – USBSRC[1:0]: USB Clock Source
These bits select the clock source for the USB module according to Table 7-6 on page 93.
Table 7-6. USB clock source.
Note: 1. The 32MHz internal oscillator must be calibrated to 48MHz before selecting this as source for the USB device module. Refer to “DFLL 2MHz and
DFLL 32MHz” on page 87.
Bit 0 – USBSEN: USB Clock Source Enable
Setting this bit enables the selected clock source for the USB device module.
Bit 76543210
+0x04 –– USBPSDIV[2:0] USBSRC[1:0] USBSEN
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
USBPSDIV[2:0] Group configuration Description
000 1No division
001 2Divide by 2
010 4Divide by 4
011 8Divide by 8
100 16 Divide by 16
101 32 Divide by 32
110 –Reserved
111 –Reserved
USBSRC[1:0] Group configurat i on Description
00 PLL PLL
01 RC32M 32MHz internal oscillator(1)
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7.10 Register Description – Oscillator
7.10.1 CTRL – Oscillator Control register
Bit 7:5 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 4 – PLLEN: PLL Enable
Setting this bit enables the PLL. Before the PLL is enabled, it must be configured with the desired multiplication
factor and clock source. See ”STATUS – Oscillator Status register” on page 94.
Bit 3 – XOSCEN: External Oscillator Enable
Setting this bit enables the selected external clock source. Refer to “XOSCCTRL – XOSC Control register” on
page 95 for details on how to select the external clock source. The external clock source should be allowed time to
stabilize before it is selected as the source for the system clock. See ”STATUS – Oscillator Status register” on
page 94.
Bit 2 – RC32KEN: 32.768kHz Internal Oscillator Enable
Setting this bit enables the 32.768kHz internal oscillator. The oscillator must be stable before it is selected as the
source for the system clock. See ”STATUS – Oscillator Status register” on page 94.
Bit 1 – RC32MEN: 32MHz Internal Oscillator Enable
Setting this bit will enable the 32MHz internal oscillator. The oscillator must be stable before it is selected as the
source for the system clock. See ”STATUS – Oscillator Status register” on page 94.
Bit 0 – RC2MEN: 2MHz Internal Oscillator Enable
Setting this bit enables the 2MHz internal oscillator. The oscillator must be stable before it is selected as the
source for the system clock. See ”STATUS – Oscillator Status register” on page 94.
By default, the 2MHz internal oscillator is enabled and this bit is set.
7.10.2 STATUS – Oscillator St atus register
Bit 7:5 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 4 – PLLRDY: PLL Ready
This flag is set when the PLL has locked on the selected frequency and is ready to be used as the system clock
source.
Bit 3 – XOSCRDY: External Clock Source Ready
This flag is set when the external clock source is stable and is ready to be used as the system clock source.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 – – – PLLEN XOSCEN RC32KEN RC32MEN RC2MEN
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000001
Bit 765 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 ––– PLLRDY XOSCRDY RC32KRDY RC32MRDY RC2MRDY
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Bit 2 – RC32KRDY: 32.768kHz Internal Oscillator Ready
This flag is set when the 32.768kHz internal oscillator is stable and is ready to be used as the system clock source.
Bit 1 – RC32MRDY: 32MHz Internal Oscillator Ready
This flag is set when the 32MHz internal oscillator is stable and is ready to be used as the system clock source.
Bit 0 – RC2MRDY: 2MHz Internal Oscillator Ready
This flag is set when the 2MHz internal oscillator is stable and is ready to be used as the system clock source.
7.10.3 XOSCCTRL – XOSC Control register
Bit 7:6 – FRQRANGE[1:0]: 0.4 - 16MHz Crystal Oscillator Frequency Range Select
These bits select the frequency range for the connected crystal oscillator according to Table 7-7 on page 95.
Table 7-7. 16MHz crystal oscillator frequency range selection.
Note: Refer to Electrical characteristics section in device datasheet to retrieve the best setting for a given frequency.
Bit 5 – X32KLPM: Crystal Oscillator 32.768kHz Low Power Mode
Setting this bit enables the low power mode for the 32.768kHz crystal oscillator. This will reduce the swing on the
TOSC2 pin.
Bit 4 – XOSCPWR: Crystal Oscillator Drive
Setting this bit will increase the current in the 0.4MHz - 16MHz crystal oscillator and increase the swing on the
XTAL2 pin. This allows for driving crystals with higher load or higher frequency than specified by the FRQRANGE
bits.
Bit 3:0 – XOSCSEL[3:0]: Crystal Oscillator Selection
These bits select the type and start-up time for the crystal or resonator that is connected to the XTAL or TOSC
pins. See Table 7-8 on page 96 for crystal selections. If an external clock or external oscillator is selected as the
source for the system clock, see “CTRL – Oscillator Control register” on page 94. This configuration cannot be
changed.
Bit 76543210
+0x02 FRQRANGE[1:0] X32KLPM XOSCPWR XOSCSEL[3:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
FRQRANGE[1:0] Group config uration Typical freq ue nc y rang e Recommended range for capacitors C1 and C2 (pF)
00 04TO2 0.4MHz - 2MHz 100-300
01 2TO9 2MHz - 9MHz 10-40
10 9TO12 9MHz - 12MHz 10-40
11 12TO16 12MHz - 16MHz 10-30
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Table 7-8. External oscillator selection and start-up time.
Notes: 1. This option should be used only when frequency stability at startup is not important for the application. The option is not suitable for crystals.
2. This option is intended for use with ceramic resonators. It can also be used when the frequency stability at startup is not important for the
application.
3. When the external oscillator is used as the reference for a DFLL, only EXTCLK and 32KHZ can be selected.
7.10.4 XOSCFAIL – XOSC Failure Detection register
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3 – PLLFDIF: PLL Fault Detection Flag
If PLL failure detection is enabled, PLLFDIF is set when the PLL looses lock. Writing logic one to this location will
clear PLLFDIF.
Bit 2 – PLLFDEN: PLL Fault Detection Enable
Setting this bit will enable PLL failure detection. A non-maskable interrupt will be issued when PLLFDIF is set.
This bit is protected by the configuration change protection mechanism. Refer to “Configuration Change Protec-
tion” on page 13 for details.
Bit 1 – XOSCFDIF: Failure Detection Interrupt Flag
If the external clock source oscillator failure monitor is enabled, XOSCFDIF is set when a failure is detected. Writ-
ing logic one to this location will clear XOSCFDIF.
Bit 0 – XOSCFDEN: Failure Detection Enable
Setting this bit will enable the failure detection monitor, and a non-maskable interrupt will be issued when
XOSCFDIF is set.
This bit is protected by the configuration change protection mechanism. Refer to “Configuration Change Protec-
tion” on page 13 for details. Once enabled, failure detection can only be disabled by a reset.
XOSCSEL[3:0] Group configura ti on Selected clock source Start-up time
0000 EXTCLK(3) External Clock 6 CLK
0010 32KHZ(3) 32.768kHz TOSC 16K CLK
0011 XTAL_256CLK(1) 0.4MHz - 16MHz XTAL 256 CLK
0111 XTAL_1KCLK(2) 0.4MHz - 16MHz XTAL 1K CLK
1011 XTAL_16KCLK 0.4MHz - 16MHz XTAL 16K CLK
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 –––– PLLFDIF PLLFDEN XOSCFDIF XOSCFDEN
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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7.10.5 RC32KCAL – 32kHz Oscillator Calibrat ion register
Bit 7:0 – RC32KCAL[7:0]: 32.768kHz Internal Oscillator Calibration bits
This register is used to calibrate the 32.768kHz internal oscillator. A factory-calibrated value is loaded from the sig-
nature row of the device and written to this register during reset, giving an oscillator frequency close to 32.768kHz.
The register can also be written from software to calibrate the oscillator frequency during normal operation.
7.10.6 PLLCTRL – PLL Control register
Bit 7:6 – PLLSRC[1:0]: Clock Source
The PLLSRC bits select the input source for the PLL according to Table 7-9 on page 100.
Table 7-9. PLL clock source.
Notes: 1. The 32.768kHz TOSC cannot be selected as the source for the PLL. An external clock must be a minimum 0.4MHz to be used as the source clock.
Bit 5 – PLLDIV: PLL Divided Output Enable
Setting this bit will divide the output from the PLL by 2.
Bit 4:0 – PLLFAC[4:0]: Multiplication Factor
These bits select the multiplication factor for the PLL. The multiplication factor can be in the range of from 1x to
31x.
7.10.7 DFLLCTRL – DFLL Control register
Bit 7:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 76543210
+0x04 RC32KCAL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Valuexxxxxxxx
Bit 76543210
+0x05 PLLSRC[1:0] PLLDIV PLLFAC[4:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
PLLSRC[1:0] Group configur ation PLL input source
00 RC2M 2MHz internal oscillator
01 –Reserved
10 RC32M 32MHz internal oscillator
11 XOSC External clock source(1)
Bit 765432 1 0
+0x06 ––––– RC32MCREF[1:0] RC2MCREF
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Bit 2:1 – RC32MCREF[1:0]: 32MHz Oscillator Calibration Reference
These bits are used to select the calibration source for the 32MHz DFLL according to the Table 7-10 on page 101.
These bits will select only which calibration source to use for the DFLL. In addition, the actual clock source that is
selected must enabled and configured for the calibration to function.
Table 7-10. 32MHz oscillator referenc e selection.
Bit 0 – RC2MCREF: 2MHz Oscillator Calibration Reference
This bit is used to select the calibration source for the 2MHz DFLL. By default, this bit is zero and the 32.768kHz
internal oscillator is selected. If this bit is set to one, the 32.768kHz crystal oscillator on TOSC is selected as the
reference. This bit will select only which calibration source to use for the DFLL. In addition, the actual clock source
that is selected must enabled and configured for the calibration to function.
7.11 Register Description – DFLL32M/DFLL2M
7.11.1 CTRL – DFLL Control register
Bit 7:1 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 0 – ENABLE: DFLL Enable
Setting this bit enables the DFLL and auto-calibration of the internal oscillator. The reference clock must be
enabled and stable before the DFLL is enabled.
After disabling the DFLL, the reference clock can not be disabled before the ENABLE bit is read as zero.
7.11.2 CALA – DFLL Calibration Register A
The CALA and CALB registers hold the 13-bit DFLL calibration value that is used for automatic run-time calibration of the
internal oscillator. When the DFLL is disabled, the calibration registers can be written by software for manual run-time
calibration of the oscillator. The oscillators will also be calibrated according to the calibration value in these registers
when the DFLL is disabled.
RC32MCREF[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 RC32K 32.768kHz internal oscillator
01 XOSC32 32.768kHz crystal oscillator on TOSC
10 USBSOF USB start of frame
11 –Reserved
Bit 76543210
+0x00 ––––––– ENABLE
Read/Write RRRRRRRR/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x02 – CALA[6:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value0xxxxxxx
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Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 6:0 – CALA[6:0]: DFLL Calibration Bits
These bits hold the part of the oscillator calibration value that is used for automatic runtime calibration. A factory-
calibrated value is loaded from the signature row of the device and written to this register during reset, giving an
oscillator frequency approximate to the nominal frequency for the oscillator. The bits cannot be written when the
DFLL is enabled.
7.11.3 CALB – DFLL Calibration register B
Bit 7:6 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 5:0 – CALB[5:0]: DFLL Calibration bits
These bits hold the part of the oscillator calibration value that is used to select the oscillator frequency. A factory-
calibrated value is loaded from the signature row of the device and written to this register during reset, giving an
oscillator frequency approximate to the nominal frequency for the oscillator. These bits are not changed during
automatic run-time calibration of the oscillator. The bits cannot be written when the DFLL is enabled. When cali-
brating to a frequency different from the default, the CALA bits should be set to a middle value to maximize the
range for the DFLL.
7.11.4 COMP1 – DFLL Compare register 1
The COMP1 and COMP2 register pair represent the frequency ratio between the oscillator and the reference clock. The
initial value for these registers is the ratio between the internal oscillator frequency and a 1.024kHz reference.
The initial value for these registers is the ratio between the internal oscillator frequency and a 1.024kHz reference;
0x7A12 for 32 MHz DFLL.
Bit 7:0 – COMP1[7:0]: Compare Byte 1
These bits hold byte 1 of the 16-bit compare register.
7.11.5 COMP2 – DFLL Compare register 2
Bit 7:0 – COMP2[15:8]: Compare Byte 2
These bits hold byte 2 of the 16-bit compare register.
Bit 76543210
+0x03 – – CALB[5:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 x x x x x x
Bit 76543210
+0x05 COMP[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value––––––––
Bit 76543210
+0x06 COMP[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value––––––––
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Table 7-11. Nominal DFLL32M COMP values for different output frequencies .
Oscillator frequency (MHz) COMP value (ClkRCnCREF = 1.024kHz)
30.0 0x7270
32.0 0x7A12
34.0 0x81B3
36.0 0x8954
38.0 0x90F5
40.0 0x9896
42.0 0xA037
44.0 0xA7D8
46.0 0xAF79
48.0 0xB71B
50.0 0xBEBC
52.0 0xC65D
54.0 0xCDFE
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7.12 Register summary – Clock
7.13 Register summary – Oscillator
7.14 Register summary – DFLL32M/DFLL2M
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL – – – – – SCLKSEL[2:0] 90
+0x01 PSCTRL –PSADIV[4:0] PSBCDIV[1:0] 90
+0x02 LOCK – – – – – – – LOCK 92
+0x03 RTCCTRL – – – – RTCSRC[2:0] RTCEN 92
+0x04 USBSCTRL –USBPSDIV[2:0] USBSRC[1:0] USBSEN USBPSDIV[2:0] 92
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL – – – PLLEN XOSCEN RC32KEN R32MEN RC2MEN 94
+0x01 STATUS – – – PLLRDY XOSCRDY RC32KRDY R32MRDY RC2MRDY 94
+0x02 XOSCCTRL FRQRANGE[1:0] X32KLPM XOSCPWR XOSCSEL[3:0] 95
+0x03 XOSCFAIL – – – – PLLFDIF PLLFDEN XOSCFDIF XOSCFDEN 96
+0x04 RC32KCAL RC32KCAL[7:0] 97
+0x05 PLLCTRL PLLSRC[1:0] PLLDIV PLLFAC[4:0] 97
+0x06 DFLLCTRL – – – – – RC32MCREF[1:0] RC2MCREF 97
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL – – – – – – – ENABLE 98
+0x01 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x02 CALA –CALA[6:0] 98
+0x03 CALB – – CALB[5:0] 99
+0x04 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x05 COMP1 COMP[7:0] 99
+0x06 COMP2 COMP[15:8] 99
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –
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7.15 Oscillator failure interrupt vector summary
Table 7-12. Oscillator failure interrupt vector and its word offset address PLL and external oscillator failure interrupt base.
Offset Source Interrupt Description
0x00 OSCF_vect PLL and external oscillator failure interrupt vector (NMI)
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8. Power Management and Sleep Modes
8.1 Features
Power management for adjusting power consumption and functions
Five sleep modes
Idle
Power down
Power save
Standby
Extended standby
Power reduction register to disable clock and turn off unused peripherals in active and idle modes
8.2 Overview
Various sleep modes and clock gating are provided in order to tailor power consumption to application requirements.
This enables the XMEGA microcontroller to stop unused modules to save power.
All sleep modes are available and can be entered from active mode. In active mode, the CPU is executing application
code. When the device enters sleep mode, program execution is stopped and interrupts or a reset is used to wake the
device again. The application code decides which sleep mode to enter and when. Interrupts from enabled peripherals
and all enabled reset sources can restore the microcontroller from sleep to active mode.
In addition, power reduction registers provide a method to stop the clock to individual peripherals from software. When
this is done, the current state of the peripheral is frozen, and there is no power consumption from that peripheral. This
reduces the power consumption in active mode and idle sleep modes and enables much more fine-tuned power
management than sleep modes alone.
8.3 Sleep Modes
Sleep modes are used to shut down modules and clock domains in the microcontroller in order to save power. XMEGA
microcontrollers have five different sleep modes tuned to match the typical functional stages during application
execution. A dedicated sleep instruction (SLEEP) is available to enter sleep mode. Interrupts are used to wake the
device from sleep, and the available interrupt wake-up sources are dependent on the configured sleep mode. When an
enabled interrupt occurs, the device will wake up and execute the interrupt service routine before continuing normal
program execution from the first instruction after the SLEEP instruction. If other, higher priority interrupts are pending
when the wake-up occurs, their interrupt service routines will be executed according to their priority before the interrupt
service routine for the wake-up interrupt is executed. After wake-up, the CPU is halted for four cycles before execution
starts.
Table 8-1 on page 104 shows the different sleep modes and the active clock domains, oscillators, and wake-up sources.
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Table 8-1. Active clock domains and wake-up sources in the different sleep modes.
The wake-up time for the device is dependent on the sleep mode and the main clock source. The startup time for the
system clock source must be added to the wake-up time for sleep modes where the system clock source is not kept
running. For details on the startup time for the different oscillator options, refer to “System Clock and Clock Options” on
page 82.
The content of the register file, SRAM and registers are kept during sleep. If a reset occurs during sleep, the device will
reset, start up, and execute from the reset vector.
8.3.1 Idle Mode
In idle mode the CPU and nonvolatile memory are stopped (note that any ongoing programming will be completed), but
all peripherals, including the interrupt controller, event system and DMA controller are kept running. Any enabled
interrupt will wake the device.
8.3.2 Power-down Mode
In power-down mode, all clocks, including the real-time counter clock source, are stopped. This allows operation only of
asynchronous modules that do not require a running clock. The only interrupts that can wake up the MCU are the two-
wire interface address match interrupt, asynchronous port interrupts, and the USB resume interrupt.
8.3.3 Power-save Mode
Power-save mode is identical to power down, with one exception. If the real-time counter (RTC) is enabled, it will keep
running during sleep, and the device can also wake up from either an RTC overflow or compare match interrupt.
8.3.4 Standby Mode
Standby mode is identical to power down, with the exception that the enabled system clock sources are kept running
while the CPU, peripheral, and RTC clocks are stopped. This reduces the wake-up time.
8.3.5 Extended Standby Mode
Extended standby mode is identical to power-save mode, with the exception that the enabled system clock sources are
kept running while the CPU and peripheral clocks are stopped. This reduces the wake-up time.
Active Clock Domain Oscillators Wake-up Sources
Sleep Modes
CPU Clock
Peripheral and USB Clock
RTC Clock
System Clock Source
RTC Clock Source
USB Resume
Asynchronous Port Interrupts
TWI Address Match In terrupts
Real Time Clock Interrupts
All Interrupts
Idle X X X X X X X X X
Power down XXX
Power save X X X X X X
Standby X X X X
Extended standby X X X X X X X
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8.4 Power Reduction Registers
The power reduction (PR) registers provide a method to stop the clock to individual peripherals. When this is done, the
current state of the peripheral is frozen and the associated I/O registers cannot be read or written. Resources used by the
peripheral will remain occupied; hence, the peripheral should be disabled before stopping the clock. Enabling the clock to
a peripheral again puts the peripheral in the same state as before it was stopped. This can be used in idle mode and
active modes to reduce the overall power consumption. In all other sleep modes, the peripheral clock is already stopped.
Not all devices have all the peripherals associated with a bit in the power reduction registers. Setting a power reduction
bit for a peripheral that is not available will have no effect.
8.5 Minimizing Power Consumption
There are several possibilities to consider when trying to minimize the power consumption in an AVR MCU controlled
system. In general, correct sleep modes should be selected and used to ensure that only the modules required for the
application are operating.
All unneeded functions should be disabled. In particular, the following modules may need special consideration when
trying to achieve the lowest possible power consumption.
8.5.1 Analog-to-Digital Converter - ADC
When entering idle mode, the ADC should be disabled if not used. In other sleep modes, the ADC is automatically
disabled. To save power, the ADC should be disabled before entering any sleep mode. When the ADC is turned off and
on again, the next conversion will be an extended conversion. Refer to “ADC – Analog-to-Digital Converter” on page 339
for details on ADC operation.
8.5.2 Analog Comparator - AC
When entering idle mode, the analog comparator should be disabled if not used. In other sleep modes, the analog
comparator is automatically disabled. However, if the analog comparator is set up to use the internal voltage reference as
input, the analog comparator should be disabled in all sleep modes. Otherwise, the internal voltage reference will be
enabled, irrespective of sleep mode. Refer to “AC – Analog Comparator” on page 377 for details on how to configure the
analog comparator.
8.5.3 Brownout Detector
If the brownout detector is not needed by the application, this module should be turned off. If the brownout detector is
enabled by the BODLEVEL fuses, it will be enabled in all sleep modes, and always consume power. In the deeper sleep
modes, it can be turned off and set in sampled mode to reduce current consumption. Refer to “Brownout Detection” on
page 112 for details on how to configure the brownout detector.
8.5.4 Watchdog Timer
If the watchdog timer is not needed in the application, the module should be turned off. If the watchdog timer is enabled,
it will be enabled in all sleep modes and, hence, always consume power. Refer to “WDT – Watchdog Timer” on page 125
for details on how to configure the watchdog timer.
8.5.5 Port Pins
When entering a sleep mode, all port pins should be configured to use minimum power. Most important is to ensure that
no pins drive resistive loads. In sleep modes where the Peripheral Clock (ClkPER) is stopped, the input buffers of the
device will be disabled. This ensures that no power is consumed by the input logic when not needed.
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8.6 Register Description – Sleep
8.6.1 CTRL – Control register
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:1 – SMODE[2:0]: Sleep Mode Selection
These bits select sleep modes according to Table 8-2 on page 106.
Table 8-2. Sleep mode.
Bit 0 – SEN: Sleep Enable
This bit must be set to make the MCU enter the selected sleep mode when the SLEEP instruction is executed. To
avoid unintentional entering of sleep modes, it is recommended to write SEN just before executing the SLEEP
instruction and clear it immediately after waking up.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 –––– SMODE[2:0] SEN
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
SMODE[2:0] Group configurati on Description
000 IDLE Idle mode
001 –Reserved
010 PDOWN Power-down mode
011 PSAVE Power-save mode
100 –Reserved
101 –Reserved
110 STDBY Standby mode
111 ESTDBY Extended standby mode
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8.7 Register Description – Power Reduction
8.7.1 PRGEN – General Power Reduction register
Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 6 – USB: USB Module
Setting this bit stops the clock to the USB module. When this bit is cleared, the peripheral should be reinitialized to
ensure proper operation.
Bit 5 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 4 – AES: AES Module
Setting this bit stops the clock to the AES module. When this bit is cleared, the peripheral should be reinitialized to
ensure proper operation.
Bit 3 – EBI: External Bus Interface
Setting this bit stops the clock to the external bus interface. When this bit is cleared, the peripheral should be rein-
itialized to ensure proper operation.
Bit 2 – RTC: Real-Time Counter
Setting this bit stops the clock to the real-time counter. When this bit is cleared, the peripheral should be reinitial-
ized to ensure proper operation.
Bit 1 – EVSYS: Event System
Setting this stops the clock to the event system. When this bit is cleared, the module will continue as before it was
stopped.
Bit 0 – DMA: DMA Controller
Setting this bit stops the clock to the DMA controller. This bit can be set only if the DMA controller is disabled.
8.7.2 PRPA/B – Power Reduction Port A/B register
Note: Disabling of analog modules stops the clock to the analog blocks themselves and not only the interfaces.
Bit 7:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 –USB– AES EBI RTC EVSYS DMA
Read/Write R R/W R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 765432 1 0
+0x01/+0x02 –––––DAC ADC AC
Read/Write RRRRRR/WR/WR/W
Initial Value000000 0 0
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Bit 2 – DAC: Power Reduction DAC
Setting this bit stops the clock to the DAC. The DAC should be disabled before stopped.
Bit 1 – ADC: Power Reduction ADC
Setting this bit stops the clock to the ADC. The ADC should be disabled before stopped.
Bit 0 – AC: Power Reduction Analog Comparator
Setting this bit stops the clock to the analog comparator. The AC should be disabled before shutdown.
8.7.3 PRPC/D/E/F – Power Reduction Port C/D/E/F register
Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 6 – TWI: Two-Wire Interface
Setting this bit stops the clock to the two-wire interface. When this bit is cleared, the peripheral should be reinitial-
ized to ensure proper operation.
Bit 5 – USART1
Setting this bit stops the clock to USART1. When this bit is cleared, the peripheral should be reinitialized to ensure
proper operation.
Bit 4 – USART0
Setting this bit stops the clock to USART0. When this bit is cleared, the peripheral should be reinitialized to ensure
proper operation.
Bit 3 – SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface
Setting this bit stops the clock to the SPI. When this bit is cleared, the peripheral should be reinitialized to ensure
proper operation.
Bit 2 – HIRES: High-Resolution Extension
Setting this bit stops the clock to the high-resolution extension for the timer/counters. When this bit is cleared, the
peripheral should be reinitialized to ensure proper operation.
Bit 1 – TC1: Timer/Counter 1
Setting this bit stops the clock to timer/counter 1. When this bit is cleared, the peripheral will continue like before
the shut down.
Bit 0 – TC0: Timer/Counter 0
Setting this bit stops the clock to timer/counter 0. When this bit is cleared, the peripheral will continue like before
the shut down.
Bit 76543210
+0x03/+0x04/+0x05/+0x06 – TWI USART1 USART0 SPI HIRES TC1 TC0
Read/Write R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 00000000
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8.8 Register summary – Sleep
8.9 Register summary – Power reduction
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL – – – SMODE[2:0] SEN 106
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 PRGEN –USB –AES EBI RTC EVSYS DMA 106
+0x01 PRPA – – – – – DAC ADC AC 107
+0x02 PRPB – – – – – DAC ADC AC 107
+0x03 PRPC –TWI USART1 USART0 SPI HIRES TC1 TC0 108
+0x04 PRPD –TWI USART1 USART0 SPI HIRES TC1 TC0 108
+0x05 PRPE –TWI USART1 USART0 SPI HIRES TC1 TC0 108
+0x06 PRPF –TWI USART1 USART0 SPI HIRES TC1 TC0 108
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –
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9. Reset System
9.1 Features
Reset the microcontroller and set it to initial state when a reset source goes active
Multiple reset sources that cover different situations
Power-on reset
External reset
Watchdog reset
Brownout reset
PDI reset
Software reset
Asynchronous operation
No running system clock in the device is required for reset
Reset status register for reading the reset source from the application code
9.2 Overview
The reset system issues a microcontroller reset and sets the device to its initial state. This is for situations where
operation should not start or continue, such as when the microcontrollers operates below its power supply rating. If a
reset source goes active, the device enters and is kept in reset until all reset sources have released their reset. The I/O
pins are immediately tri-stated. The program counter is set to the reset vector location, and all I/O registers are set to
their initial values. The SRAM content is kept. However, if the device accesses the SRAM when a reset occurs, the
content of the accessed location can not be guaranteed.
After reset is released from all reset sources, the default oscillator is started and calibrated before the device starts
running from the reset vector address. By default, this is the lowest program memory address, 0, but it is possible to
move the reset vector to the lowest address in the boot section.
The reset functionality is asynchronous, and so no running system clock is required to reset the device. The software
reset feature makes it possible to issue a controlled system reset from the user software.
The reset status register has individual status flags for each reset source. It is cleared at power-on reset, and shows
which sources have issued a reset since the last power-on.
An overview of the reset system is shown in Figure 9-1 on page 111.
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Figure 9-1. Reset system overview.
9.3 Reset Sequence
A reset request from any reset source will immediately reset the device and keep it in reset as long as the request is
active. When all reset requests are released, the device will go through three stages before the device starts running
again:
Reset counter delay
Oscillator startup
Oscillator calibration
If another reset requests occurs during this process, the reset sequence will start over again.
9.3.1 Reset Counter
The reset counter can delay reset release with a programmable period from when all reset requests are released. The
reset delay is timed from the 1kHz output of the ultra low power (ULP) internal oscillator, and in addition 24 System clock
(clkSYS) cycles are counted before reset is released. The reset delay is set by the STARTUPTIME fuse bits. The
selectable delays are shown in Table 9-1 on page 111.
Table 9-1. Reset delay.
MCU Status
Register (MCUSR)
Brown-out
Reset
BODLEVEL [2:0]
Delay Counters TIMEOUT
WDRF
BORF
EXTRF
PORF
ULP
Oscillator
SPIKE
FILTER
Pull-up Resistor
JTRF
Watchdog
Reset
SUT[1:0]
Power-on Reset
Software
Reset
External
Reset
PDI
Reset
SUT[1:0] Number of 1kHz ULP Oscillator Clock Cycles Recommended Usage
00 64 ClkULP+ 24 ClkSYS Stable frequency at startup
01 4 ClkULP + 24 ClkSYS Slowly rising power
10 Reserved –
11 24 ClkSYS Fast rising power or BOD enabled
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Whenever a reset occurs, the clock system is reset and the internal 2MHz internal oscillator is chosen as the source for
ClkSYS.
9.3.2 Osc illator Startup
After the reset delay, the 2MHz internal oscillator clock is started, and its calibration values are automatically loaded from
the calibration row to the calibration registers.
9.4 Reset Sources
9.4.1 Power-on Reset
A power-on reset (POR) is generated by an on-chip detection circuit. The POR is activated when the VCC rises and
reaches the POR threshold voltage (VPOT), and this will start the reset sequence.
The POR is also activated to power down the device properly when the VCC falls and drops below the VPOT level.
The VPOT level is higher for falling VCCthan for rising VCC. Consult the datasheet for POR characteristics data.
Figure 9-2. MCU startup, RESET tied to VCC.
Figure 9-3. MCU startup, RESET extended externally,
9.4.2 Brownout Detection
The on-chip brownout detection (BOD) circuit monitors the VCC level during operation by comparing it to a fixed,
programmable level that is selected by the BODLEVEL fuses. If disabled, BOD is forced on at the lowest level during chip
erase and when the PDI is enabled.
When the BOD is enabled and VCC decreases to a value below the trigger level (VBOT- in Figure 9-4), the brownout reset
is immediately activated.
V
RESET
TIME-OUT
INTERNAL
RESET
tTOUT
VPOT
VRST
CC
RESET
TIME-OUT
INTERNAL
RESET
tTOUT
VPOT
VRST
VCC
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When VCC increases above the trigger level (VBOT+ in Figure 9-4), the reset counter starts the MCU after the timeout
period, tTOUT, has expired.
The trigger level has a hysteresis to ensure spike free brownout detection. The hysteresis on the detection level should
be interpreted as VBOT+= VBOT + VHYST/2 and VBOT- = VBOT - VHYST/2.
The BOD circuit will detect a drop in VCC only if the voltage stays below the trigger level for longer than tBOD.
Figure 9-4. Brownout detection reset.
For BOD characterization data consult the device datasheet. The programmable BODLEVEL setting is shown in Table 9-
2 on page 113.
Table 9-2. Programmable BODLEVEL setting.
Notes: 1. The values are nominal values only. For accurate, actual numbers, consult the device datasheet.
2. Changing these fuse bits will have no effect until leaving programming mode.
The BOD circuit has three modes of operation:
Disabled: In this mode, there is no monitoring of the VCC level.
Enabled: In this mode, the VCC level is continuously monitored, and a drop in VCC below VBOT for a period of tBOD
will give a brownout reset
Sampled: In this mode, the BOD circuit will sample the VCC level with a period identical to that of the 1kHz output
from the ultra low power (ULP) internal oscillator. Between each sample, the BOD is turned off. This mode will
BOD level Fuse BODLEVEL[2:0](2) VBOT(1) Unit
BOD level 0 111 1.6
V
BOD level 1 110 1.8
BOD level 2 101 2.0
BOD level 3 100 2.2
BOD level 4 011 2.4
BOD level 5 010 2.6
BOD level 6 001 2.8
BOD level 7 000 3.0
V
CC
TIME-OUT
INTERNAL
RESET
V
BOT-
V
BOT+
t
TOUT
t
BOD
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reduce the power consumption compared to the enabled mode, but a fall in the VCC level between two positive
edges of the 1kHz ULP oscillator output will not be detected. If a brownout is detected in this mode, the BOD circuit
is set in enabled mode to ensure that the device is kept in reset until VCC is above VBOT again
The BODACT fuse determines the BOD setting for active mode and idle mode, while the BODPD fuse determines the
brownout detection setting for all sleep modes, except idle mode.
Table 9-3. BOD setting fuse decoding.
9.4.3 External Reset
The external reset circuit is connected to the external RESET pin. The external reset will trigger when the RESET pin is
driven below the RESET pin threshold voltage, VRST, for longer than the minimum pulse period, tEXT. The reset will be
held as long as the pin is kept low. The RESET pin includes an internal pull-up resistor.
Figure 9-5. External reset characteristics.
For external reset characterization data consult the device datasheet.
9.4.4 Watchdog Reset
The watchdog timer (WDT) is a system function for monitoring correct program operation. If the WDT is not reset from
the software within a programmable timout period, a watchdog reset will be given. The watchdog reset is active for one to
two clock cycles of the 2MHz internal oscillator.
BODACT[1:0]/ BODPD[1:0] Mode
00 Reserved
01 Sampled
10 Enabled
11 Disabled
CC
tEXT
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Figure 9-6. Watchdog reset.
For information on configuration and use of the WDT, refer to the “WDT – Watchdog Timer” on page 125.
9.4.5 Software Reset
The software reset makes it possible to issue a system reset from software by writing to the software reset bit in the reset
control register.The reset will be issued within two CPU clock cycles after writing the bit. It is not possible to execute any
instruction from when a software reset is requested until it is issued.
Figure 9-7. Software reset.
9.4.6 Program and Debug Interface Reset
The program and debug interface reset contains a separate reset source that is used to reset the device during external
programming and debugging. This reset source is accessible only from external debuggers and programmers.
1-2 2MHz
CC
Cycles
1-2 2MHz
CC
Cycles
SOFTWARE
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9.5 Register Description
9.5.1 STATUS – Status register
Bit 7:6 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 5 – SRF: Software Reset Flag
This flag is set if a software reset occurs. The flag will be cleared by a power-on reset or by writing a one to the bit
location.
Bit 4 – PDIRF: Program and Debug Interface Reset Flag
This flag is set if a programming interface reset occurs. The flag will be cleared by a power-on reset or by writing a
one to the bit location.
Bit 3 – WDRF: Watchdog Reset Flag
This flag is set if a watchdog reset occurs. The flag will be cleared by a power-on reset or by writing a one to the bit
location.
Bit 2 – BORF: Brownout Reset Flag
This flag is set if a brownout reset occurs. The flag will be cleared by a power-on reset or by writing a one to the bit
location.
Bit 1 – EXTRF: External Reset Flag
This flag is set if an external reset occurs. The flag will be cleared by a power-on reset or by writing a one to the bit
location.
Bit 0 – PORF: Power On Reset Flag
This flag is set if a power-on reset occurs. Writing a one to the flag will clear the bit location.
9.5.2 CTRL – Control register
Bit 7:1 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 0 – SWRST: Software Reset
When this bit is set, a software reset will occur. The bit is cleared when a reset is issued. This bit is protected by
the configuration change protection mechanism. For details, refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page
13.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 –– SRF PDIRF WDRF BORF EXTRF PORF
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value––––––––
Bit 76543210
+0x01 –––––––SWRST
Read/Write R R R R R R R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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10. Battery Backup System
10.1 Features
Integrated battery backup system ensuring continuos, real-time clock during main power failure
Battery backup power supply from dedicated VBAT pin to power:
One 32-bit real-time counter
One ultra low power 32.768kHz crystal oscillator with failure detection monitor
Two battery backup registers
Automatic power switching between main power and battery backup power:
Switching from main power to battery backup power at main power loss
Switching from battery backup power to main power at main power return
10.2 Overview
Many applications require a real-time clock that keeps running continuously, even in the event of a main power loss or
failure. The battery backup system includes functions for this through automatic power switching between main power
and a battery backup power supply. No external components are required. Figure 10-1 on page 119 shows an overview
of the system.
On devices with a battery backup system, a backup battery can be connected to the dedicated VBAT power pin. If the
main power is lost, the backup battery will continue and power the real-time counter (RTC32), a 32.768kHz crystal
oscillator with failure detection monitor, and two backup registers. The battery backup system does not provide power to
other parts of the volatile memory in the device, such as SRAM and I/O registers outside the system.
The device uses its BOD to detect main power loss and switch to power from the VBAT pin. After main power is restored,
the battery back system will automatically switch back to being powered from the main power again. The backup battery
is drained only when main power is not present, and this ensures maximum battery life.
On devices with the battery backup system, the RTC32 will keep running in all sleep modes.
10.3 Battery Backup System
The battery backup system consists of a VBAT power supervisor, a power switch, a crystal oscillator with failure monitor, a
32-bit real-time counter (RTC32), and two backup registers.
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Figure 10-1. Battery backup system and its power domain implementation.
10.3.1 Power Supervisor
The power supervisor monitors the voltage on the VBAT pin. It performs three main functions:
The power-on detection (BBPOD) function detects when power is applied to the VBAT pin, i.e., when the backup battery is
inserted. When this happens the battery backup power-on detection flag (BBPODF) is set and the power switch is
disconnected to prevent the backup battery from being drained before the device is configured.
The brown-out detection (BBBOD) function monitors the VBAT voltage level when the system is powered from the VBAT
pin. If the VBAT voltage drops below a threshold voltage, the battery backup bod flag (BBBODF) is set. The BBBOD
samples the VBAT voltage level at around a 1Hz rate, and is designed for detecting slow voltage changes. The BBBOD is
turned off when the device runs from the main power.
The power detection (BBPWR) function controls the VBAT voltage after a reset. If no voltage is present on the VBAT pin,
the battery backup power flag will be set. This indicates that the backup battery is not present or has been drained.
BBPODF, BBBODF, and the BBPWR flag are later referred to as the power supervision flags.
10.3.2 Power Switch
The power switch switches between main power and the VBAT pin to power the system. This happens automatically, and
is controlled from the main BOD in the device.
10.3.3 Crystal Oscillator with Failure Monitor
The crystal oscillator (XOSC) supports connection of a external 32.768kHz crystal. It provides a prescaled clock output
selectable to 1.024kHz or 1Hz. The crystal oscillator is designed for ultra low power consumption and by default is
configured for low ESR and load capacitance crystals. It is possible to enable a high ESR mode to drive crystals with high
ESR or load capacitance, but this will increase current consumption. The crystal oscillator failure monitor will detect if the
crystal is permanently or temporarily stopped and then set the crystal oscillator failure flag.
Power
switch VCCVBAT
TOSC1
TOSC2
VBAT
power
supervisor
Crystal
Oscillator
RTC32
Failure
monitor
Backup
Registers
Main
power
supervision
Oscillator &
sleep
controller
FLASH,
EEPROM
& Fuses
Watchdog w/
Ooscillator
Internal
RAM
GPIO
XTAL2
XTAL1
OCD &
Programming
Interface
Level shifters / Isolation
CPU
&
Peripherals
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10.3.4 32-bit Real-time Counter
The 32-bit real-time counter (RTC32) will count each clock output from the crystal oscillator. It provides a one-millisecond
or one-second resolution, depending on the crystal oscillator clock output selection. For more details on the 32-bit RTC,
refer to the “RTC32 – 32-bit Real-Time Counter” on page 219.
10.3.5 Backup Registers
The two backup registers can be used to store volatile data parameters when Vcc is not present.
10.4 Configuration
During device initialization, the battery backup system and RTC32 must be configured before they can be used. The
recommended configuration sequence is:
1. Apply a reset
2. Set the access enable bit
3. Optionally configure the oscillator output and ESR selection
4. Optionally enable the crystal oscillator failure monitor and the required delay before continuing configuration
5. Enable the crystal oscillator
6. Wait until the crystal oscillator ready flag is set
7. Configure and enable the RTC32
10.5 Operation
The main BOD monitors the main voltage (Vcc) level and controls the power switching. This must always be enabled. In
active and idle modes, the BOD must be in continuos mode. In deep sleep modes, the BOD can be in continuos or
sampled mode. The system is designed as a power backup system for the RTC. Reset sources other than the BOD and
power loss (i.e. external reset, watchdog reset, and software reset) must be treated as a system reset. In this case, the
device state should be treated as unknown and lead to complete re-initialization, including battery backup system
configuration.
10.5.1 Main Power Loss
When Vcc drops below the programmed BOD threshold voltage, the device will:
1. Switch the battery backup system to be powered from the VBAT pin and enable the BBBOD.
2. Ignore any input signals to the system to prevent accidental or partial configuration.
3. Stretch the 1Hz / 1.024kHz clock signal to avoid a clock edge when switching is active.
4. Reset the part of the device not powered from the VBAT pin.
The battery backup system will continue to run as normal during the power switch and afterwards. When main power is
lost, it is not possible to access or read the status from the registers.
10.5.2 Main Power Restore and Start-up Sequence
At every startup after main power is restored, the software should:
1. Control the main reset source to determine that a POR or BOD took place.
2. Check for power on the VBAT pin by reading the BBPWR flag.
3. Read the power supervisor flags to determine further software action:
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1. If all power supervision flags are cleared, the battery backup system runs as normal. The software should
enable access to the battery backup system and check the crystal oscillator failure flag. If the flag is set, the
software should assume that the RTC32 counter value is invalid and take appropriate action.
2. If any power supervision flags are set, it indicates the battery backup system has lost power sometime dur-
ing the period when the rest of the device was unpowererd. Software should assume that the configuration
and RTC32 value are invalid and take appropriate action.
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10.6 Register Description
10.6.1 CTRL: Control register
Bit 7: 6 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 5 – HIGHESR: High ESR Mode
Setting this bit will increase the current used to drive the crystal and increase the swing on the TOSC2 pin. This
allows use of crystals with higher load and higher ESR.
Bit 4 – XOSCSEL: Crystal Oscillator Output Selection
This bit selects the prescaled clock output from the 32.768kHz crystal oscillator. After reset, this bit is zero, and the
1Hz clock output is used as input for the RTC32. Setting this bit will select the 1.024kHz clock output as input for
the RTC32. This bit cannot be changed when XOSCEN is set.
Bit 3 – XOSCEN: Crystal Oscillator Enable
Setting this bit will enable the 32.768kHz crystal oscillator. Writing the bit to zero will have no effect, and the oscil-
lator will remain enabled until a battery backup reset is issued. The Crystal oscillator can also be used as
32.768kHz system clock after performing step one to three described in “Configuration” on page 120.
Bit 2 – XOSCFDEN: Crystal Oscillator Failure Detection Enable
Setting this bit will enable the crystal oscillator monitor. The monitor will detect if the crystal is stopped or loses
connection temporarily. At least 64 swings must be lost before the failure detection is triggered. Writing the bit to
zero will have no effect, and the crystal oscillator monitor will remain enabled until a battery backup reset is issued.
Bit 1 – ACCEN: Module Access Enable
Setting this bit will enable access to the battery backup registers. After main reset, this bit must be set in order to
access (read from and write to) the battery backup registers, except for the BBPODF, the BBBODF, and the
BBPWR flags, which are always accessible. Writing this bit to zero will have no effect; only a device reset will clear
this bit.
Bit 0 – RESET: Reset
Setting this bit will force a reset of the battery backup system lasting one peripheral clock cycle. Writing the bit to
zero will have no effect. Writing a one to XOSCEN or XOSCFDEN at the same time will block writing to this bit.
When this bit is set, HIGHESR, XOSCSEL, XOSCEN, and XOSCFDEN in CTRL and XOSCRDY in STATUS will
be cleared.
This bit is protected by the Configuration Change Protection mechanism. For a detailed description, refer to “Con-
figuration Change Protection” on page 13.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 –– HIGHESR XOSCSEL XOSCEN XOSCFDEN ACCEN RESET
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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10.6.2 STATUS: Status register
Bit 7 – BBPWR: Battery Backup Power
This flag is set if no power is detected on the VBAT pin when the device leaves reset. The flag can be cleared by
writing a one to this bit location.
Bit 6:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3 – XOSCRDY: Crystal Oscillator Ready
This flag is set when the 32.678kHz crystal oscillator has started and is stable and ready. The flag can be cleared
by applying a reset to the battery backup system. The actual start-up time is crystal dependent. Refer to the data-
sheet for the crystal oscillator used for more information.
Bit 2 – XOSCFAIL: Crystal Oscillator Failure
This flag is set if a crystal oscillator failure is detected. The flag can be cleared by writing a one to this bit location
or by applying a reset to the battery backup system.
Bit 1 – BBBODF: Battery Backup Brown-out Detection Flag
This flag is set if battery backup BOD is detected when the battery backup system is powered from the VBAT pin.
The flag can be cleared by writing a one to this bit location. This flag is not valid when BBPWR is set.
Bit 0 – BBPODF: Battery Backup Power-on Detection Flag
This flag is set if battery backup power-on is detected; i.e., when power is connected to the VBAT pin. The flag is
updated only during device startup when main power is applied. Applying or reapplying power to the VBAT pin while
main power is present will not change this flag until main power is removed and re-applied. The flag can be cleared
by writing a one to this bit location. This flag is not valid when BBPWR is set.
10.6.3 BACKUP0: Backup register 0
Bit 7:0 – BACKUP0[7:0]: Backup Value 0
This register can be used to store data in the battery backup system before the main power is lost or removed.
10.6.4 BACKUP1: Backup register 1
Bit 76543210
+0x01 BBPWR – – – XOSCRDY XOSCFAIL BBBODF BBPODF
Read/Write R/W R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 x x 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x02 BACKUP0[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value x x x x x x x x
Bit 76543210
+0x03 BACKUP1[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Valuexxxxxxxx
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Bit 7:0 – BACKUP1[7:0]: Backup Value 1
This register can be used to store data in the battery backup system before the main power is lost or removed.
10.7 Register summary
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL – – HIGHESR XOSCSEL XOSCEN XOSCFDEN ACCEN RESET 122
+0x01 STATUS BBPWR – – – XOSCRDY OSCFAIL BBBODF BBPODF 122
+0x02 BACKUP0 BACKUP0[7:0] 123
+0x03 BACKUP1 BACKUP1[7:0] 123
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11. WDT – Watchdog Timer
11.1 Features
Issues a device reset if the timer is not reset before its timeout period
Asynchronous operation from dedicated oscillator
1kHz output of the 32kHz ultra low power oscillator
11 selectable timeout periods, from 8ms to 8s.
Two operation modes:
Normal mode
Window mode
Configuration lock to prevent unwanted changes
11.2 Overview
The watchdog timer (WDT) is a system function for monitoring correct program operation. It makes it possible to recover
from error situations such as runaway or deadlocked code. The WDT is a timer, configured to a predefined timeout
period, and is constantly running when enabled. If the WDT is not reset within the timeout period, it will issue a
microcontroller reset. The WDT is reset by executing the WDR (watchdog timer reset) instruction from the application
code.
The window mode makes it possible to define a time slot or window inside the total timeout period during which WDT
must be reset. If the WDT is reset outside this window, either too early or too late, a system reset will be issued.
Compared to the normal mode, this can also catch situations where a code error causes constant WDR execution.
The WDT will run in active mode and all sleep modes, if enabled. It is asynchronous, runs from a CPU-independent clock
source, and will continue to operate to issue a system reset even if the main clocks fail.
The configuration change protection mechanism ensures that the WDT settings cannot be changed by accident. For
increased safety, a fuse for locking the WDT settings is also available.
11.3 Normal Mode Operation
In normal mode operation, a single timeout period is set for the WDT. If the WDT is not reset from the application code
before the timeout occurs, then the WDT will issue a system reset. There are 11 possible WDT timeout (TOWDT) periods,
selectable from 8ms to 8s, and the WDT can be reset at any time during the timeout period. A new WDT timeout period
will be started each time the WDT is reset by the WDR instruction. The default timeout period is controlled by fuses.
Normal mode operation is illustrated in Figure 11-1 on page 125.
Figure 11-1. Normal mode operation.
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11.4 Window Mode Operation
In window mode operation, the WDT uses two different timeout periods, a "closed" window timeout period (TOWDTW) and
the normal timeout period (TOWDT). The closed window timeout period defines a duration of from 8ms to 8s where the
WDT cannot be reset. If the WDT is reset during this period, the WDT will issue a system reset. The normal WDT timeout
period, which is also 8ms to 8s, defines the duration of the "open" period during which the WDT can (and should) be
reset. The open period will always follow the closed period, and so the total duration of the timeout period is the sum of
the closed window and the open window timeout periods. The default closed window timeout period is controlled by fuses
(both open and closed periods are controlled by fuses). The window mode operation is illustrated in Figure 11-2.
Figure 11-2. Window mode op eration.
11.5 Watchdog Timer Clock
The WDT is clocked from the 1kHz output from the 32kHz ultra low power (ULP) internal oscillator. Due to the ultra low
power design, the oscillator is not very accurate, and so the exact timeout period may vary from device to device. When
designing software which uses the WDT, this device-to-device variation must be kept in mind to ensure that the timeout
periods used are valid for all devices. For more information on ULP oscillator accuracy, consult the device datasheet.
11.6 Configuration Protection and Lock
The WDT is designed with two security mechanisms to avoid unintentional changes to the WDT settings.
The first mechanism is the configuration change protection mechanism, employing a timed write procedure for changing
the WDT control registers. In addition, for the new configuration to be written to the control registers, the register’s
change enable bit must be written at the same time.
The second mechanism locks the configuration by setting the WDT lock fuse. When this fuse is set, the watchdog time
control register cannot be changed; hence, the WDT cannot be disabled from software. After system reset, the WDT will
resume at the configured operation. When the WDT lock fuse is programmed, the window mode timeout period cannot
be changed, but the window mode itself can still be enabled or disabled.
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11.7 Registers Description
11.7.1 CTRL – Control register
Bits 7:6 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bits 5:2 – PER[3:0]: Timeout Period
These bits determine the watchdog timeout period as a number of 1kHz ULP oscillator cycles. In window mode
operation, these bits define the open window period. The different typical timeout periods are found in Table 11-1.
The initial values of these bits are set by the watchdog timeout period (WDP) fuses, which are loaded at power-on.
In order to change these bits, the CEN bit must be written to 1 at the same time. These bits are protected by the
configuration change protection mechanism. For a detailed description, refer to “Configuration Change Protection”
on page 13.
Table 11-1. Watchdog timeout periods.
Note: Reserved settings will not give any timeout.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 –– PER[3:0] ENABLE CEN
Read/Write (unlocked) R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Read/Write (locked) R R R R R R R R
Initial Value (x = fuse)00XXXXX0
PER[3:0] Group configurat i on Typical timeou t periods
0000 8CLK 8ms
0001 16CLK 16ms
0010 32CLK 32ms
0011 64CLK 64ms
0100 128CLK 0.128s
0101 256CLK 0.256s
0110 512CLK 0.512s
0111 1KCLK 1.0s
1000 2KCLK 2.0s
1001 4KCLK 4.0s
1010 8KCLK 8.0s
1011 Reserved
1100 Reserved
1101 Reserved
1110 Reserved
1111 Reserved
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Bit 1 – ENABLE: Enable
This bit enables the WDT. Clearing this bit disables the watchdog timer.
In order to change this bit, the CEN bit in “CTRL – Control register” on page 127 must be written to one at the
same time. This bit is protected by the configuration change protection mechanism, For a detailed description,
refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page 13.
Bit 0 – CEN: Change Enable
This bit enables the ability to change the configuration of the “CTRL – Control register” on page 127. When writing
a new value to this register, this bit must be written to one at the same time for the changes to take effect. This bit
is protected by the configuration change protection mechanism. For a detailed description, refer to “Configuration
Change Protection” on page 13.
11.7.2 WINCTRL – Window Mode Control registe r
Bit 7:6 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 5:2 – WPER[3:0]: Window Mode Timeout Period
These bits determine the closed window period as a number of 1kHz ULP oscillator cycles in window mode opera-
tion. The typical different closed window periods are found in Table 11-2. The initial values of these bits are set by
the watchdog window timeout period (WDWP) fuses, and are loaded at power-on. In normal mode these bits are
not in use.
In order to change these bits, the WCEN bit must be written to one at the same time. These bits are protected by
the configuration change protection mechanism. For a detailed description, refer to “Configuration Change Protec-
tion” on page 13.
Table 11-2. Watchdog closed window periods.
Bit 76543210
+0x01 –– WPER[3:0] WEN WCEN
Read/Write (unlocked) R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Read/Write (locked) R R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value (x = fuse) 0 0 X X X X X 0
WPER[3:0] Group configur ation Typical closed windo w periods
0000 8CLK 8ms
0001 16CLK 16ms
0010 32CLK 32ms
0011 64CLK 64ms
0100 128CLK 0.128s
0101 256CLK 0.256s
0110 512CLK 0.512s
0111 1KCLK 1.0s
1000 2KCLK 2.0s
1001 4KCLK 4.0s
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Note: Reserved settings will not give any timeout for the window.
Bit 1 – WEN: Window Mode Enable
This bit enables the window mode. In order to change this bit, the WCEN bit in “WINCTRL – Window Mode Control
register” on page 128 must be written to one at the same time. This bit is protected by the configuration change
protection mechanism. For a detailed description, refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page 13.
Bit 0 – WCEN: Window Mode Change Enable
This bit enables the ability to change the configuration of the “WINCTRL – Window Mode Control register” on page
128. When writing a new value to this register, this bit must be written to one at the same time for the changes to
take effect. This bit is protected by the configuration change protection mechanism, but not protected by the WDT
lock fuse.
11.7.3 STATUS – Status register
Bit 7:1 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 0 – SYNCBUSY: Synchronization Busy Flag
This flag is set after writing to the CTRL or WINCTRL registers and the data are being synchronized from the sys-
tem clock to the WDT clock domain. This bit is automatically cleared after the synchronization is finished.
Synchronization will take place only when the ENABLE bit for the Watchdog Timer is set.
1010 8KCLK 8.0s
1011 Reserved
1100 Reserved
1101 Reserved
1110 Reserved
1111 Reserved
WPER[3:0] Group configur ation Typical closed windo w periods
Bit 7654321 0
+0x02 ––––––– SYNCBUSY
Read/Write RRRRRRR R
Initial Value 0000000 0
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12. Interrupts and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller
12.1 Features
Short and predictable interrupt response time
Separate interrupt configuration and vector address for each interrupt
Programmable multilevel interrupt controller
Interrupt prioritizing according to level and vector address
Three selectable interrupt levels for all interrupts: low, medium and high
Selectable, round-robin priority scheme within low-level interrupts
Non-maskable interrupts for critical functions
Interrupt vectors optionally placed in the application section or the boot loader section
12.2 Overview
Interrupts signal a change of state in peripherals, and this can be used to alter program execution. Peripherals can have
one or more interrupts, and all are individually enabled and configured. When an interrupt is enabled and configured, it
will generate an interrupt request when the interrupt condition is present. The programmable multilevel interrupt
controller (PMIC) controls the handling and prioritizing of interrupt requests. When an interrupt request is acknowledged
by the PMIC, the program counter is set to point to the interrupt vector, and the interrupt handler can be executed.
All peripherals can select between three different priority levels for their interrupts: low, medium, and high. Interrupts are
prioritized according to their level and their interrupt vector address. Medium-level interrupts will interrupt low-level
interrupt handlers. High-level interrupts will interrupt both medium- and low-level interrupt handlers. Within each level, the
interrupt priority is decided from the interrupt vector address, where the lowest interrupt vector address has the highest
interrupt priority. Low-level interrupts have an optional round-robin scheduling scheme to ensure that all interrupts are
serviced within a certain amount of time.
Non-maskable interrupts (NMI) are also supported, and can be used for system critical functions.
12.3 Operation
Interrupts must be globally enabled for any interrupts to be generated. This is done by setting the global interrupt enable
( I ) bit in the CPU status register. The I bit will not be cleared when an interrupt is acknowledged. Each interrupt level
must also be enabled before interrupts with the corresponding level can be generated.
When an interrupt is enabled and the interrupt condition is present, the PMIC will receive the interrupt request. Based on
the interrupt level and interrupt priority of any ongoing interrupts, the interrupt is either acknowledged or kept pending
until it has priority. When the interrupt request is acknowledged, the program counter is updated to point to the interrupt
vector. The interrupt vector is normally a jump to the interrupt handler; the software routine that handles the interrupt.
After returning from the interrupt handler, program execution continues from where it was before the interrupt occurred.
One instruction is always executed before any pending interrupt is served.
The PMIC status register contains state information that ensures that the PMIC returns to the correct interrupt level when
the RETI (interrupt return) instruction is executed at the end of an interrupt handler. Returning from an interrupt will return
the PMIC to the state it had before entering the interrupt. The status register (SREG) is not saved automatically upon an
interrupt request. The RET (subroutine return) instruction cannot be used when returning from the interrupt handler
routine, as this will not return the PMIC to its correct state.
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Figure 12-1. Interrupt controller overview
12.4 Interrupts
All interrupts and the reset vector each have a separate program vector address in the program memory space. The
lowest address in the program memory space is the reset vector. All interrupts are assigned individual control bits for
enabling and setting the interrupt level, and this is set in the control registers for each peripheral that can generate
interrupts. Details on each interrupt are described in the peripheral where the interrupt is available.
All interrupts have an interrupt flag associated with it. When the interrupt condition is present, the interrupt flag will be set,
even if the corresponding interrupt is not enabled. For most interrupts, the interrupt flag is automatically cleared when
executing the interrupt vector. Writing a logical one to the interrupt flag will also clear the flag. Some interrupt flags are
not cleared when executing the interrupt vector, and some are cleared automatically when an associated register is
accessed (read or written). This is described for each individual interrupt flag.
If an interrupt condition occurs while another, higher priority interrupt is executing or pending, the interrupt flag will be set
and remembered until the interrupt has priority. If an interrupt condition occurs while the corresponding interrupt is not
enabled, the interrupt flag will be set and remembered until the interrupt is enabled or the flag is cleared by software.
Similarly, if one or more interrupt conditions occur while global interrupts are disabled, the corresponding interrupt flag
will be set and remembered until global interrupts are enabled. All pending interrupts are then executed according to their
order of priority.
Interrupts can be blocked when executing code from a locked section; e.g., when the boot lock bits are programmed.
This feature improves software security. Refer to “Memory Programming” on page 407 for details on lock bit settings.
Interrupts are automatically disabled for up to four CPU clock cycles when the configuration change protection register is
written with the correct signature. Refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page 13 for more details.
12.4.1 NMI – Non-Maskable Interrupts
Which interrupts represent NMI and which represent regular interrupts cannot be selected. Non-maskable interrupts
must be enabled before they can be used. Refer to the device datasheet for NMI present on each device.
An NMI will be executed regardless of the setting of the I bit, and it will never change the I bit. No other interrupts can
interrupt a NMI handler. If more than one NMI is requested at the same time, priority is static according to the interrupt
vector address, where the lowest address has highest priority.
12.4.2 Interrupt Response Time
The interrupt response time for all the enabled interrupts is three CPU clock cycles, minimum; one cycle to finish the
ongoing instruction and two cycles to store the program counter to the stack. After the program counter is pushed on the
stack, the program vector for the interrupt is executed. The jump to the interrupt handler takes three clock cycles.
Peripheral 1
Interrupt Controller
INT REQ
INT LEVEL
INT REQ
INT LEVEL CPU INT REQ
CTRL
LEVEL Enable
CPU.SREG
Global
Interrupt
Enable
Priority
decoder
STATUS
INTPRI
INT ACK
INT ACK
Peripheral n
INT LEVEL
INT REQ
INT ACK
CPU
CPU INT ACK
CPU ”RETI”
Sleep
Controller
Wake-up
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If an interrupt occurs during execution of a multicycle instruction, this instruction is completed before the interrupt is
served. See Figure 12-2 on page 133 for more details.
Figure 12-2. Interrupt execution of a multi cycle instruction.
If an interrupt occurs when the device is in sleep mode, the interrupt execution response time is increased by five clock
cycles. In addition, the response time is increased by the start-up time from the selected sleep mode.
A return from an interrupt handling routine takes four to five clock cycles, depending on the size of the program counter.
During these clock cycles, the program counter is popped from the stack and the stack pointer is incremented.
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12.5 Interrupt level
The interrupt level is independently selected for each interrupt source. For any interrupt request, the PMIC also receives
the interrupt level for the interrupt. The interrupt levels and their corresponding bit values for the interrupt level
configuration of all interrupts is shown in Table 12-1.
Table 12-1. Interrupt levels.
The interrupt level of an interrupt request is compared against the current level and status of the interrupt controller. An
interrupt request of a higher level will interrupt any ongoing interrupt handler from a lower level interrupt. When returning
from the higher level interrupt handler, the execution of the lower level interrupt handler will continue.
12.6 Interrupt priority
Within each interrupt level, all interrupts have a priority. When several interrupt requests are pending, the order in which
interrupts are acknowledged is decided both by the level and the priority of the interrupt request. Interrupts can be
organized in a static or dynamic (round-robin) priority scheme. High- and medium-level interrupts and the NMI will always
have static priority. For low-level interrupts, static or dynamic priority scheduling can be selected.
12.6.1 Static priority
Interrupt vectors (IVEC) are located at fixed addresses. For static priority, the interrupt vector address decides the priority
within one interrupt level, where the lowest interrupt vector address has the highest priority. Refer to the device datasheet
for the interrupt vector table with the base address for all modules and peripherals with interrupt capability. Refer to the
interrupt vector summary of each module and peripheral in this manual for a list of interrupts and their corresponding
offset address within the different modules and peripherals.
Figure 12-3. Static priority.
Interrupt level configuration Group configuration Description
00 OFF Interrupt disabled.
01 LO Low-level interrupt
10 MED Medium-level interrupt
11 HI High-level interrupt
IVEC 0
:
:
:
IVEC x
IVEC x+1
:
:
:
IVEC N Lowest Priority
Highest Priority
Lowest Address
Highest Address
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12.6.2 Round-robin Scheduling
To avoid the possible starvation problem for low-level interrupts with static priority, where some interrupts might never be
served, the PMIC offers round-robin scheduling for low-level interrupts. When round-robin scheduling is enabled, the
interrupt vector address for the last acknowledged low-level interrupt will have the lowest priority the next time one or
more interrupts from the low level is requested.
Figure 12-4. Round-robin sched ul in g.
12.7 Interrupt vector locations
Table 12-2 on page 135 shows reset and Interrupt vectors placement for the various combinations of BOOTRST and
IVSEL settings. If the program never enables an interrupt source, the Interrupt Vectors are not used, and regular program
code can be placed at these locations. This is also the case if the Reset Vector is in the Application section while the
Interrupt Vectors are in the Boot section or vice versa.
Table 12-2. Reset and interrupt vectors placement.
Highest Priority
IV EC 0
:
:
:
IV EC x
IV EC x +1
:
:
:
IV EC N
IV EC 0
:
:
:
IV EC x
IV EC x +1
:
:
:
IV EC N
Highest Priority
Low est Priority
IV EC x +2
IVEC x+1 last acknowledged
interrupt
Low est Priority
IVEC x last acknow ledged
interrupt
BOOTRST IVSEL Reset address Interrupt vectors start address
1 0 0x0000 0x0002
1 1 0x0000 Boot Reset Address + 0x0002
0 0 Boot Reset Address 0x0002
0 1 Boot Reset Address Boot Reset Address + 0x0002
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12.8 Register description
12.8.1 STATUS – Status register
Bit 7 – NMIEX: Non-Maskable Interrupt Executing
This flag is set if a non-maskable interrupt is executing. The flag will be cleared when returning (RETI) from the
interrupt handler.
Bit 6:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 2 – HILVLEX: High-level Interrupt Executing
This flag is set when a high-level interrupt is executing or when the interrupt handler has been interrupted by an
NMI. The flag will be cleared when returning (RETI) from the interrupt handler.
Bit 1 – MEDLVLEX: Medium-level Interrupt Executing
This flag is set when a medium-level interrupt is executing or when the interrupt handler has been interrupted by
an interrupt from higher level or an NMI. The flag will be cleared when returning (RETI) from the interrupt handler.
Bit 0 – LOLVLEX: Low-level Interrupt Executing
This flag is set when a low-level interrupt is executing or when the interrupt handler has been interrupted by an
interrupt from higher level or an NMI. The flag will be cleared when returning (RETI) from the interrupt handler.
12.8.2 INTPRI – Interrupt priority register
Bit 7:0 – INTPRI: Interrupt Priority
When round-robin scheduling is enabled, this register stores the interrupt vector of the last acknowledged low-
level interrupt. The stored interrupt vector will have the lowest priority the next time one or more low-level interrupts
are pending. The register is accessible from software to change the priority queue. This register is not reinitialized
to its initial value if round-robing scheduling is disabled, and so if default static priority is needed, the register must
be written to zero.
Bit 765432 1 0
+0x00 NMIEX –––– HILVLEX MEDLVLEX LOLVLEX
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x01 INTPRI[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 00000000
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12.8.3 CTRL – Control register
Bit 7 – RREN: Round-robin Scheduling Enable
When the RREN bit is set, the round-robin scheduling scheme is enabled for low-level interrupts. When this bit is
cleared, the priority is static according to interrupt vector address, where the lowest address has the highest
priority.
Bit 6 – IVSEL: Interrupt Vector Select
When the IVSEL bit is cleared (zero), the interrupt vectors are placed at the start of the application section in flash.
When this bit is set (one), the interrupt vectors are placed in the beginning of the boot section of the flash. Refer to
the device datasheet for the absolute address.
This bit is protected by the configuration change protection mechanism. Refer to “Configuration Change Protec-
tion” on page 13 for details.
Bit 5:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 2 – HILVLEN: High-level Interrupt Enable(1)
When this bit is set, all high-level interrupts are enabled. If this bit is cleared, high-level interrupt requests will be
ignored.
Bit 1 – MEDLVLEN: Medium-level Interrupt Enable(1)
When this bit is set, all medium-level interrupts are enabled. If this bit is cleared, medium-level interrupt requests
will be ignored.
Bit 0 – LOLVLEN: Low-level Interrupt Enable(1)
When this bit is set, all low-level interrupts are enabled. If this bit is cleared, low-level interrupt requests will be
ignored.
Note: 1. Ignoring interrupts will be effective one cycle after the bit is cleared.
Bit 765432 1 0
+0x02 RREN IVSEL ––– HILVLEN MEDLVLEN LOLVLEN
Read/Write R/W R/W R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 000000 0 0
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13. I/O Ports
13.1 Features
General purpose input and output pins with individual configuration
Output driver with configurable driver and pull settings:
Totem-pole
Wired-AND
Wired-OR
Bus-keeper
Inverted I/O
Input with synchronous and/or asynchronous sensing with interrupts and events
Sense both edges
Sense rising edges
Sense falling edges
Sense low level
Optional pull-up and pull-down resistor on input and Wired-OR/AND configurations
Optional slew rate control
Asynchronous pin change sensing that can wake the device from all sleep modes
Two port interrupts with pin masking per I/O port
Efficient and safe access to port pins
Hardware read-modify-write through dedicated toggle/clear/set registers
Configuration of multiple pins in a single operation
Mapping of port registers into bit-accessible I/O memory space
Peripheral clocks output on port pin
Real-time counter clock output to port pin
Event channels can be output on port pin
Remapping of digital peripheral pin functions
Selectable USART, SPI, and timer/counter input/output pin locations
13.2 Overview
AVR XMEGA microcontrollers have flexible general purpose I/O ports. One port consists of up to eight port pins: pin 0 to
7. Each port pin can be configured as input or output with configurable driver and pull settings. They also implement
synchronous and asynchronous input sensing with interrupts and events for selectable pin change conditions.
Asynchronous pin-change sensing means that a pin change can wake the device from all sleep modes, included the
modes where no clocks are running.
All functions are individual and configurable per pin, but several pins can be configured in a single operation. The pins
have hardware read-modify-write (RMW) functionality for safe and correct change of drive value and/or pull resistor
configuration. The direction of one port pin can be changed without unintentionally changing the direction of any other
pin.
The port pin configuration also controls input and output selection of other device functions. It is possible to have both the
peripheral clock and the real-time clock output to a port pin, and available for external use. The same applies to events
from the event system that can be used to synchronize and control external functions. Other digital peripherals, such as
USART, SPI, and timer/counters, can be remapped to selectable pin locations in order to optimize pin-out versus
application needs.
Figure 13-1 on page 140 shows the I/O pin functionality and the registers that are available for controlling a pin.
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Figure 13-1. General I/O pin functionality.
13.3 I/O Pin Use and Configuration
Each port has one data direction (DIR) register and one data output value (OUT) register that are used for port pin
control. The data input value (IN) register is used for reading the port pins. In addition, each pin has a pin configuration
(PINnCTRL) register for additional pin configuration.
Direction of the pin is decided by the DIRn bit in the DIR register. If DIRn is written to one, pin n is configured as an output
pin. If DIRn is written to zero, pin n is configured as an input pin.
When direction is set as output, the OUTn bit in OUT is used to set the value of the pin. If OUTn is written to one, pin n is
driven high. If OUTn is written to zero, pin n is driven low.
The IN register is used for reading pin values. A pin value can always be read regardless of whether the pin is configured
as input or output, except if digital input is disabled.
The I/O pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if no clocks are running.
The pin n configuration (PINnCTRL) register is used for additional I/O pin configuration. A pin can be set in a totem-pole,
wired-AND, or wired-OR configuration. It is also possible to enable inverted input and output for a pin.
A totem-pole output has four possible pull configurations: totem-pole (push-pull), pull-down, pull-up, and bus-keeper. The
bus-keeper is active in both directions. This is to avoid oscillation when disabling the output. The totem-pole
D
Q
R
D
Q
R
Synchronizer
DQ
R
DQ
R
DIRn
OUTn
PINnCTRL
INn
Pxn
DQ
R
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
L
o
g
i
c
Input Disable
Wired AND/OR
Slew Rate Limit
Digital Input Pin
Analog Input/Output
Inverted I/O
Pull Enable
Pull Keep
Pull Direction
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configurations with pull-up and pull-down have active resistors only when the pin is set as input. This feature eliminates
unnecessary power consumption. For wired-AND and wired-OR configuration, the optional pull-up and pull-down
resistors are active in both input and output directions.
Since pull configuration is configured through the pin configuration register, all intermediate port states during switching
of the pin direction and pin values are avoided.
The I/O pin configurations are summarized with simplified schematics in Figure 13-2 on page 141 to Figure 13-7 on page
143.
13.3.1 Totem-pole
In the totem-pole (push-pull) configuration, the pin is driven low or high according to the corresponding bit setting in the
OUT register. In this configuration, there is no current limitation for sink or source other than what the pin is capable of. If
the pin is configured for input, the pin will float if no external pull resistor is connected.
Figure 13-2. I/O pin configuration - Totem-pole (pus h-p ull).
13.3.1.1Totem-pole with Pull-down
In this mode, the configuration is the same as for totem-pole mode, expect the pin is configured with an internal pull-down
resistor when set as input.
Figure 13-3. I/O pin configuration - Totem-pole with pull-down (on inpu t).
13.3.1.2Totem-pole with Pull-up
In this mode, the configuration is as for totem-pole, expect the pin is configured with internal pull-up when set as input.
INn
OUTn
DIRn
Pn
INn
OUTn
DIRn
Pn
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Figure 13-4. I/O pin configuration - Totem-pole with pull-up (on input).
13.3.2 Bus-keeper
In the bus-keeper configuration, it provides a weak bus-keeper that will keep the pin at its logic level when the pin is no
longer driven to high or low. If the last level on the pin/bus was 1, the bus-keeper configuration will use the internal pull
resistor to keep the bus high. If the last logic level on the pin/bus was 0, the bus-keeper will use the internal pull resistor
to keep the bus low.
Figure 13-5. I/O pin configuration - Totem-pole with bus-keeper.
13.3.3 Wired-OR
In the wired-OR configuration, the pin will be driven high when the corresponding bits in the OUT and DIR registers are
written to one. When the OUT register is set to zero, the pin is released, allowing the pin to be pulled low with the internal
or an external pull-resistor. If internal pull-down is used, this is also active if the pin is set as input.
Figure 13-6. Output configuration - Wire d-O R with op tio na l pul l-d ow n.
INn
OUTn
DIRn
Pn
INn
OUTn
DIRn
Pn
INn
OUTn
Pn
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13.3.4 Wired-AND
In the wired-AND configuration, the pin will be driven low when the corresponding bits in the OUT and DIR registers are
written to zero. When the OUT register is set to one, the pin is released allowing the pin to be pulled high with the internal
or an external pull-resistor. If internal pull-up is used, this is also active if the pin is set as input.
Figure 13-7. Output configuration - Wired-AND with optional pull-up.
13.4 Reading the Pin Value
Independent of the pin data direction, the pin value can be read from the IN register, as shown in Figure 13-1 on page
140. If the digital input is disabled, the pin value cannot be read. The IN register bit and the preceding flip-flop constitute
a synchronizer. The synchronizer introduces a delay on the internal signal line. Figure 13-8 on page 143 shows a timing
diagram of the synchronization when reading an externally applied pin value. The maximum and minimum propagation
delays are denoted as tpd,max and tpd,min, respectively.
Figure 13-8. Synchronization when reading a pin value.
13.5 Input Sense Configuration
Input sensing is used to detect an edge or level on the I/O pin input. The different sense configurations that are available
for each pin are detection of a rising edge, falling edge, or any edge or detection of a low level. High level can be
detected by using the inverted input configuration. Input sensing can be used to trigger interrupt requests (IREQ) or
events when there is a change on the pin.
INn
OUTn
Pn
PERIPHERAL CLK
INSTRUCTIONS
SYNCHRONIZER FLIPFLOP
IN
r17
xxx xxx lds r17, PORTx+IN
tpd, max
tpd, min
0x00 0xFF
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The I/O pins support synchronous and asynchronous input sensing. Synchronous sensing requires the presence of the
peripheral clock, while asynchronous sensing does not require any clock.
Figure 13-9. Input sensing.
13.6 Port Interrupt
Each port has two interrupt vectors, and it is configurable which pins on the port will trigger each interrupt. Port interrupts
must be enabled before they can be used. Which sense configurations can be used to generate interrupts is dependent
on whether synchronous or asynchronous input sensing is available for the selected pin.
For synchronous sensing, all sense configurations can be used to generate interrupts. For edge detection, the changed
pin value must be sampled once by the peripheral clock for an interrupt request to be generated.
For asynchronous sensing, only port pin 2 on each port has full asynchronous sense support. This means that for edge
detection, pin 2 will detect and latch any edge and it will always trigger an interrupt request. The other port pins have
limited asynchronous sense support. This means that for edge detection, the changed value must be held until the device
wakes up and a clock is present. If the pin value returns to its initial value before the end of the device wake-up time, the
device will still wake up, but no interrupt request will be generated.
A low level can always be detected by all pins, regardless of a peripheral clock being present or not. If a pin is configured
for low-level sensing, the interrupt will trigger as long as the pin is held low. In active mode, the low level must be held
until the completion of the currently executing instruction for an interrupt to be generated. In all sleep modes, the low level
must be kept until the end of the device wake-up time for an interrupt to be generated. If the low level disappears before
the end of the wake-up time, the device will still wake up, but no interrupt will be generated.
Table 13-1, Table 13-2, and Table 13-3 on page 145 summarize when interrupts can be triggered for the various input
sense configurations.
Table 13-1. Synchronous sense support.
DQ
R
INVERTED I/O
Interrupt
Control
DQ
R
Pxn Synchronizer
INn EDGE
DETECT
Synchronous sensing
EDGE
DETECT
Asynchronous sensing
IRQ
Synchronous
Events
Asynchronous
Events
Sense settings Supported Interrupt description
Rising edge Yes Always triggered
Falling edge Yes Always triggered
Any edge Yes Always triggered
Low level Yes Pin level must be kept unchanged during wake up
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Table 13-2. Full asynchro nous sense support.
Table 13-3. Limited asynchronous sen se support.
13.7 Port Event
Port pins can generate an event when there is a change on the pin. The sense configurations decide the conditions for
each pin to generate events. Event generation requires the presence of a peripheral clock, and asynchronous event
generation is not possible. For edge sensing, the changed pin value must be sampled once by the peripheral clock for an
event to be generated.
For level sensing, a low-level pin value will not generate events, and a high-level pin value will continuously generate
events. For events to be generated on a low level, the pin configuration must be set to inverted I/O.
Table 13-4. Event sense support.
13.8 Alternate Port Functions
Most port pins have alternate pin functions in addition to being a general purpose I/O pin. When an alternate function is
enabled, it might override the normal port pin function or pin value. This happens when other peripherals that require pins
are enabled or configured to use pins. If and how a peripheral will override and use pins is described in the section for
that peripheral.
The port override signals and related logic (grey) are shown in Figure 13-10 on page 146. These signals are not
accessible from software, but are internal signals between the overriding peripheral and the port pin.
Sense settings Supported Interrupt description
Rising edge Yes Always triggered
Falling edge Yes Always triggered
Both edges Yes Always triggered
Low level Yes Pin level must be kept unchanged during wake up
Sense settings Supported Interrupt description
Rising edge No -
Falling edge No -
Any edge Yes Pin value must be kept unchanged during wake up
Low level Yes Pin level must be kept unchanged during wake up
Sense settings Signal event Dat a event
Rising edge Rising edge Pin value
Falling edge Falling edge Pin value
Both edge Any edge Pin value
Low level Pin value Pin value
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Figure 13-10. Port override signals and related logic.
13.9 Slew Rate Control
Slew rate control can be enabled for all I/O pins individually. Enabling the slew rate limiter will typically increase the
rise/fall time by 50% to 150%, depending on operating conditions and load. For information about the characteristics of
the slew rate limiter, please refer to the device datasheet.
13.10 Clock and Event Output
It is possible to output the peripheral clock and any of the event channels to the port pins (using EVCTRL register). This
can be used to clock, control, and synchronize external functions and hardware to internal device timing. The output port
pin is selectable. If an event occurs, it remains visible on the port pin as long as the event lasts; normally one peripheral
clock cycle.
D
Q
R
D
Q
R
Synchronizer
DQ
R
DQ
R
DIRn
OUTn
PINnCTRL
INn
Pxn
DQ
R
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
L
o
g
i
c
Digital Input Disable (DID)
Wired AND/OR
Slew Rate Limit
Digital Input Pin
Analog Input/Output
Inverted I/O
Pull Enable
Pull Keep
Pull Direction
DID Override Enable
DID Override Value
OUT Override Enable
OUT Override Value
DIR Override Enable
DIR Override Value
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13.11 Multi-pin configuration
The multi-pin configuration function is used to configure multiple port pins using a single write operation to only one of the
port pin configuration registers. A mask register decides which port pin is configured when one port pin register is written,
while avoiding several pins being written the same way during identical write operations.
13.12 Virtual Ports
Virtual port registers allow the port registers to be mapped virtually in the bit-accessible I/O memory space. When this is
done, writing to the virtual port register will be the same as writing to the real port register. This enables the use of I/O
memory-specific instructions, such as bit-manipulation instructions, on a port register that normally resides in the
extended I/O memory space. There are four virtual ports, and so four ports can be mapped at the same time.
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13.13 Register Descriptions – Ports
13.13.1 DIR – Data Direction register
Bit 7:0 – DIR[7:0]: Data Direction
This register sets the data direction for the individual pins of the port. If DIRn is written to one, pin n is configured
as an output pin. If DIRn is written to zero, pin n is configured as an input pin.
13.13.2 DIRSET – Data Direction Set register
Bit 7:0 – DIRSET[7:0]: Port Data Direction Set
This register can be used instead of a read-modify-write to set individual pins as output. Writing a one to a bit will
set the corresponding bit in the DIR register. Reading this register will return the value of the DIR register.
13.13.3 DIRCLR – Data Direction Clear register
Bit 7:0 – DIRCLR[7:0]: Port Data Direction Clear
This register can be used instead of a read-modify-write to set individual pins as input. Writing a one to a bit will
clear the corresponding bit in the DIR register. Reading this register will return the value of the DIR register.
13.13.4 DIRTGL – Data Direction Toggle register
Bit 7:0 – DIRTGL[7:0]: Port Data Direction Toggle
This register can be used instead of a read-modify-write to toggle the direction of individual pins. Writing a one to a
bit will toggle the corresponding bit in the DIR register. Reading this register will return the value of the DIR
register.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 DIR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x01 DIRSET[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x02 DIRCLR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x03 DIRTGL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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13.13.5 OUT – Data Output Value register
Bit 7:0 – OUT[7:0]: Port Data Output value
This register sets the data output value for the individual pins of the port. If OUTn is written to one, pin n is driven
high. If OUTn is written to zero, pin n is driven low. For this setting to have any effect, the pin direction must be set
as output.
13.13.6 OUTSET – Data Output Value Set register
Bit 7:0 – OUTSET[7:0]: Data Output Value Set
This register can be used instead of a read-modify-write to set the output value of individual pins to one. Writing a
one to a bit will set the corresponding bit in the OUT register. Reading this register will return the value in the OUT
register.
13.13.7 OUTCLR – Data Output Value Clear Register
Bit 7:0 – OUTCLR[7:0]: Data Output Value Clear
This register can be used instead of a read-modify-write to set the output value of individual pins to zero. Writing a
one to a bit will clear the corresponding bit in the OUT register. Reading this register will return the value in the
OUT register.
13.13.8 OUTTGL – Data Output Value Toggle register
Bit 7:0 – OUTTGL[7:0]: Port Data Output Value Toggle
This register can be used instead of a read-modify-write to toggle the output value of individual pins. Writing a one
to a bit will toggle the corresponding bit in the OUT register. Reading this register will return the value in the OUT
register.
Bit 76543210
+0x04 OUT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x05 OUTSET[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x06 OUTCLR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x07 OUTTGL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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13.13.9 IN – Data Input Value register
Bit 7:0 – IN[7:0]: Data Input Value
This register shows the value present on the pins if the digital input driver is enabled. INn shows the value of pin n
of the port. The input is not sampled and cannot be read if the digital input buffers are disabled.
13.13.10 INTCTRL – Interrupt Control register
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:2/1:0 – INTnLVL[1:0]: Interrupt n Level
These bits enable port interrupt n and select the interrupt level as described in “Interrupts and Programmable Mul-
tilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131.
13.13.11 INT0MASK – Interrupt 0 Mask register
Bit 7:0 – INT0MSK[7:0]: Interrupt 0 Mask Bits
These bits are used to mask which pins can be used as sources for port interrupt 0. If INT0MASKn is written to
one, pin n is used as source for port interrupt 0.The input sense configuration for each pin is decided by the
PINnCTRL registers.
13.13.12 INT1MASK – Interrupt 1 Mask registe r
Bit 7:0 – INT1MASK[7:0]: Interrupt 1 Mask Bits
These bits are used to mask which pins can be used as sources for port interrupt 1. If INT1MASKn is written to
one, pin n is used as source for port interrupt 1.The input sense configuration for each pin is decided by the
PINnCTRL registers.
Bit 76543210
+0x08 IN[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x09 –––– INT1LVL[1:0] INT0LVL[1:0]
Read/Write RRRRR/WR/WR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x0A INT0MSK[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x0B INT1MSK[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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13.13.13 INTFLAGS – Interrupt Flag register
Bit 7:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1:0 – INTnIF: Interrupt n Flag
The INTnIF flag is set when a pin change/state matches the pin's input sense configuration, and the pin is set as
source for port interrupt n. Writing a one to this flag's bit location will clear the flag. For enabling and executing the
interrupt, refer to the interrupt level description.
13.13.14 REMAP – Pin Remap register
The pin remap functionality is available for PORTC - PORTF only.
Bit 7:6 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 5 – SPI: SPI Remap
Setting this bit to one will swap the pin locations of the SCK and MOSI pins to have pin compatibility between SPI
and USART when the USART is operating as a SPI master.
Bit 4 – USART0: USART0 Remap
Setting this bit to one will move the pin location of USART0 from Px[3:0] to Px[7:4].
Bit 3 – TC0D: Timer/Counter 0 Output Compare D
Setting this bit will move the location of OC0D from Px3 to Px7.
Bit 2 – TC0C: Timer/Counter 0 Output Compare C
Setting this bit will move the location of OC0C from Px2 to Px6.
Bit 1 – TC0B: Timer/Counter 0 Output Compare B
Setting this bit will move the location of OC0B from Px1 to Px5. If this bit is set and PWM from both timer/counter 0
and timer/counter 1 is enabled, the resulting PWM will be an OR-modulation between the two PWM outputs.
Bit 0 – TC0A: Timer/Counter 0 Output Compare A
Setting this bit will move the location of OC0A from Px0 to Px4. If this bit is set and PWM from both timer/counter 0
and timer/counter 1 is enabled, the resulting PWM will be an OR-modulation between the two PWM outputs. See
Figure 13-11.
Bit 76543210
+0x0C –––––– INT1IF INT0IF
Read/Write RRRRRRR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x0E –– SPI USART0 TC0D TC0C TC0B TC0A
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Figure 13-1 1.I/O timer/counter.
13.13.15 PINnCTRL – Pin n Configuration register
Bit 7 – SRLEN: Slew Rate Limit Enable
Setting this bit will enable slew rate limiting on pin n.
Bit 6 – INVEN: Inverted I/O Enable
Setting this bit will enable inverted output and input data on pin n.
Bit 5:3 – OPC: Output and Pull Configuration
These bits set the output/pull configuration on pin n according to Table 13-5 on page 152.
Table 13-5. Output/pull configuration.
Bit 2:0 – ISC[2:0]: Input/Sense Configuration
These bits set the input and sense configuration on pin n according to Table 13-6. The sense configuration
decides how the pin can trigger port interrupts and events. If the input buffer is disabled, the input cannot be read
in the IN register.
OC4A
OC5A
OCA
Bit 76543210
SRLEN INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
OPC[2:0] Group configuration
Description
Output configuration Pull configuration
000 TOTEM Totem-pole (N/A)
001 BUSKEEPER Totem-pole Bus-keeper
010 PULLDOWN Totem-pole Pull-down (on input)
011 PULLUP Totem-pole Pull-up (on input)
100 WIREDOR Wired-OR (N/A)
101 WIREDAND Wired-AND (N/A)
110 WIREDORPULL Wired-OR Pull-down
111 WIREDANDPULL Wired-AND Pull-up
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Table 13-6. Input/sense configuration.
Notes: 1. A low-level pin value will not generate events, and a high-level pin value will continuously generate events.
2. Only PORTA - PORTF support the input buffer disable option. If the pin is used for analog functionality, such as AC or ADC, it is recommended to
configure the pin to INPUT_DISABLE.
13.14 Register Descriptions – Port Configuration
13.14.1 MPCMASK – Multi-pin Configuration Mask register
Bit 7:0 – MPCMASK[7:0]: Multi-pin Configuration Mask
The MPCMASK register enables configuration of several pins of a port at the same time. Writing a one to bit n
makes pin n part of the multi-pin configuration. When one or more bits in the MPCMASK register is set, writing any
of the PINnCTRL registers will update only the PINnCTRL registers matching the mask in the MPCMASK register
for that port. The MPCMASK register is automatically cleared after any PINnCTRL register is written.
13.14.2 VPCTRLA – Virtual Port-map Control register A
Bit 7:4 – VP1MAP: Virtual Port 1 Mapping
These bits decide which ports should be mapped to Virtual Port 1. The registers DIR, OUT, IN, and INTFLAGS will
be mapped. Accessing the virtual port registers is equal to accessing the actual port registers. See Table 13-7 on
page 154 for configuration.
Bit 3:0 – VP0MAP: Virtual Port 0 Mapping
These bits decide which ports should be mapped to Virtual Port 0. The registers DIR, OUT, IN, and INTFLAGS will
be mapped. Accessing the virtual port registers is equal to accessing the actual port registers. See Table 13-7 on
page 154 for configuration.
ISC[2:0] Group configurat i on Description
000 BOTHEDGES Sense both edges
001 RISING Sense rising edge
010 FALLING Sense falling edge
011 LEVEL Sense low level(1)
100 Reserved
101 Reserved
110 Reserved
111 INTPUT_DISABLE Digital input buffer disabled(2)
Bit 76543210
+0x00 MPCMASK[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x02 VP1MAP[3:0] VP0MAP[3:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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13.14.3 VPCTRLB – Virtual Port-map Control register B
Bit 7:4 – VP3MAP: Virtual Port 3 Mapping
These bits decide which ports should be mapped to Virtual Port 3. The registers DIR, OUT, IN, and INTFLAGS will
be mapped. Accessing the virtual port registers is equal to accessing the actual port registers. See Table 13-7 on
page 154 for configuration.
Bit 3:0 – VP2MAP: Virtual Port 2 Mapping
These bits decide which ports should be mapped to Virtual Port 2. The registers DIR, OUT, IN, and INTFLAGS will
be mapped. Accessing the virtual port registers is equal to accessing the actual port registers. See Table 13-7 on
page 154 for configuration.
Table 13-7. Virtual port mapping.
13.14.4 CLKEVOUT – Clock and Event Out regist er
Bit 76543210
+0x03 VP3MAP[3:0] VP2MAP[3:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VPnMAP[3:0] Group configuration Description
0000 PORTA PORTA mapped to Virtual Port n
0001 PORTB PORTB mapped to Virtual Port n
0010 PORTC PORTC mapped to Virtual Port n
0011 PORTD PORTD mapped to Virtual Port n
0100 PORTE PORTE mapped to Virtual Port n
0101 PORTF PORTF mapped to Virtual Port n
0110 PORTG PORTG mapped to Virtual Port n
0111 PORTH PORTH mapped to Virtual Port n
1000 PORTJ PORTJ mapped to Virtual Port n
1001 PORTK PORTK mapped to Virtual Port n
1010 PORTL PORTL mapped to Virtual Port n
1011 PORTM PORTM mapped to Virtual Port n
1100 PORTN PORTN mapped to Virtual Port n
1101 PORTP PORTP mapped to Virtual Port n
1110 PORTQ PORTQ mapped to Virtual Port n
1111 PORTR PORTR mapped to Virtual Port n
Bit 7 6543210
+0x04 CLKEVPIN RTCOUT EVOUT[1:0] CLKOUTSEL[1:0] CLKOUT[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Bit 7 – CLKEVPIN: Clock and Event Output Pin Select
Setting this pin enables output of clock and event pins on port pin 4 instead of port pin 7.
Bit 6 – RTCOUT: RTC Clock Output Enable
Setting this bit enables output of the RTC clock source on PORTC pin 6.
Bit 5:4 – EVOUT[1:0]: Event Output Port
These bits decide which port event channel 0 from the event system will be output to. Pin 7 on the selected port is
the default used, and the CLKOUT bits must be set differently from those of EVOUT. The port pin must be config-
ured as output for the event to be available on the pin.
Table 13-8 on page 155 shows the possible configurations.
Bits 3:2 – CLKOUTSEL[1:0]: Clock Output Select
These bits are used to select which of the peripheral clocks will be output to the port pin if CLKOUT is configured.
Bit 1:0 – CLKOUT[1:0]: Clock Output Port
These bits decide which port the peripheral clock will be output to. Pin 7 on the selected port is the default used.
The CLKOUT setting will override the EVOUT setting. Thus, if both are enabled on the same port pin, the periph-
eral clock will be visible. The port pin must be configured as output for the clock to be available on the pin.
Table 13-10 on page 155 shows the possible configurations.
Table 13-8. Event output pin selection.
EVOUT[1:0] Group configurat i on Description
00 OFF Event output disabled
01 PC Event channel 0 output on PORTC
10 PD Event channel 0 output on PORTD
11 PE Event channel 0 output on PORTE
Table 13-9. Event output clock selection.
CLKOUTSEL[1:0] Group confi guration Description
00 CLK1X CLKPER output to pin
01 CLK2X CLKPER2 output to pin
10 CLK4X CLKPER4 output to pin
Table 13-10. Clock output port configurations.
CLKOUT[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 OFF Clock output disabled
01 PC Clock output on PORTC
10 PD Clock output on PORTD
11 PE Clock output on PORTE
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13.14.5 EBIOUT – EBI Output register
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:2 – EBIADROUT[1:0]: EBI Address Output
The maximum configuration of the external bus interface (EBI) requires up to 32 dedicated pins. For devices with
only 24 EBI pins available, eight additional pins can be enabled and placed on alternate pin locations in order to
get a full 32-pin EBI. The port pins must be configured as output for signals to be available on the pins. These bits
are available on devices with only three ports dedicated for the EBI interface. The selections are valid only if the
EBI is configured to operate in four-port mode.
.
Bit 1:0 – EBICSOUT[1:0]: EBI Chip Select Output
These bits decide which port the EBI chip select signals will be output to. The pins must be configured as output
pins for signals to be available on the pins. Refer to “Register Description – EBI” on page 329 for chip select
configuration.
Bit 7 6543210
+0x05 – – – – EBIADROUT[1:0] EBICSOUT[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 13-11. EBI address output port selection.
EBIADROUT[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 PF EBI port 3 address output on PORTF pins 0 to 7
01 PE EBI port 3 address output on PORTE pins 0 to 7
10 PFH EBI port 3 address output on PORTF pins 4 to 7
11 PEH EBI port 3 address output on PORTE pins 4 to 7
Table 13-12. EBI address output
EBIADROUT SDRAM SRAM or SRAM LPC
(with SDRAM on CS3) SRAM
NOALE or ALE1
00 or 01 4’h0, A[11:8] A[23:16] A[15:8]
10 or 11 A[11:8] [19:16] –
Table 13-13. EBI chip select port sele ction.
EBICSOUT[1:0] Group configu ration Description
00 PH EBI chip select output to PORTH pin 4 to 7
01 PL EBI chip select output to PORTL pin 4 to 7
10 PF EBI chip select output to PORTF pin 4 to 7
11 PE EBI chip select output to PORTE pin 4 to 7
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13.14.6 EVCTRL – Event Control register
Bit 7:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 2:0 – EVOUTSEL[2:0]: Event Channel Output Selection
These bits define which channel from the event system is output to the port pin. Table 13-14 on page 157 shows
the available selections.
Bit 7 6543210
+0x06 – – – – – EVOUTSEL[2:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 13-14. Event channel output selection.
EVOUTSEL[2:0] Group configurat i on Description
000 0Event channel 0 output to pin
001 1Event channel 1 output to pin
010 2Event channel 2 output to pin
011 3Event channel 3 output to pin
100 4Event channel 4 output to pin
101 5Event channel 5 output to pin
110 6Event channel 6 output to pin
111 7Event channel 7 output to pin
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13.15 Register Descriptions – Virtual Port
13.15.1 DIR – Data Direction register
Bit 7:0 – DIR[7:0]: Data Direction
This register sets the data direction for the individual pins in the port mapped by VPCTRLA, virtual port-map con-
trol register A or VPCTRLB, virtual port-map control register B. When a port is mapped as virtual, accessing this
register is identical to accessing the actual DIR register for the port.
13.15.2 OUT – Data Output Value register
Bit 7:0 – OUT[7:0]: Data Output value
This register sets the data output value for the individual pins in the port mapped by VPCTRLA, virtual port-map
control register A or VPCTRLB, virtual port-map control register B. When a port is mapped as virtual, accessing
this register is identical to accessing the actual OUT register for the port.
13.15.3 IN – Data Input Value register
Bit 7:0 – IN[7:0]: Data Input Value
This register shows the value present on the pins if the digital input buffer is enabled. The configuration of VPC-
TRLA, virtual port-map control register A or VPCTRLB, virtual port-map control register A, decides the value in the
register. When a port is mapped as virtual, accessing this register is identical to accessing the actual IN register for
the port.
13.15.4 INTFLAGS – Interrup t Flag register
Bit 7:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 DIR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x01 OUT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x02 IN[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x03 –––––– INT1IF INT0IF
Read/Write RRRRRRR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
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Bit 1:0 – INTnIF: Interrupt n Flag
The INTnIF flag is set when a pin change/state matches the pin's input sense configuration, and the pin is set as
source for port interrupt n. Writing a one to this flag's bit location will clear the flag. For enabling and executing the
interrupt, refer to the interrupt level description. The configuration of VPCTRLA, virtual port-map control register A,
or VPCTRLB, Virtual Port-map Control Register B,, decides which flags are mapped. When a port is mapped as
virtual, accessing this register is identical to accessing the actual INTFLAGS register for the port.
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13.16 Register summary – Ports
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 DIR DIR[7:0] 148
+0x01 DIRSET DIRSET[7:0] 148
+0x02 DIRCLR DIRCLR[7:0] 148
+0x03 DIRTGL DIRTGL[7:0] 148
+0x04 OUT OUT[7:0] 149
+0x05 OUTSET OUTSET[7:0] 149
+0x06 OUTCLR OUTCLR[7:0] 149
+0x07 OUTTGL OUTTGL[7:0] 149
+0x08 IN IN[7:0] 150
+0x09 INTCTRL –––– INT1LVL[1:0] INT0LVL[1:0] 150
+0x0A INT0MASK INT0MSK[7:0] 150
+0x0B INT1MASK INT1MSK[7:0] 150
+0x0C INTFLAGS ––––––INT1IF INT0IF 151
+0x0D Reserved ––––––––
+0x0E REMAP – – SPI USART0 TC0D TC0C TC0B TC0A 151
+0x0F Reserved ––––––––
+0x10 PIN0CTRL SRLEN INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0] 152
+0x11 PIN1CTRL SRLEN INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0] 152
+0x12 PIN2CTRL SRLEN INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0] 152
+0x13 PIN3CTRL SRLEN INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0] 152
+0x14 PIN4CTRL SRLEN INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0] 152
+0x15 PIN5CTRL SRLEN INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0] 152
+0x16 PIN6CTRL SRLEN INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0] 152
+0x17 PIN7CTRL SRLEN INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0] 152
+0x18 Reserved ––––––––
+0x19 Reserved ––––––––
+0x1A Reserved ––––––––
+0x1B Reserved ––––––––
+0x1C Reserved ––––––––
+0x1D Reserved ––––––––
+0x1E Reserved ––––––––
+0x1F Reserved ––––––––
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13.17 Register summary – Port Configuration
13.18 Register summary – Virtual Ports
13.19 Interrupt vector summary – Ports
Table 13-15. Port interrupt vectors and their word offset address.
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 bit 0 Page
+0x00 MPCMASK MPCMASK[7:0] 153
+0x01 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x02 VPCTRLA VP1MAP[3:0] VP0MAP[3:0] 153
+0x03 VPCTRLB VP3MAP[3:0] VP2MAP[3:0] 154
+0x04 CLKEVOUT CLKEVPIN RTCOUT EVOUT[1:0] CLKOUTSEL CLKOUT[1:0] 154
+0x05 EBIOUT – – – – EBIADROUT[1:0] EBICSOUT[1:0] 156
+0x06 EVCTRL – – – – – EVCTRL[2:0] 157
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 bit 0 Page
+0x00 DIR DIR[7:0] 158
+0x01 OUT OUT[7:0] 158
+0x02 IN IN[7:0] 158
+0x03 INTFLAGS – – – – – – INT1IF INT0IF 158
Offset Source Interrupt description
0x00 INT0_vect Port interrupt vector 0 offset
0x02 INT1_vect Port interrupt vector 1 offset
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14. TC0/1 – 16-bit Timer/Counter Type 0 and 1
14.1 Features
16-bit timer/counter
32-bit timer/counter support by cascading two timer/counters
Up to four compare or capture (CC) channels
Four CC channels for timer/counters of type 0
Two CC channels for timer/counters of type 1
Double buffered timer period setting
Double buffered capture or compare channels
Waveform generation:
Frequency generation
Single-slope pulse width modulation
Dual-slope pulse width modulation
Input capture:
Input capture with noise cancelling
Frequency capture
Pulse width capture
32-bit input capture
Timer overflow and error interrupts/events
One compare match or input capture interrupt/event per CC channel
Can be used with event system for:
Quadrature decoding
Count and direction control
Capture
Can be used with DMA and to trigger DMA transactions
High-resolution extension
Increases frequency and waveform resolution by 4x (2-bit) or 8x (3-bit)
Advanced waveform extension:
Low- and high-side output with programmable dead-time insertion (DTI)
Event controlled fault protection for safe disabling of drivers
14.2 Overview
Atmel AVR XMEGA devices have a set of flexible, 16-bit timer/counters (TC). Their capabilities include accurate program
execution timing, frequency and waveform generation, and input capture with time and frequency measurement of digital
signals. Two timer/counters can be cascaded to create a 32-bit timer/counter with optional 32-bit capture.
A timer/counter consists of a base counter and a set of compare or capture (CC) channels. The base counter can be
used to count clock cycles or events. It has direction control and period setting that can be used for timing. The CC
channels can be used together with the base counter to do compare match control, frequency generation, and pulse
width waveform modulation, as well as various input capture operations. A timer/counter can be configured for either
capture or compare functions, but cannot perform both at the same time.
A timer/counter can be clocked and timed from the peripheral clock with optional prescaling or from the event system.
The event system can also be used for direction control and capture trigger or to synchronize operations.
There are two differences between timer/counter type 0 and type 1. Timer/counter 0 has four CC channels, and
timer/counter 1 has two CC channels. All information related to CC channels 3 and 4 is valid only for timer/counter 0.
Only Timer/Counter 0 has the split mode feature that split it into 2 8-bit Timer/Counters with four compare channels each.
Some timer/counters have extensions to enable more specialized waveform and frequency generation. The advanced
waveform extension (AWeX) is intended for motor control and other power control applications. It enables low- and high-
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side output with dead-time insertion, as well as fault protection for disabling and shutting down external drivers. It can
also generate a synchronized bit pattern across the port pins. The high-resolution (hi-res) extension can be used to
increase the waveform output resolution by four or eight times by using an internal clock source running up to four times
faster than the peripheral clock.
A block diagram of the 16-bit timer/counter with extensions and closely related peripheral modules (in grey) is shown in
Figure 14-1 on page 163.
Figure 14-1. 16-bit timer/counter and closely related peripherals.
14.2.1 Definitions
The following definitions are used throughout the documentation:
Table 14-1. Timer/counter definitions.
In general, the term “timer” is used when the timer/counter clock control is handled by an internal source, and the term
“counter” is used when the clock control is handled externally (e.g. counting external events). When used for compare
operations, the CC channels are referred to as “compare channels.” When used for capture operations, the CC channels
are referred to as “capture channels.”
AWeX
Compare/Capture Channel D
Compare/Capture Channel C
Compare/Capture Channel B
Compare/Captu re Channel A
Waveform
Generation
Buffer
Comparator
Hi-Res
Fault
Protection
Capture
Control
Base Counter
Counter Control Logic
Timer P eriod
Prescaler
Dead-Time
Insertion
Pattern
Generation
clkPER4
PORTS
Event
System
clkPER
Timer/Counter
Name Description
BOTTOM The counter reaches BOTTOM when it becomes zero.
MAX The counter reaches MAXimum when it becomes all ones.
TOP
The counter reaches TOP when it becomes equal to the highest value in the count sequence. The TOP value
can be equal to the period (PER) or the compare channel A (CCA) register setting. This is selected by the
waveform generator mode.
UPDATE The timer/counter signals an update when it reaches BOTTOM or TOP, depending on the waveform generator
mode.
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14.3 Block Diagram
Figure 14-2 on page 164 shows a detailed block diagram of the timer/counter without the extensions.
Figure 14-2. Timer/counter block diagram.
The counter register (CNT), period registers with buffer (PER and PERBUF), and compare and capture registers with
buffers (CCx and CCxBUF) are 16-bit registers. All buffer register have a buffer valid (BV) flag that indicates when the
buffer contains a new value.
During normal operation, the counter value is continuously compared to zero and the period (PER) value to determine
whether the counter has reached TOP or BOTTOM.
The counter value is also compared to the CCx registers. These comparisons can be used to generate interrupt
requests, request DMA transactions or generate events for the event system. The waveform generator modes use these
comparisons to set the waveform period or pulse width.
A prescaled peripheral clock and events from the event system can be used to control the counter. The event system is
also used as a source to the input capture. Combined with the quadrature decoding functionality in the event system
(QDEC), the timer/counter can be used for quadrature decoding.
Base Counter
Compare/Capture
(Unit x = {A,B,C,D})
Counter
=
CCx
CCBUFx
Waveform
Generation
BV
=
PERBUF
PER
CNT
BV
= 0
"count"
"clear"
"direction"
"load" Control Logic
CTRLD
CTRLA
OVF/UNF
(INT/DMA Req.)
ERRIF
(INT Req.)
TOP
"match" CCxIF
(INT/DMA
Req.)
Control Logic
Clock Select
"ev"
UPDATE
BOTTOM
OCx Out
Event
Select
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14.4 Clock and Event Sources
The timer/counter can be clocked from the peripheral clock (clkPER) or the event system, and Figure 14-3 shows the clock
and event selection.
Figure 14-3. Clock and event selection.
The peripheral clock is fed into a common prescaler (common for all timer/counters in a device). Prescaler outputs from 1
to 1/1024 are directly available for selection by the timer/counter. In addition, the whole range of prescaling from 1 to 215
times is available through the event system.
Clock selection (CLKSEL) selects one of the prescaler outputs directly or an event channel as the counter (CNT) input.
This is referred to as normal operation of the counter. For details, refer to “Normal Operation” on page 166. By using the
event system, any event source, such as an external clock signal on any I/O pin, may be used as the clock input.
In addition, the timer/counter can be controlled via the event system. The event selection (EVSEL) and event action
(EVACT) settings are used to trigger an event action from one or more events. This is referred to as event action
controlled operation of the counter. For details, refer to “Event Action Controlled Operation” on page 167. When event
action controlled operation is used, the clock selection must be set to use an event channel as the counter input.
By default, no clock input is selected and the timer/counter is not running.
14.5 Double Buffering
The period register and the CC registers are all double buffered. Each buffer register has a buffer valid (BV) flag, which
indicates that the buffer register contains a valid, i.e. new, value that can be copied into the corresponding period or CC
register. When the period register and CC channels are used for a compare operation, the buffer valid flag is set when
data is written to the buffer register and cleared on an UPDATE condition. This is shown for a compare register in Figure
14-4 on page 166.
clkPER /
2{0,...,15}
CKSEL
CNT
EVACT
clkPER /
{1,2,4,8,64,256,1024}
Common
Prescaler
clkPER
event channels
(Encoding)
Event System
EVSEL Control Logic
events
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Figure 14-4. Period and compare doubl e buffering.
When the CC channels are used for a capture operation, a similar double buffering mechanism is used, but in this case
the buffer valid flag is set on the capture event, as shown in Figure 14-5. For capture, the buffer register and the
corresponding CCx register act like a FIFO. When the CC register is empty or read, any content in the buffer register is
passed to the CC register. The buffer valid flag is passed to set the CCx interrupt flag (IF) and generate the optional
interrupt.
Figure 14-5. Capture double buffering.
Both the CCx and CCxBUF registers are available as an I/O register. This allows initialization and bypassing of the buffer
register and the double buffering function.
14.6 Counter Operation
Depending on the mode of operation, the counter is cleared, reloaded, incremented, or decremented at each
timer/counter clock input.
14.6.1 Normal Operation
In normal operation, the counter will count in the direction set by the direction (DIR) bit for each clock until it reaches TOP
or BOTTOM. When up-counting and TOP is reached, the counter will be set to zero when the next clock is given. When
down-counting, the counter is reloaded with the period register value when BOTTOM is reached.
BV
UPDATE
"write enable" "data write"
=
CNT
"match"
CCxBUF
CCx
EN
EN
BV
"capture"
IF
CNT
CCxBUF
CCx
EN
EN
"INT/DMA
request" data read
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Figure 14-6. Normal operation.
As shown in Figure 14-6, it is possible to change the counter value when the counter is running. The write access has
higher priority than count, clear, or reload, and will be immediate. The direction of the counter can also be changed
during normal operation.
Normal operation must be used when using the counter as timer base for the capture channels.
14.6.2 Event Action Controlled Operation
The event selection and event action settings can be used to control the counter from the event system. For the counter,
the following event actions can be selected:
Event system controlled up/down counting
Event n will be used as count enable
Event n+1 will be used to select between up (1) and down (0). The pin configuration must be set to low level
sensing
Event system controlled quadrature decode counting
14.6.3 32-bit Operation
Two timer/counters can be used together to enable 32-bit counter operation. By using two timer/counters, the overflow
event from one timer/counter (least-significant timer) can be routed via the event system and used as the clock input for
another timer/counter (most-significant timer).
14.6.4 Changing the Period
The counter period is changed by writing a new TOP value to the period register. If double buffering is not used, any
period update is immediate, as shown in Figure 14-7 on page 167.
Figure 14-7. Changing the peri od without buffering.
CNT
BOTTOM
MAX
"update"
TOP
CNT written
DIR
CNT
MAX
New TOP written to
PER that is higher
than current CNT
Counter Wraparound
New TOP written to
PER that is lower
than current CNT
"update"
"write"
BOTTOM
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A counter wraparound can occur in any mode of operation when up-counting without buffering, as shown in Figure 14-8.
This due to the fact that CNT and PER are continuously compared, and if a new TOP value that is lower than current
CNT is written to PER, it will wrap before a compare match happen.
Figure 14-8. Unbuffered dual-sl ope operation.
When double buffering is used, the buffer can be written at any time and still maintain correct operation. The period
register is always updated on the UPDATE condition, as shown for dual-slope operation in Figure 14-9. This prevents
wraparound and the generation of odd waveforms.
Figure 14-9. Changing the peri od using buffering.
14.7 Capture Channel
The CC channels can be used as capture channels to capture external events and give them a timestamp. To use
capture, the counter must be set for normal operation.
Events are used to trigger the capture; i.e., any events from the event system, including pin change from any pin, can
trigger a capture operation. The event source select setting selects which event channel will trigger CC channel A. The
subsequent event channels then trigger events on subsequent CC channels, if configured. For example, setting the
event source select to event channel 2 results in CC channel A being triggered by event channel 2, CC channel B
triggered by event channel 3, and so on.
CNT
MAX
New TOP written to
PER that is higher
than current CNT
New TOP written to
PER that is lower
than current CNT
"update"
"write"
Counter Wraparound
BOTTOM
CNT
MAX
New Period written to
PERBUF that is higher
than current CNT
New Period written to
PERBUF that is lower
than current CNT
"update"
"write"
New PER is updated
with PERBUF value.
BOTTOM
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Figure 14-10.Event source selection for capture operation.
The event action setting in the timer/counter will determine the type of capture that is done.
The CC channels must be enabled individually before capture can be done. When the capture condition occur, the
timer/counter will time-stamp the event by copying the current CNT value in the count register into the enabled CC
channel register.
When an I/O pin is used as an event source for the capture, the pin must be configured for edge sensing. For details on
sense configuration on I/O pins, refer to “Input Sense Configuration” on page 143. If the period register value is lower
than 0x8000, the polarity of the I/O pin edge will be stored in the most-significant bit (msb) of the capture register. If the
msb of the capture register is zero, a falling edge generated the capture. If the msb is one, a rising edge generated the
capture.
14.7.1 Input Capture
Selecting the input capture event action makes the enabled capture channel perform an input capture on an event. The
interrupt flags will be set and indicate that there is a valid capture result in the corresponding CC register. At the same
time, the buffer valid flags indicate valid data in the buffer registers.
The counter will continuously count from BOTTOM to TOP, and then restart at BOTTOM, as shown in Figure 14-11. The
figure also shows four capture events for one capture channel.
Figure 14-1 1.Input capture timing.
14.7.2 Frequency Capture
Selecting the frequency capture event action makes the enabled capture channel perform an input capture and restart on
positive edge events. This enables the timer/counter to measure the period or frequency of a signal directly. The capture
result will be the time (T) from the previous timer/counter restart until the event occurred. This can be used to calculate
the frequency (f) of the signal:
Event System
CH0MUX
CH1MUX
CHnMUX
Rotate
Event channel n
Event Source Selection
CCA capture
CCB capture
CCC capture
CCD capture
Event channel 0
Event channel 1
events
CNT
TOP
BOTTOM
Capture 0 Capture 1 Capture 2 Capture 3
f1
T
---=
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Figure 14-12 on page 170 shows an example where the period of an external signal is measured twice.
Figure 14-12.Frequency capture of an external signal.
Since all capture channels use the same counter (CNT), only one capture channel must be enabled at a time. If two
capture channels are used with different sources, the counter will be restarted on positive edge events from both input
sources, and the result will have no meaning.
14.7.3 Pulse Width Capture
Selecting the pulse width measure event action makes the enabled compare channel perform the input capture action on
falling edge events and the restart action on rising edge events. The counter will then restart on positive edge events,
and the input capture will be performed on the negative edge event. The event source must be an I/O pin, and the sense
configuration for the pin must be set to generate an event on both edges. Figure 14-13 on page 170 shows and example
where the pulse width is measured twice for an external signal.
Figure 14-13.Pulse width capture of an external signal.
Period (T)
external signal
events
CNT
MAX
BOTTOM
"capture"
Pulsewitdh (tp)
external signal
events
CNT
MAX
BOTTOM
"capture"
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14.7.4 32-bit Input Capture
Two timer/counters can be used together to enable true 32-bit input capture. In a typical 32-bit input capture setup, the
overflow event of the least-significant timer is connected via the event system and used as the clock input for the most-
significant timer.
The most-significant timer will be updated one peripheral clock period after an overflow occurs for the least-significant
timer. To compensate for this, the capture event for the most-significant timer must be equally delayed by setting the
event delay bit for this timer.
14.7.5 Capture Overflow
The timer/counter can detect buffer overflow of the input capture channels. When both the buffer valid flag and the
capture interrupt flag are set and a new capture event is detected, there is nowhere to store the new timestamp. If a
buffer overflow is detected, the new value is rejected, the error interrupt flag is set, and the optional interrupt is
generated.
14.8 Compare Channel
Each compare channel continuously compares the counter value (CNT) with the CCx register. If CNT equals CCx, the
comparator signals a match. The match will set the CC channel's interrupt flag at the next timer clock cycle, and the
event and optional interrupt are generated.
The compare buffer register provides double buffer capability equivalent to that for the period buffer. The double
buffering synchronizes the update of the CCx register with the buffer value to either the TOP or BOTTOM of the counting
sequence according to the UPDATE condition. The synchronization prevents the occurrence of odd-length, non-
symmetrical pulses for glitch-free output.
14.8.1 Waveform Generation
The compare channels can be used for waveform generation on the corresponding port pins. To make the waveform
visible on the connected port pin, the following requirements must be fulfilled:
1. A waveform generation mode must be selected.
2. Event actions must be disabled.
3. The CC channels used must be enabled. This will override the corresponding port pin output register.
4. The direction for the associated port pin must be set to output.
Inverted waveform output is achieved by setting the invert output bit for the port pin.
14.8.2 Frequency (FRQ) Waveform Generation
For frequency generation the period time (T) is controlled by the CCA register instead of PER. The waveform generation
(WG) output is toggled on each compare match between the CNT and CCA registers, as shown in Figure 14-14 on page
172.
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Figure 14-14.Fre qu e ncy waveform generation.
The waveform frequency (fFRQ) is defined by the following equation:
where N represents the prescaler divider used. The waveform generated will have a maximum frequency of half of the
peripheral clock frequency (fclkPER) when CCA is set to zero (0x0000) and no prescaling is used. This also applies when
using the hi-res extension, since this increases the resolution and not the frequency.
14.8.3 Single-slope PWM Generation
For single-slope PWM generation, the period (T) is controlled by PER, while CCx registers control the duty cycle of the
WG output. Figure 14-15 shows how the counter counts from BOTTOM to TOP and then restarts from BOTTOM. The
waveform generator (WG) output is set on the compare match between the CNT and CCx registers and cleared at TOP.
Figure 14-15.Single-slope pulse width modulation.
The PER register defines the PWM resolution. The minimum resolution is 2 bits (PER=0x0003), and the maximum
resolution is 16 bits (PER=MAX).
The following equation calculate the exact resolution for single-slope PWM (RPWM_SS):
The single-slope PWM frequency (fPWM_SS) depends on the period setting (PER) and the peripheral clock frequency
(fclkPER), and can be calculated by the following equation:
CNT
MAX
"update"
TOP
CNT writtenDirection Change
Period (T)
BOTTOM
WG Output
fFRQ fclkPER
2N CCA 1+
----------------------------------=
CNT
MAX
TOP
Period (T) "match"
BOTTOM
WG Output
CCx=BOTTOM
CCx
CCx=TOP "update"
RPWM_SS PER 1+log 2log
---------------------------------=
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where N represents the prescaler divider used.
14.8.4 Dual-slope PWM
For dual-slope PWM generation, the period (T) is controlled by PER, while CCx registers control the duty cycle of the WG
output. Figure 14-16 shows how for dual-slope PWM the counter counts repeatedly from BOTTOM to TOP and then from
TOP to BOTTOM. The waveform generator output is set on BOTTOM, cleared on compare match when up-counting,
and set on compare match when down-counting.
Figure 14-16.Dual-slope pulse width modulation.
Using dual-slope PWM results in a lower maximum operation frequency compared to the single-slope PWM operation.
The period register (PER) defines the PWM resolution. The minimum resolution is 2 bits (PER=0x0003), and the
maximum resolution is 16 bits (PER=MAX).
The following equation calculate the exact resolution for dual-slope PWM (RPWM_DS):
The PWM frequency depends on the period setting (PER) and the peripheral clock frequency (fclkPER), and can be
calculated by the following equation:
N represents the prescaler divider used.
14.8.5 Port Override for Waveform Generation
To make the waveform generation available on the port pins, the corresponding port pin direction must be set as output.
The timer/counter will override the port pin values when the CC channel is enabled (CCENx) and a waveform generation
mode is selected.
Figure 14-17 on page 174 shows the port override for a timer/counter. The timer/counter CC channel will override the
port pin output value (OUT) on the corresponding port pin. Enabling inverted I/O on the port pin (INVEN) inverts the
corresponding WG output.
fPWM_SS fclkPER
NPER 1+
-----------------------------=
CNT
MAX
TOP
Period (T)
BOTTOM
WG Output
CCx=BOTTOM
CCx
CCx=TOP "match"
"update"
RPWM_DS PER 1+log 2log
---------------------------------=
fPWM_DS fclkPER
2NPER
-------------------=
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Figure 14-17.Port override for timer/counter 0 and 1.
14.9 Interrupts and events
The timer/counter can generate both interrupts and events. The counter can generate an interrupt on overflow/underflow,
and each CC channel has a separate interrupt that is used for compare or capture. In addition, an error interrupt can be
generated if any of the CC channels is used for capture and a buffer overflow condition occurs on a capture channel.
Events will be generated for all conditions that can generate interrupts. For details on event generation and available
events, refer to “Event System” on page 70.
14.10 DMA Support
The interrupt flags can be used to trigger DMA transactions. Table 14-2 on page 174 lists the transfer triggers available
from the timer/counter and the DMA action that will clear the transfer trigger. For more details on using DMA, refer to
“DMAC - Direct Memory Access Controller” on page 53.
Table 14-2. DMA request sources.
14.11 Timer/Counter Commands
A set of commands can be given to the timer/counter by software to immediately change the state of the module. These
commands give direct control of the UPDATE, RESTART, and RESET signals.
An update command has the same effect as when an update condition occurs. The update command is ignored if the
lock update bit is set.
The software can force a restart of the current waveform period by issuing a restart command. In this case the counter,
direction, and all compare outputs are set to zero.
A reset command will set all timer/counter registers to their initial values. A reset can be given only when the
timer/counter is not running (OFF).
OUT
CCExEN INVEN
OCx
Waveform
Request Acknowledge Comment
OVFIF/UNFIF
DMA controller writes to CNT
DMA controller writes to PER
DMA controller writes to PERBUF
DMA controller writes to DTHSBUF or DTLSBUF in
AWex in Pattern generation mode
ERRIF N/A
CCxIF DMA controller access of CCx
DMA controller access of CCxBUF
Input capture operation
Output compare operation
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14.12 Register Description
14.12.1 CTRLA – Control register A
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:0 – CLKSEL[3:0]: Clock Select
These bits select the clock source for the timer/counter according to Table 14-3.
CLKSEL=0001 must be set to ensure a correct output from the waveform generator when the hi-res extension is
enabled.
Table 14-3. Clock select options.
14.12.2 CTRLB – Control register B
Bit 7:4 – CCxEN: Compare or Capture Enable
Setting these bits in the FRQ or PWM waveform generation mode of operation will override the port output register
for the corresponding OCn output pin.
When input capture operation is selected, the CCxEN bits enable the capture operation for the corresponding CC
channel.
Bit 3 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 –––– CLKSEL[3:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CLKSEL[3:0] Group configu ration Description
0000 OFF None (i.e, timer/counter in OFF state)
0001 DIV1 Prescaler: Clk
0010 DIV2 Prescaler: Clk/2
0011 DIV4 Prescaler: Clk/4
0100 DIV8 Prescaler: Clk/8
0101 DIV64 Prescaler: Clk/64
0110 DIV256 Prescaler: Clk/256
0111 DIV1024 Prescaler: Clk/1024
1nnn EVCHn Event channel n, n= [0,...,7]
Bit 76543210
+0x01 CCDEN CCCEN CCBEN CCAEN – WGMODE[2:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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Bit 2:0 – WGMODE[2:0]: Waveform Generation Mode
These bits select the waveform generation mode, and control the counting sequence of the counter, TOP value,
UPDATE condition, interrupt/event condition, and type of waveform that is generated according to Table 14-4 on
page 176.
No waveform generation is performed in the normal mode of operation. For all other modes, the result from the
waveform generator will only be directed to the port pins if the corresponding CCxEN bit has been set to enable
this. The port pin direction must be set as output
Table 14-4. Timer waveform generation mode.
14.12.3 CTRLC – Control register C
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:0 – CMPx: Compare Output Value x
These bits allow direct access to the waveform generator's output compare value when the timer/counter is set in
the OFF state. This is used to set or clear the WG output value when the timer/counter is not running.
14.12.4 CTRLD – Control register D
Bit 7:5 – EVACT[2:0]: Event Action
These bits define the event action the timer will perform on an event according to Table 14-5 on page 177.
The EVSEL setting will decide which event source or sources have control in this case.
WGMODE[2:0] Group configur ation Mode of operation Top Update OVFIF/Event
000 NORMAL Normal PER TOP TOP
001 FRQ Frequency CCA TOP TOP
010 Reserved – – –
011 SINGLESLOPE Single-slope PWM PER BOTTOM BOTTOM
100 Reserved – – –
101 DSTOP Dual-slope PWM PER BOTTOM TOP
110 DSBOTH Dual-slope PWM PER BOTTOM TOP and BOTTOM
111 DSBOTTOM Dual-slope PWM PER BOTTOM BOTTOM
Bit 76543210
+0x02 –––– CMPD CMPC CMPB CMPA
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x03 EVACT[2:0] EVDLY EVSEL[3:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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Table 14-5. Timer event action selection.
Selecting any of the capture event actions changes the behavior of the CCx registers and related status and control bits
to be used for capture. The error status flag (ERRIF) will indicate a buffer overflow in this configuration. See “Event
Action Controlled Operation” on page 167 for further details.
Bit 4 – EVDLY: Timer Delay Event
When this bit is set, the selected event source is delayed by one peripheral clock cycle. This is intended for 32-bit
input capture operation. Adding the event delay is necessary to compensate for the carry propagation delay when
cascading two counters via the event system.
Bit 3:0 – EVSEL[3:0]:Timer Event Source Select
These bits select the event channel source for the timer/counter. For the selected event channel to have any
effect, the event action bits (EVACT) must be set according to Table 14-6 on page 177. When the event action is
set to a capture operation, the selected event channel n will be the event channel source for CC channel A, and
event channel (n+1)%8, (n+2)%8, and (n+3)%8 will be the event channel source for CC channel B, C, and D.
Table 14-6. Timer event source sele ction.
EVACT[2:0] Group configurati on Event action
000 OFF None
001 CAPT Input capture
010 UPDOWN Externally controlled up/ down count
011 QDEC Quadrature decode
100 RESTART Restart waveform period
101 FRQ Frequency capture
110 PW Pulse width capture
111 Reserved
EVSEL[3:0] Group configuration Event source
0000 OFF None
0001 Reserved
0010 Reserved
0011 Reserved
0100 Reserved
0101 Reserved
0110 Reserved
0111 Reserved
1nnn CHn Event channel n, n={0,...,7}
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14.12.5 CTRLE – Control register E
Bit 7:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1:0 – BYTEM[1:0]: Byte Mode
These bits select the timer/counter operation mode according to Table 14-7 on page 178.
Table 14-7. Clock select.
14.12.6 INTCT RLA – Interrupt Enable r egister A
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:2 – ERRINTLVL[1:0]:Timer Error Interrupt Level
These bits enable the timer error interrupt and select the interrupt level as described in “Interrupts and Program-
mable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131.
Bit 1:0 – OVFINTLVL[1:0]:Timer Overflow/Underflow Interrupt Level
These bits enable the timer overflow/underflow interrupt and select the interrupt level as described in “Interrupts
and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131.
14.12.7 INTCT RLB – Interrupt Enable r egister B
Bit 76543210
+0x04 –––––– BYTEM[1:0]
Read/Write RRRRRRRR/W
Initial Value00000000
BYTEM[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 NORMAL Timer/counter is set to normal mode (timer/counter type 0)
01 BYTEMODE Upper byte of the counter (CNTH) will be set to zero after each counter clock cycle
10 SPLITMODE Timer/counter 0 is split into two 8-bit timer/counters (timer/counter type 2)
11 Reserved
Bit 76543210
+0x06 –––– ERRINTLVL[1:0] OVFINTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write RRRRR/WR/WR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x07 CCDINTLVL[1:0] CCCINTLVL[1:0] CCBINTLVL[1:0] CCAINTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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Bit 7:0 – CCxINTLVL[7:0] - Compare or Capture x Interrupt Level:
These bits enable the timer compare or capture interrupt for channel x and select the interrupt level as described in
“Interrupts and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131.
14.12.8 CTRLFCLR/CTRLFSET – Control register F Clear/Set
This register is mapped into two I/O memory locations, one for clearing (CTRLxCLR) and one for setting the register bits
(CTRLxSET) when written. Both memory locations will give the same result when read.
The individual status bit can be set by writing a one to its bit location in CTRLxSET, and cleared by writing a one to its bit
location in CTRLxCLR. This allows each bit to be set or cleared without use of a read-modify-write operation on a single
register.
Bit 7:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 4 – QDECINDX: QDEC Index Flag
This bit indicates that a QDEC index is observed. The flag is cleared when counting up or down from zero. Nor-
mally this bit is controlled in hardware by the event actions, but this bit can also be changed from software.
Bit 3:2 – CMD[1:0]: Command
These bits can be used for software control of update, restart, and reset of the timer/counter. The command bits
are always read as zero.
Table 14-8. Command selec t ions.
Bit 1 – LUPD: Lock Update
When this bit is set, no update of the buffered registers is performed, even though an UPDATE condition has
occurred. Locking the update ensures that all buffers, including DTI buffers, are valid before an update is
performed.
This bit has no effect when input capture operation is enabled.
Bit 0 – DIR: Counter Direction
When zero, this bit indicates that the counter is counting up (incrementing). A one indicates that the counter is in
the down-counting (decrementing) state.
Bit 76543210
+0x08 ––– QDECINDX CMD[1:0] LUPD DIR
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x09 ––– QDECINDX CMD[1:0] LUPD DIR
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CMD Group configu ration Command action
00 NONE None
01 UPDATE Force update
10 RESTART Force restart
11 RESET Force hard reset (ignored if T/C is not in OFF state)
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Normally this bit is controlled in hardware by the waveform generation mode or by event actions, but this bit can
also be changed from software.
14.12.9 CTRLGCLR/CTRLGSET – Control register G Clear/Set
Refer to “CTRLFCLR/CTRLFSET – Control register F Clear/Set” on page 179 for information on how to access this type
of status register.
Bit 7:5 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 4:1 – CCxBV: Compare or Capture x Buffer Valid
These bits are set when a new value is written to the corresponding CCxBUF register. These bits are automatically
cleared on an UPDATE condition.
Note that when input capture operation is used, this bit is set on a capture event and cleared if the corresponding
CCxIF is cleared.
Bit 0 – PERBV: Period Buffer Valid
This bit is set when a new value is written to the PERBUF register. This bit is automatically cleared on an UPDATE
condition.
14.12.10 INTFLAGS – Interrupt Flag register
Bit 7:4 – CCxIF: Compare or Capture Channel x Interrupt Flag
The compare or capture interrupt flag (CCxIF) is set on a compare match or on an input capture event on the cor-
responding CC channel.
For all modes of operation except for capture, the CCxIF will be set when a compare match occurs between the
count register (CNT) and the corresponding compare register (CCx). The CCxIF is automatically cleared when the
corresponding interrupt vector is executed.
For input capture operation, the CCxIF will be set if the corresponding compare buffer contains valid data (i.e.,
when CCxBV is set). The flag will be cleared when the CCx register is read. Executing the interrupt vector in this
mode of operation will not clear the flag.
The flag can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
The CCxIF can be used for requesting a DMA transfer. A DMA read or write access of the corresponding CCx or
CCxBUF will then clear the CCxIF and release the request.
Bit 3:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1 – ERRIF: Error Interrupt Flag
Bit 76543210
+0x0A/ +0x0B – – – CCDBV CCCBV CCBBV CCABV PERBV
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x0C CCDIF CCCIF CCBIF CCAIF –– ERRIF OVFIF
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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This flag is set on multiple occasions, depending on the mode of operation.
In the FRQ or PWM waveform generation mode of operation, ERRIF is set on a fault detect condition from the fault
protection feature in the AWeX extention. For timer/counters which do not have the AWeX extention available, this
flag is never set in FRQ or PWM waveform generation mode.
For capture operation, ERRIF is set if a buffer overflow occurs on any of the CC channels.
For event controlled QDEC operation, ERRIF is set when an incorrect index signal is given.
This flag is automatically cleared when the corresponding interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be
cleared by writing a one to this location.
Bit 0 – OVFIF: Overflow/Underflow Interrupt Flag
This flag is set either on a TOP (overflow) or BOTTOM (underflow) condition, depending on the WGMODE setting.
OVFIF is automatically cleared when the corresponding interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be cleared
by writing a one to its bit location.
OVFIF can also be used for requesting a DMA transfer. A DMA write access of CNT, PER, or PERBUF will then
clear the OVFIF bit.
14.12.11 TEMP – Temporary bits for 16-bit Access
The TEMP register is used for single-cycle, 16-bit access to the 16-bit timer/counter registers by the CPU. The DMA
controller has a separate temporary storage register. There is one common TEMP register for all the 16-bit Timer/counter
registers.
For more details, refer to “The combined EIND + Z register.” on page 12.
14.12.12 CNTL – Counter register Low
The CNTH and CNTL register pair represents the 16-bit value, CNT. CNT contains the 16-bit counter value in the
timer/counter. CPU and DMA write access has priority over count, clear, or reload of the counter.
For more details on reading and writing 16-bit registers, refer to “The combined EIND + Z register.” on page 12.
Bit 7:0 – CNT[7:0]: Counter low byte
These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit counter register.
14.12.13 CNTH – Counter register High
Bit 7:0 – CNT[15:8]: Counter high byte
These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit counter register.
Bit 76543210
+0x0F TEMP[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x20 CNT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x21 CNT[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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14.12.14 PERL – Period register Low
The PERH and PERL register pair represents the 16-bit value, PER. PER contains the 16-bit TOP value in the
timer/counter.
Bit 7:0 – PER[7:0]: Periodic low byte
These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit period register.
14.12.15 PERH – Period register H
Bit 7:0 – PER[15:8]: Periodic high byte
These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit period register.
14.12.16 CCxL – Compare or Capture x register Low
The CCxH and CCxL register pair represents the 16-bit value, CCx. These 16-bit register pairs have two functions,
depending of the mode of operation.
For capture operation, these registers constitute the second buffer level and access point for the CPU and DMA.
For compare operation, these registers are continuously compared to the counter value. Normally, the outputs form the
comparators are then used for generating waveforms.
CCx registers are updated with the buffer value from their corresponding CCxBUF register when an UPDATE condition
occurs.
Bit 7:0 – CCx[7:0]: Compare or Capture x low byte
These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit compare or capture register.
14.12.17 CCxH – Compare or Capture x register High
Bit 7:0 – CCx[15:8]: Compare or Capture x high byte
These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit compare or capture register.
Bit 76543210
+0x26 PER[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value11111111
Bit 76543210
+0x27 PER[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value11111111
Bit 76543210
CCx[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
CCx[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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14.12.18 PERBUFL – Timer/Counter Period Buffer Low
The PERBUFH and PERBUFL register pair represents the 16-bit value, PERBUF. This 16-bit register serves as the
buffer for the period register (PER). Accessing this register using the CPU or DMA will affect the PERBUFV flag.
Bit 7:0 – PERBUF[7:0]: Period Buffer low byte
These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit period buffer register.
14.12.19 PERBUFH – Timer/Counter Period Buffer High
Bit 7:0 – PERBUF[15:8]: Period Buffer high byte
These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit period buffer register.
14.12.20 CCxBUFL – Compare or Capture x Buffer register Low
The CCxBUFH and CCxBUFL register pair represents the 16-bit value, CCxBUF. These 16-bit registers serve as the
buffer for the associated compare or capture registers (CCx). Accessing any of these registers using the CPU or DMA
will affect the corresponding CCxBV status bit.
Bit 7:0 – CCxBUF[7:0]: Compare or Capture low byte
These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit compare or capture buffer register.
14.12.21 CCxBUFH – Compare or Capture x Buffer reg ist e r High
Bit 7:0 – CCxBUF[15:8]: Compare or Capture high byte
These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit compare or capture buffer register.
Bit 76543210
+0x36 PERBUF[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value11111111
Bit 76543210
+0x37 PERBUF[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Bit 76543210
CCxBUFx[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
CCxBUF[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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14.13 Register summary
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA – – – – CLKSEL[3:0] 175
+0x01 CTRLB CCDEN CCCEN CCBEN CCAEN –WGMODE[2:0] 175
+0x02 CTRLC – – – – CMPD CMPC CMPB CMPA 176
+0x03 CTRLD EVACT[2:0] EVDLY EVSEL[3:0] 176
+0x04 CTRLE – – – – – – BYTEM 178
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 INTCTRLA – – – – ERRINTLVL[1:0] OVINTLVL[1:0] 178
+0x07 INTCTRLB CCCINTLVL[1:0] CCCINTLVL[1:0] CCBINTLVL[1:0] CCAINTLVL[1:0] 178
+0x08 CTRLFCLR – – – QDECINDX CMD[1:0] LUPD DIR 179
+0x09 CTRLFSET – – – QDECINDX CMD[1:0] LUPD DIR 180
+0x0A CTRLGCLR – – – CCDBV CCCBV CCBBV CCABV PERBV 180
+0x0B CTRLGSET – – – CCDBV CCCBV CCBBV CCABV PERBV 180
+0x0C INTFLAGS CCDIF CCCIF CCBIF CCAIF – – ERRIF OVFIF 180
+0x0D Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0E Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0F TEMP TEMP[7:0] 181
+0x10 to
+0x1F Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x20 CNTL CNT[7:0] 181
+0x21 CNTH CNT[15:8] 181
+0x22 to
+0x25 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x26 PERL PER[7:0] 182
+0x27 PERH PER[8:15] 182
+0x28 CCAL CCA[7:0] 182
+0x29 CCAH CCA[15:8] 182
+0x2A CCBL CCB[7:0] 182
+0x2B CCBH CCB[15:8] 182
+0x2C CCCL CCC[7:0] 182
+0x02D CCCH CCC[15:8] 182
+0x2E CCDL CCD[7:0] 182
+0x2F CCDH CCD[15:8] 182
+0x30 to
+0x35 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x36 PERBUFL PERBUF[7:0] 183
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14.14 Interrupt vector summary
Table 14-9. Timer/counter interru pt vectors and their word offset address.
Note: 1. Available only on timer/counters with four compare or capture channels.
+0x37 PERBUFH PERBUF[15:8] 183
+0x38 CCABUFL CCABUF[7:0] 183
+0x39 CCABUFH CCABUF[15:8] 183
+0x3A CCBBUFL CCBBUF[7:0] 183
+0x3B CCBBUFH CCBBUF[15:8] 183
+0x3C CCCBUFL CCCBUF[7:0] 183
+0x3D CCCBUFH CCCBUF[15:8] 183
+0x3E CCDBUFL CCDBUF[7:0] 183
+0x3F CCDBUFH CCDBUF[15:8] 183
Offset Source Interrupt description
0x00 OVF_vect Timer/counter overflow/underflow interrupt vector offset
0x02 ERR_vect Timer/counter error interrupt vector offset
0x04 CCA_vect Timer/counter compare or capture channel A interrupt vector offset
0x06 CCB_vect Timer/counter compare or capture channel B interrupt vector offset
0x08 CCC_vect(1) Timer/counter compare or capture channel C interrupt vector offset
0x0A CCD_vect(1) Timer/counter compare or capture channel D interrupt vector offset
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
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15. TC2 – 16-bit Timer/Counter Type 2
15.1 Features
A system of two eight-bit timer/counters
Low-byte timer/counter
High-byte timer/counter
Eight compare channels
Four compare channels for the low-byte timer/counter
Four compare channels for the high-byte timer/counter
Waveform generation
Single slope pulse width modulation
Timer underflow interrupts/events
One compare match interrupt/event per compare channel for the low-byte timer/counter
Can be used with the event system for count control
Can be used to trigger DMA transactions
15.2 Overview
A timer/counter 2 is realized when a timer/counter 0 is set in split mode. It is a system of two eight-bit
timer/counters, each with four compare channels. This results in eight configurable pulse width modulation (PWM)
channels with individually controlled duty cycles, and is intended for applications that require a high number of PWM
channels.
The two eight-bit timer/counters in this system are referred to as the low-byte timer/counter and high-byte timer/counter,
respectively. The difference between them is that only the low-byte timer/counter can be used to generate compare
match interrupts, events and DMA triggers.
The two eight-bit timer/counters have a shared clock source and separate period and compare settings. They can be
clocked and timed from the peripheral clock, with optional prescaling, or from the event system. The counters are always
counting down.
The high resolution (hi-res) extension can be used to increase the waveform output resolution by up to eight times by
using an internal clock source running up to four times faster than the peripheral clock.
The timer/counter 2 is set back to timer/counter 0 by setting it in normal mode; hence, one timer/counter can exist only as
either type 0 or type 2.
A detailed block diagram of the timer/counter 2 showing the low-byte (L) and high-byte (H) timer/counter register split and
compare modules is shown in Figure 15-1 on page 187.
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15.3 Block Diagram
Figure 15-1 . Block diagram of the 16-bit timer/counter 0 with split mode.
15.4 Clock Sources
The timer/counter can be clocked from the peripheral clock (clkPER) and from the event system. Figure 15-2 shows the
clock and event selection.
Figure 15-2. Clock selection.
Base Counter
Compare
(Unit x = {A,B,C,D})
Counter
HPER
= 0
Control Logic
CTRLA
HUNF
(INT/DMA Req.)
BOTTOML
LPER
Compare
(Unit x = {A,B,C,D})
Waveform
Generation
LCMPx
(INT/DMA
Req.)
OCLx Out
=
LCMPx
"match"
BOTTOMH
LCNT "count low"
"load low"
=
HCMPx Waveform
Generation
"match"
OCHx Out
= 0
"count high"
"load high"
HCNT
Clock Select
LUNF
(INT/DMA Req.)
clkPER /
2{0,...,15}
CLKSEL
CNT
clkPER /
{1,2,4,8,64,256,1024}
Common
Prescaler
clkPER
event channels
Event
System events
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The peripheral clock (clkPER) is fed into the common prescaler (common for all timer/counters in a device). A selection of
prescaler outputs from 1 to 1/1024 is directly available. In addition, the whole range of time prescalings from 1 to 215 is
available through the event system.
The clock selection (CLKSEL) selects one of the clock prescaler outputs or an event channel for the high-byte counter
(HCNT) and low-byte counter (LCNT). By using the event system, any event source, such as an external clock signal, on
any I/O pin can be used as the clock input.
By default, no clock input is selected, and the counters are not running.
15.5 Counter Operation
The counters will always count in single-slope mode. Each counter counts down for each clock cycle until it reaches
BOTTOM, and then reloads the counter with the period register value at the following clock cycle.
Figure 15-3. Counter operation .
As shown in Figure 15-3, the counter can change the counter value while running. The write access has higher priority
than the count clear, and reloads and will be immediate.
15.5.1 Changing the Period
The counter period is changed by writing a new TOP value to the period register. Since the counter is counting down, the
period register can be written at any time without affecting the current period, as shown in Figure 15-4 on page 188. This
prevents wraparound and generation of odd waveforms.
Figure 15-4. Changing the peri od.
15.6 Compare Channel
Each compare channel continuously compares the counter value with the CMPx register. If CNT equals CMPx, the
comparator signals a match. For the low-byte timer/counter, the match will set the compare channel's interrupt flag at the
next timer clock cycle, and the event and optional interrupt is generated. The high-byte timer/counter does not have
compare interrupt/event.
CNT
BOTTOM
MAX
"reload"
TOP
CNT written
CNT
MAX
New TOP written to
PER that is higher
than current CNT
New TOP written to
PER that is lower
than current CNT
"reload"
"write"
BOTTOM
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15.6.1 Waveform Generation
The compare channels can be used for waveform generation on the corresponding port pins. To make the waveform
visible on the connected port pin, the following requirements must be fulfilled:
1. The compare channels to be used must be enabled. This will override the corresponding port pin output register.
2. The direction for the associated port pin must be set to output.
Inverted waveform output can be achieved by setting invert I/O on the port pin. Refer to “I/O Ports” on page 139 for more
details.
15.6.2 Single-slope PWM Generation
For PWM generation, the period (T) is controlled by the PER register, while the CMPx registers control the duty cycle of
the waveform generator (WG) output. Figure 15-5 on page 189 shows how the counter counts from TOP to BOTTOM,
and then restarts from TOP. The WG output is set on the compare match between the CNT and CMPx registers, and
cleared at BOTTOM.
Figure 15-5. Single-slop e pulse width modulati on.
The PER register defines the PWM resolution. The minimum resolution is two bits (PER=0x0003), and the maximum
resolution is eight bits (PER=MAX).
The following equation is used to calculate the exact resolution for a single-slope PWM (RPWM_SS) waveform:
The single, slow PWM frequency (fPWM_SS) depends on the period setting (PER) and the peripheral clock frequency
(fPER), and it is calculated by using the following equation:
where N represents the prescaler divider used (1, 2, 4, 8, 64, 256, 1024, or event channel n).
15.6.3 Port Override for Waveform Generation
To make the waveform generation available on the port pins, the corresponding port pin direction must be set as output.
The timer/counter will override the port pin values when the CMP channel is enabled (LCMPENx/HCMPENx).
Figure 15-6 on page 190 shows the port override for the low- and high-byte timer/counters. For the low-byte
timer/counter, CMP channels A to D will override the output value (OUTxn) of port pins 0 to 3 on the corresponding port
pins (Pxn). For the high-byte timer/counter, CMP channels E to H will override port pins 4 to 7. Enabling inverted I/O on
the port pin (INVENxn) inverts the corresponding WG output.
CNT
MAX
TOP
Period (T)
"match"
BOTTOM
WG Output
CMPx=BOT
CMPx
CMPx=TOP
RPWM_SS PER 1+log 2log
---------------------------------=
fPWM_SS fPER
NPER 1+
-----------------------------=
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Figure 15-6. Port override for low- and high-byte timer/counters.
15.7 Interrupts and Events
The timer/counters can generate interrupts and events. The counter can generate an interrupt on underflow, and each
CMP channel for the low-byte counter has a separate compare interrupt.
Events will be generated for all conditions that can generate interrupts. For details on event generation and available
events, refer to “Event System” on page 70.
15.8 DMA Support
Timer/counter underflow and compare interrupt flags can trigger a DMA transaction. The acknowledge condition that
clears the flag/request is listed in Table 15-1 on page 190.
Table 15-1. DMA request sources.
15.9 Timer/Counter Commands
A set of commands can be given to the timer/counter by software to immediately change the state of the module. These
commands give direct control of the update, restart, and reset signals.
The software can force a restart of the current waveform period by issuing a restart command. In this case the counter,
direction, and all compare outputs are set to zero.
A reset command will set all timer/counter registers to their initial values. A reset can only be given when the
timer/counter is not running (OFF).
OUT
LCMPENx /
HCMPENx
INVEN
OCx
Waveform
Request Acknowledge Comment
LUNFIF DMAC writes to LCNT
DMAC writes to LPER
HUNFIF DMAC writes to HCNT
DMAC writes to HPER
CCIF{D,C,B,A} DMAC access of
LCMP{D,C,B,A} Output compare operation
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15.10 Register description
15.10.1 CTRLA – Control register A
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:0 – CLKSEL[3:0]: Clock Select
These bits select clock source for the timer/counter according to Table 15-2 on page 191. The clock select is iden-
tical for both high- and low-byte timer/counters.
Table 15-2. Clock select.
15.10.2 CTRLB – Control register B
Bit 7:0 – HCMPENx / LCMPENx: High/Low Byte Compare Enable x
Setting these bits will enable the compare output and override the port output register for the corresponding OCn
output pin.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 –––– CLKSEL[3:0]
Read/Write RRRRR/WR/WR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
CLKSEL[3:0] Group configuration Description
0000 OFF None (i.e., timer/counter in OFF state)
0001 DIV1 Prescaler: ClkPER
0010 DIV2 Prescaler: ClkPER/2
0011 DIV4 Prescaler: ClkPER/4
0100 DIV8 Prescaler: ClkPER/8
0101 DIV64 Prescaler: ClkPER/64
0110 DIV256 Prescaler: ClkPER/256
0111 DIV1024 Prescaler: ClkPER/1024
1nnn EVCHn Event channel n, n= [0,...,7]
Bit 76543210
+0x01 HCMPEND HCMPENC HCMPENB HCMPENA LCMPEND LCMPENC LCMPENB LCMPENA
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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15.10.3 CTRLC – Control register C
Bit 7:0 – HCMPx/LCMPx: High/Low Compare x Output Value
These bits allow direct access to the waveform generator's output compare value when the timer/counter is OFF.
This is used to set or clear the WG output value when the timer/counter is not running.
15.10.4 CTRLE – Control register E
Bit 7:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1:0 – BYTEM[1:0]: Byte Mode
These bits select the timer/counter operation mode according to Table 15-3 on page 192.
Table 15-3. Byte mode.
15.10.5 INTCT RLA – Interrupt Enable r egister A
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:2 – HUNFINTLVL[1:0]: High-byte Timer Underflow Interrupt Level
These bits enable the high-byte timer underflow interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts
and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. The enabled interrupt will be triggered when HUN-
FIF in the INTFLAGS register is set.
Bit 76543210
+0x02 HCMPD HCMPC HCMPB HCMPA LCMPD LCMPC LCMPB LCMPA
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x04 –––––– BYTEM[1:0]
Read/Write RRRRRRR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
BYTEM[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 NORMAL Timer/counter is set to normal mode (timer/counter type 0)
01 BYTEMODE Upper byte of the counter (HCNT) will be set to zero after each counter clock.
10 SPLITMODE Timer/counter is split into two eight-bit timer/counters (timer/counter type 2)
11 –Reserved
Bit 76543210
+0x06 –––– HUNFINTLVL[1:0] LUNFINTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write RRRRR/WR/WR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
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Bit 1:0 – LUNFINTLVL[1:0]: Low-byte Timer Underflow Interrupt Level
These bits enable the low-byte timer underflow interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts
and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. The enabled interrupt will be triggered when LUN-
FIF in the INTFLAGS register is set.
15.10.6 INTCT RLB – Interrupt Enable r egister B
Bit 7:0 – LCMPxINTLVL[1:0]: Low-byte Compare x Interrupt Level
These bits enable the low-byte timer compare interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts
and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. The enabled interrupt will be triggered when
LCMPxIF in the INTFLAGS register is set.
15.10.7 CTRLF – Control register F
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:2 – CMD[1:0]: Timer/Counter Command
These command bits are used for software control of timer/counter update, restart, and reset. The command bits
are always read as zero. The CMD bits must be used together with CMDEN.
Table 15-4. Command selections.
Bit 1:0 – CMDEN[1:0]: Command Enable
These bits are used to indicate for which timer/counter the command (CMD) is valid
Bit 76543210
+0x07 LCMPDINTLVL[1:0] LCMPCINTLVL[1:0] LCMPBINTLVL[1:0] LCMPAINTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x08 –––– CMD[1:0] CMDEN[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CMD Group configu ration Description
00 NONE None
01 –Reserved
10 RESTART Force restart
11 RESET Force hard reset (ignored if T/C is not in OFF state)
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Table 15-5. Command selections.
15.10.8 INTFLAGS – Interrup t Flag register
Bit 7:4 – LCMPxIF: Compare Channel x Interrupt Flag
The compare interrupt flag (LCMPxIF) is set on a compare match on the corresponding CMP channel.
For all modes of operation, LCMPxIF will be set when a compare match occurs between the count register (LCNT)
and the corresponding compare register (LCMPx). The LCMPxIF is automatically cleared when the corresponding
interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
Bit 3:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1 – HUNFIF: High-byte Timer Underflow Interrupt Flag
HUNFIF is set on a BOTTOM (underflow) condition. This flag is automatically cleared when the corresponding
interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
Bit 0 – LUNFIF: Low-byte Timer Underflow Interrupt Flag
LUNFIF is set on a BOTTOM (underflow) condition. This flag is automatically cleared when the corresponding
interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
15.10.9 LCNT – Low-byte Count register
Bit 7:0 – LCNT[7:0]
LCNT contains the eight-bit counter value for the low-byte timer/counter. The CPU and DMA write accesses have
priority over count, clear, or reload of the counter.
CMD Group configu ration Description
00 –Reserved
01 LOW Command valid for low-byte T/C
10 HIGH Command valid for high-byte T/C
11 BOTH Command valid for both low-byte and high-byte T/C
Bit 76543210
+0x0C LCMPDIF LCMPCIF LCMPBIF LCMPAIF –– HUNFIF LUNFIF
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R R R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x20 LCNT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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15.10.10 HCNT – High-byte Count register
Bit 7:0 – HCNT[7:0]
HCNT contains the eight-bit counter value for the high-byte timer/counter. The CPU and DMA write accesses have
priority over count, clear, or reload of the counter.
15.10.11 LPER – Low-byte Period register
Bit 7:0 – LPER[7:0]
LPER contains the eight-bit period value for the low-byte timer/counter.
15.10.12 HPER – High-byte Period register
Bit 7:0 – HPER[7:0]
HPER contains the eight-bit period for the high-byte timer/counter.
15.10.13 LCMPx – Low-byte Compare register x
Bit 7:0 – LCMPx[7:0], x =[A, B, C, D]
LCMPx contains the eight-bit compare value for the low-byte timer/counter.
These registers are all continuously compared to the counter value. Normally, the outputs from the comparators
are then used for generating waveforms.
Bit 76543210
+0x21 HCNT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x27 LPER[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x26 HPER[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
LCMPx[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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15.10.14 HCMPx – High-byte Compare register x
Bit 7:0 – HCMPx[7:0], x =[A, B, C, D]
HCMPx contains the eight-bit compare value for the high-byte timer/counter.
These registers are all continuously compared to the counter value. Normally the outputs from the comparators
are then used for generating waveforms.
Bit 76543210
HCMPx[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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15.11 Register summary
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA – – – – CLKSEL[3:0] 191
+0x01 CTRLB HCMPDEN HCMPCEN HCMPBEN HCMPAEN LCMPDEN LCMPCEN LCMPBEN LCMPAEN 191
+0x02 CTRLC HCMPD HCMPC HCMPB HCMPA LCMPD LCMPC LCMPB LCMPA 192
+0x05 Reserved
+0x04 CTRLE BYTEM[1:0] 192
+0x05 Reserved
+0x06 INTCTRLA – – – – HUNFINTLVL[1:0] LUNFINTLVL[1:0] 192
+0x07 INTCTRLB LCMPDINTLVL[1:0] LCMPCINTLVL[1:0] LCMPBINTLVL[1:0] LCMPAINTLVL[1:0] 193
+0x08 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x09 CTRLF – – – – CMD[1:0] CMDEN[1:0] 193
+0x0A Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0B Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0C INTFLAGS LCMPDIF LCMPCIF LCMPBIF LCMPAIF – – HUNFIF LUNFIF 194
+0x0D Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0E Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0F Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x10 to
+0x1F Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x20 LCNT Low-byte Timer/Counter Count Register 195
+0x21 HCNT High-byte Timer/Counter Count Register 195
+0x22 to
+0x25 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x26 LPER Low-byte Timer/Counter Period Register 195
+0x27 HPER High-byte Timer/Counter Period Register 196
+0x28 LCMPA Low-byte Compare Register A 195
+0x29 HCMPA High-byte Compare Register A 196
+0x2A LCMPB Low-byte Compare Register B 195
+0x2B HCMPB High-byte Compare Register B 196
+0x2C LCMPC Low-byte Compare Register C 195
+0x02D HCMPC High-byte Compare Register C 196
+0x2E LCMPD Low-byte Compare Register D 195
+0x2F HCMPD High-byte Compare Register D 196
+0x30 to
+0x3F Reserved – – – – – – – –
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15.12 Interrupt vector summary
Table 15-6. Timer/counter interru pt vectors and their word offset addresses.
Offset Source Interrupt description
0x00 LUNF_vect Low-byte Timer/counter underflow interrupt vector offset
0x02 HUNF_vect High-byte Timer/counter underflow interrupt vector offset
0x4 LCMPA_vect Low-byte Timer/counter compare channel A interrupt vector offset
0x6 LCMPB_vect Low-byte Timer/counter compare channel B interrupt vector offset
0x8 LCMPC_vect Low-byte Timer/counter compare channel C interrupt vector offset
0x0A LCMPD_vect Low-byte Timer/counter compare channel D interrupt vector offset
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16. AWeX – Advanced Waveform Extension
16.1 Features
Waveform output with complementary output from each compare channel
Four dead-time insertion (DTI) units
8-bit resolution
Separate high and low side dead-time setting
Double buffered dead time
Optionally halts timer during dead-time insertion
Pattern generation unit creating synchronised bit pattern across the port pins
Double buffered pattern generation
Optional distribution of one compare channel output across the port pins
Event controlled fault protection for instant and predictable fault triggering
16.2 Overview
The advanced waveform extension (AWeX) provides extra functions to the timer/counter in waveform generation (WG)
modes. It is primarily intended for use with different types of motor control and other power control applications. It
enables low- and high side output with dead-time insertion and fault protection for disabling and shutting down external
drivers. It can also generate a synchronized bit pattern across the port pins.
Figure 16-1. Advanced waveform extention and closely related peripherals (grey).
As shown in Figure 16-1 on page 199, each of the waveform generator outputs from timer/counter 0 are split into a
complimentary pair of outputs when any AWeX features are enabled. These output pairs go through a dead-time
insertion (DTI) unit that generates the non-inverted low side (LS) and inverted high side (HS) of the WG output with dead-
Timer/Counter 0
AWeX
WG
Channel A
DTI
Channel A
WG
Channel B
DTI
Channel B
WG
Channel C
DTI
Channel C
WG
Channel D
DTI
Channel D
Port
Override
Pattern
Generation
Px0
Px1
Px2
Px3
Px4
Px5
Px6
Px7
Event
System
Fault
Protection
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time insertion between LS and HS switching. The DTI output will override the normal port value according to the port
override setting. Refer to “I/O Ports” on page 139 for more details.
The pattern generation unit can be used to generate a synchronized bit pattern on the port it is connected to. In addition,
the WG output from compare channel A can be distributed to and override all the port pins. When the pattern generator
unit is enabled, the DTI unit is bypassed.
The fault protection unit is connected to the event system, enabling any event to trigger a fault condition that will disable
the AWeX output. The event system ensures predictable and instant fault reaction, and gives flexibility in the selection of
fault triggers.
16.3 Port Override
The port override logic is common for all the timer/counter extensions. Figure 16-2 on page 201 shows a schematic
diagram of the port override logic. When the dead-time enable (DTIENx) bit is set, the timer/counter extension takes
control over the pin pair for the corresponding channel. Given this condition, the output override enable (OOE) bits take
control over the CCxEN bits.
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Figure 16-2. Timer/counter extensio ns an d port override logic.
16.4 Dead-time Insertion
The dead-time insertion (DTI) unit generates OFF time where the non-inverted low side (LS) and inverted high side (HS)
of the WG output are both low. This OFF time is called dead time, and dead-time insertion ensures that the LS and HS
never switch simultaneously.
The DTI unit consists of four equal dead-time generators, one for each compare channel in timer/counter 0. Figure 16-3
on page 202 shows the block diagram of one DTI generator. The four channels have a common register that controls the
OUT0
OUTOVEN0
CCAEN
DTICCAEN
INVEN0
OUT1
OUTOVEN1
CCBEN INVEN1
Px0
Px1
Channel
A
DTI
LS
HS
OC0A
OC0B
OCALS
OCAHS
WG 0A
WG 0B
WG 0A
CWCM
OUT2
OUTOVEN2
CCCEN
DTICCBEN
INVEN2
OUT3
OUTOVEN3
CCDEN INVEN3
Px2
Px3
Channel
B
DTI
LS
HS
OC0C
OC0D
OCBLS
OCBHS
WG 0C
WG 0D
OUT4
OUTOVEN4
CCAEN
DTICCCEN
INVEN4
OUT5
OUTOVEN5
CCBEN INVEN5
Px4
Px5
Channel
C
DTI
LS
HS
OC1A
OC1B
OCCLS
OCCHS
WG 1A
WG 1B
OUT6
OUTOVEN6
DTICCDEN
INVEN6
OUT7
OUTOVEN7
INVEN7
Px6
Px7
Channel
D
DTI
LS
HS
OCDLS
OCDHS
WG 0B
WG 0D
WG 0C
"0"
"0"
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dead time. The high side and low side have independent dead-time setting, and the dead-time registers are double
buffered.
In clear override mode the operation will resume when the fault condition is cleared, and pattern generation is used, or
the write strobe goes high to the awex.
In pattern generation mode, the same waveform will be output on all channels until the next update, usually setting up a
short-circuit on the outside. If neither of these happens the normal operation will resume 1-2 cycles early
Figure 16-3. Dead-time generator bl oc k di agram.
As shown in Figure 16-4 on page 202, the 8-bit dead-time counter is decremented by one for each peripheral clock cycle,
until it reaches zero. A nonzero counter value will force both the low side and high side outputs into their OFF state.
When a change is detected on the WG output, the dead-time counter is reloaded according to the edge of the input. A
positive edge initiates a counter reload of the DTLS register, and a negative edge a reload of DTHS register.
Figure 16-4. Dead-time generator timing diagram.
16.5 Pattern Generation
The pattern generator unit reuses the DTI registers to produce a synchronized bit pattern across the port it is connected
to. In addition, the waveform generator output from compare channel A (CCA) can be distributed to and override all the
port pins. These features are primarily intended for handling the commutation sequence in brushless DC motor (BLDC)
and stepper motor applications. A block diagram of the pattern generator is shown in “Pattern generator block diagram.”
Dead Time Generator
Edge Detect
BV BV
DQ
= 0
DTLSBUF
DTLS
DTHSBUF
DTHS
"DTLS"
(To PORT)
"DTHS"
(To PORT)
Counter
EN
LOAD
WG output
"dti_cnt"
"WG output"
"DTLS"
"DTHS"
t
DTILS
t
DTIHS
T
t
P
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on page 203. For each port pin where the corresponding OOE bit is set, the multiplexer will output the waveform from
CCA.
Figure 16-5. Pattern generator bloc k diag ram.
As with the other timer/counter double buffered registers, the register update is synchronized to the UPDATE condition
set by the waveform generation mode. If the synchronization provided is not required by the application, the application
code can simply access the DTIOE and PORTx registers directly.
The pin directions must be set for any output from the pattern generator to be visible on the port.
16.6 Fault Protection
The fault protection feature enables fast and deterministic action when a fault is detected. The fault protection is event
controlled. Thus, any event from the event system can be used to trigger a fault action, such as over-current indication
from analog comparator or ADC measurements.
When fault protection is enabled, an incoming event from any of the selected event channels can trigger the event action.
Each event channel can be separately enabled as a fault protection input, and the specified event channels will be ORed
together, allowing multiple event sources to be used for fault protection at the same time.
16.6.1 Fault Actions
When a fault is detected, the direction clear action will clear the direction (DIR) register in the associated port, setting all
port pins as tri-stated inputs.
The fault detection flag is set, the timer/counter’s error interrupt flag is set, and the optional interrupt is generated.
There is maximum of two peripheral clock cycles from when an event occurs in a peripheral until the fault protection
triggers the event action. Fault protection is fully independent of the CPU and DMA, but requires the peripheral clock to
run.
16.6.2 Fault Restore Modes
How the AWeX and timer/counter return from the fault state to normal operation after a fault, when the fault condition is
no longer active, can be selected from one of two different modes:
In latched mode, the waveform output will remain in the fault state until the fault condition is no longer active and
the fault detect flag has been cleared by software. When both of these conditions are met, the waveform output will
return to normal operation at the next UPDATE condition.
Timer/Counter 0 (TCx0)
BV BVDTLSBUF
OUTOVEN
DTHSBUF
OUTx
CCA WG outputUPDATE
ENEN
1 to 8
Expand
Px[7:0]
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In cycle-by-cycle mode the waveform output will remain in the fault state until the fault condition is no longer active.
When this condition is met, the waveform output will return to normal operation at the next UPDATE condition.
When returning from a fault state the DIR[7:0] bits corresponding to the enabled DTI channels are restored. OUTOVEN is
unaffected by the fault except that writing to the register from software is blocked.
The UPDATE condition used to restore normal operation is the same as the one in the timer/counter.
16.6.3 Change Protection
To avoid unintentional changes in the fault protection setup, all the control registers in the AWeX extension can be
protected by writing the corresponding lock bit in the advanced waveform extension lock register. For more details, refer
to “I/O Memory Protection” on page 25 and “AWEXLOCK – Advanced Waveform Extension Lock register” on page 46.
When the lock bit is set, control register A, the output override enable register, and the fault detection event mask register
cannot be changed.
To avoid unintentional changes in the fault event setup, it is possible to lock the event system channel configuration by
writing the corresponding event system lock register. For more details, refer to “I/O Memory Protection” on page 25 and
“EVSYSLOCK – Event System Lock register” on page 46.
16.6.4 On-Chip Debug
When fault detection is enabled, an on-chip debug (OCD) system receives a break request from the debugger, which will
by default function as a fault source. When an OCD break request is received, the AWeX and corresponding
timer/counter will enter a fault state, and the specified fault action will be performed.
After the OCD exits from the break condition, normal operation will be started again. In cycle-by-cycle mode, the
waveform output will start on the first UPDATE condition after exit from break, while in latched mode, the fault condition
flag must be cleared in software before the output will be restored. This feature guarantees that the output waveform
enters a safe state during a break.
It is possible to disable this feature.
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16.7 Register Description
16.7.1 CTRL – Control register
Bit 7:6 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 5 – PGM: Pattern Generation Mode
Setting this bit enables the pattern generation mode. This will override the DTI, and the pattern generation reuses
the dead-time registers for storing the pattern.
Bit 4 – CWCM: Common Waveform Channel Mode
If this bit is set, the CC channel A waveform output will be used as input for all the dead-time generators. CC chan-
nel B, C, and D waveforms will be ignored.
Bit 3:0 – DTICCxEN: Dead-Time Insertion CCx Enable
Setting these bits enables the dead-time generator for the corresponding CC channel. This will override the
timer/counter waveform outputs.
16.7.2 FDEMASK – Fault Detect Event Mask register
Bit 7:0 – FDEVMASK[7:0]: Fault Detect Event Mask
These bits enable the corresponding event channel as a fault condition input source. Events from all event chan-
nels will be ORed together, allowing multiple sources to be used for fault detection at the same time. When a fault
is detected, the fault detect flag (FDF) is set and the fault detect action (FDACT) will be performed.
16.7.3 FDCTRL - Fault Detection Control register
Bit 7:5 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 4 – FDDBD: Fault Detection on Debug Break Detection
By default, when this bit is cleared and fault protection is enabled, and OCD break request is treated as a fault.
When this bit is set, an OCD break request will not trigger a fault condition.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 –– PGM CWCM DTICCDEN DTICCCEN DTICCBEN DTICCAEN
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x02 FDEVMASK[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x03 ––– FDDBD – FDMODE FDACT[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R/W R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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Bit 3 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 2 – FDMODE: Fault Detection Restart Mode
This bit sets the fault protection restart mode. When this bit is cleared, latched mode is used, and when it is set,
cycle-by-cycle mode is used.
In latched mode, the waveform output will remain in the fault state until the fault condition is no longer active and
the FDF has been cleared by software. When both conditions are met, the waveform output will return to normal
operation at the next UPDATE condition.
In cycle-by-cycle mode, the waveform output will remain in the fault state until the fault condition is no longer
active. When this condition is met, the waveform output will return to normal operation at the next UPDATE
condition.
Bit 1:0 – FDACT[1:0]: Fault Detection Action
These bits define the action performed, according to Table 16-1, when a fault condition is detected.
Table 16-1. Fault acti ons.
16.7.4 STATUS – Status register
Bit 7:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 2 – FDF: Fault Detect Flag
This flag is set when a fault detect condition is detected; i.e., when an event is detected on one of the event chan-
nels enabled by FDEVMASK. This flag is cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
Bit 1 – DTHSBUFV: Dead-time High Side Buffer Valid
If this bit is set, the corresponding DT buffer is written and contains valid data that will be copied into the DTLS reg-
ister on the next UPDATE condition. If this bit is zero, no action will be taken. The connected timer/counter unit’s
lock update (LUPD) flag also affects the update for dead-time buffers.
Bit 0 – DTLSBUFV: Dead-time Low Side Buffer Valid
If this bit is set, the corresponding DT buffer is written and contains valid data that will be copied into the DTHS
register on the next UPDATE condition. If this bit is zero, no action will be taken. The connected timer/counter
unit's lock update (LUPD) flag also affects the update for dead-time buffers.
FDACT[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 NONE None (fault protection disabled)
01 –Reserved
10 –Reserved
11 CLEARDIR Clear all direction (DIR) bits which correspond to the enabled DTI
channel(s); i.e., tri-state the outputs
Bit 76543 2 1 0
+0x04 ––––– FDF DTHSBUFV DTLSBUFV
Read/Write R RRRRR/WR/WR/W
Initial Value00000 0 0 0
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16.7.5 DTBOTH – Dead-time Concurrent Write to Both Sides
Bit 7:0 – DTBOTH: Dead-time Both Sides
Writing to this register will update the DTHS and DTLS registers at the same time (i.e., at the same I/O write
access).
16.7.6 DTBOTHBUF – Dead-time Concurrent Write to Both Sides Buffer register
Bit 7:0 – DTBOTHBUF: Dead-time Both Sides Buffer
Writing to this memory location will update the DTHSBUF and DTLSBUF registers at the same time (i.e., at the
same I/O write access).
16.7.7 DTLS – Dead-time Low Side register
Bit 7:0 – DTLS: Dead-time Low Side
This register holds the number of peripheral clock cycles for the dead-time low side.
16.7.8 DTHS – Dead-time High Side register
Bit 7:0 – DTHS: Dead-time High Side
This register holds the number of peripheral clock cycles for the dead-time high side.
16.7.9 DTLSBUF – Dead-time Low Side Buffer register
Bit 76543210
+0x06 DTBOTH[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x07 DTBOTHBUF[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x08 DTLS[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x09 DTHS[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x0A DTLSBUF[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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Bit 7:0 – DTLSBUF: Dead-time Low Side Buffer
This register is the buffer for the DTLS register. If double buffering is used, valid content in this register is copied to
the DTLS register on an UPDATE condition.
16.7.10 DTHSBUF – Dead-time High Side Buffer register
Bit 7:0 – DTHSBUF: Dead-time High Side Buffer
This register is the buffer for the DTHS register. If double buffering is used, valid content in this register is copied to
the DTHS register on an UPDATE condition.
16.7.11 OUTOVEN – Output Override Enable register
Note: 1. Can be written only if the fault detect flag (FDF) is zero.
Bit 7:0 – OUTOVEN[7:0]: Output Override Enable
These bits enable override of the corresponding port output register (i.e., one-to-one bit relation to pin position).
The port direction is not overridden.
Bit 76543210
+0x0B DTHSBUF[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x0C OUTOVEN[7:0]
Read/Write R/W(1) R/W(1) R/W(1) R/W(1) R/W(1) R/W(1) R/W(1) R/W(1)
Initial Value00000000
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16.8 Register summary
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL – – PGM CWCM DTICDAEN DTICCCEN DTICCBEN DTICCAEN 205
+0x01 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x02 FDEMASK FDEVMASK[7:0] 205
+0x03 FDCTRL – – – FDDBD –FDMODE FDACT[1:0] 205
+0x04 STATUS – – – – – FDF DTBHSV DTBLSV 206
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 DTBOTH DTBOTH[7:0] 207
+0x07 DTBOTHBUF DTBOTHBUF[7:0] 207
+0x08 DTLS DTLS[7:0] 207
+0x09 DTHS DTHS[7:0] 207
+0x0A DTLSBUF DTLSBUF[7:0] 207
+0x0B DTHSBUF DTHSBUF[7:0] 207
+0x0C OUTOVEN OUTOVEN[7:0] 208
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17. Hi-Res – High-Resolution Extension
17.1 Features
Increases waveform generator resolution up to 8x (3 bits)
Supports frequency, single-slope PWM, and dual-slope PWM generation
Supports the AWeX when this is used for the same timer/counter
17.2 Overview
The high-resolution (hi-res) extension can be used to increase the resolution of the waveform generation output from a
timer/counter by four or eight. It can be used for a timer/counter doing frequency, single-slope PWM, or dual-slope PWM
generation. It can also be used with the AWeX if this is used for the same timer/counter.
The hi-res extension uses the peripheral 4x clock (ClkPER4). The system clock prescalers must be configured so the
peripheral 4x clock frequency is four times higher than the peripheral and CPU clock frequency when the hi-res extension
is enabled. Refer to “System Clock Selection and Prescalers” on page 86 for more details.
Figure 17-1. Timer/counter operation with hi-res extension enabled.
When the hi-res extension is enabled, the timer/counter must run from a non-prescaled peripheral clock. The
timer/counter will ignore its two least-significant bits (lsb) in the counter, and counts by four for each peripheral clock
cycle. Overflow/underflow and compare match of the 14 most-significant bits (msb) is done in the timer/counter. Count
and compare of the two lsb is handled and compared in the hi-res extension running from the peripheral 4x clock.
The two lsb of the timer/counter period register must be set to zero to ensure correct operation. If the count register is
read from the application code, the two lsb will always be read as zero, since the timer/counter run from the peripheral
clock. The two lsb are also ignored when generating events.
When the hi-res plus feature is enabled, the function is the same as with the hi-res extension, but the resolution will
increase by eight instead of four. This also means that the 3 lsb are handled by the hi-res extension instead of 2 lsb, as
when only hi-res is enabled. The extra resolution is achieved by counting on both edges of the peripheral 4x clock.
The hi-res extension will not output any pulse shorter than one peripheral clock cycle; i.e., a compare value lower than
four will have no visible output.
CNT[15:2]
HiRes
CCxBUF[15:0]
=
= 0
"match"
=
PER[15:2] 0
Waveform
Generation
TOPBOTTOM
Time /Counter
CCx[15:2] [1:0]
222
0
AWeX
Fault
Protection
Dead - Time
Insertion
Pattern
Generation
clk
PER
clk
PER4
Pxn
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17.3 Register Description
17.3.1 CTRLA – Control register A
Bit 7:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 2 – HRPLUS: High Resolution Plus
Setting this bit enables high resolution plus. Hi-res plus is the same as hi-res, but will increase the resolution by
eight (3 bits) instead of four.
The extra resolution is achieved by operating at both edges of the peripheral 4x clock.
Bit 1:0 – HREN[1:0]: High Resolution Enable
These bits enables the high-resolution mode for a timer/counter according to Table 17-1.
Setting one or both HREN bits will enable high-resolution waveform generation output for the entire general pur-
pose I/O port. This means that both timer/counters connected to the same port must enable hi-res if both are used
for generating PWM or FRQ output on pins.
Table 17-1. High resolution enable.
17.4 Register summary
Bit 76543210
+0x00 ––––– HRPLUS HREN[1:0]
Read/Write RRRRRR/WR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
HREN[1:0] High resolution enabled
00 None
01 Timer/counter 0
10 Timer/counter 1
11 Both timer/counters
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA –––––HRPLUS HREN[1:0] 211
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18. RTC – Real-Time Counter
18.1 Features
16-bit resolution
Selectable clock source
32.768kHz external crystal
External clock
32.768kHz internal oscillator
32kHz internal ULP oscillator
Programmable 10-bit clock prescaling
One compare register
One period register
Clear counter on period overflow
Optional interrupt/event on overflow and compare match
18.2 Overview
The 16-bit real-time counter (RTC) is a counter that typically runs continuously, including in low-power sleep modes, to
keep track of time. It can wake up the device from sleep modes and/or interrupt the device at regular intervals.
The reference clock is typically the 1.024kHz output from a high-accuracy crystal of 32.768kHz, and this is the
configuration most optimized for low power consumption. The faster 32.768kHz output can be selected if the RTC needs
a resolution higher than 1ms. The RTC can also be clocked from an external clock signal, the 32.768kHz internal
oscillator or the 32kHz internal ULP oscillator.
The RTC includes a 10-bit programmable prescaler that can scale down the reference clock before it reaches the
counter. A wide range of resolutions and time-out periods can be configured. With a 32.768kHz clock source, the
maximum resolution is 30.5µs, and time-out periods can range up to 2000 seconds. With a resolution of 1s, the
maximum time-out period is more than18 hours (65536 seconds). The RTC can give a compare interrupt and/or event
when the counter equals the compare register value, and an overflow interrupt and/or event when it equals the period
register value.
Figure 18-1. Real-time counter overview.
32.768kHz Crystal Osc
32.768kHz Int. Osc
TOSC1
TOSC2
External Clock
DIV32
DIV32
32kHz int ULP (DIV32)
RTCSRC
10-bit
prescaler
clkRTC
CNT
PER
COMP
=
=
”match”/
Compare
TOP/
Overflow
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18.2.1 Clock Domains
The RTC is asynchronous, operating from a different clock source independently of the main system clock and its
derivative clocks, such as the peripheral clock. For control and count register updates, it will take a number of RTC clock
and/or peripheral clock cycles before an updated register value is available in a register or until a configuration change
has effect on the RTC. This synchronization time is described for each register. Refer to “RTCCTRL – RTC Control
register” on page 92 for selecting the asynchronous clock source for the RTC.
18.2.2 Interrupts and Events
The RTC can generate both interrupts and events. The RTC will give a compare interrupt and/or event at the first count
after the counter value equals the Compare register value. The RTC will give an overflow interrupt request and/or event
at the first count after the counter value equals the Period register value. The overflow will also reset the counter value to
zero.
Due to the asynchronous clock domain, events will be generated only for every third overflow or compare match if the
period register is zero. If the period register is one, events will be generated only for every second overflow or compare
match. When the period register is equal to or above two, events will trigger at every overflow or compare match, just as
the interrupt request.
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18.3 Register Descriptions
18.3.1 CTRL – Control register
Bit 7:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 2:0 – PRESCALER[2:0]: Clock Prescaling factor
These bits define the prescaling factor for the RTC clock according to Table 18-1 on page 214.
Table 18-1. Real-time counter clock prescaling factor.
18.3.2 STATUS – Status register
Bit 7:1 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 0 – SYNCBUSY: Synchronization Busy Flag
This flag is set when the CNT, CTRL, PER, or COMP register is busy synchronizing between the RTC clock and
system clock domains after writing any of these registers or when waking up from a sleep mode where the periph-
eral clock is stopped. This flag is automatically cleared when the synchronisation is complete.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 ––––– PRESCALER[2:0]
Read/Write R RRRRR/WR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
PRESCALER[2:0] Group configuration RTC clock prescaling
000 OFF No clock source, RTC stopped
001 DIV1 RTC clock / 1 (no prescaling)
010 DIV2 RTC clock / 2
011 DIV8 RTC clock / 8
100 DIV16 RTC clock / 16
101 DIV64 RTC clock / 64
110 DIV256 RTC clock / 256
111 DIV1024 RTC clock / 1024
Bit 7654321 0
+0x01 – – – – – – – SYNCBUSY
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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18.3.3 INTCTR L – Interrupt Control register
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:2 – COMPINTLVL[1:0]: Compare Match Interrupt Enable
These bits enable the RTC compare match interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and
Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. The enabled interrupt will trigger when COMPIF in the
INTFLAGS register is set.
Bit 1:0 – OVFINTLVL[1:0]: Overflow Interrupt Enable
These bits enable the RTC overflow interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and Pro-
grammable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. The enabled interrupt will trigger when OVFIF in the
INTFLAGS register is set.
18.3.4 INTFLAGS – Interrupt Flag register
Bit 7:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1 – COMPIF: Compare Match Interrupt Flag
This flag is set on the next count after a compare match condition occurs. It is cleared automatically when the RTC
compare match interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
Bit 0 – OVFIF: Overflow Interrupt Flag
This flag is set on the next count after an overflow condition occurs. It is cleared automatically when the RTC over-
flow interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
18.3.5 TEMP – Temporary re gister
Bit 7:0 – TEMP[7:0]: Temporary bits
This register is used for 16-bit access to the counter value, compare value, and TOP value registers. The low byte
of the 16-bit register is stored here when it is written by the CPU. The high byte of the 16-bit register is stored when
the low byte is read by the CPU. For more details, refer to “The combined EIND + Z register.” on page 12.
Bit 76543210
+0x02 –––– COMPINTLVL[1:0] OVFINTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x03 –––––– COMPIF OVFIF
Read/Write R R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x04 TEMP[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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18.3.6 CNTL – Counter register Low
The CNTH and CNTL register pair represents the 16-bit value, CNT. CNT counts positive clock edges on the prescaled
RTC clock. Reading and writing 16-bit values requires special attention. Refer to “The combined EIND + Z register.” on
page 12 for details.
Due to synchronization between the RTC clock and system clock domains, there is a latency of two RTC clock cycles
from updating the register until this has an effect. Application software needs to check that the SYNCBUSY flag in the
“STATUS – Status register” on page 214 is cleared before writing to this register or reading the register after waking up
from a sleep mode where the peripheral clock is stopped
Bit 7:0 – CNT[7:0]: Counter Value low byte
These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit real-time counter value.
18.3.7 CNTH – Counter register High
Bit 7:0 – CNT[15:8]: Counter Value highbyte
These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit real-time counter value.
18.3.8 PERL – Period register Low
The PERH and PERL register pair represents the 16-bit value, PER. PER is constantly compared with the counter value
(CNT). A match will set OVFIF in the INTFLAGS register and clear CNT. Reading and writing 16-bit values requires
special attention. Refer to “The combined EIND + Z register.” on page 12 for details.
Due to synchronization between the RTC clock and system clock domains, there is a latency of two RTC clock cycles
from updating the register until this has an effect. Application software needs to check that the SYNCBUSY flag in the
“STATUS – Status register” on page 214 is cleared before writing to this register.
Bit 7:0 – PER[7:0]: Period low byte
These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit RTC TOP value.
18.3.9 PERH – Period register High
Bits 7:0 – PER[15:8]: Period high byte
These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit RTC TOP value.
Bit 76543210
+0x08 CNT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x09 CNT[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x0A PER[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value11111111
Bit 76543210
+0x0B PER[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value11111111
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18.3.10 COMPL – Compare register Low
The COMPH and COMPL register pair represent the 16-bit value, COMP. COMP is constantly compared with the
counter value (CNT). A compare match will set COMPIF in the INTFLAGS register. Reading and writing 16-bit values
requires special attention. Refer “The combined EIND + Z register.” on page 12 for details.
Due to synchronization between the RTC clock and system clock domains, there is a latency of two RTC clock cycles
from updating the register until this has an effect. Application software needs to check that the SYNCBUSY flag in the
“STATUS – Status register” on page 214 is cleared before writing to this register.
If the COMP value is higher than the PER value, no RTC compare match interrupt requests or events will ever be
generated.
Bit 7:0 – COMP[7:0]: Compare value low byte
These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit RTC compare value.
18.3.11 COMPH – Compare register High
Bit 7:0 – COMP[15:8]: Compare value high byte
These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit RTC compare value.
Bit 76543210
+0x0C COMP[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x0D COMP[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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18.4 Register summary
18.5 Interrupt Vector Summary
Table 18-2. RTC interrupt vectors and their wo rd offset.
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL ––––– PRESCALER[2:0] 214
+0x01 STATUS – – – – – – – SYNCBUSY 214
+0x02 INTCTRL ––––COMPINTLVL[1:0] OVFINTLVL[1:0] 215
+0x03 INTFLAGS – – – – – – COMPIF OVFIF 215
+0x04 TEMP – – – – – – COMPIF OVFIF 215
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x08 CNTL TEMP[7:0] 216
+0x09 CNTH CNT[7:0] 216
+0x0A PERL CNT[15:8] 216
+0x0B PERH PER[7:0] 216
+0x0C COMPL PER[15:8] 217
+0x0D COMPH COMP[7:0] 217
Offset Source Interrupt description
0x00 OVF_vect Real-time counter overflow interrupt vector
0x02 COMP_vect Real-time counter compare match interrupt vector
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19. RTC32 – 32-bit Real-Time Counter
19.1 Features
32-bit resolution
32.768kHz external crystal clock source with selectable prescaling
1.024kHz
1Hz
One compare register
One period register
Clear counter on period overflow
Optional interrupt/ event on overflow and compare match
19.2 Overview
The 32-bit real-time counter (RTC32) is a 32-bit counter that typically runs continuously, including in low-power sleep
modes, to keep track of time. It can wake up the device from sleep modes and/or interrupt the device at regular intervals.
The reference clock is typically a 1Hz prescaled output from a high-accuracy crystal of 32.768kHz, a configuration
optimized for low power consumption and 1s resolution. The faster 1.024kHz output can be selected if the timer needs
1ms resolution.
The RTC32 will give a compare interrupt and/or event when the counter equals the compare register value, and a
overflow interrupt and/or event when it equals the period register value.
Figure 19-1. 32-bit real-time counter overview.
19.2.1 Clock selection
An external 32.768kHz crystal oscillator must be used as the clock source. Two different frequency outputs are available
from this, and the RTC32 clock input can be 1.024kHz or 1Hz.
19.2.2 Clock Domains
The RTC32 is asynchronous, operating from a different clock source, and the counter is independent of the main system
clock and its derivative clocks, such as the peripheral clock. For control and count register updates, it will take a number
of RTC32 clocks and/or peripheral clock cycles before an updated register value is available in the register or until a
configuration change has effect on the RTC. This synchronization time is described for each register.
The Peripheral clock must be more than eight times faster than the RTC32 clock (1.024kHz or 1Hz) when any of the
Control or the Count register are accessed (read or written), more than 12 times faster when the Count register is written.
32.768 kHz
Crystal Osc
TOSC1
TOSC2
DIV32 CNT
PER
COMP
=
=
Compare
Match
Overflow
DIV1024
1.024 kHz
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19.2.3 Power Domains
For devices where the RTC32 is located in the VBAT power domain, the battery backup feature enables the RTC32 to also
function with no main VCC available. A dynamic power switch is used to automatically switch from the VCC domain to the
VBAT domain if VCC falls below the operating voltage level for the device. When the VCC voltage is restored, the power is
automatically switched back to VCC.
19.2.4 Interrupts and Events
The RTC32 can generate both interrupts and events. The RTC32 will give a compare interrupt request and/or event at
the next count after the counter value equals the compare register value. The RTC32 will give an overflow interrupt
request and/or event at the next count after the counter value equals the period register value. The overflow will also
reset the counter value to zero.
Due to the asynchronous clock domains, events will be generated only for every third overflow or compare match if the
period register is zero. If the period register is one, events will be generated only for every second overflow or compare
match. When the period register is equal to or above two, events will trigger at every overflow or compare match, just as
the interrupt request.
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19.3 Register Descriptions
19.3.1 CTRL – Control register
Bit 7:1 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 0 – ENABLE: Enable
Setting this bit enables the RTC32. The synchronization time between the RTC32 and the system clock domains is
one half RTC32 clock cycle from writing the register until this has an effect in the RTC32 clock domain; i.e., until
the RTC32 starts.
For the RTC32 to start running, the PER register must also be set to a value different from zero.
19.3.2 SYNCCTRL – Synchronisation Control/Status register
Bit 7:5 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 4 – SYNCCNT: Enable Synchronization of the CNT Register
Setting this bit will start synchronization of the CNT register from the RTC32 clock to the system clock domain. The
bit is automatically cleared when synchronization is done.
Bit 3:1 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 0 – SYNCBUSY: Synchronization Busy Flag
This flag is set when the CTRL or CNT register is busy synchronizing from the system clock to the RTC32 clock
domain. The CTRL register synchronization is triggered when it is written. The CNT register is synchronized when
the most-significant byte of the register is written.
19.3.3 INTCTR L – Interrupt Control register
Bit 76543210
+0x00 ––––––– ENABLE
Read/Write R R R R R R R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 765 4 321 0
+0x01 – – – SYNCCNT ––– SYNCBUSY
Read/Write R R R R/W R R R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 7654321 0
+0x02 –––– COMPINTLVL[1:0] OCINTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write RRRRR/WR/WR/WR/W
Reset Value0000000 0
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Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:2 – COMPINTLVL[1:0]: Compare Match Interrupt Level
These bits enable the RTC32 compare match interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts
and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. The enabled interrupt will trigger when COMPIF in
the INTFLAGS register is set.
Bit 1:0 – OVFINTLVL[1:0]: Overflow Interrupt Level
These bits enable the RTC32 overflow interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and Pro-
grammable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. The enabled interrupt will trigger when OVFIF in the
INTFLAGS register is set.
19.3.4 INTFLAGS – Interrupt Flag register
Bit 7:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1 – COMPIF: Compare Match Interrupt Flag
This flag is set on the next count after a compare match condition occurs. The flag is cleared automatically when
the RTC32 compare match interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit
location.
Bit 0 – OVFIF: Overflow Interrupt Flag
This flag is set on the next count after an overflow condition occurs. The flag is cleared automatically when the
RTC32 overflow interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
19.3.5 CNT0 – Counter register 0
The CNT0, CNT1, CNT2, and CNT3 registers represent the 32-bit value, CNT. CNT counts positive clock edges on the
RTC32 clock.
Synchronization of a new CNT value to the RTC32 domain is triggered by writing CNT3. The synchronization time is up
to 12 peripheral clock cycles from updating the register until this has an effect in the RTC32 domain. Write operations to
the CNT register will be blocked if the SYNCBUSY flag is set.
The synchronization of the CNT register value from the RTC32 domain to the system clock domain can be done by
writing one to the SYNCCNT bit in the SYNCCTRL register. The updated and synchronized CNT register value is
available after eight peripheral clock cycles.
After writing to the high byte of the CNT register, the condition for setting OVFIF and COMPIF, as well as the overflow
and compare match wake-up condition, will be disabled for the following two RTC32 clock cycles.
Bit 7654321 0
+0x03 –––––– COMPIF OVFIF
Read/Write RRRRRRR/WR/W
Initial Value0000000 0
Bit 7654321 0
+0x04 CNT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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19.3.6 CNT1 – Counter register 1
19.3.7 CNT2 – Counter register 2
19.3.8 CNT3 – Counter register 3
19.3.9 PER0 – Period register 0
The PER0, PER1, PER2, and PER3 registers represent the 32-bit value, PER. PER is constantly compared with the
counter value (CNT). A compare match will set OVFIF in the INTFLAGS register, and CNT will be set to zero in the next
RTC32 clock cycle. OVFIF will be set on the next count after match.
The PER register can be written only if the RTC32 is disabled and not currently synchronizing; i.e., when both ENABLE
and SYNCBUSY are zero.
After writing a byte in the PER register, the write (HW/SW) condition for setting OVFIF and the overflow wake-up
condition are disabled for the following two RTC32 clock cycles.
19.3.10 PER1 – Period register 1
Bit 7654321 0
+0x05 CNT[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 7654321 0
+0x06 CNT[23:16]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 7 6 5 432 1 0
+0x07 CNT[31:24]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Reset Value0 0 0 000 0 0
Bit 7 6 5 432 1 0
+0x08 PER[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x09 PER[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Reset Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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19.3.11 PER2 – Period register 2
19.3.12 PER3 – Period register 3
19.3.13 COMP0 – Co mpare register 0
The COMP0, COMP1, COMP2, and COMP3 registers represents the 32-bit value, COMP. COMP is constantly
compared with the counter value (CNT). A compare match will set COMPIF in the INTFLAGS register, and an interrupt is
generated if it is enabled. COMPIF will be set on next count after a match.
If the COMP value is higher than the PER value, no RTC compare match interrupt requests or events will be generated.
After writing the high byte of the COMP register, the write condition for setting OVFIF and COMPIF, as well as the
overflow and compare match wake-up condition, will be disabled for the following two RTC32 clock cycles.
19.3.14 COMP1 – Co mpare register 1
19.3.15 COMP2 – Co mpare register 2
19.3.16 COMP3 – Co mpare register 3
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0A PER[23:16]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Reset Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0B PER[31:24]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 7654321 0
+0x0C COMP[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 7654321 0
+0x0D COMP[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0E COMP[23:16]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0F COMP[31:24]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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19.4 Register summary
19.5 Interrupt vector summary
Table 19-1. RTC32 interrupt vectors and their word offset addresses.
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL – – – – – – – ENABLE 221
+0x01 SYNCCTRL –––SYNCCNT – – – SYNCBUSY
+0x02 INTCTRL – – – – COMPINTLVL[1:0] OVFINTLVL[1:0] 221
+0x03 INTFLAGS – – – – – – COMPIF OVFIF 221
+0x04 CNT0 CNT[7:0] 222
+0x05 CNT1 CNT[15:8] 223
+0x06 CNT2 CNT[23:16] 223
+0x07 CNT3 CNT[31:24] 223
+0x08 PER0 PER[7:0] 223
+0x09 PER1 PER[15:8] 223
+0x0A PER2 PER[23:16] 224
+0x0B PER3 PER[31:24] 224
+0x0C COMP0 COMP[7:0] 224
+0x0D COMP1 COMP[15:8] 224
+0x0E COMP2 COMP[23:16] 224
+0x0F COMP3 COMP[31:24] 224
Offset Source Interrupt description
0x00 OVF_vect Real-time counter overflow interrupt vector
0x02 COMP_vect Real-time counter compare match interrupt vector
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20. USB – Universal Serial Bus Interface
20.1 Features
USB 2.0 full speed (12Mbps) and low speed (1.5Mbps) device compliant interface
Integrated on-chip USB transceiver, no external components needed
16 endpoint addresses with full endpoint flexibility for up to 31 endpoints
One input endpoint per endpoint address
One output endpoint per endpoint address
Endpoint address transfer type selectable to
Control transfers
Interrupt transfers
Bulk transfers
Isochronous transfers
Configurable data payload size per endpoint, up to 1023 bytes
Endpoint configuration and data buffers located in internal SRAM
Configurable location for endpoint configuration data
Configurable location for each endpoint's data buffer
Built-in direct memory access (DMA) to internal SRAM for:
Endpoint configurations
Reading and writing endpoint data
Ping-pong operation for higher throughput and double buffered operation
Input and output endpoint data buffers used in a single direction
CPU/DMA controller can update data buffer during transfer
Multi-packet transfer for reduced interrupt load and software intervention
Data payload exceeding maximum packet size is transferred in one continuous transfer
No interrupts or software interaction on packet transaction level
Transaction complete FIFO for workflow management when using multiple endpoints
Tracks all completed transactions in a first-come, first-served work queue
Clock selection independent of system clock source and selection
Minimum 1.5MHz CPU clock required for low speed USB operation
Minimum 12MHz CPU clock required for full speed operation
Connection to event system
On chip debug possibilities during USB transactions
20.2 Overview
The USB module is a USB 2.0 full speed (12Mbps) and low speed (1.5Mbps) device compliant interface.
The USB supports 16 endpoint addresses. All endpoint addresses have one input and one output endpoint, for a total of
31 configurable endpoints and one control endpoint. Each endpoint address is fully configurable and can be configured
for any of the four transfer types: control, interrupt, bulk, or isochronous. The data payload size is also selectable, and it
supports data payloads up to 1023 bytes.
No dedicated memory is allocated for or included in the USB module. Internal SRAM is used to keep the configuration for
each endpoint address and the data buffer for each endpoint. The memory locations used for endpoint configurations
and data buffers are fully configurable. The amount of memory allocated is fully dynamic, according to the number of
endpoints in use and the configuration of these. The USB module has built-in direct memory access (DMA), and will
read/write data from/to the SRAM when a USB transaction takes place.
To maximize throughput, an endpoint address can be configured for ping-pong operation. When done, the input and
output endpoints are both used in the same direction. The CPU or DMA controller can then read/write one data buffer
while the USB module writes/reads the others, and vice versa. This gives double buffered communication.
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Multipacket transfer enables a data payload exceeding the maximum packet size of an endpoint to be transferred as
multiple packets without software intervention. This reduces the CPU intervention and the interrupts needed for USB
transfers.
For low-power operation, the USB module can put the microcontroller into any sleep mode when the USB bus is idle and
a suspend condition is given. Upon bus resumes, the USB module can wake up the microcontroller from any sleep
mode.
Figure 20-1. USB OUT transfer: data packet from hos t to USB device.
Figure 20-2. USB IN transfer: da ta packet from USB device to host after request from host.
20.3 Operation
This section gives an overview of the USB module operation during normal transactions. For general details on USB and
the USB protocol, please refer to http://www.usb.org and the USB specification documents.
20.3.1 Start of Frame
When a start of frame (SOF) token is detected and storing of the frame numbers is enabled, the frame number from the
token is stored in the frame number register (FRAMENUM) and the start of frame interrupt flag (SOFIF) in the interrupt
Internal SRAM
USB USB Endpoints
Configuration Table
USBEPPTR
USB
Buffers
ENDPOINT 1 DATA
ENDPOINT 2 DATA
ENDPOINT 3 DATA
D
A
T
A
0
D
A
T
A
0
D
A
T
A
0
D
A
T
A
1
D
A
T
A
0
D
A
T
A
1
D
A
T
A
0
D
A
T
A
1
D
A
T
A
0
D
A
T
A
1
D
A
T
A
0
BULK OUT
EPT 2
BULK OUT
EPT 3
BULK OUT
EPT 1
DP
DM
HOST
time
D
A
T
A
0
D
A
T
A
0
D
A
T
A
0
D
A
T
A
1
D
A
T
A
0
D
A
T
A
1
D
A
T
A
0
D
A
T
A
1
D
A
T
A
0
D
A
T
A
1
D
A
T
A
0
EPT 2EPT 3EPT 1
DP
DM
HOST
I
N
T
O
K
E
N
I
N
T
O
K
E
N
I
N
T
O
K
E
N
EPT 2 EPT 3 EPT 1
time
Internal SRAM
USB USB Endpoints
Configuration Table
USBEPPTR
USB
Buffers
ENDPOINT 1 DATA
ENDPOINT 2 DATA
ENDPOINT 3 DATA
CPU
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flag B clear/set register (INTFLAGSBCLR/SET) is set. If there was a CRC or bit-stuff error, the frame error (FRAMEERR)
flag in FRAMENUM is set.
20.3.2 SETUP
When a SETUP token is detected, the USB module fetches the endpoint control register (CTRL) from the addressed
output endpoint in the endpoint configuration table. If the endpoint type is not set to control, the USB module returns to
idle and waits for the next token packet.
Figure 20-3. SETUP transaction.
The USB module then fetches the endpoint data pointer register (DATAPTR) and waits for a DATA0 packet. If a PID
error or any other PID than DATA0 is detected, the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet.
The incoming data are written to the data buffer pointed to by DATAPTR. If a bit-stuff error is detected in the incoming
data, the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet. If the number of received data bytes exceeds
the endpoint's maximum data payload size, as specified by the data size (SIZE) in the endpoint CTRL register, the
remaining received data bytes are discarded. The packet will still be checked for bit-stuff and CRC errors. Software must
never report a maximum data payload size to the host that is greater than specified in SIZE. If there was a bit-stuff or
CRC error in the packet, the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet.
If data was successfully received, an ACK handshake is returned to the host, and the number of received data bytes,
excluding the CRC, is written to the endpoint byte counter (CNT). If the number of received data bytes is the maximum
data payload specified by SIZE, no CRC data are written in the data buffer. If the number of received data bytes is the
maximum data payload specified by SIZE minus one, only the first CRC data byte is written in the data buffer. If the
number of received data bytes is equal or less than the data byte payload specified by SIZE minus two, the two CRC
data bytes are written in the data buffer.
Finally, the setup transaction complete flag (SETUP), data buffer 0 not acknowledge flag (NACK0), and data toggle flag
(TOGGLE) are set, while the remaining flags in the endpoint status register (STATUS) are cleared for the addressed
input and output endpoints. The setup transaction complete interrupt flag (SETUPIF) in INTFLAGSBCLR/SET is set. The
STALL flag in the endpoint CTRL register is cleared for the addressed input and output endpoints.
When a SETUP token is detected and the device address of the token packet does not match that of the endpoint, the
packet is discarded, and the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet.
20.3.3 OUT
When an OUT token is detected, the USB module fetches the endpoint CTRL and STATUS register data from the
addressed output endpoint in its endpoint configuration table. If the endpoint is disabled, the USB module returns to idle
and waits for the next token packet.
SETUP
TOKEN ADDRESS ADDRESS
MATCH? ENDPOINT LEGAL
ENDPOINT?
EP TYPE
CTRL SET? PID PID OK?
DATA BIT STUFF BIT STUFF
OK? CRC OK? ACK
IDLE
o
No
N
oN
o
N
o
NoN
READ
CONFIG
UPDATE
STATUS
STORE
DATA
se
Y
se
Y
YesYesYes Yes
CRC
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Figure 20-4. OUT tran saction.
The USB module then fetches the endpoint DATAPTR register and waits for a DATA0 or DATA1 packet. If a PID error or
any other PID than DATA0 or DATA1 is detected, the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet.
If the STALL flag in the endpoint CTRL register is set, the incoming data are discarded. If the endpoint is not
isochronous, and the bit stuffing and CRC of the received data are OK, a STALL handshake is returned to the host, and
the STALL interrupt flag is set.
For isochronous endpoints, data from both a DATA0 and DATA1 packet will be accepted. For other endpoint types, the
PID is checked against TOGGLE. If they don't match, the incoming data are discarded and a NAK handshake is returned
to the host. If BUSNACK0 is set, the incoming data are discarded. The overflow flag (OVF) in the endpoint STATUS
register and the overflow interrupt flag (OVFIF) in the INTFLAGSASET/CLR register are set. If the endpoint is not
isochronous, a NAK handshake is returned to the host.
The incoming data are written to the data buffer pointed to by DATAPTR. If a bit-stuff error is detected in the incoming
data, the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet. If the number of received data bytes exceeds
the maximum data payload specified by SIZE, the remaining received data bytes are discarded. The packet will still be
checked for bit-stuff and CRC errors. If there was a bit-stuff or CRC error in the packet, the USB module returns to idle
and waits for the next token packet.
If the endpoint is isochronous and there was a bit-stuff or CRC error in the incoming data, the number of received data
bytes, excluding CRC, is written to the endpoint CNT register. Finally, CRC and BUSNACK0 in the endpoint and
STATUS and CRCIF in INTFLAGSASET/CLR are set.
If data was successfully received, an ACK handshake is returned to the host if the endpoint is not isochronous, and the
number of received data bytes, excluding CRC, is written to CNT. If the number of received data bytes is the maximum
data payload specified by SIZE no CRC data are written in the data buffer. If the number of received data bytes is the
maximum data payload specified by SIZE minus one, only the first CRC data byte is written in the data buffer If the
number of received data bytes is equal or less than the data payload specified by SIZE minus two, the two CRC data
bytes are written in the data buffer.
Finally, the transaction complete flag (TRNCOMPL0) and BUSNACK0 are set and TOGGLE is toggled if the endpoint is
not isochronous. The transaction complete interrupt flag (TRNIF) in INTFLAGSBCLR/SET is set. The endpoint's
configuration table address is written to the FIFO if the transaction complete FIFO mode is enabled.
OUT
TOKEN ADDRESS ADDRESS
MATCH? ENDPOINT LEGAL
ENDPOINT?
EP STATUS
ENABLED? PID PID OK?
DATA BIT STUFF BIT STUFF
OK? CRC OK? ACK
IDLE
oNoNoN
oNoN
STALL &
ISO? STALL? STALL
ISO? DATA
No
BUSNACK0
SET? NAK
oN
seY
No
No
READ
CONFIG
UPDATE
STATUS
STORE
DATA
STORE
DATA
No
seYseYseYseY
Yes
Yes
Yes
READ
CONFIG
PIDO/1
OK? NAK UPDATE
STATUS
No
Yes
DATA BIT STUFF CRC BIT STUFF
OK? CRC OK?
BUSNACK0
SET?
CRC
oNs
e
Y
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
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When an OUT token is detected and the device address of the token packet does not match that of the endpoint, the
packet is discarded and the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet.
20.3.4 IN
If an IN token is detected the, the USB module fetches the endpoint CTRL and STATUS register data from the addressed
input endpoint in the endpoint configuration table. If the endpoint is disabled, the USB module returns to idle and waits for
the next token packet.
If the STALL flag in endpoint CTRL register is set, and the endpoint is not isochronous, a STALL handshake is returned
to the host, the STALL flag in the endpoint STATUS register and the STALL interrupt flag (STALLIF) in
INTFLAGSACLR/SET are set.
If BUSNACK0 is set, OVF in the endpoint STATUS register and OVFIF in the INTFLAGSACLR/SET register are set. If
the endpoint is not isochronous, a NAK handshake is returned to the host.
The data in the data buffer pointed to by the endpoint DATAPTR register are sent to the host in a DATA0 packet if the
endpoint is isochronous; otherwise, a DATA0 or DATA1 packet according to TOGGLE is sent. When the number of data
bytes specified in endpoint CNT is sent, the CRC is appended and sent to the host. If not, a ZLP handshake is returned
to the host.
For isochronous endpoints, BUSNACK0 and TRNCOMPL0 in the endpoint STATUS register are set. TRNIF is set, and
the endpoint's configuration table address is written to the FIFO if the transaction complete FIFO mode is enabled.
For all non-isochronous endpoints, the USB module waits for an ACK handshake from the host. If an ACK handshake is
not received within 16 USB clock cycles, the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet. If an ACK
handshake was successfully received, BUSNACK0 and TRNCOMPL0 are set and TOGGLE is toggled. TRNIF is set and
the endpoint's configuration table address is written to the FIFO if the transaction complete FIFO mode is enabled.
When an IN token is detected and the device address of the token packet does not match that of the endpoint, the packet
is discarded and the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet.
Figure 20-5. IN transaction.
IN
TOKEN ADDRESS ADDRESS
MATCH? ENDPOINT LEGAL
ENDPOINT?
EP STATUS
ENABLED?
DATA ACK
PAYLOAD
OK?
IDLE
oNoNoN
No
STALL &
NO ISO? STALL
NAK
No
READ
CONFIG
READ
DATA
READ
CONFIG
UPDATE
STATUS
Yes
seYseYs
e
Y
Yes
BUSNACK0
SET? ISO?
Yes No
ISO? ACK
SET?
NoYes
Yes Yes
No
No
ZLP
CRC
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20.4 SRAM Memory Mapping
The USB module uses internal SRAM to store the:
• Endpoint configuration table
• USB frame number
• Transaction complete FIFO
The endpoint pointer register (EPPTR) is used to set the SRAM address for the endpoint configuration table. The USB
frame number (FRAMENUM) and transaction complete FIFO (FIFO) locations are derived from this. The locations of
these areas are selectable inside the internal SRAM. Figure on page 231 gives the relative memory location of each
area.
Figure 20-6. SRAM memory mapping.
20.5 Clock Generation
The USB module requires a minimum 6MHz clock for USB low speed operation, and a minimum 48MHz clock for USB
full speed operation. It can be clocked from internal or external clock sources by using the internal PLL, or directly from
the 32MHz internal oscillator when it is tuned and calibrated to 48MHz. The CPU and peripherals clocks must run at a
minimum of 1.5MHz for low speed operation, and a minimum of 12MHz for full speed operation.
The USB module clock selection is independent of and separate from the main system clock selection. Selection and
setup are done using the main clock control settings. For details, refer to “System Clock and Clock Options” on page 82.
The Figure 20-7 on page 232 shows an overview of the USB module clock selection.
FIFO EP_ADDRH_MAX
EP_ADDRL_0
EP_ADDRH_0
(MAXEP+1) x 4 Bytes
Active when FIFOEN==1
ENDPOINT
DESCRIPTORS
TABLE
STATUS
CTRL
CNTL
CNTH
DATAPTRL
DATAPTRH
AUXDATAL
AUXDATAH
ENDPOINT
0 OUT
STATUS
CTRL
CNTL
CNTH
DATAPTRL
DATAPTRH
AUXDATAL
AUXDATAH
ENDPOINT
0IN
STATUS
CTRL
CNTL
CNTH
DATAPTRL
DATAPTRH
AUXDATAL
AUXDATAH
ENDPOINT
MAXEP IN
(MAXEP+1) x 16 Bytes
FRAME
NUMBER
FRAMENUML
FRAMENUMH
2 Bytes
Active when
STFRNUM==1
0x00
0x01
0x02
0x03
0x04
0x05
0x06
0x07
(MAXEP+1)<<4
EPPTR
EPPTR +
(MAXEP+1)*16
SRAM
ADDRESS
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Figure 20-7. Clock generation configuration.
20.6 Ping-pong Operation
When an endpoint is configured for ping-pong operation, it uses the input and output data buffers to create a single,
double-buffered endpoint that can be set to input or output direction. This provides double-buffered communication, as
the CPU or DMA controller can access one of the buffers, while the other buffer is processing an ongoing transfer. Ping-
pong operation is identical to the IN and OUT transactions described above, unless otherwise noted in this section. Ping-
pong operation is not possible for control endpoints.
When ping-pong operation is enabled for an endpoint, the endpoint in the opposite direction must be disabled. The data
buffer, data pointer, byte counter, and auxiliary data from the enabled endpoint are used as bank 0, and,
correspondingly, bank 1 for the opposite endpoint direction.
The bank select (BANK) flag in the endpoint STATUS register indicates which data bank will be used in the next
transaction. It is updated after each transaction. The TRNCOMPL0/TRNCOMPL1, underflow/overflow (UDF/OVF), and
CRC flags in the STATUS register are set for either the enabled or the opposite endpoint direction according to the BANK
flag. The data toggle (TOGGLE), data buffer 0/1 not acknowledge (BUSNACK0 and BUSNACK1), and BANK flags are
updated for the enabled endpoint direction only.
Figure 20-8. Ping-pong operat io n ov e rv ie w .
USB module
48MHz full speed
6MHz for low speed
USBSRC
USB clock
prescaler
USBPSDIV
PLL
48MHz Internal Oscillator
Bank0
Available time for data processing by CPU to avoid NACK
Without Ping-Pong
With Ping-Pong
Bank1
Endpoint
single bank
Endpoint
Double bank
USB data packet
t
t
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20.7 Multipacket Transfers
Multipacket transfer enables a data payload exceeding the maximum data payload size of an endpoint to be transferred
as multiple packets without any software intervention. This reduces interrupts and software intervention to the higher
level USB transfer, and frees up significant CPU time. Multipacket transfer is identical to the IN and OUT transactions
described above, unless otherwise noted in this section.
The application software provides the size and address of the SRAM buffer to be processed by the USB module for a
specific endpoint, and the USB module will then split the buffer in the required USB data transfer.
Figure 20-9. Multipacket overview.
20.7.1 For Input Endpoints
The total number of data bytes to be sent is written to CNT, as for normal operation. The auxiliary data register
(AUXDATA) is used to store the number of bytes that will be sent, and must be written to zero for a new transfer.
When an IN token is received, the endpoint’s CNT and AUXDATA are fetched. If CNT minus AUXDATA is less than the
endpoint SIZE, endpoint CNT minus endpoint AUXDATA number bytes are transmitted; otherwise, SIZE number of bytes
are transmitted. If endpoint CNT is a multiple of SIZE and auto zero length packet (AZLP) is enabled, the last packet sent
will be zero length.
If a maximum payload size packet was sent (i.e., not the last transaction), AUXDATA is incremented by SIZE. TOGGLE
will be toggled after the transaction has completed if the endpoint is not isochronous. If a short packet was sent (i.e., the
last transaction), AUXDATA is incremented by the data payload. TOGGLE will be toggled if the endpoint is not
isochronous, and BUSNACK, TRNIF, and TRNCOMPL0 will be set.
20.7.2 For Output Endpoints
The number of data bytes received is stored in the endpoint’s CNT register, as for normal operation. Since the endpoint’s
CNT is updated after each transaction, it must be set to zero when setting up a new transfer. The total number of bytes to
be received must be written to AUXDATA. This value must be a multiple of SIZE, except for ISO 1023 bytes endpoints;
otherwise, excess data may be written to SRAM locations used by other parts of the application.
TOGGLE management is as for non-isochronous packets, and BUSNACK0/BUSNACK1 management is as for normal
operation.
If a maximum payload size packet is received, CNT is incremented by SIZE after the transaction has completed, and
TOGGLE toggles if the endpoint is not isochronous. If the updated endpoint CNT is equal to AUXDATA, then
BUSNACK0/BUSNACK1, TRNIF, and TRNCOMPL0/TRNCOMPL1 will be set.
If a short or oversized packet is received, the endpoint’s CNT register will be incremented by the data payload after the
transaction has completed. TOGGLE will be toggled if the endpoint is not isochronous, and BUSNACK0/BUSNACK1,
TRNIF, and TRNCOMPL0/TRNCOMPL1 will be set.
Transfer Complete Interrupt and data processing
Without multipacket
With multipacket
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20.8 Auto Zero Length Packet
Some IN transfer requires a zero length packet to be generated in order to signal end of transfer to the host. The auto
zero length packet (AZLP) function can be enabled to perform this generation automatically, thus removing the need for
application software or CPU intervention to perform this task.
20.9 Transaction Complete FIFO
The transaction complete FIFO provides a convenient way to keep track of the endpoints that have completed IN or OUT
transactions and need firmware intervention. It creates a first-come, first-served work queue for the application software.
The FIFO size is (MAXEP[3:0] + 1) × 4 bytes, and grows downward, starting from EPPTR - 1. This SRAM memory is
allocated only when the FIFO is enabled.
Figure 20-10.Transfer complete FIFO.
To manage the FIFO, a five-bit write pointer (FIFOWP) and five-bit read pointer (FIFORP) are used by the USB module
and application software, respectively. FIFORP and FIFOWP are one's complemented, and thus hold negative values.
The SRAM location of the data is the sum of EPPTR and the read or write pointer. The number of items in the FIFO is the
difference between FIFOWP and FIFORP. For the programmer, the FIFORP and FIFOWP values have to be cast to a
signed 8-bit integer, and then the offset into the FIFO from this signed integer must be deducted.
The transaction complete interrupt flag (TRNIF) in the INFLAGSB[CLR,SET] register is set to indicate a non-empty FIFO
when FIFORP!= FIFOWP, cleared when they are equal, and also set when the FIFO is full.
Each time an endpoint IN or OUT transaction completes successfully, its endpoint configuration table address is stored in
the FIFO at the current write pointer position (i.e., EPPTR + 2 × FIFOWP) and FIFOWP is decremented. When the
pointer reaches the FIFO size, it wraps to zero. When application software reads FIFORP, this is decremented in the
same way. Reading the write pointer has no effect. The endpoint configuration table address can then be read directly
from (EPPTR + 2 × FIFORP).
Figure 20-11.USB transactio n complete FIFO example.
USB_ TC_ FIFO
TC_EP_ADDRH_0
TC_EP_ ADDRL_0
TC_ EP_ ADDRH_MAX
ENDPOINT DESCRIPTOR TABLE
TC_ EP_ ADDRH_1
TC_EP_ ADDRL_1
INTERNAL SRAM
TC_ EP_ ADDRH_2
TC_ EP_ ADDRH_2
FIFOWP
FIFORP
EPPTR
SRAM
ADDRESS
EPPTR
–
4x( MAXEP+1)
Ep X
t
EpY Ep Z
FIFO
X
Y
Z
FIFOWP
FIFORP
X
Y
Z
FIFOWP
FIFORP
FIFO
X
Y
FIFOWP
FIFORP
FIFO
X
FIFOWP
FIFORP
FIFO
FIFOWP FIFORP
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20.10 Interrupts and Events
The USB module can generate interrupts and events. The module has 10 interrupt sources. These are split between two
interrupt vectors, the transaction complete (TRNCOMPL) interrupt and the bus event (BUSEVENT) interrupt. An interrupt
group is enabled by setting its interrupt level (INTLVL), while different interrupt sources are enabled individually or in
groups.
Figure 20-12 on page 235 summarizes the interrupts and event sources for the USB module, and shows how they are
enabled.
Figure 20-12.Interrupts and eve nts scheme summary.
20.10.1 Transaction Complete Interrupt
The transaction complete interrupt is generated per endpoint. When an interrupt occurs, the associated endpoint number
is registered and optionally added to the FIFO. The following two interrupt sources use the interrupt vector:
SOFIESUSPENDIF
RESUMEIF
RSTIF
CRCIF
UNFIF
OVFIF
STALLIF
BSEVIE
STALLIE
BUSSERRIE
SOFIF
SETUPIE
TRNIF
TRNIE
SETUPIF
Busevent
Interrupt request
Transaction Complete
Interrupt request
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Table 20-1. Transaction complete interrupt sources.
20.10.2 Bus Event Interrupt
The bus event (BUSEVENT) interrupt is used for all interrupts that signal various types of USB line events or error
conditions. These interrupts are related to the USB lines, and are generated for the USB module and per endpoint. The
following eight interrupts use the interrupt vector:
Table 20-2. Bus event interrupt source.
20.10.3 Events
The USB module can generate several events, and these are available to the event system, allowing latency-free
signaling to other peripherals or performance analysis of USB operation.
Table 20-3. Event sources.
20.11 VBUS Detection
Atmel AVR XMEGA devices can use any general purpose I/O pin to implement a VBUS detection function, and do not
use a dedicated VBUS detect pin.
Interrupt source Description
Transfer complete (TRNIF) An IN or OUT transaction is completed
Setup complete (SETUPIF) A SETUP transaction is completed
Interrupt source Description
Start of frame (SOFIF) A SOF token has been received
Suspend (SUSPENDIF) The bus has been idle for 3ms
Resume (RESUMEIF) A non-idle state is detected when the bus is suspended. The interrupt is asynchronous
and can wake the device from all sleep modes
Reset (RSTIF) A reset condition has been detected on the bus
Isochronous CRC error (CRCIF) A CRC or bit-stuff error has been detected in an incoming packet to an isochronous
endpoint
Underflow (UNFIF) An endpoint is unable to return data to the host
Overflow (OVFIF) An endpoint is unable to accept data from the host
STALL (STALLIF) A STALL handshake has been returned to the host
Event source Description
SETUP SETUPIF
Start of Frame SOFIF
CRC error CRCIF
Underflow/overflow UNFIF and OVFIF
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20.12 On-chip Debug
When a break point is reached during on-chip debug (OCD) sessions, the CPU clock can be below 12MHz. If this
happens, the USB module will behave as follows:
USB OCD break mode disabled: The USB module immediately acknowledges any OCD break request. The USB module
will not be able to follow up on transactions received from the USB host, and its behaviour from the host point of view is
not predictable.
USB OCD break mode enabled: The USB module will immediately acknowledge any OCD break request only if there are
no ongoing USB transactions. If there is an ongoing USB transaction, the USB module will acknowledge any OCD break
request only when the ongoing USB transaction has been completed. The USB module will NACK any further
transactions received from the USB host, whether they are SETUP, IN (ISO, BULK), or OUT (ISO, BULK).
20.13 Operating voltage
In order for the USB buffers to operate correctly and be within USB specifications, the operating voltage of the device
must be in the range 2.8 - 3.6 Volts.
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20.14 Register Description – USB
20.14.1 CTRLA – Control register A
Bit 7 – ENABLE: USB Enable
Setting this bit enables the USB interface. Clearing this bit disables the USB interface and immediately aborts any
ongoing transactions.
Bit 6 – SPEED: Speed Select
This bit selects between low and full speed operation. By default, this bit is zero, and low speed operation is
selected. Setting this bit enables full speed operation.
Bit 5 – FIFOEN: USB FIFO Enable
Setting this bit enables the USB transaction complete FIFO, and the FIFO stores the endpoint configuration table
address of each endpoint that generates a transaction complete interrupt. Clearing this bit disables the FIFO and
frees the allocated SRAM memory.
Bit 4 – STFRNUM: Store Frame Number Enable
Setting this bit enables storing of the last SOF token frame number in the frame number (FRAMENUM) register.
Clearing this bit disables the function.
Bit 3:0 – MAXEP[3:0]: Maximum Endpoint Address
These bits select the number of endpoint addresses used by the USB module. Incoming packets with a higher
endpoint number than this address will be discarded. Packets with endpoint addresses lower than or equal to this
address will cause the USB module to look up the addressed endpoint in the endpoint configuration table.
20.14.2 CTRLB – Control register B
Bit 7:5 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 4 – PULLRST: Pull during Reset
Setting this bit enables the pull-up on the USB lines to also be held when the device enters reset. The bit will be
cleared on a power-on reset.
Bit 3 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 2 – RWAKEUP: Remote Wake-up
Bit 76543210
+0x00 ENABLE SPEED FIFOEN STFRNUM MAXEP[3:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 – – –PULLRST – RWAKEUP GNACK ATTACH
Read/Write R R R R/W R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Setting this bit sends an upstream resume on the USB lines if the bus is in the suspend state for at least 5ms.
Bit 1 – GNACK: Global NACK
When this bit is set, the USB module will NACK all incoming transactions. Expect for a SETUP packet, this pre-
vents the USB module from performing any on-chip SRAM access, giving all SRAM bandwidth to the CPU and/or
DMA controller.
Bit 0 – ATTACH: Attach
Setting this bit enables the internal D+ or D- pull-up (depending on the USB speed selection), and attaches the
device to the USB lines. Clearing this bit disconnects the device from the USB lines.
20.14.3 STATUS – Status register
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3 – URESUME: Upstream Resume
This flag is set when an upstream resume is sent.
Bit 2 – RESUME: Resume
This flag is set when a downstream resume is received.
Bit 1 – SUSPEND: Bus Suspended
This flag is set when the USB lines are in the suspended state (the bus has been idle for at least 3ms).
Bit 0 – BUSRST: Bus Reset
This flag is set when a reset condition has been detected (the bus has been driven to SE0 for at least 2.5µs).
20.14.4 ADDR – Address register
Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 6:0 – ADDR[6:0]: Device Address
These bits contain the USB address the device will respond to.
20.14.5 FIFOWP – FIFO Write Pointer register
When the FIFO is enabled:
The TCIF interrupt flag is cleared:
by writing to FIFORP or FIFOWP any value.
Bit 76543210
+0x02 –––– URESUME RESUME SUSPEND BUSRST
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x03 – ADDR[6:0]
Read/Write R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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by reading one or several times to FIFORP depending on the size of the fifo
When the FIFO is disabled:
The TCIF interrupt flag is cleared:
by writing to FIFORP or FIFOWP any value.
Bit 7:5 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 4:0 – FIFOWP[4:0]: FIFO Write Pointer
These bits contain the transaction complete FIFO write pointer. This register must be read only by the CPU or
DMA controller. Writing this register will flush the FIFO write and read pointers.
20.14.6 FIFORP – FIFO Read Pointer register
When the FIFO is enabled:
The TCIF interrupt flag is cleared:
by writing to FIFORP or FIFOWP any value.
by reading one or several times to FIFORP depending on the size of the fifo
When the FIFO is disabled:
The TCIF interrupt flag is cleared:
by writing to FIFORP or FIFOWP any value.
Bit 7:5 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 4:0 – FIFORP[4:0]: FIFO Read Pointer
These bits contain the transaction complete FIFO read pointer. This register must only be read by the CPU or
DMA controller. Writing this register will flush the FIFO write and read pointer.
20.14.7 EPPTRL – Endpoint Configuration Table Pointer Low
The EPPTRL and EPPTRH registers represent the 16-bit value, EPPTR, that contains the address to the endpoint
configuration table. The pointer to the endpoint configuration table must be aligned to a 16-bit word; i.e., EPPTR[0] must
be zero. Only the number of bits required to address the available internal SRAM memory is implemented for each
device. Unused bits will always be read as zero.
Bit 7:0 – EPPTR[7:0]: Endpoint Configuration Table Pointer
Bit 76543210
+0x04 – – – FIFOWP[4:0]
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x05 – – –FIFORP[4:0]
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x06 EPPTR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R
Initial Value00000000
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This register contains the eight lsbs of the endpoint configuration table pointer (EPPTR).
20.14.8 EPPTRH – Endpoint Configuration Table Pointer High
Bit 7:0 – EPPTR[15:8]: Endpoint Configuration Table Pointer
This register contains the eight msbs of the endpoint configuration table pointer (EPPTR).
20.14.9 INTCTRLA – Interrupt Control register A
Bit 7 – SOFIE: Start Of Frame Interrupt Enable
Setting this bit enables the start of frame (SOF) interrupt for the conditions that set the start of frame inter-
rupt flag (SOFIF) in the INTFLAGSACLR/ INTFLAGSASET register. The INTLVL bits must be nonzero for
the interrupts to be generated.
Bit 6 – BUSEVIE: Bus Event Interrupt Enable
Setting this bit will enable the interrupt for the following three bus events:
1. Suspend: An interrupt will be generated for the conditions that set the suspend interrupt flag (SUSPENDIF) in the
INTFLAGSACLR/SET register.
2. Resume: An interrupt will be generated for the conditions that set the resume interrupt flag (RESUMEIF) in the
INTFLAGSACLR/SET register.
3. Reset: An interrupt will be generated for the conditions that set the reset interrupt flag (RESETIF) in the INTFLAG-
SACLR/SET register.
The INTLVL bits must be nonzero for the interrupts to be generated.
Bit 5 – BUSERRIE: Bus Error Interrupt Enable
Setting this bit will enable the interrupt for the following three bus error events:
1. Isochronous CRC Error: An interrupt will be generated for the conditions that set the CRC interrupt flag (CRCIF) in
the INTFLAGSACLR/SET register during isochronous transfers.
2. Underflow: An interrupt will be generated for the conditions that set the underflow interrupt flag (UNFIF) in the
INTFLAGSACLR/SET register.
3. Overflow: An interrupt will be generated for the conditions that set the overflow interrupt flag (OVFIF) in the
INTFLAGSACLR/SET register.
The INTLVL bits must be nonzero for the interrupts to be generated.
Bit 4 – STALLIE: STALL Interrupt Enable
Setting this bit enables the STALL interrupt for the conditions that set the stall interrupt flag (STALLIF) in the
INTFLAGSACLR/SET register. The INTLVL bits must be nonzero for the interrupts to be generated.
Bit 76543210
+0x07 EPPTR[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x06 SOFIE BUSEVIE BUSERRIE STALLIE – – INTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R R R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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Bit 3:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1:0 – INTLVL[1:0]: Interrupt Level
These bits enable the USB interrupts and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and Programmable
Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. In addition, each USB interrupt source must be separately enabled.
20.14.10 INTCTRLB – Interrupt Control register B
Bit 7:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1 – TRNIE: Transaction Complete Interrupt Enable
Setting this bit enables the transaction complete interrupt for IN and OUT transactions. The INTLVL bits must be
nonzero for interrupts to be generated.
Bit 0 – SETUPIE: SETUP Transaction Complete Interrupt Enable
Setting this bit enables the SETUP Transaction Complete Interrupt for SETUP transactions. The INTLVL bits must
be non-zero for the interrupts to be generated.
20.14.11 INTFLAGSACLR/ INTFLAGSASET – Clear/ Set Interrupt Flag register A
This register is mapped into two I/O memory locations, one for clearing (INTFLAGSACLR) and one for setting
(INTFLAGSASET) the flags. The individual flags can be set by writing a one to their bit locations in INFLAGSASET, and
cleared by writing a one to their bit locations in INT-FLAGSACLR. Both memory locations will provide the same result
when read, and writing zero to any bit location has no effect.
Bit 7 – SOFIF: Start Of Frame Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when a start of frame packet has been received.
Bit 6 – SUSPENDIF: Suspend Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when the bus has been idle for 3ms.
Bit 5 – RESUMEIF: Resume Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when a non-idle state has been detected on the bus while the USB module is in the suspend state.
This interrupt is asynchronous, and is able to wake the CPU from sleep modes where the system clock is stopped,
such as power-down and power-save sleep modes.
Bit 4 – RSTIF: Reset Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when a reset condition has been detected on the bus.
Bit 3 – CRCIF: Isochronous CRC Error Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when a CRC error has been detected in an incoming data packet to an isochronous endpoint.
Bit 765432 1 0
+0x07 –––––– TRNIE SETUPIE
Read/Write RRRRRRR/WR/W
Initial Value000000 0 0
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0A/ +0x0B SOFIF SUSPENDIF RESUMEIF RESETIF CRCIF UNFIF OVFIF STALLIF
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Bit 2 – UNFIF: Underflow Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when the addressed endpoint in an IN transaction does not have data to send to the host.
Bit 1 – OVFIF: Overflow Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when the addressed endpoint in an OUT transaction is not ready to accept data from the host.
Bit 0 – STALLIF: STALL Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when the USB module has responded with a STALL handshake to either an IN or an OUT
transaction.
20.14.12 INTFLAGSBCLR/INTFLAGSBSET – Clear/Se t Interrupt Flag register B
This register is mapped into two I/O memory locations, one for clearing (INTFLAGSBCLR) and one for setting
(INTFLAGSBSET) the flags. The individual flags can be set by writing a one to their bit locations in INFLAGSBSET, and
cleared by writing a one to their bit locations in INTFLAGSBCLR. Both memory locations will provide the same result
when read, and writing zero to any bit location has no effect.
When the FIFO is enabled:
The TCIF interrupt flag is cleared:
by writing to FIFORP or FIFOWP any value.
by reading one or several times to FIFORP depending on the size of the fifo
When the FIFO is disabled:
The TCIF interrupt flag is cleared:
by writing to FIFORP or FIFOWP any value.
Bit 7:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1 – TRNIF: Transaction Complete Interrupt Flag
This flag is when there is a pending packet interrupt in the FIFO.
Bit 0 – SETUPIF: SETUP Transaction Complete Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when a SETUP transaction has completed successfully.
20.14.13 CAL0 – Calibration Low
CALL and CALH hold the 16-bit value, CAL. The USB PADs (D- and D+) are calibrated during production to enable
operation without requiring external components on the USB lines. The calibration value is stored in the signature row of
the device, and must be read from there and written to the CAL registers from software.
Bit 7:0 – CAL[7:0]: PAD Calibration Low
This byte holds the eight lsbs of CAL.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0C/ +0x0D – – – – – – TRNIF SETUPIF
Read/Write R R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
++0x3A CAL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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20.14.14 CAL1 – Calibration High
Bit 7:0 – CAL[15:8]: PAD Calibration High
This byte holds the eight msbs of CAL.
20.15 Register Description – USB Endpoint
Each of the 16 endpoint addresses have one input and one output endpoint. Each endpoint has eight bytes of
configuration/status data located in internal SRAM.
The address to the first configuration byte is (EPPTR[15:0] + 16 × endpoint address) for output endpoints and
(EPPTR[15:0] + 16 × endpoint address + 8) for input endpoints.
Some bit locations have different functions, depending on endpoint configuration type or direction, and this is reflected by
using two different names for the bit locations.
20.15.1 STATUS – Status register
Note: 1. For isochronous endpoints.
Bit 7 – STALL: STALL Flag
This flag is set when an IN or OUT transaction has been responded to with a STALL handshake. This flag is
cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
Bit 7 – CRC: CRC Error Flag
This flag is set for isochronous output endpoints when a CRC error has been detected in an incoming data packet.
This flag is cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
Bit 6 – UNF/OVF: Underflow/Overflow Flag
UNF: For input endpoints, the UNF flag is set when an input endpoint is not ready to send data to the host in
response of an IN token.
OVF: For output endpoints, the OVF flag is set when an output endpoint is not ready to accept data from the host
following an OUT token.
Bit 5 – TRNCOMPL0: Transaction Complete Flag
This flag is set when an IN or OUT transaction has completed successfully. This flag is cleared by writing logical 0
to its bit location.
Bit 4 – SETUP: SETUP Transaction Complete Flag
This flag is set when a SETUP, IN, or OUT transaction has completed successfully. This flag is cleared by writing
logical 0 to its bit location.
Bit 4 – TRNCOMPL1: Transaction Complete Flag
Bit 76543210
+0x3B CAL[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 STALL UN F/ OVF TRNCOMPL0 SETUP BANK BUSNACK1 BUSNACK0 TOGGLE
CRC(1) TRNCOMPL1
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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This flag is set when a SETUP, IN, or OUT transaction has completed successfully. This flag is cleared by writing
logical 0 to its bit location.
Bit 3 – BANK: Bank Select Flag
When ping-pong mode is enabled, this bit indicates which bank will be used for the next transaction. BANK is tog-
gled each time a transaction has completed successfully. This bit is not sed when ping-pong is disabled. This flag
is cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
Bit 2 – BUSNACK1: Data Buffer 1 Not Acknowledge Flag
When this flag is set, the USB module will discard incoming data to data buffer 1 in an OUT transaction, and will
not return any data from data buffer 1 in an IN transaction. For control, bulk, and interrupt endpoints, a NAK hand-
shake is returned. This flag is cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
Bit 1 – BUSNACK0: Data Buffer 0 Not Acknowledge Flag
When this flag is set, the USB module will discard incoming data to data buffer 0 in an OUT transaction, and will
not return any data from data buffer 0 in an IN transaction. For control, bulk, and interrupt endpoints, a NAK hand-
shake is returned. This flag is cleared by writing logical 0 to its bit location.
Bit 0 – TOGGLE: Data Toggle Flag
This indicates if a DATA0 or DATA1 PID is expected in the next data packet for an output endpoint, and if a DATA0
or DATA1 PID will be sent in the next transaction for an input endpoint. This bit has no effect for isochronous end-
points, where both DATA0 and DATA1 PIDs are accepted for output endpoint, and only DATA0 PIDs are sent for
input endpoints.
20.15.2 CTRL – Control
Note: 1. For isochronous endpoints.
Bit 7:6 – TYPE[1:0]: Endpoint Type
These bits are used to enable and select the endpoint type. If the endpoint is disabled, the remaining seven end-
point configuration bytes are never read or written by the USB module, and their SRAM locations are free to use
for other application data.
Table 20-4. Endpoint type.
Bit 5 – MULTIPKT: Multipacket Transfer Enable
Setting this bit enables multipacket transfers. Multipacket transfer enables a data payload exceeding the maximum
packet size of an endpoint to be transferred as multiple packets without interrupts or software intervention. See
“Multipacket Transfers” on page 233 for details on multipacket transfers.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 TYPE[1:0] MULTIPKT PINGPONG INTDSBL STALL SIZE[1:0]
SIZE[2:0](1)
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TYPE[1:0] Group configu ration Description
00 DISABLE Endpoint enabled
01 CONTROL Control
10 BULK Bulk/interrupt
11 ISOCHRONOUS Isochronous
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Bit 4 – PINGPONG: Ping-pong Enable
Setting this bit enables ping-pong operation. Ping-pong operation enables both endpoints (IN and OUT) with same
address to be used in the same direction to allow double buffering and maximize throughput. The endpoint in the
opposite direction must be disabled when ping-pong operation is enabled. Ping-pong operation is not possible for
control endpoints. See “Ping-pong Operation” on page 232 for details.
Bit 3 – INTDSBL: Interrupt Disable
Setting this bit disables all enabled interrupts from the endpoint. Hence, only the interrupt flags in the STATUS reg-
ister are updated when interrupt conditions occur. The FIFO does not store this endpoint configuration table
address upon transaction complete for the endpoint when interrupts are disabled for an endpoint. Clearing this bit
enables all previously enables interrupts again.
Bit 2 – STALL: Endpoint STALL
This bit controls the STALL behavior if the endpoint.
Bit 1:0 – BUFSIZE[1:0]: Data Size
These bits configure the maximum data payload size for the endpoint. Incoming data bytes exceeding the maxi-
mum data payload size are discarded.
Bit 2:0 – BUFSIZE[2:0]: Data Size
These bits configure the maximum data payload size for the endpoint when configured for isochronous operation.
Table 20-5. BUFSIZE configuration.
Note: 1. Setting only available for isochronous endpoints.
20.15.3 CNTL – Counter Low
The CNTL and CNTH registers represent the 10-bit value, CNT, that contains the number of bytes received in the last
OUT or SETUP transaction for an OUT endpoint, or the number of bytes to be sent in the next IN transaction for an IN
endpoint.
Bit 7:0 – CNT[7:0]: Endpoint Byte Counter
This byte contains the eight lsbs of the USB endpoint counter (CNT).
BUFSIZE[2:0] Group configurati on Description
000 88-byte buffer size
001 16 16-byte buffer size
010 32 32-byte buffer size
011 64 64-byte buffer size
100(1) 128 128-byte buffer size
101(1) 256 256-byte buffer size
110(1) 512 512-byte buffer size
111(1) 1023 1023-byte buffer size
Bit 76543210
+0x02 CNT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value X X X X X X X X
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20.15.4 CNTH – Counter High
Bit 6 – AZLP: Automatic Zero Length Packet
When this bit is set, the USB module will manage the ZLP handshake by hardware. This applies to IN endpoints
only. When this bit is zero, the ZLP handshake must be managed by firmware.
Bit 6:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1:0 – CNT[9:8]: Endpoint Byte Counter
These bits contain the two msbs of the USB endpoint counter (CNT).
20.15.5 DATAPTRL – Data Pointer register Low
The DATAPTRL and DATAPTRH registers represent the 16-bit value, DATAPTR, that contains the SRAM address to the
endpoint data buffer.
Bit 7:0 – DATAPTR[7:0]: Endpoint Data Pointer Low
This byte contains the eight lsbs of the endpoint data pointer (DATAPTR).
20.15.6 DATAPTRH – Data Pointer register High
Bit 15:0 - DPTR[15:8]: Endpoint Data Pointer High
This byte contains the eight msbs of the endpoint data pointer (DATAPTR).
20.15.7 AUXDATAL – Auxiliary Data register Low
The AUXDATAL and AUXDATAH registers represent the 16-bit value, AUXDATA, that is used for multipacket transfers.
For IN endpoints, AUXDATA holds the total number of bytes sent. AUXDATA should be written to zero when setting up a
new transfer. For OUT endpoints, AUXDATA holds the total data size for the complete transfer. This value must be a
multiple of the maximum packet size, except for ISO 1023-byte endpoints.
See “Multipacket Transfers” on page 233 for more details on setting up and using multipacket transfers.
Bit 76543210
+0x03 AZLP ––––– CNT[9:8]
Read/Write R/W R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial ValueXXXXXXXX
Bit 76543210
+0x04 DATAPTR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value X X X X X X X X
Bit 76543210
+0x05 DATAPTR[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value X X X X X X X X
Bit 76543210
+0x06 AUXDATA[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value X X X X X X X X
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Bit 7:0 – AUXDATA[7:0]: Auxiliary Data Low
This byte contains the eight lsbs of the auxiliary data (AUXDATA). When multipacket transfer is not used, this
SRAM location is free to use for other application data.
20.15.8 AUXDATAH – Auxiliary Data register Hig h
Bit 7:0 – AUXDATA[15:8]: Auxiliary Data High
This byte contains the eight msbs of the auxiliary data (AUXDATA). When multipacket transfer is not used, this
SRAM location is free to use for other application data.
20.16 Register Description – Frame
20.16.1 FRAMENUML – Frame Number register Low
The FRAMENUML and FRAMENUMH registers represent the 11-bit value, FRAMENUM, that holds the frame number
from the most recently received start of frame packet.
Bit 7:0 – FRAMENUM[7:0]: Frame Number
This byte contains the eight lsbs of the frame number (FRAMENUM).
20.16.2 FRAMENUMH – Frame Number register High
Bit 7 – FRAMEERR: Frame Error
This flag is set if a CRC or bit-stuffing error was detected in the most recently received start of frame packet.
Bit 6:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 2:0 – FRAMENUM[10:8]: Frame Number
This byte contains the three msbs of the frame number (FRAMENUM).
Bit 76543210
+0x07 AUXDATA[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value X X X X X X X X
Bit 76543210
+0x00 FRAMENUM[7:0]
Read/Write RRRRRRRR
Initial Value00000000
Bit 7 6543210
+0x01 FRAMEERR –––– FRAMENUM[10:8]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value0 0000000
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20.17 Register summary – USB module
20.18 Register summary – USB endpoint
The address to the first configuration byte is (EPPTR[15:0] + 16 × endpoint address) for OUT endpoints and
(EPPTR[15:0] + 16 × endpoint address + 8) for IN endpoints.
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA ENABLE SPEED FIFOEN STFRNUM MAXEP[3:0] 238
+0x01 CTRLB – – – PULLRST –RWAKEUP GNACK ATTACH 238
+0x02 STATUS – – – – URESUME RESUME SUSPEND BUSRST 239
+0x03 ADDR –ADDR[6:0] 239
+0x04 FIFOWP – – – FIFOWP[4:0] 239
+0x05 FIFORP – – – FIFORP[4:0] 240
+0x06 EPPTRL EPPTR[7:0] 240
+0x07 EPPTRH EPPTR[15:8] 241
+0x08 INTCTRLA SOFIE BUSEVIE BUSERRIE STALLIE – – INTLVL[1:0] 241
+0x09 INTCTRLB – – – – – – TRNIE SETUPIE 242
+0x0A INFLAGSACLR SOFIF SUSPENDIF RESUMEIF RSTIF CRCIF UNFIF OVFIF STALLIF 242
+0x0B INFLAGSASET SOFIF SUSPENDIF RESUMEIF RSTIF CRCIF UNFIF OVFIF STALLIF 242
+0x0C INFLAGSBCLR – – – – – – TRNIF SETUPIF 243
+0x0D INFLAGSBSET – – – – – – TRNIF SETUPIF 243
+0x0E Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0F Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x10-0X39 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x3A CAL0 CAL[7:0] 243
+0x3B CAL1 CAL[15:8] 244
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 STATUS
STALL
OVF/UNF TRNCOMPL0
SETUP
BANK BUSNACK1 BUSNACK0 TOGGLE
244
CRC TRNCOMPL1 Isochronous
+0x01 CTRL TYPE[1:0] MULTIPKT PINGPONG INTDSBL
STALL BUFSIZE[1:0] 245
BUFSIZE[2:0] Isochronous
+0x02 CNTL CNT[7:0] 246
+0x03 CNTH AZLP – – – – – CNT[9:8] 247
+0x04 DATAPTRL DATAPTR[7:0] 247
+0x05 DATAPTRH DATAPTR[15:8] 247
+0x06 AUXDATAL AUXDATA[7:0] 247
+0x07 AUXDATAH AUXDATA[15:8] 248
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20.19 Register summary – Frame
The address to the frame configuration byte is (MAXEP + 1) << 4. For instance with MAXEP = 3, the first address would
be located at offset address 0x40.
20.20 USB Interrupt vector summary
Table 20-6. USB interrupt vectors and their word offset addresses.
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 FRAMENUML FRAMENUM[7:0] 248
+0x01 FRAMENUMH FRAMEERR – – – – FRAMENUM[10:8] 248
Offset Source Interrupt Description
0x00 BUSEVENT_vect SOF, suspend, resume, bus reset, CRC, underflow, overflow, and stall error interrupts
0x02 TRNCOMPL_vect Transaction complete interrupt
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21. TWI – Two-Wire Interface
21.1 Features
Bidirectional, two-wire communication interface
Phillips I2C compatible
System Management Bus (SMBus) compatible
Bus master and slave operation supported
Slave operation
Single bus master operation
Bus master in multi-master bus environment
Multi-master arbitration
Flexible slave address match functions
7-bit and general call address recognition in hardware
10-bit addressing supported
Address mask register for dual address match or address range masking
Optional software address recognition for unlimited number of addresses
Slave can operate in all sleep modes, including power-down
Slave address match can wake device from all sleep modes
100kHz and 400kHz bus frequency support
Slew-rate limited output drivers
Input filter for bus noise and spike suppression
Support arbitration between start/repeated start and data bit (SMBus)
Slave arbitration allows support for address resolve protocol (ARP) (SMBus)
21.2 Overview
The two-wire interface (TWI) is a bidirectional, two-wire communication interface. It is I2C and System Management Bus
(SMBus) compatible. The only external hardware needed to implement the bus is one pull-up resistor on each bus line.
A device connected to the bus must act as a master or a slave. The master initiates a data transaction by addressing a
slave on the bus and telling whether it wants to transmit or receive data. One bus can have many slaves and one or
several masters that can take control of the bus. An arbitration process handles priority if more than one master tries to
transmit data at the same time. Mechanisms for resolving bus contention are inherent in the protocol.
The TWI module supports master and slave functionality. The master and slave functionality are separated from each
other, and can be enabled and configured separately. The master module supports multi-master bus operation and
arbitration. It contains the baud rate generator. Both 100kHz and 400kHz bus frequency is supported. Quick command
and smart mode can be enabled to auto-trigger operations and reduce software complexity.
The slave module implements 7-bit address match and general address call recognition in hardware. 10-bit addressing is
also supported. A dedicated address mask register can act as a second address match register or as a register for
address range masking. The slave continues to operate in all sleep modes, including power-down mode. This enables
the slave to wake up the device from all sleep modes on TWI address match. It is possible to disable the address
matching to let this be handled in software instead.
The TWI module will detect START and STOP conditions, bus collisions, and bus errors. Arbitration lost, errors, collision,
and clock hold on the bus are also detected and indicated in separate status flags available in both master and slave
modes.
It is possible to disable the TWI drivers in the device, and enable a four-wire digital interface for connecting to an external
TWI bus driver. This can be used for applications where the device operates from a different VCC voltage than used by
the TWI bus.
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21.3 General TWI Bus Concepts
The TWI provides a simple, bidirectional, two-wire communication bus consisting of a serial clock line (SCL) and a serial
data line (SDA). The two lines are open-collector lines (wired-AND), and pull-up resistors (Rp) are the only external
components needed to drive the bus. The pull-up resistors provide a high level on the lines when none of the connected
devices are driving the bus
The TWI bus is a simple and efficient method of interconnecting multiple devices on a serial bus. A device connected to
the bus can be a master or slave, where the master controls the bus and all communication.
Figure 21-1 on page 252 illustrates the TWI bus topology.
Figure 21-1. TWI bus topology.
A unique address is assigned to all slave devices connected to the bus, and the master will use this to address a slave
and initiate a data transaction.
Several masters can be connected to the same bus, called a multi-master environment. An arbitration mechanism is
provided for resolving bus ownership among masters, since only one master device may own the bus at any given time.
A device can contain both master and slave logic, and can emulate multiple slave devices by responding to more than
one address.
A master indicates the start of a transaction by issuing a START condition (S) on the bus. An address packet with a slave
address (ADDRESS) and an indication whether the master wishes to read or write data (R/W) are then sent. After all
data packets (DATA) are transferred, the master issues a STOP condition (P) on the bus to end the transaction. The
receiver must acknowledge (A) or not-acknowledge (A) each byte received.
Figure 21-2 on page 253 shows a TWI transaction.
TWI
DEVICE #1
RPRP
RSRS
SDA
SCL
V
CC
TWI
DEVICE #2
RSRS
TWI
DEVICE #N
RSRS
Note: RS is optional
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Figure 21-2. Basic TWI transaction diagram topology for a 7-bit address bus .
The master provides the clock signal for the transaction, but a device connected to the bus is allowed to stretch the low-
level period of the clock to decrease the clock speed.
21.3.1 Electrical Characteristics
The TWI module in XMEGA devices follows the electrical specifications and timing of I2C bus and SMBus. These
specifications are not 100% compliant, and so to ensure correct behavior, the inactive bus timeout period should be set
in TWI master mode. Refer to “TWI Master Operation” on page 258 for more details.
21.3.2 START and STOP Conditions
Two unique bus conditions are used for marking the beginning (START) and end (STOP) of a transaction. The master
issues a START condition (S) by indicating a high-to-low transition on the SDA line while the SCL line is kept high. The
master completes the transaction by issuing a STOP condition (P), indicated by a low-to-high transition on the SDA line
while SCL line is kept high.
Figure 21-3. START and STOP conditio ns.
Multiple START conditions can be issued during a single transaction. A START condition that is not directly following a
STOP condition is called a repeated START condition (Sr).
21.3.3 Bit Transfer
As illustrated by Figure 21-4, a bit transferred on the SDA line must be stable for the entire high period of the SCL line.
Consequently the SDA value can only be changed during the low period of the clock. This is ensured in hardware by the
TWI module.
PS ADDRESS
6 ... 0
R/W ACK ACK
7 ... 0
DATA ACK/NACK
7 ... 0
DATA
SDA
SCL
SA A/A
R/W
ADDRESS DATA P
ADATA
Address Packet Data Packet #0
Transaction
Data Packet #1
Direction
The slave provides data on the bus
The master provides data on the bus
The master or slave can provide data on the bus
SDA
SCL
START
Condition
STOP
Condition
S P
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Figure 21-4. Data validi ty .
Combining bit transfers results in the formation of address and data packets. These packets consist of eight data bits
(one byte) with the most-significant bit transferred first, plus a single-bit not-acknowledge (NACK) or acknowledge (ACK)
response. The addressed device signals ACK by pulling the SCL line low during the ninth clock cycle, and signals NACK
by leaving the line SCL high.
21.3.4 Address Packet
After the START condition, a 7-bit address followed by a read/write (R/W) bit is sent. This is always transmitted by the
master. A slave recognizing its address will ACK the address by pulling the data line low for the next SCL cycle, while all
other slaves should keep the TWI lines released and wait for the next START and address. The address, R/W bit, and
acknowledge bit combined is the address packet. Only one address packet for each START condition is allowed, also
when 10-bit addressing is used.
The R/W bit specifies the direction of the transaction. If the R/W bit is low, it indicates a master write transaction, and the
master will transmit its data after the slave has acknowledged its address. If the R/W bit is high, it indicates a master read
transaction, and the slave will transmit its data after acknowledging its address.
21.3.5 Data Packet
An address packet is followed by one or more data packets. All data packets are nine bits long, consisting of one data
byte and an acknowledge bit. The direction bit in the previous address packet determines the direction in which the data
are transferred.
21.3.6 Transaction
A transaction is the complete transfer from a START to a STOP condition, including any repeated START conditions in
between. The TWI standard defines three fundamental transaction modes: Master write, master read, and a combined
transaction.
Figure 21-5 on page 254 illustrates the master write transaction. The master initiates the transaction by issuing a START
condition (S) followed by an address packet with the direction bit set to zero (ADDRESS+W).
Figure 21-5. Master write transaction.
Assuming the slave acknowledges the address, the master can start transmitting data (DATA) and the slave will ACK or
NACK (A/A) each byte. If no data packets are to be transmitted, the master terminates the transaction by issuing a STOP
condition (P) directly after the address packet. There are no limitations to the number of data packets that can be
SDA
SCL
DATA
Valid
Change
Allowed
S A A A/A PWADDRESS DATA DATA
Address Packet Data Packet
Transaction
N data packets
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transferred. If the slave signals a NACK to the data, the master must assume that the slave cannot receive any more
data and terminate the transaction.
Figure 21-6 on page 255 illustrates the master read transaction. The master initiates the transaction by issuing a START
condition followed by an address packet with the direction bit set to one (ADDRESS+R). The addressed slave must
acknowledge the address for the master to be allowed to continue the transaction.
Figure 21-6. Master read transaction.
Assuming the slave acknowledges the address, the master can start receiving data from the slave. There are no
limitations to the number of data packets that can be transferred. The slave transmits the data while the master signals
ACK or NACK after each data byte. The master terminates the transfer with a NACK before issuing a STOP condition.
Figure 21-7 illustrates a combined transaction. A combined transaction consists of several read and write transactions
separated by repeated START conditions (Sr).
Figure 21-7. Combined Transaction.
21.3.7 Clock and Clock Stretching
All devices connected to the bus are allowed to stretch the low period of the clock to slow down the overall clock
frequency or to insert wait states while processing data. A device that needs to stretch the clock can do this by
holding/forcing the SCL line low after it detects a low level on the line.
Three types of clock stretching can be defined, as shown in Figure 21-8.
Figure 21-8. Clock stretchin g(1).
Note: 1. Clock stretching is not supported by all I2C slaves and masters.
If a slave device is in sleep mode and a START condition is detected, the clock stretching normally works during the
wake-up period. For AVR XMEGA devices, the clock stretching will be either directly before or after the ACK/NACK bit,
as AVR XMEGA devices do not need to wake up for transactions that are not addressed to it.
A slave device can slow down the bus frequency by stretching the clock periodically on a bit level. This allows the slave
to run at a lower system clock frequency. However, the overall performance of the bus will be reduced accordingly. Both
SRA A AADDRESS DATA DATA P
Transaction
Address Packet Data Packet
N data packets
S A SrA/AR/W DATA A/A P
ADDRESS DATA R/WADDRESS
Transaction
Address Packet #1 N Data Packets M Data Packets
Address Packet #2
Direction Direction
A
SDA
SCL
S
ACK/NACKbit 0bit 7 bit 6
Periodic clock
stretching
Random clock
stretching
Wakeup clock
stretching
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the master and slave device can randomly stretch the clock on a byte level basis before and after the ACK/NACK bit.
This provides time to process incoming or prepare outgoing data, or perform other time-critical tasks.
In the case where the slave is stretching the clock, the master will be forced into a wait state until the slave is ready, and
vice versa.
21.3.8 Arbitration
A master can start a bus transaction only if it has detected that the bus is idle. As the TWI bus is a multi-master bus, it is
possible that two devices may initiate a transaction at the same time. This results in multiple masters owning the bus
simultaneously. This is solved using an arbitration scheme where the master loses control of the bus if it is not able to
transmit a high level on the SDA line. The masters who lose arbitration must then wait until the bus becomes idle (i.e.,
wait for a STOP condition) before attempting to reacquire bus ownership. Slave devices are not involved in the arbitration
procedure.
Figure 21-9. TWI arbitration.
Figure 21-9 shows an example where two TWI masters are contending for bus ownership. Both devices are able to issue
a START condition, but DEVICE1 loses arbitration when attempting to transmit a high level (bit 5) while DEVICE2 is
transmitting a low level.
Arbitration between a repeated START condition and a data bit, a STOP condition and a data bit, or a repeated START
condition and a STOP condition are not allowed and will require special handling by software.
21.3.9 Synchronization
A clock synchronization algorithm is necessary for solving situations where more than one master is trying to control the
SCL line at the same time. The algorithm is based on the same principles used for the clock stretching previously
described. Figure 21-10 shows an example where two masters are competing for control over the bus clock. The SCL
line is the wired-AND result of the two masters clock outputs.
DEVICE1_SDA
SDA
(wired-AND)
DEVICE2_SDA
SCL
S
bit 7 bit 6 bit 5 bit 4
DEVICE1 Loses arbitration
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Figure 21-10.Clock synchronization.
A high-to-low transition on the SCL line will force the line low for all masters on the bus, and they will start timing their low
clock period. The timing length of the low clock period can vary among the masters. When a master (DEVICE1 in this
case) has completed its low period, it releases the SCL line. However, the SCL line will not go high until all masters have
released it. Consequently, the SCL line will be held low by the device with the longest low period (DEVICE2). Devices
with shorter low periods must insert a wait state until the clock is released. All masters start their high period when the
SCL line is released by all devices and has gone high. The device which first completes its high period (DEVICE1) forces
the clock line low, and the procedure is then repeated. The result is that the device with the shortest clock period
determines the high period, while the low period of the clock is determined by the device with the longest clock period.
21.4 TWI Bus State Logic
The bus state logic continuously monitors the activity on the TWI bus lines when the master is enabled. It continues to
operate in all sleep modes, including power-down.
The bus state logic includes START and STOP condition detectors, collision detection, inactive bus timeout detection,
and a bit counter. These are used to determine the bus state. Software can get the current bus state by reading the bus
state bits in the master status register. The bus state can be unknown, idle, busy, or owner, and is determined according
to the state diagram shown in Figure 21-11. The values of the bus state bits according to state are shown in binary in the
figure.
DEVICE1_SCL
SCL
(wired-AND)
Wait
State
DEVICE2_SCL
High Period
Count
Low Period
Count
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Figure 21-11.Bus state, state dia gr a m .
After a system reset and/or TWI master enable, the bus state is unknown. The bus state machine can be forced to enter
idle by writing to the bus state bits accordingly. If no state is set by application software, the bus state will become idle
when the first STOP condition is detected. If the master inactive bus timeout is enabled, the bus state will change to idle
on the occurrence of a timeout. After a known bus state is established, only a system reset or disabling of the TWI master
will set the state to unknown.
When the bus is idle, it is ready for a new transaction. If a START condition generated externally is detected, the bus
becomes busy until a STOP condition is detected. The STOP condition will change the bus state to idle. If the master
inactive bus timeout is enabled, the bus state will change from busy to idle on the occurrence of a timeout.
If a START condition is generated internally while in idle state, the owner state is entered. If the complete transaction was
performed without interference, i.e., no collisions are detected, the master will issue a STOP condition and the bus state
will change back to idle. If a collision is detected, the arbitration is assumed lost and the bus state becomes busy until a
STOP condition is detected. A repeated START condition will only change the bus state if arbitration is lost during the
issuing of the repeated START. Arbitration during repeated START can be lost only if the arbitration has been ongoing
since the first START condition. This happens if two masters send the exact same ADDRESS+DATA before one of the
masters issues a repeated START (Sr).
21.5 TWI Master Operation
The TWI master is byte-oriented, with an optional interrupt after each byte. There are separate interrupts for master write
and master read. Interrupt flags can also be used for polled operation. There are dedicated status flags for indicating
ACK/NACK received, bus error, arbitration lost, clock hold, and bus state.
When an interrupt flag is set, the SCL line is forced low. This will give the master time to respond or handle any data, and
will in most cases require software interaction. Figure 21-12 shows the TWI master operation. The diamond shaped
symbols (SW) indicate where software interaction is required. Clearing the interrupt flags releases the SCL line.
P + Timeout
Write ADDRESS
IDLE
(0b01)
S
BUSY
(0b11)
UNKNOWN
(0b00)
OWNER
(0b10)
Arbitration
Lost
Command P
Write
ADDRESS(Sr)
Sr
(S)
RESET
P + Timeout
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Figure 21-12.TWI master operation.
The number of interrupts generated is kept to a minimum by automatic handling of most conditions. Quick command and
smart mode can be enabled to auto-trigger operations and reduce software complexity.
21.5.1 Transmitting Address Packets
After issuing a START condition, the master starts performing a bus transaction when the master address register is
written with the 7-bit slave address and direction bit. If the bus is busy, the TWI master will wait until the bus becomes idle
before issuing the START condition.
Depending on arbitration and the R/W direction bit, one of four distinct cases (M1 to M4) arises following the address
packet. The different cases must be handled in software.
21.5.1.1Case M1: Arbitration lost or bus error during address packet
If arbitration is lost during the sending of the address packet, the master write interrupt flag and arbitration lost flag are
both set. Serial data output to the SDA line is disabled, and the SCL line is released. The master is no longer allowed to
perform any operation on the bus until the bus state has changed back to idle.
A bus error will behave in the same way as an arbitration lost condition, but the error flag is set in addition to the write
interrupt and arbitration lost flags.
21.5.1.2Case M2: Address packet transmit complete - Address not acknowledged by slave
If no slave device responds to the address, the master write interrupt flag and the master received acknowledge flag are
set. The clock hold is active at this point, preventing further activity on the bus.
21.5.1.3Case M3: Address packet transmit complete - Direction bit cleared
If the master receives an ACK from the slave, the master write interrupt flag is set and the master received acknowledge
flag is cleared. The clock hold is active at this point, preventing further activity on the bus.
IDLE SBUSY
BUSY P
Sr
P
M3
M3
M2
M2
M1
M1
RDATA
ADDRESS
W
A/A
DATA
Wait for
IDLE
APPLICATION
SW
SW
Sr
P
M3
M2
BUSY M4
A
SW
A/A
A/A
A/A
M4
A
IDLE
IDLE
MASTER READ INTERRUPT + HOLD
MASTER WRITE INTERRUPT + HOLD
SW
SW
SW
BUSY
R/W
SW Driver software
The master provides data
on the bus
Slave provides data on
the bus
A
A
R/W
BUSY M4
Bus state
Mn Diagram connections
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21.5.1.4Case M4: Address packet transmit complete - Direction bit set
If the master receives an ACK from the slave, the master proceeds to receive the next byte of data from the slave. When
the first data byte is received, the master read interrupt flag is set and the master received acknowledge flag is cleared.
The clock hold is active at this point, preventing further activity on the bus.
21.5.2 Transmitting Data Packets
Assuming case M3 above, the master can start transmitting data by writing to the master data register. If the transfer was
successful, the slave will signal with ACK. The master write interrupt flag is set, the master received acknowledge flag is
cleared, and the master can prepare new data to send. During data transfer, the master is continuously monitoring the
bus for collisions.
The received acknowledge flag must be checked by software for each data packet transmitted before the next data
packet can be transferred. The master is not allowed to continue transmitting data if the slave signals a NACK.
If a collision is detected and the master loses arbitration during transfer, the arbitration lost flag is set.
21.5.3 Receiving Data Packets
Assuming case M4 above, the master has already received one byte from the slave. The master read interrupt flag is set,
and the master must prepare to receive new data. The master must respond to each byte with ACK or NACK. Indicating
a NACK might not be successfully executed, as arbitration can be lost during the transmission. If a collision is detected,
the master loses arbitration and the arbitration lost flag is set.
21.6 TWI Slave Operation
The TWI slave is byte-oriented with optional interrupts after each byte. There are separate slave data and address/stop
interrupts. Interrupt flags can also be used for polled operation. There are dedicated status flags for indicating
ACK/NACK received, clock hold, collision, bus error, and read/write direction.
When an interrupt flag is set, the SCL line is forced low. This will give the slave time to respond or handle data, and will in
most cases require software interaction. Figure 21-13. shows the TWI slave operation. The diamond shapes symbols
(SW) indicate where software interaction is required.
Figure 21-13.TWI slave operation.
The number of interrupts generated is kept to a minimum by automatic handling of most conditions. Quick command can
be enabled to auto-trigger operations and reduce software complexity.
Promiscuous mode can be enabled to allow the slave to respond to all received addresses.
S
S3
ADDRESS
S2
A
S1
R
W
DATA A/A
DATA
P
S2
Sr
S3
P
S2
Sr
S3
SLAVE ADDRESS INTERRUPT SLAVE DATA INTERRUPT
A
Collision
(SMBus)
SW
SW SW
SW
A/A A/A
SW Release
Hold S1
A
S1
SW
Interrupt on STOP
Condition Enabled
S1
SW Driver software
The master provides data
on the bus
Slave provides data on
the bus
Sn
Diagram connections
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21.6.1 Receiving Address Packets
When the TWI slave is properly configured, it will wait for a START condition to be detected. When this happens, the
successive address byte will be received and checked by the address match logic, and the slave will ACK a correct
address and store the address in the DATA register. If the received address is not a match, the slave will not
acknowledge and store address, and will wait for a new START condition.
The slave address/stop interrupt flag is set when a START condition succeeded by a valid address byte is detected. A
general call address will also set the interrupt flag.
A START condition immediately followed by a STOP condition is an illegal operation, and the bus error flag is set.
The R/W direction flag reflects the direction bit received with the address. This can be read by software to determine the
type of operation currently in progress.
Depending on the R/W direction bit and bus condition, one of four distinct cases (S1 to S4) arises following the address
packet. The different cases must be handled in software.
21.6.1.1Case S1: Address packet accepted - Direction bit set
If the R/W direction flag is set, this indicates a master read operation. The SCL line is forced low by the slave, stretching
the bus clock. If ACK is sent by the slave, the slave hardware will set the data interrupt flag indicating data is needed for
transmit. Data, repeated START, or STOP can be received after this. If NACK is sent by the slave, the slave will wait for
a new START condition and address match.
21.6.1.2Case S2: Address packet accepted - Direction bit cleared
If the R/W direction flag is cleared, this indicates a master write operation. The SCL line is forced low, stretching the bus
clock. If ACK is sent by the slave, the slave will wait for data to be received. Data, repeated START, or STOP can be
received after this. If NACK is sent, the slave will wait for a new START condition and address match.
21.6.1.3Case S3: Collision
If the slave is not able to send a high level or NACK, the collision flag is set, and it will disable the data and acknowledge
output from the slave logic. The clock hold is released. A START or repeated START condition will be accepted.
21.6.1.4Case S4: STOP condition received.
When the STOP condition is received, the slave address/stop flag will be set, indicating that a STOP condition, and not
an address match, occurred.
21.6.2 Receiving Data Packets
The slave will know when an address packet with R/W direction bit cleared has been successfully received. After
acknowledging this, the slave must be ready to receive data. When a data packet is received, the data interrupt flag is set
and the slave must indicate ACK or NACK. After indicating a NACK, the slave must expect a STOP or repeated START
condition.
21.6.3 Transmitting Data Packets
The slave will know when an address packet with R/W direction bit set has been successfully received. It can then start
sending data by writing to the slave data register. When a data packet transmission is completed, the data interrupt flag
is set. If the master indicates NACK, the slave must stop transmitting data and expect a STOP or repeated START
condition.
21.7 Enabling External Driver Interface
An external driver interface can be enabled. When this is done, the internal TWI drivers with input filtering and slew rate
control are bypassed. The normal I/O pin function is used, and the direction must be configured by the user software.
When this mode is enabled, an external TWI compliant tri-state driver is needed for connecting to a TWI bus.
By default, port pins 0 (Pn0) and 1 (Pn1) are used for SDA and SCL. The external driver interface uses port pins 0 to 3 for
the SDA_IN, SCL_IN, SDA_OUT, and SCL_OUT signals.
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21.8 Register Description – TWI
21.8.1 CTRL – Common Control register
Bit 7:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 2:1 – SDAHOLD[1:0]: SDA Hold Time Enable.
Setting these bits to one enables an internal hold time on SDA with respect to the negative edge of SCL.
Table 21-1. SDA hold time.
Bit 0 – EDIEN: External Driver Interface Enable
Setting this bit enables the use of the external driver interface, and clearing this bit enables normal two-wire mode.
See Table 21-2 on page 262 for details.
Table 21-2. External driver interface enable.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 – – – – – SDAHOLD[1:0] EDIEN
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SDAHOLD[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 OFF SDA hold time off
01 50NS Typical 50ns hold time
10 300NS Typical 100ns hold time
11 400NS Typical 400ns hold time
EDIEN Mode Comment
0Normal TWI Two-pin interface, slew rate control, and input filter.
1External driver interface Four-pin interface, standard I/O, no slew rate control, and no input filter.
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21.9 Register Description – TWI Master
21.9.1 CTRLA – Control register A
Bit 7:6 – INTLVL[1:0]: Interrupt Level
These bits select the interrupt level for the TWI master interrupt, as described in “Interrupts and Programmable
Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131.
Bit 5 – RIEN: Read Interrupt Enable
Setting the read interrupt enable (RIEN) bit enables the read interrupt when the read interrupt flag (RIF) in the
STATUS register is set. In addition the INTLVL bits must be nonzero for TWI master interrupts to be generated.
Bit 4 – WIEN: Write Interrupt Enable
Setting the write interrupt enable (WIEN) bit enables the write interrupt when the write interrupt flag (WIF) in the
STATUS register is set. In addition the INTLVL bits must be nonzero for TWI master interrupts to be generated.
Bit 3 – ENABLE: Enable TWI Master
Setting the enable TWI master (ENABLE) bit enables the TWI master.
Bit 2:0 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
21.9.2 CTRLB – Control register B
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:2 – TIMEOUT[1:0]: Inactive Bus Timeout
Setting the inactive bus timeout (TIMEOUT) bits to a nonzero value will enable the inactive bus timeout supervisor.
If the bus is inactive for longer than the TIMEOUT setting, the bus state logic will enter the idle state.
Table 21-3 on page 264 lists the timeout settings.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 INTLVL[1:0] RIEN WIEN ENABLE – – –
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R R R
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x01 – – – – TIMEOUT[1:0] QCEN SMEN
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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Table 21-3. TWI master inactive bus timeout settings.
Bit 1 – QCEN: Quick Command Enable
When quick command is enabled, the corresponding interrupt flag is set immediately after the slave acknowledges
the address (read or write interrupt). At this point, software can issue either a STOP or a repeated START
condition.
Bit 0 – SMEN: Smart Mode Enable
Setting this bit enables smart mode. When smart mode is enabled, the acknowledge action, as set by the ACKACT
bit in the CTRLC register, is sent immediately after reading the DATA register.
21.9.3 CTRLC – Control register C
Bits 7:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 2 – ACKACT: Acknowledge Action
This bit defines the master's acknowledge behavior in master read mode. The acknowledge action is executed
when a command is written to the CMD bits. If SMEN in the CTRLB register is set, the acknowledge action is per-
formed when the DATA register is read.
Table 21-4 lists the acknowledge actions
Table 21-4. ACKACT bit description.
Bit 1:0 – CMD[1:0]: Command
Writing the command (CMD) bits triggers a master operation as defined by Table 21-5 on page 265. The CMD bits
are strobe bits, and always read as zero. The acknowledge action is only valid in master read mode (R). In master
write mode (W), a command will only result in a repeated START or STOP condition. The ACKACT bit and the
CMD bits can be written at the same time, and then the acknowledge action will be updated before the command
is triggered.
TIMEOUT[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 DISABLED Disabled, normally used for I2C
01 50US 50µs, normally used for SMBus at 100kHz
10 100US 100µs
11 200US 200µs
Bit 76543210
+0x02 ––––– ACKACT CMD[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ACKACT Action
0Send ACK
1Send NACK
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Table 21-5. CMD bits descri ption.
Writing a command to the CMD bits will clear the master interrupt flags and the CLKHOLD flag.
21.9.4 STATUS – Status register
Bit 7 – RIF: Read Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when a byte is successfully received in master read mode; i.e., no arbitration was lost or bus error
occurred during the operation. Writing a one to this bit location will clear RIF. When this flag is set, the master
forces the SCL line low, stretching the TWI clock period. Clearing the interrupt flags will release the SCL line.
This flag is also cleared automatically when:
Writing to the ADDR register
Writing to the DATA register
Reading the DATA register
Writing a valid command to the CMD bits in the CTRLC register
Bit 6 – WIF: Write Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when a byte is transmitted in master write mode. The flag is set regardless of the occurrence of a
bus error or an arbitration lost condition. WIF is also set if arbitration is lost during sending of a NACK in master
read mode, and if issuing a START condition when the bus state is unknown. Writing a one to this bit location will
clear WIF. When this flag is set, the master forces the SCL line low, stretching the TWI clock period. Clearing the
interrupt flags will release the SCL line.
The flag is also cleared automatically for the same conditions as RIF.
Bit 5 – CLKHOLD: Clock Hold
This flag is set when the master is holding the SCL line low. This is a status flag and a read-only flag that is set
when RIF or WIF is set. Clearing the interrupt flags and releasing the SCL line will indirectly clear this flag.
The flag is also cleared automatically for the same conditions as RIF.
Bit 4 – RXACK: Received Acknowledge
This flag contains the most recently received acknowledge bit from the slave. This is a read-only flag. When read
as zero, the most recent acknowledge bit from the slave was ACK, and when read as one the most recent
acknowledge bit was NACK.
Bit 3 – ARBLOST: Arbitration Lost
This flag is set if arbitration is lost while transmitting a high data bit or a NACK bit, or while issuing a START or
repeated START condition on the bus. Writing a one to this bit location will clear ARBLOST.
Writing the ADDR register will automatically clear ARBLOST.
CMD[1:0] Group configuration MODE Operation
00 NOACT XReserved
01 START XExecute acknowledge action succeeded by repeated START condition
10 BYTEREC
WNo operation
RExecute acknowledge action succeeded by a byte receive
11 STOP XExecute acknowledge action succeeded by issuing a STOP condition
Bit 76543210
+0x03 RIF WIF CLKHOLD RXACK ARBLOST BUSERR BUSSTATE[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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Bit 2 – BUSERR: Bus Error
This flag is set if an illegal bus condition has occurred. An illegal bus condition occurs if a repeated START or a
STOP condition is detected, and the number of received or transmitted bits from the previous START condition is
not a multiple of nine. Writing a one to this bit location will clear BUSERR.
Writing the ADDR register will automatically clear BUSERR.
Bit 1:0 – BUSSTATE[1:0]: Bus State
These bits indicate the current TWI bus state as defined in Table 21-5 on page 265. The change of bus state is
dependent on bus activity. Refer to the “TWI Bus State Logic” on page 257.
Table 21-6. TWI master bus state.
Writing 01 to the BUSSTATE bits forces the bus state logic into the idle state. The bus state logic cannot be forced into
any other state. When the master is disabled, and after reset, the bus state logic is disabled and the bus state is
unknown.
21.9.5 BAUD – Baud Rate register
The baud rate (BAUD) register defines the relation between the system clock and the TWI bus clock (SCL) frequency.
The frequency relation can be expressed by using the following equation:
[1]
The BAUD register must be set to a value that results in a TWI bus clock frequency (fTWI) equal or less than 100kHz or
400kHz, depending on which standard the application should comply with. The following equation [2] expresses equation
[1] solved for the BAUD value:
[2]
The SCL clock is designed to have 50/50 duty cycle. To ensure that the low time requirement are met when the
frequency approaches 400kHz the BAUD might need to be set to a higher value than the one found in equation [2].
The relation between the SCL low time and BAUD value is expressed by the following equation:
[3]
The results of equations [2] and [3] that give the highest BAUD value should be used.
The BAUD register should be written only while the master is disabled.
BUSSTATE[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 UNKNOWN Unknown bus state
01 IDLE Idle bus state
10 OWNER Owner bus state
11 BUSY Busy bus state
Bit 76543210
+0x04 BAUD[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
fTWI fsys
2(5BAUD)+
---------------------------------------------[Hz]=
BAUD fsys
2fTWI
------------------- 5–=
BAUD tLOW tof
+fSYS
5–=
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21.9.6 ADDR – Address register
When the address (ADDR) register is written with a slave address and the R/W bit while the bus is idle, a START
condition is issued and the 7-bit slave address and the R/W bit are transmitted on the bus. If the bus is already owned
when ADDR is written, a repeated START is issued. If the previous transaction was a master read and no acknowledge
is sent yet, the acknowledge action is sent before the repeated START condition.
After completing the operation and the acknowledge bit from the slave is received, the SCL line is forced low if arbitration
was not lost. WIF is set.
If the bus state is unknown when ADDR is written, WIF is set and BUSERR is set.
All TWI master flags are automatically cleared when ADDR is written. This includes BUSERR, ARBLOST, RIF, and WIF.
The master ADDR can be read at any time without interfering with ongoing bus activity.
21.9.7 DATA – Data register
The data (DATA) register is used when transmitting and receiving data. During data transfer, data are shifted from/to the
DATA register and to/from the bus. This implies that the DATA register cannot be accessed during byte transfers, and
this is prevented by hardware. The DATA register can only be accessed when the SCL line is held low by the master; i.e.,
when CLKHOLD is set.
In master write mode, writing the DATA register will trigger a data byte transfer followed by the master receiving the
acknowledge bit from the slave. WIF and CLKHOLD are set.
In master read mode, RIF and CLKHOLD are set when one byte is received in the DATA register. If smart mode is
enabled, reading the DATA register will trigger the bus operation as set by the ACKACT bit. If a bus error occurs during
reception, WIF and BUSERR are set instead of RIF.
Accessing the DATA register will clear the master interrupt flags and CLKHOLD.
Bit 76543210
+0x05 ADDR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x06 DATA[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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21.10 Register Description – TWI Slave
21.10.1 CTRLA – Control register A
Bit 7:6 – INTLVL[1:0]: Interrupt Level
These bits select the interrupt level for the TWI master interrupt, as described in “Interrupts and Programmable
Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131.
Bit 5 – DIEN: Data Interrupt Enable
Setting the data interrupt enable (DIEN) bit enables the data interrupt when the data interrupt flag (DIF) in the STA-
TUS register is set. The INTLVL bits must be nonzero for the interrupt to be generated.
Bit 4 – APIEN: Address/Stop Interrupt Enable
Setting the address/stop interrupt enable (APIEN) bit enables the address/stop interrupt when the address/stop
interrupt flag (APIF) in the STATUS register is set. The INTLVL bits must be nonzero for interrupt to be generated.
Bit 3 – ENABLE: Enable TWI Slave
Setting this bit enables the TWI slave.
Bit 2 – PIEN: Stop Interrupt Enable
Setting the this bit will cause APIF in the STATUS register to be set when a STOP condition is detected.
Bit 1 – PMEN: Promiscuous Mode Enable
By setting the this bit, the slave address match logic responds to all received addresses. If this bit is cleared, the
address match logic uses the ADDR register to determine which address to recognize as its own address.
Bit 0 – SMEN: Smart Mode Enable
This bit enables smart mode. When Smart mode is enabled, the acknowledge action, as set by the ACKACT bit in
the CTRLB register, is sent immediately after reading the DATA register.
21.10.2 CTRLB – Control register B
Bit 7:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 2 – ACKACT: Acknowledge Action
This bit defines the slave's acknowledge behavior after an address or data byte is received from the master. The
acknowledge action is executed when a command is written to the CMD bits. If the SMEN bit in the CTRLA regis-
ter is set, the acknowledge action is performed when the DATA register is read.
Bit 765432 1 0
+0x00 INTLVL[1:0] DIEN APIEN ENABLE PIEN PMEN SMEN
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x01 – – – – – ACKACT CMD[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Table 21-7 on page 269 lists the acknowledge actions.
Table 21-7. TWI slave acknowledge actio ns.
Bit 1:0 – CMD[1:0]: Command
Writing these bits trigger the slave operation as defined by Table 21-8 on page 269. The CMD bits are strobe bits
and always read as zero. The operation is dependent on the slave interrupt flags, DIF and APIF. The acknowledge
action is only executed when the slave receives data bytes or address byte from the master
Table 21-8. TWI slave command.
Writing the CMD bits will automatically clear the slave interrupt flags and CLKHOLD, and release the SCL line. The
ACKACT bit and CMD bits can be written at the same time, and then the acknowledge action will be updated before the
command is triggered.
21.10.3 STATUS – Status register
Bit 7 – DIF: Data Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when a data byte is successfully received; i.e., no bus error or collision occurred during the opera-
tion. Writing a one to this bit location will clear DIF. When this flag is set, the slave forces the SCL line low,
stretching the TWI clock period. Clearing the interrupt flags will release the SCL line.
This flag is also cleared automatically when writing a valid command to the CMD bits in the CTRLB register
Bit 6 – APIF: Address/Stop Interrupt Flag
ACKACT Action
0Send ACK
1Send NACK
CMD[1:0] Group Configuration DIR Operation
00 NOACT XNo action
01 XReserved
10 COMPLETE
Used to complete transaction
0Execute acknowledge action succeeded by waiting for any START (S/Sr) condition
1Wait for any START (S/Sr) condition
11 RESPONSE
Used in response to an add ress byte (APIF is set)
0Execute acknowledge action succeeded by reception of next byte
1Execute acknowledge action succeeded by DIF being set
Used in response to a data byte (DIF is set)
0Execute acknowledge action succeeded by waiting for the next byte
1No operation
Bit 76543210
+0x02 DIF APIF CLKHOLD RXACK COLL BUSERR DIR AP
Read/Write R/W R/W R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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This flag is set when the slave detects that a valid address has been received, or when a transmit collision is
detected. If the PIEN bit in the CTRLA register is set, a STOP condition on the bus will also set APIF. Writing a one
to this bit location will clear APIF. When set for an address interrupt, the slave forces the SCL line low, stretching
the TWI clock period. Clearing the interrupt flags will release the SCL line.
The flag is also cleared automatically for the same condition as DIF.
Bit 5 – CLKHOLD: Clock Hold
This flag is set when the slave is holding the SCL line low.This is a status flag and a read-only bit that is set when
DIF or APIF is set. Clearing the interrupt flags and releasing the SCL line will indirectly clear this flag.
Bit 4 – RXACK: Received Acknowledge
This flag contains the most recently received acknowledge bit from the master. This is a read-only flag. When read
as zero, the most recent acknowledge bit from the maser was ACK, and when read as one, the most recent
acknowledge bit was NACK.
Bit 3 – COLL: Collision
This flag is set when a slave has not been able to transfer a high data bit or a NACK bit. If a collision is detected,
the slave will commence its normal operation, disable data, and acknowledge output, and no low values will be
shifted out onto the SDA line. Writing a one to this bit location will clear COLL.
The flag is also cleared automatically when a START or repeated START condition is detected.
Bit 2 – BUSERR: TWI Slave Bus Error
This flag is set when an illegal bus condition occurs during a transfer. An illegal bus condition occurs if a repeated
START or a STOP condition is detected, and the number of bits from the previous START condition is not a multi-
ple of nine. Writing a one to this bit location will clear BUSERR.
For bus errors to be detected, the bus state logic must be enabled. This is done by enabling the TWI master.
Bit 1 – DIR: Read/Write Direction
The R/W direction (DIR) flag reflects the direction bit from the last address packet received from a master. When
this bit is read as one, a master read operation is in progress. When read as zero, a master write operation is in
progress.
Bit 0 – AP: Slave Address or Stop
This flag indicates whether a valid address or a STOP condition caused the last setting of APIF in the STATUS
register.
Table 21-9. TWI slave address or stop.
21.10.4 ADDR – Address register
The TWI slave address register should be loaded with the 7-bit slave address (in the seven most significant bits of
ADDR) to which the TWI will respond. The lsb of ADDR is used to enable recognition of the general call address (0x00).
Bit 7:1 – ADDR[7:1]: TWI Slave Address
AP Description
0A STOP condition generated the interrupt on APIF
1Address detection generated the interrupt on APIF
Bit 76543210
+0x03 ADDR[7:1] ADDR[0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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This register contains the TWI slave address used by the slave address match logic to determine if a master has
addressed the slave. The seven most-significant bits (ADDR[7:1]) represent the slave address.
When using 10-bit addressing, the address match logic only supports hardware address recognition of the first
byte of a 10-bit address. By setting ADDR[7:1] = 0b11110nn, ”nn” represents bits 9 and 8 of the slave address.
The next byte received is bits 7 to 0 in the 10-bit address, and this must be handled by software.
When the address match logic detects that a valid address byte is received, APIF is set and the DIR flag is
updated.
If the PMEN bit in CTRLA is set, the address match logic responds to all addresses transmitted on the TWI bus.
The ADDR register is not used in this mode.
Bit 0 – ADDR: General Call Recognition Enable
When ADDR[0] is set, this enables general call address recognition logic so the device can respond to a general
address call that addresses all devices on the bus.
21.10.5 DATA – Data register
The data (DATA) register is used when transmitting and received data. During data transfer, data are shifted from/to the
DATA register and to/from the bus. This implies that the DATA register cannot be accessed during byte transfers, and
this is prevented by hardware. The DATA register can be accessed only when the SCL line is held low by the slave; i.e.,
when CLKHOLD is set.
When a master is reading data from the slave, data to send must be written to the DATA register. The byte transfer is
started when the master starts to clock the data byte from the slave, followed by the slave receiving the acknowledge bit
from the master. DIF and CLKHOLD are set.
When a master writes data to the slave, DIF and CLKHOLD are set when one byte has been received in the DATA
register. If smart mode is enabled, reading the DATA register will trigger the bus operation as set by the ACKACT bit.
Accessing the DATA register will clear the slave interrupt flags and CLKHOLD. When an address match occurs, the
received address will be stored in the DATA register.
21.10.6 ADDRMASK – Address Mask register
Bit 7:1 – ADDRMASK[7:1]: Address Mask
These bits can act as a second address match register or as an address mask register, depending on the
ADDREN setting.
If ADDREN is set to zero, ADDRMASK can be loaded with a 7-bit slave address mask. Each bit in ADDRMASK
can mask (disable) the corresponding address bit in the ADDR register. If the mask bit is one, the address match
between the incoming address bit and the corresponding bit in ADDR is ignored; i.e., masked bits will always
match.
If ADDREN is set to one, ADDRMASK can be loaded with a second slave address in addition to the ADDR regis-
ter. In this mode, the slave will match on two unique addresses, one in ADDR and the other in ADDRMASK.
Bit 76543210
+0x04 DATA[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x05 ADDRMASK[7:1] ADDREN
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Bit 0 – ADDREN: Address Enable
By default, this bit is zero, and the ADDRMASK bits acts as an address mask to the ADDR register. If this bit is set
to one, the slave address match logic responds to the two unique addresses in ADDR and ADDRMASK.
21.11 Register summary – TWI
21.12 Register summary – TWI master
21.13 Register summary – TWI slave
21.14 Interrupt vector summary
Table 21-10. TWI interrupt vectors and their word offset addresses.
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL ––––– SDAHOLD EDIEN 262
+0x01 MASTER Offset address for TWI Master
+0x08 SLAVE Offset address for TWI Slave
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA INTLVL[1:0] RIEN WIEN ENABLE –––263
+0x01 CTRLB – – – – TIMEOUT[1:0] QCEN SMEN 263
+0x02 CTRLC – – – – – ACKACT CMD[1:0] 264
+0x03 STATUS RIF WIF CLKHOLD RXACK ARBLOST BUSERR BUSSTATE[1:0] 265
+0x04 BAUD BAUD[7:0] 266
+0x05 ADDR ADDR[7:0] 267
+0x06 DATA DATA[7:0] 267
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA INTLVL[1:0] DIEN APIEN ENABLE PIEN TPMEN SMEN 268
+0x01 CTRLB – – – – – ACKACT CMD[1:0] 268
+0x02 STATUS DIF APIF CLKHOLD RXACK COLL BUSERR DIR AP 269
+0x03 ADDR ADDR[7:0] 270
+0x04 DATA DATA[7:0] 271
+0x05 ADDRMASK ADDRMASK[7:1] ADDREN 271
Offset Source Interrupt description
0x00 SLAVE_vect TWI slave interrupt vector
0x02 MASTER_vect TWI master interrupt vector
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22. SPI – Serial Peripheral Interface
22.1 Features
Full-duplex, three-wire synchronous data transfer
Master or slave operation
Lsb first or msb first data transfer
Eight programmable bit rates
Interrupt flag at the end of transmission
Write collision flag to indicate data collision
Wake up from idle sleep mode
Double speed master mode
22.2 Overview
The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a high-speed synchronous data transfer interface using three or four pins. It
allows fast communication between an XMEGA device and peripheral devices or between several microcontrollers. The
SPI supports full-duplex communication.
A device connected to the bus must act as a master or slave.The master initiates and controls all data transactions. The
interconnection between master and slave devices with SPI is shown in Figure 22-1 on page 273. The system consists of
two shift registers and a master clock generator. The SPI master initiates the communication cycle by pulling the slave
select (SS) signal low for the desired slave. Master and slave prepare the data to be sent in their respective shift
registers, and the master generates the required clock pulses on the SCK line to interchange data. Data are always
shifted from master to slave on the master output, slave input (MOSI) line, and from slave to master on the master input,
slave output (MISO) line. After each data packet, the master can synchronize the slave by pulling the SS line high.
Figure 22-1. SPI master-slave interconnection.
The SPI module is unbuffered in the transmit direction and single buffered in the receive direction. This means that bytes
to be transmitted cannot be written to the SPI DATA register before the entire shift cycle is completed. When receiving
data, a received character must be read from the DATA register before the next character has been completely shifted in.
Otherwise, the first byte will be lost.
In SPI slave mode, the control logic will sample the incoming signal on the SCK pin. To ensure correct sampling of this
clock signal, the minimum low and high periods must each be longer than two CPU clock cycles.
When the SPI module is enabled, the data direction of the MOSI, MISO, SCK, and SS pins is overridden according to
Table 22-1 on page 274. The pins with user-defined direction must be configured from software to have the correct
direction according to the application.
SHIFT
ENABLE
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Table 22-1. SPI pin override and direc t io ns .
22.3 Master Mode
In master mode, the SPI interface has no automatic control of the SS line. If the SS pin is used, it must be configured as
output and controlled by user software. If the bus consists of several SPI slaves and/or masters, a SPI master can use
general purpose I/O pins to control the SS line to each of the slaves on the bus.
Writing a byte to the DATA register starts the SPI clock generator and the hardware shifts the eight bits into the selected
slave. After shifting one byte, the SPI clock generator stops and the SPI interrupt flag is set. The master may continue to
shift the next byte by writing new data to the DATA register, or can signal the end of the transfer by pulling the SS line
high. The last incoming byte will be kept in the buffer register.
If the SS pin is not used and is configured as input, it must be held high to ensure master operation. If the SS pin is set as
input and is being driven low, the SPI module will interpret this as another master trying to take control of the bus. To
avoid bus contention, the master will take the following action:
1. The master enters slave mode.
2. The SPI interrupt flag is set.
22.4 Slave Mode
In slave mode, the SPI module will remain sleeping with the MISO line tri-stated as long as the SS pin is driven high. In
this state, software may update the contents of the DATA register, but the data will not be shifted out by incoming clock
pulses on the SCK pin until the SS pin is driven low. If SS is driven low, the slave will start to shift out data on the first
SCK clock pulse. When one byte has been completely shifted, the SPI interrupt flag is set. The slave may continue
placing new data to be sent into the DATA register before reading the incoming data. The last incoming byte will be kept
in the buffer register.
When SS is driven high, the SPI logic is reset, and the SPI slave will not receive any new data. Any partially received
packet in the shift register will be dropped.
As the SS pin is used to signal the start and end of a transfer, it is also useful for doing packet/byte synchronization,
keeping the slave bit counter synchronous with the master clock generator.
22.5 Data Modes
There are four combinations of SCK phase and polarity with respect to serial data. The SPI data transfer formats are
shown in Figure 22-2. Data bits are shifted out and latched in on opposite edges of the SCK signal, ensuring sufficient
time for data signals to stabilize.
The leading edge is the first clock edge of a clock cycle. The trailing edge is the last clock edge of a clock cycle.
Pin Master mode Slave mode
MOSI User defined Input
MISO Input User defined
SCK User defined Input
SS User defined Input
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Figure 22-2. SPI transfer mode s .
22.6 DMA Support
DMA support on the SPI module is available only in slave mode. The SPI slave can trigger a DMA transfer as one byte
has been shifted into the DATA register. It is possible, however, to use the XMEGA USART in SPI mode and then have
DMA support in master mode. For details, refer to “USART in Master SPI Mode” on page 291.
Bit 1
Bit 6
LSB
MSB
Mode 0
SAMPLE I
MOSI/MISO
CHANGE 0
MOSI PIN
CHANGE 0
MISO PIN
Mode 2
SS
MSB
LSB
Bit 6
Bit 1
Bit 5
Bit 2
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 3
Bit 4
Bit 2
Bit 5
MSB first (DORD = 0)
LSB first (DORD = 1)
Mode 1
SAMPLE I
MOSI/MISO
CHANGE 0
MOSI PIN
CHANGE 0
MISO PIN
Mode 3
SS
MSB
LSB
Bit 6
Bit 1
Bit 5
Bit 2
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 3
Bit 4
Bit 2
Bit 5
Bit 1
Bit 6
LSB
MSB
MSB first (DORD = 0)
LSB first (DORD = 1)
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22.7 Register Description
22.7.1 CTRL – Control register
Bit 7 – CLK2X: Clock Double
When this bit is set, the SPI speed (SCK frequency) will be doubled in master mode (see Table 22-3 on page 291).
Bit 6 – ENABLE: Enable
Setting this bit enables the SPI module. This bit must be set to enable any SPI operations.
Bit 5 – DORD: Data Order
DORD decides the data order when a byte is shifted out from the DATA register. When DORD is written to one,
the least-significant bit (lsb) of the data byte is transmitted first, and when DORD is written to zero, the most-signif-
icant bit (msb) of the data byte is transmitted first.
Bit 4 – MASTER: Master Select
This bit selects master mode when written to one, and slave mode when written to zero. If SS is configured as an
input and driven low while master mode is set, master mode will be cleared.
Bit 3:2 – MODE[1:0]: Transfer Mode
These bits select the transfer mode. The four combinations of SCK phase and polarity with respect to the serial
data are shown in Table 22-2 on page 276. These bits decide whether the first edge of a clock cycle (leading edge)
is rising or falling, and whether data setup and sample occur on the leading or trailing edge.
When the leading edge is rising, the SCK signal is low when idle, and when the leading edge is falling, the SCK
signal is high when idle.
Table 22-2. SPI transfer modes.
Bits 1:0 – PRESCALER[1:0]: Clock Prescaler
These two bits control the SPI clock rate configured in master mode. These bits have no effect in slave mode. The
relationship between SCK and the peripheral clock frequency ( clkPER) is shown in Table 22-3 on page 277.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 CLK2X ENABLE DORD MASTER MODE[1:0] PRESCALER[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MODE[1:0] Group configur ation Leading edge Trailing edge
00 0Rising, sample Falling, setup
01 1Rising, setup Falling, sample
10 2Falling, sample Rising, setup
11 3Falling, setup Rising, sample
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Table 22-3. Relationship between SCK and the peripheral clock (ClkPER) frequency.
22.7.2 INTCTR L – Interrupt Control register
Bit 7:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1:0 – INTLVL[1:0]: Interrupt Level
These bits enable the SPI interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and Programmable
Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. The enabled interrupt will be triggered when IF in the STATUS regis-
ter is set.
22.7.3 STATUS – Status register
Bit 7 – IF: Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when a serial transfer is complete and one byte is completely shifted in/out of the DATA register. If
SS is configured as input and is driven low when the SPI is in master mode, this will also set this flag. IF is cleared
by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt vector. Alternatively, the IF flag can be cleared by first
reading the STATUS register when IF is set, and then accessing the DATA register.
Bit 6 – WRCOL: Write Collision Flag
The WRCOL flag is set if the DATA register is written during a data transfer. This flag is cleared by first reading the
STATUS register when WRCOL is set, and then accessing the DATA register.
Bit 5:0 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
CLK2X PRESCALER[1:0] SCK frequency
000 ClkPER/4
001 ClkPER/16
010 ClkPER/64
011 ClkPER/128
100 ClkPER/2
101 ClkPER/8
110 ClkPER/32
111 ClkPER/64
Bit 76543210
+0x01 –––––– INTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x02 IF WRCOL – – – – – –
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value00000000
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22.7.4 DATA – Data register
The DATA register is used for sending and receiving data. Writing to the register initiates the data transmission, and the
byte written to the register will be shifted out on the SPI output line. Reading the register causes the shift register receive
buffer to be read, returning the last byte successfully received.
Bit 76543210
+0x03 DATA[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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22.8 Register summary
22.9 Interrupt vector summary
Table 22-4. SPI interrupt vector and its offset word address.
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL CLK2X ENABLE DORD MASTER MODE[1:0] PRESCALER[1:0] 276
+0x01 INTCTRL –––––– INTLVL[1:0] 277
+0x02 STATUS IF WRCOL ––––––277
+0x03 DATA DATA[7:0] 278
Offset Source Interrupt Description
0x00 SPI_vect SPI interrupt vector
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23. USART
23.1 Features
Full-duplex operation
Asynchronous or synchronous operation
Synchronous clock rates up to 1/2 of the device clock frequency
Asynchronous clock rates up to 1/8 of the device clock frequency
Supports serial frames with 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 data bits and 1 or 2 stop bits
Fractional baud rate generator
Can generate desired baud rate from any system clock frequency
No need for external oscillator with certain frequencies
Built-in error detection and correction schemes
Odd or even parity generation and parity check
Data overrun and framing error detection
Noise filtering includes false start bit detection and digital low-pass filter
Separate interrupts for
Transmit complete
Transmit data register empty
Receive complete
Multiprocessor communication mode
Addressing scheme to address a specific devices on a multi device bus
Enable unaddressed devices to automatically ignore all frames
Master SPI mode
Double buffered operation
Configurable data order
Operation up to 1/2 of the peripheral clock frequency
IRCOM module for IrDA compliant pulse modulation/demodulation
23.2 Overview
The universal synchronous and asynchronous serial receiver and transmitter (USART) is a fast and flexible serial
communication module. The USART supports full-duplex communication and asynchronous and synchronous operation.
The USART can be configured to operate in SPI master mode and used for SPI communication.
Communication is frame based, and the frame format can be customized to support a wide range of standards. The
USART is buffered in both directions, enabling continued data transmission without any delay between frames. Separate
interrupts for receive and transmit complete enable fully interrupt driven communication. Frame error and buffer overflow
are detected in hardware and indicated with separate status flags. Even or odd parity generation and parity check can
also be enabled.
A block diagram of the USART is shown in Figure 23-1 on page 281. The main functional blocks are the clock generator,
the transmitter, and the receiver, which are indicated in dashed boxes.
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Figure 23-1. USART block diagram.
The clock generator includes a fractional baud rate generator that is able to generate a wide range of USART baud rates
from any system clock frequencies. This removes the need to use an external crystal oscillator with a specific frequency
to achieve a required baud rate. It also supports external clock input in synchronous slave operation.
The transmitter consists of a single write buffer (DATA), a shift register, and a parity generator. The write buffer allows
continuous data transmission without any delay between frames.
The receiver consists of a two-level receive buffer (DATA) and a shift register. Data and clock recovery units ensure
robust synchronization and noise filtering during asynchronous data reception. It includes frame error, buffer overflow,
and parity error detection.
When the USART is set in master SPI mode, all USART-specific logic is disabled, leaving the transmit and receive
buffers, shift registers, and baud rate generator enabled. Pin control and interrupt generation are identical in both modes.
The registers are used in both modes, but their functionality differs for some control settings.
An IRCOM module can be enabled for one USART to support IrDA 1.4 physical compliant pulse modulation and
demodulation for baud rates up to 115.2kbps. For details, refer to “IRCOM – IR Communication Module” on page 301.
23.3 Clock Generation
The clock used for baud rate generation and for shifting and sampling data bits is generated internally by the fractional
baud rate generator or externally from the transfer clock (XCK) pin. Five modes of clock generation are supported:
normal and double-speed asynchronous mode, master and slave synchronous mode, and master SPI mode.
PARITY
GENERATOR
BSEL [H:L]
DATA (Transmit)
CTRLA CTRLB CTRLC
BAUD RATE GENERATOR
FRACTIONAL DIVIDE
TRANSMIT SHIFT REGISTER
RECEIVE SHIFT REGISTER RxD
TxD
PIN
CONTROL
DATA (Receive)
PIN
CONTROL
XCK
DATA
RECOVERY
CLOCK
RECOVERY
PIN
CONTROL
TX
CONTROL
RX
CONTROL
PARITY
CHECKER
DATA BUS
OSC
SYNC LOGIC
Clock Generator
Transmitter
Receiver
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Figure 23-2. Clock generation logic, block diagram.
23.3.1 Internal Clock Generatio n - The Fractional Baud Rate Generator
The fractional baud rate generator is used for internal clock generation for asynchronous modes, synchronous master
mode, and master SPI mode operation. The output frequency generated (fBAUD) is determined by the period setting
(BSEL), an optional scale setting (BSCALE), and the peripheral clock frequency (fPER). Table 23-1 on page 282 contains
equations for calculating the baud rate (in bits per second) and for calculating the BSEL value for each mode of
operation. It also shows the maximum baud rate versus peripheral clock frequency. BSEL can be set to any value
between 0 and 4095. BSCALE can be set to any value between -7 and +7, and increases or decreases the baud rate
slightly to provide the fractional baud rate scaling of the baud rate generator.
When BSEL is 0, BSCALE must also be 0. Also, the value 2ABS(BSCALE) must at most be one half of the minimum number
of clock cycles a frame requires. For more details, see “Fractional Baud Rate Generation” on page 289.
Table 23-1. Equations for calculating baud rate register settings.
Note: 1. The baud rate is defined to be the transfer rate in bits per second (bps)
Baud Rate
Generator /2
BSEL
/4 /2
Sync
Register
f
PER
XCK
Pin
txclk
CLK2X
UMSEL [1]
DDR_XCK
0
1
0
1
xcki
xcko
DDR_XCK rxclk
0
1
1
0
Edge
Detector
PORT_INV
f
BAUD
Operating mode Conditions Baud rate(1) calculation BSEL value calcu lation
Asynchronous normal
speed mode (CLK2X = 0)
BSCALE ≥ 0
BSCALE < 0
Asynchronous double
speed mode (CLK2X = 1)
BSCALE ≥ 0
BSCALE < 0
Synchronous and master
SPI mode
fBAUD fPER
16
-----------
fBAUD fPER
2BSCALE 16(BSEL 1)+
------------------------------------------------------------=
BSEL fPER
2BSCALE 16fBAUD
----------------------------------------------- 1–=
fBAUD fPER
16
-----------
fBAUD fPER
16((2BSCALE BSEL 1)+
-----------------------------------------------------------------=
BSEL 1
2BSCALE
--------------------- fPER
16fBAUD
--------------------- 1–
=
fBAUD fPER
8
-----------
fBAUD fPER
2BSCALE 8BSEL 1+
--------------------------------------------------------------=
BSEL fPER
2BSCALE 8fBAUD
-------------------------------------------- 1–=
fBAUD fPER
8
-----------
fBAUD fPER
8((2BSCALE BSEL 1)+
---------------------------------------------------------------=
BSEL 1
2BSCALE
--------------------- fPER
8fBAUD
------------------ 1–
=
fBAUD fPER
2
-----------
fBAUD fPER
2BSEL 1+
------------------------------------=
BSEL fPER
2fBAUD
------------------ 1–=
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For BSEL=0, all baud rates must be achieved by changing BSEL instead of setting BSCALE:
BSEL = (2 desired BSCALE-1)
23.3.2 External Clock
External clock (XCK) is used in synchronous slave mode operation. The XCK clock input is sampled on the peripheral
clock frequency (fPER), and the maximum XCK clock frequency (fXCK)is limited by the following:
For each high and low period, XCK clock cycles must be sampled twice by the peripheral clock. If the XCK clock has
jitter, or if the high/low period duty cycle is not 50/50, the maximum XCK clock speed must be reduced or the peripheral
clock must be increased accordingly.
23.3.3 Double Speed Operation
Double speed operation allows for higher baud rates under asynchronous operation with lower peripheral clock
frequencies. When this is enabled, the baud rate for a given asynchronous baud rate setting shown in Table 23-1 on
page 282 will be doubled. In this mode, the receiver will use half the number of samples (reduced from 16 to 8) for data
sampling and clock recovery. Due to the reduced sampling, a more accurate baud rate setting and peripheral clock are
required. See “Asynchronous Data Reception” on page 287 for more details.
23.3.4 Synchronous Clock Operation
When synchronous mode is used, the XCK pin controls whether the transmission clock is input (slave mode) or output
(master mode). The corresponding port pin must be set to output for master mode or to input for slave mode. The normal
port operation of the XCK pin will be overridden. The dependency between the clock edges and data sampling or data
change is the same. Data input (on RxD) is sampled at the XCK clock edge which is opposite the edge where data output
(TxD) is changed.
Figure 23-3. Synchronous mode XCK timing.
BSCALE BSEL BSCALE BSEL
1 0 0 1
2 0 0 3
3 0 0 7
4 0 015
5 0 031
6 0 063
7 0 0127
fXCK fPER
4
-----------
RxD / TxD
XCK
RxD / TxD
XCK
UCPOL = 0
UCPOL = 1
Sample
Sample
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Using the inverted I/O (INVEN) setting for the corresponding XCK port pin, the XCK clock edges used for data sampling
and data change can be selected. If inverted I/O is disabled (INVEN=0), data will be changed at the rising XCK clock
edge and sampled at the falling XCK clock edge. If inverted I/O is enabled (INVEN=1), data will be changed at the falling
XCK clock edge and sampled at the rising XCK clock edge. For more details, see “I/O Ports” on page 139.
23.3.5 Master SPI Mode Clock Generation
For master SPI mode operation, only internal clock generation is supported. This is identical to the USART synchronous
master mode, and the baud rate or BSEL setting is calculated using the same equations (see Table 23-1 on page 282).
There are four combinations of the SPI clock (SCK) phase and polarity with respect to the serial data, and these are
determined by the clock phase (UCPHA) control bit and the inverted I/O pin (INVEN) settings. The data transfer timing
diagrams are shown in Figure 23-4 on page 284. Data bits are shifted out and latched in on opposite edges of the XCK
signal, ensuring sufficient time for data signals to stabilize. The UCPHA and INVEN settings are summarized in Table 23-
2 on page 284. Changing the setting of any of these bits during transmission will corrupt both the receiver and
transmitter.
Table 23-2. INVEN and UCPHA functionality.
The leading edge is the first clock edge of a clock cycle. The trailing edge is the last clock edge of a clock cycle.
Figure 23-4. UCPHA and INVEN data transfer timing diagrams.
23.4 Frame Format s
Data transfer is frame based, where a serial frame consists of one character of data bits with synchronization bits (start
and stop bits) and an optional parity bit for error checking. Note that this does not apply to master SPI operation (See
“SPI Frame Formats” on page 285). The USART accepts all combinations of the following as valid frame formats:
1 start bit
5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 data bits
no, even, or odd parity bit
1 or 2 stop bits
SPI Mode INVEN UCPHA Leading edge Trailing edge
0 0 0 Rising, sample Falling, setup
1 0 1 Rising, setup Falling, sample
2 1 0 Falling, sample Rising, setup
3 1 1 Falling, setup Rising, sample
XCK
Data setup (TXD)
Data sample (RXD)
XCK
Data setup (TXD)
Data sample (RXD)
XCK
Data setup (TXD)
Data sample (RXD)
XCK
Data setup (TXD)
Data sample (RXD)
UCPOL=0 UCPOL=1
UCPHA=0 UCPHA=1
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A frame starts with the start bit, followed by all the data bits (least-significant bit first and most-significant bit last). If
enabled, the parity bit is inserted after the data bits, before the first stop bit. One frame can be directly followed by a start
bit and a new frame, or the communication line can return to the idle (high) state. Figure 23-5 on page 285 illustrates the
possible combinations of frame formats. Bits inside brackets are optional.
Figure 23-5. Frame formats.
23.4.1 Parity Bit Calculation
Even or odd parity can be selected for error checking. If even parity is selected, the parity bit is set to one if the number of
logical one data bits is odd (making the total number of ones even). If odd parity is selected, the parity bit is set to one if
the number of logical one data bits is even (making the total number of ones odd).
23.4.2 SPI Frame Formats
The serial frame in SPI mode is defined to be one character of eight data bits. The USART in master SPI mode has two
selectable frame formats:
8-bit data, msb first
8-bit data, lsb first
After a complete, 8-bit frame is transmitted, a new frame can directly follow it, or the communication line can return to the
idle (high) state.
23.5 USART Initialization
USART initialization should use the following sequence:
1. Set the TxD pin value high, and optionally set the XCK pin low.
2. Set the TxD and optionally the XCK pin as output.
3. Set the baud rate and frame format.
4. Set the mode of operation (enables XCK pin output in synchronous mode).
5. Enable the transmitter or the receiver, depending on the usage.
For interrupt-driven USART operation, global interrupts should be disabled during the initialization.
Before doing a re-initialization with a changed baud rate or frame format, be sure that there are no ongoing transmissions
while the registers are changed.
23.6 Data Transmission - The USART Transmitter
When the transmitter has been enabled, the normal port operation of the TxD pin is overridden by the USART and given
the function as the transmitter's serial output. The direction of the pin must be set as output using the direction register for
the corresponding port. For details on port pin control and output configuration, refer to “I/O Ports” on page 139.
St :Start bit, always low.
(n) :Data bits (0 to 8).
P:Parity bit, may be odd or even.
Sp :Stop bit, always high.
IDLE :No transfers on the communication line (RxD or TxD). The IDLE state is always high.
10 2 3 4 [5] [6] [7] [8] [P]St Sp1 [Sp2] (St / IDLE)(IDLE)
FRAME
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23.6.1 Sending Frames
A data transmission is initiated by loading the transmit buffer (DATA) with the data to be sent. The data in the transmit
buffer are moved to the shift register when the shift register is empty and ready to send a new frame. The shift register is
loaded if it is in idle state (no ongoing transmission) or immediately after the last stop bit of the previous frame is
transmitted. When the shift register is loaded with data, it will transfer one complete frame.
The transmit complete interrupt flag (TXCIF) is set and the optional interrupt is generated when the entire frame in the
shift register has been shifted out and there are no new data present in the transmit buffer.
The transmit data register (DATA) can only be written when the data register empty flag (DREIF) is set, indicating that the
register is empty and ready for new data.
When using frames with fewer than eight bits, the most-significant bits written to DATA are ignored. If 9-bit characters are
used, the ninth bit must be written to the TXB8 bit before the low byte of the character is written to DATA.
23.6.2 Disabling the Transmitter
A disabling of the transmitter will not become effective until ongoing and pending transmissions are completed; i.e., when
the transmit shift register and transmit buffer register do not contain data to be transmitted. When the transmitter is
disabled, it will no longer override the TxDn pin, and the pin direction is set as input automatically by hardware, even if it
was configured as output by the user.
23.7 Data Reception - The USART Receiver
When the receiver is enabled, the RxD pin functions as the receiver's serial input. The direction of the pin must be set as
input, which is the default pin setting.
23.7.1 Receiving Frames
The receiver starts data reception when it detects a valid start bit. Each bit that follows the start bit will be sampled at the
baud rate or XCK clock and shifted into the receive shift register until the first stop bit of a frame is received. A second
stop bit will be ignored by the receiver. When the first stop bit is received and a complete serial frame is present in the
receive shift register, the contents of the shift register will be moved into the receive buffer. The receive complete
interrupt flag (RXCIF) is set, and the optional interrupt is generated.
The receiver buffer can be read by reading the data register (DATA) location. DATA should not be read unless the
receive complete interrupt flag is set. When using frames with fewer than eight bits, the unused most-significant bits are
read as zero. If 9-bit characters are used, the ninth bit must be read from the RXB8 bit before the low byte of the
character is read from DATA.
23.7.2 Receiver Error Flags
The USART receiver has three error flags. The frame error (FERR), buffer overflow (BUFOVF) and parity error (PERR)
flags are accessible from the status register. The error flags are located in the receive FIFO buffer together with their
corresponding frame. Due to the buffering of the error flags, the status register must be read before the receive buffer
(DATA), since reading the DATA location changes the FIFO buffer.
23.7.3 Parity Checker
When enabled, the parity checker calculates the parity of the data bits in incoming frames and compares the result with
the parity bit of the corresponding frame. If a parity error is detected, the parity error flag is set.
23.7.4 Disabling the Receiver
A disabling of the receiver will be immediate. The receiver buffer will be flushed, and data from ongoing receptions will be
lost.
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23.7.5 Flushing the Receive Buffer
If the receive buffer has to be flushed during normal operation, read the DATA location until the receive complete
interrupt flag is cleared.
23.8 Asynchronous Data Reception
The USART includes a clock recovery and a data recovery unit for handling asynchronous data reception. The clock
recovery unit is used for synchronizing the incoming asynchronous serial frames at the RxD pin to the internally
generated baud rate clock. It samples and low-pass filters each incoming bit, thereby improving the noise immunity of the
receiver. The asynchronous reception operational range depends on the accuracy of the internal baud rate clock, the
rate of the incoming frames, and the frame size in number of bits.
23.8.1 Asynchronous Clock Recovery
The clock recovery unit synchronizes the internal clock to the incoming serial frames. Figure 23-6 on page 287 illustrates
the sampling process for the start bit of an incoming frame. The sample rate is 16 times the baud rate for normal mode,
and eight times the baud rate for double speed mode. The horizontal arrows illustrate the synchronization variation due
to the sampling process. Note the larger time variation when using the double speed mode of operation. Samples
denoted as zero are samples done when the RxD line is idle; i.e., when there is no communication activity.
Figure 23-6. S tart bit sampling.
When the clock recovery logic detects a high (idle) to low (start) transition on the RxD line, the start bit detection
sequence is initiated. Sample 1 denotes the first zero-sample, as shown in the figure. The clock recovery logic then uses
samples 8, 9, and 10 for normal mode and samples 4, 5, and 6 for double speed mode to decide if a valid start bit is
received. If two or three samples have a low level, the start bit is accepted. The clock recovery unit is synchronized, and
the data recovery can begin. If two or three samples have a high level, the start bit is rejected as a noise spike, and the
receiver looks for the next high-to-low transition. The process is repeated for each start bit.
23.8.2 Asynchronous Data Recovery
The data recovery unit uses sixteen samples in normal mode and eight samples in double speed mode for each bit.
Figure 23-7 on page 287 shows the sampling process of data and parity bits.
Figure 23-7. Samplin g of data and parity bits.
12345678 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 12
STARTIDLE
00
BIT 0
3
1234 5 678120
RxD
Sample
(U2X = 0)
Sample
(U2X = 1)
12345678 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1
BIT n
1234 5 6781
RxD
Sample
(CLK2X = 0)
Sample
(CLK2X = 1)
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As for start bit detection, an identical majority voting technique is used on the three center samples for deciding of the
logic level of the received bit. The process is repeated for each bit until a complete frame is received. It includes the first
stop bit, but excludes additional ones. If the sampled stop bit is a 0 value, the frame error (FERR) flag will be set.
Figure 23-8 on page 288 shows the sampling of the stop bit in relation to the earliest possible beginning of the next
frame's start bit.
Figure 23-8. Stop bit and next start bit sampling.
A new high-to-low transition indicating the start bit of a new frame can come right after the last of the bits used for
majority voting. For normal speed mode, the first low level sample can be at the point marked (A) in Stop Bit Sampling
and Next Start Bit Sampling. For double speed mode, the first low level must be delayed to point (B). Point (C) marks a
stop bit of full length at nominal baud rate. The early start bit detection influences the operational range of the receiver.
23.8.3 Asynchronous Ope r ational Range
The operational range of the receiver is dependent on the mismatch between the received bit rate and the internally
generated baud rate. If an external transmitter is sending using bit rates that are too fast or too slow, or if the internally
generated baud rate of the receiver does not match the external source’s base frequency, the receiver will not be able to
synchronize the frames to the start bit.
The following equations can be used to calculate the ratio of the incoming data rate and internal receiver baud rate.
Table 23-3 and Table 23-4 on page 289 list the maximum receiver baud rate error that can be tolerated. Normal speed
mode has higher tolerance of baud rate variations
12345678 9 10 0/1 0/1 0/1
STOP 1
1234 5 60/1
RxD
Sample
(CLK2X = 0)
Sample
(CLK2X = 1)
(A) (B) (C)
D:Sum of character size and parity size (D = 5 to 10 bits).
S:Samples per bit. S = 16 for normal speed mode and S = 8 for double speed mode.
SF:First sample number used for majority voting. SF = 8 for normal speed mode and SF = 4 for double speed
mode.
SM:Middle sample number used for majority voting. SM = 9 for normal speed mode and SM = 5 for double
speed mode.
Rslow :The ratio of the slowest incoming data rate that can be accepted in relation to the receiver baud rate.
Rfast :The ratio of the fastest incoming data rate that can be accepted in relation to the receiver baud rate.
Rslow D1+S
S1–DSSF
++
------------------------------------------=
Rfast D2+S
D1+SS
M
+
-----------------------------------=
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Table 23-3. Recommended maximum receiver baud rate erro r for normal speed mode.
Table 23-4. Recommended maximum receiver baud rate erro r for double speed mode.
The recommendations for the maximum receiver baud rate error assume that the receiver and transmitter equally divide
the maximum total error.
23.9 Fractional Baud Rate Ge neration
Fractional baud rate generation is possible for asynchronous operation due to the relatively high number of clock cycles
for each frame. Each bit is sampled sixteen times, but only the three middle samples are of importance. The total number
of samples for one frame is also relatively high. Given a 1-start, 8-data, no-parity, and 1-stop-bit frame format, and
assuming that normal speed mode is used, the total number of samples for a frame is (1+8+1)×16 or 160. As stated
earlier, the UART can tolerate some variation in clock cycles for each sample. The critical factor is the time from the
falling edge of the start bit (i.e., the clock synchronization) until the last bit's (i.e., the first stop bit’s) value is recovered.
Standard baud rate generators have the unwanted property of having large frequency steps between high baud rate
settings. The worst case is found between the BSEL values 0x000 and 0x001. Going from a BSEL value of 0x000, which
has a 10-bit frame of 160 clock cycles, to a BSEL value of 0x001, with 320 clock cycles, gives a 50% change in
frequency. Ideally, the step size should be small even between the fastest baud rates. This is where the advantage of the
fractional baud rate generator emerges.
In principle, the fractional baud rate generator works by doing uneven counting and then distributing the error evenly over
the entire frame. A typical count sequence for an ordinary baud rate generator is:
2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, …
which has an even period time. A baud rate clock ticks each time the counter reaches zero, and a sample of the signal
received on RxD is taken for every 16th baud rate clock tick.
For the fractional baud rate generator, the count sequence can have an uneven period:
2, 1, 0, 2, 1-1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1-1, 0, ...
D
#(Data + Parity Bit) Rslow [%] Rfast [%] Max total error [%] Recommended max
receiver error [%]
593.20 106.67 +6.67/-6.80 ± 3.0
694.12 105.79 +5.79/-5.88 ± 2.5
794.81 105.11 +5.11/-5.19 ± 2.0
895.36 104.58 +4.58/-4.54 ± 2.0
995.81 104.14 +4.14/-4.19 ± 1.5
10 96.17 103.78 +3.78/-3.83 ± 1.5
D
#(Data + Parity Bit) Rslow [%] Rfast [%] Max Total Error [%] Recommended Max
Receiver Error [%]
594.12 105.66 +5.66/-5.88 ± 2.5
694.92 104.92 +4.92/-5.08 ± 2.0
795.52 104.35 +4.35/-4.48 ± 1.5
896.00 103.90 +3.90/-4.00 ± 1.5
996.39 103.53 +3.53/-3.61 ± 1.5
10 96.70 103.23 +3.23/-3.30 ± 1.0
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In this example, an extra cycle is added to every second baud clock. This gives a baud rate clock tick jitter, but the
average period has been increased by a fraction of 0.5 clock cycles.
Figure 23-9 on page 290 shows an example of how BSEL and BSCALE can be used to achieve baud rates in between
what is possible by just changing BSEL.
The impact of fractional baud rate generation is that the step size between baud rate settings has been reduced. Given a
scale factor of -1, the worst-case step then becomes from 160 to 240 clock cycles per 10-bit frame, compared to the
previous step of from 160 to 320. A higher negative scale factor gives even finer granularity. There is a limit however, to
how high the scale factor can be. The value 2|BSCALE| must be at most half the minimum number of clock cycles of a
frame. For instance, for 10-bit frames, the minimum number of clock cycles is 160. This means that the highest
applicable scale factor is -6 (2I-6I = 64 < (160/2) = 80).
For higher BSEL settings, the scale factor can be increased.
Table 23-5 on page 290 shows BSEL and BSCALE settings when using the internal oscillators to generate the most
commonly used baud rates for asynchronous operation and how reducing the BSCALE can be used to reduce the baud
rate error even further.
Figure 23-9. Fractional baud rate example.
Table 23-5. USART baud rate.
BSEL=0
BSCALE=0
f
BAUD
=f
PER
/8
clk
BAUD8
clk
BAUD8
BSEL=3
BSCALE=-6
f
BAUD
=f
PER
/8.375
clk
BAUD8
BSEL=3
BSCALE=-4
f
BAUD
=f
PER
/9.5
Extra clock cycle added
Baud fOSC = 32.0000MHz
rate
(bps)
CLK2X = 0 CLK2X = 1
BSEL BSCALE Error [%] BSEL BSCALE Error [%]
2400 12 60.2 12 70.2
4800 12 50.2 12 60.2
9600 12 40.2 12 50.2
14.4k
34 20.8 34 30.8
138 0-0.1 138 1-0.1
19.2k 12 30.2 12 40.2
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23.10 USART in Master SPI Mode
Using the USART in master SPI mode requires the transmitter to be enabled. The receiver can optionally be enabled to
serve as the serial input. The XCK pin will be used as the transfer clock.
As for the USART, a data transfer is initiated by writing to the DATA register. This is the case for both sending and
receiving data, since the transmitter controls the transfer clock. The data written to DATA are moved from the transmit
buffer to the shift register when the shift register is ready to send a new frame.
28.8k
34 1-0.8 34 2-0.8
137 -1 -0.1 138 0-0.1
38.4k 12 20.2 12 30.2
57.6k
34 0-0.8 34 1-0.8
135 -2 -0.1 137 -1 -0.1
76.8k 12 10.2 12 20.2
115.2k
33 -1 -0.8 34 0-0.8
131 -3 -0.1 135 -2 -0.1
230.4k
31 -2 -0.8 33 -1 -0.8
123 -4 -0.1 131 -3 -0.1
460.8k
27 -3 -0.8 31 -2 -0.8
107 -5 -0.1 123 -4 -0.1
921.6k
19 -4 -0.8 27 -3 -0.8
75 -6 -0.1 107 -5 -0.1
1.382M
7-4 0.6 15 -3 0.6
57 -7 0.1 121 -6 0.1
1.843M
3-5 -0.8 19 -4 -0.8
11 -7 -0.1 75 -6 -0.1
2.00M 0 0 0.0 1 0 0.0
2.304M – – –
3-2 -0.8
47 -6 -0.1
2.5M – – –
19 -4 0.4
77 -7 -0.1
3.0M – – –
11 -5 -0.8
43 -7 -0.2
4.0M –––000.0
Max 2.0Mbps 4.0Mbps
Baud fOSC = 32.0000MHz
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The transmitter and receiver interrupt flags and corresponding USART interrupts used in master SPI mode are identical
in function to their use in normal USART operation. The receiver error status flags are not in use and are always read as
zero.
Disabling of the USART transmitter or receiver in master SPI mode is identical to their disabling in normal USART
operation.
23.11 USART SPI vs. SPI
The USART in master SPI mode is fully compatible with the standalone SPI module in that:
Timing diagrams are the same
UCPHA bit functionality is identical to that of the SPI CPHA bit
UDORD bit functionality is identical to that of the SPI DORD bit
When the USART is set in master SPI mode, configuration and use are in some cases different from those of the
standalone SPI module. In addition, the following differences exist:
The USART transmitter in master SPI mode includes buffering, but the SPI module has no transmit buffer
The USART receiver in master SPI mode includes an additional buffer level
The USART in master SPI mode does not include the SPI write collision feature
The USART in master SPI mode does not include the SPI double speed mode feature, but this can be achieved by
configuring the baud rate generator accordingly
Interrupt timing is not compatible
Pin control differs due to the master-only operation of the USART in SPI master mode
A comparison of the USART in master SPI mode and the SPI pins is shown Table 23-6.
Table 23-6. Comparison of USART in master SPI mode and SPI pins.
23.12 Multiprocessor Communication Mode
The multiprocessor communication mode effectively reduces the number of incoming frames that have to be handled by
the receiver in a system with multiple microcontrollers communicating via the same serial bus. In this mode, a dedicated
bit in the frames is used to indicate whether the frame is an address or data frame type.
If the receiver is set up to receive frames that contain five to eight data bits, the first stop bit is used to indicate the frame
type. If the receiver is set up for frames with nine data bits, the ninth bit is used. When the frame type bit is one, the frame
contains an address. When the frame type bit is zero, the frame is a data frame. If 5-bit to 8-bit character frames are
used, the transmitter must be set to use two stop bits, since the first stop bit is used for indicating the frame type.
If a particular slave MCU has been addressed, it will receive the following data frames as usual, while the other slave
MCUs will ignore the frames until another address frame is received.
23.12.1 Using Multiprocessor Communication Mode
The following procedure should be used to exchange data in multiprocessor communication mode (MPCM):
1. All slave MCUs are in multiprocessor communication mode.
2. The master MCU sends an address frame, and all slaves receive and read this frame.
3. Each slave MCU determines if it has been selected.
USART SPI Comment
TxD MOSI Master out only
RxD MISO Master in only
XCK SCK Functionally identical
N/A SS Not supported by USART in master SPI mode
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4. The addressed MCU will disable MPCM and receive all data frames. The other slave MCUs will ignore the data
frames.
5. When the addressed MCU has received the last data frame, it must enable MPCM again and wait for a new
address frame from the master.
The process then repeats from step 2.
Using any of the 5-bit to 8-bit character frame formats is impractical, as the receiver must change between using n and
n+1 character frame formats. This makes full-duplex operation difficult, since the transmitter and receiver must use the
same character size setting.
23.13 IRCOM Mode of Operation
IRCOM mode can be enabled to use the IRCOM module with the USART. This enables IrDA 1.4 compliant modulation
and demodulation for baud rates up to 115.2kbps. When IRCOM mode is enabled, double speed mode cannot be used
for the USART.
For devices with more than one USART, IRCOM mode can be enabled for only one USART at a time. For details, refer to
“IRCOM – IR Communication Module” on page 301.
23.14 DMA Support
DMA support is available on UART, USRT, and master SPI mode peripherals. For details on different USART DMA
transfer triggers, refer to “Transfer Triggers” on page 55.
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23.15 Register Description
23.15.1 DATA – Data register
The USART transmit data buffer register (TXB) and USART receive data buffer register (RXB) share the same I/O
address and is referred to as USART data register (DATA). The TXB register is the destination for data written to the
DATA register location. Reading the DATA register location returns the contents of the RXB register.
For 5-bit, 6-bit, or 7-bit characters, the upper unused bits will be ignored by the transmitter and set to zero by the receiver.
The transmit buffer can be written only when DREIF in the STATUS register is set. Data written to the DATA register
when DREIF is not set will be ignored by the USART transmitter. When data are written to the transmit buffer and the
transmitter is enabled, the transmitter will load the data into the transmit shift register when the shift register is empty.
The data are then transmitted on the TxD pin.
The receive buffer consists of a two-level FIFO. Always read STATUS before DATA in order to get the correct status of
the receive buffer.
23.15.2 STATUS – Status register
Bit 7 – RXCIF: Receive Complete Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when there are unread data in the receive buffer and cleared when the receive buffer is empty (i.e.,
does not contain any unread data). When the receiver is disabled, the receive buffer will be flushed, and conse-
quently RXCIF will become zero.
When interrupt-driven data reception is used, the receive complete interrupt routine must read the received data
from DATA in order to clear RXCIF. If not, a new interrupt will occur directly after the return from the current inter-
rupt. This flag can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
Bit 6 – TXCIF: Transmit Complete Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when the entire frame in the transmit shift register has been shifted out and there are no new data
in the transmit buffer (DATA). TXCIF is automatically cleared when the transmit complete interrupt vector is exe-
cuted. The flag can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
Bit 5 – DREIF: Data Register Empty Flag
This flag indicates whether the transmit buffer (DATA) is ready to receive new data. The flag is one when the trans-
mit buffer is empty and zero when the transmit buffer contains data to be transmitted that has not yet been moved
into the shift register. DREIF is set after a reset to indicate that the transmitter is ready. Always write this bit to zero
when writing the STATUS register.
DREIF is cleared by writing DATA. When interrupt-driven data transmission is used, the data register empty inter-
rupt routine must either write new data to DATA in order to clear DREIF or disable the data register empty
interrupt. If not, a new interrupt will occur directly after the return from the current interrupt.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 RXB[[7:0]
TXB[[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x01 RXCIF TXCIF DREIF FERR BUFOVF PERR –RXB8
Read/Write R R/W R R R R R R/W
Initial Value00100000
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Bit 4 – FERR: Frame Error
The FERR flag indicates the state of the first stop bit of the next readable frame stored in the receive buffer. The bit
is set if the received character had a frame error, i.e., the first stop bit was zero, and cleared when the stop bit of
the received data is one. This bit is valid until the receive buffer (DATA) is read. FERR is not affected by setting the
number of stop bits used, as it always uses only the first stop bit. Always write this bit location to zero when writing
the STATUS register.
This flag is not used in master SPI mode operation.
Bit 3 – BUFOVF: Buffer Overflow
This flag indicates data loss due to a receiver buffer full condition. This flag is set if a buffer overflow condition is
detected. A buffer overflow occurs when the receive buffer is full (two characters) with a new character waiting in
the receive shift register and a new start bit is detected. This flag is valid until the receive buffer (DATA) is read.
Always write this bit location to zero when writing the STATUS register.
This flag is not used in master SPI mode operation.
Bit 2 – PERR: Parity Error
If parity checking is enabled and the next character in the receive buffer has a parity error, this flag is set. If parity
check is not enabled, this flag will always be read as zero. This bit is valid until the receive buffer (DATA) is read.
Always write this bit location to zero when writing the STATUS register. For details on parity calculation, refer to
“Parity Bit Calculation” on page 285.
This flag is not used in master SPI mode operation.
Bit 1 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 0 – RXB8: Receive Bit 8
RXB8 is the ninth data bit of the received character when operating with serial frames with nine data bits. When
used, this bit must be read before reading the low bits from DATA.
This bit is unused in master SPI mode operation.
23.15.3 CTRLA – Control register A
Bit 7:6 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 5:4 – RXCINTLVL[1:0]: Receive Complete Interrupt Level
These bits enable the receive complete interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and Pro-
grammable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. The enabled interrupt will be triggered when the RXCIF
flag in the STATUS register is set.
Bit 3:2 – TXCINTLVL[1:0]: Transmit Complete Interrupt Level
These bits enable the transmit complete interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and Pro-
grammable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. The enabled interrupt will be triggered when the TXCIF
flag in the STATUS register is set.
Bit 76543210
+0x03 –– RXCINTLVL[1:0] TXCINTLVL[1:0] DREINTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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Bit 1:0 – DREINTLVL[1:0]: Data Register Empty Interrupt Level
These bits enable the data register empty interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and
Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. The enabled interrupt will be triggered when the
DREIF flag in the STATUS register is set.
23.15.4 CTRLB – Control register B
Bit 7:5 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 4 – RXEN: Receiver Enable
Setting this bit enables the USART receiver. The receiver will override normal port operation for the RxD pin, when
enabled. Disabling the receiver will flush the receive buffer, invalidating the FERR, BUFOVF, and PERR flags.
Bit 3 – TXEN: Transmitter Enable
Setting this bit enables the USART transmitter. The transmitter will override normal port operation for the TxD pin,
when enabled. Disabling the transmitter (writing TXEN to zero) will not become effective until ongoing and pending
transmissions are completed; i.e., when the transmit shift register and transmit buffer register do not contain data
to be transmitted. When disabled, the transmitter will no longer override the TxD port.
Bit 2 – CLK2X: Double Transmission Speed
Setting this bit will reduce the divisor of the baud rate divider from16 to 8, effectively doubling the transfer rate for
asynchronous communication modes. For synchronous operation, this bit has no effect and should always be writ-
ten to zero. This bit must be zero when the USART communication mode is configured to IRCOM.
This bit is unused in master SPI mode operation.
Bit 1 – MPCM: Multiprocessor Communication Mode
This bit enables the multiprocessor communication mode. When the MPCM bit is written to one, the USART
receiver ignores all the incoming frames that do not contain address information. The transmitter is unaffected by
the MPCM setting. For more detailed information, see “Multiprocessor Communication Mode” on page 292.
This bit is unused in master SPI mode operation.
Bit 0 – TXB8: Transmit Bit 8
TXB8 is the ninth data bit in the character to be transmitted when operating with serial frames with nine data bits.
When used, this bit must be written before writing the low bits to DATA.
This bit is unused in master SPI mode operation.
23.15.5 CTRLC – Control register C
Bit 76543210
+0x04 ––– RXEN TXEN CLK2X MPCM TXB8
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x05 CMODE[1:0] PMODE[1:0] SBMODE CHSIZE[2:0]
+0x05(1) CMODE[1:0] – – – UDORD UCPHA –
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 00000011
00000110
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Note: 1. Master SPI mode
Bits 7:6 – CMODE[1:0]: Communication Mode
These bits select the mode of operation of the USART as shown in Table 23-7.
Table 23-7. CMODE bit settings.
Notes: 1. See “IRCOM – IR Communication Module” on page 301 for full description on using IRCOM mode.
2. See “USART in Master SPI Mode” on page 291 for full description of the master SPI operation.
Bits 5:4 – PMODE[1:0]: Parity Mode
These bits enable and set the type of parity generation according to Table 23-8 on page 297. When enabled, the
transmitter will automatically generate and send the parity of the transmitted data bits within each frame. The
receiver will generate a parity value for the incoming data and compare it to the PMODE setting, and if a mismatch
is detected, the PERR flag in STATUS will be set.
These bits are unused in master SPI mode operation.
Table 23-8. PMODE bit settings.
Bit 3 – SBMODE: Stop Bit Mode
This bit selects the number of stop bits to be inserted by the transmitter according to Table 23-9 on page 297. The
receiver ignores this setting.
This bit is unused in master SPI mode operation.
Table 23-9. SBMODE bit settings.
Bit 2:0 – CHSIZE[2:0]: Character Size
The CHSIZE[2:0] bits set the number of data bits in a frame according to Table 23-10 on page 298. The receiver
and transmitter use the same setting.
CMODE[1:0] Group configuration Mode
00 ASYNCHRONOUS Asynchronous USART
01 SYNCHRONOUS Synchronous USART
10 IRCOM IRCOM(1)
11 MSPI Master SPI(2)
PMODE[1:0] Group configu ra ti on Parity Mode
00 DISABLED Disabled
01 –Reserved
10 EVEN Enabled, even parity
11 ODD Enabled, odd parity
SBMODE Stop Bit(s)
0 1
1 2
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Table 23-10. CHSIZE bit settings.
Bit 2 – UDORD: Data Order
This bit is only for master SPI mode, and this bit sets the frame format. When written to one, the lsb of the data
word is transmitted first. When written to zero, the msb of the data word is transmitted first. The receiver and trans-
mitter use the same setting. Changing the setting of UDORD will corrupt all ongoing communication for both
receiver and transmitter.
Bit 1 – UCPHA: Clock Phase
This bit is only for master SPI mode, and the bit determine whether data are sampled on the leading (first) edge or
tailing (last) edge of XCKn. Refer to the “Master SPI Mode Clock Generation” on page 284 for details.
23.15.6 BAUDCTRLA – Baud Rate register A
Bit 7:0 – BSEL[7:0]: Baud Rate bits
These are the lower 8 bits of the 12-bit BSEL value used for USART baud rate setting. BAUDCTRLB contains the
four most-significant bits. Ongoing transmissions by the transmitter and receiver will be corrupted if the baud rate
is changed. Writing BSEL will trigger an immediate update of the baud rate prescaler. See the equations in Table
23-1 on page 282.
23.15.7 BAUDCTRLB – Baud Rate register B
Bit 7:4 – BSCALE[3:0]: Baud Rate Scale factor
These bits select the baud rate generator scale factor. The scale factor is given in two's complement form from -7
(0b1001) to +7 (0b0111). The -8 (0b1000) setting is reserved. See the equations in Table 23-1 on page 282.
CHSIZE[2:0] Group configuration Character size
000 5BIT 5-bit
001 6BIT 6-bit
010 7BIT 7-bit
011 8BIT 8-bit
100 –Reserved
101 –Reserved
110 –Reserved
111 9BIT 9-bit
Bit 76543210
+0x06 BSEL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x07 BSCALE[3:0] BSEL[11:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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Bit 3:0 – BSEL[11:8]: Baud Rate bits
These are the upper 4 bits of the 12-bit value used for USART baud rate setting. BAUDCTRLA contains the eight
least-significant bits. Ongoing transmissions by the transmitter and receiver will be corrupted if the baud rate is
changed. Writing BAUDCTRLA will trigger an immediate update of the baud rate prescaler.
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23.16 Register summary
23.16.1 Register description – USART
23.16.2 Register description – USART in SPI Master Mode
23.17 Interrupt vector summary
Table 23-11. USART interrupt vectors and their word offset address.
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 DATA DATA[7:0] 294
+0x01 STATUS RXCIF TXCIF DREIF FERR BUFOVF PERR –RXB8 294
+0x02 Reserved ––––––––
+0x03 CTRLA – – RXCINTLVL[1:0] TXCINTLVL[1:0] DREINTLVL[1:0] 295
+0x04 CTRLB –––RXEN TXEN CLK2X MPCM TXB8 296
+0x05 CTRLC CMODE[1:0] PMODE[1:0] SBMODE CHSIZE[2:0] 296
+0x06 BAUDCTRLA BSEL[7:0] 298
+0x07 BAUDCTRLB BSCALE[3:0] BSEL[11:8] 298
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 DATA DATA[7:0] 294
+0x01 STATUS RXCIF TXCIF DREIF –––––294
+0x02 Reserved ––––––––
+0x03 CTRLA – – RXCINTLVL[1:0] TXCINTLVL[1:0] DREINTLVL[1:0] 295
+0x04 CTRLB –––RXEN TXEN –––296
+0x05 CTRLC CMODE[1:0] – – – UDORD UCPHA –296
+0x06 BAUDCTRLA BSEL[7:0] 298
+0x07 BAUDCTRLB BSCALE[3:0] BSEL[11:8] 298
Offset Source Interrupt description
0x00 RXC_vect USART receive complete interrupt vector
0x02 DRE_vect USART data register empty interrupt vector
0x04 TXC_vect USART transmit complete interrupt vector
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24. IRCOM – IR Communication Module
24.1 Features
Pulse modulation/demodulation for infrared communication
IrDA compatible for baud rates up to 115.2kbps
Selectable pulse modulation scheme
3/16 of the baud rate period
Fixed pulse period, 8-bit programmable
Pulse modulation disabled
Built-in filtering
Can be connected to and used by any USART
24.2 Overview
XMEGA devices contain an infrared communication module (IRCOM) that is IrDA compatible for baud rates up to
115.2kbps. It can be connected to any USART to enable infrared pulse encoding/decoding for that USART.
Figure 24-1. IRCOM connection to USARTs and associated port pins.
The IRCOM is automatically enabled when a USART is set in IRCOM mode. The signals between the USART and the
RX/TX pins are then routed through the module as shown in Figure 24-1 on page 301. The data on the TX/RX pins are
the inverted value of the transmitted/received infrared pulse. It is also possible to select an event channel from the event
system as input for the IRCOM receiver. This will disable the RX input from the USART pin.
For transmission, three pulse modulation schemes are available:
3/16 of the baud rate period
Fixed programmable pulse time based on the peripheral clock frequency
Pulse modulation disabled
IRCOM
Pulse
Decoding
DIF
Event System
RXDxn
TXDxn
USARTxn
....
USARTD0
USARTC0
RXDD0
TXDD0
RXDC0
TXDC0
Pulse
Encoding
decoded RXD
encoded TXD
encoded RXD
RXD...
TXD...
decoded TXD
events
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For reception, a fixed programmable minimum high-level pulse width for the pulse to be decoded as a logical 0 is used.
Shorter pulses will then be discarded, and the bit will be decoded to logical 1 as if no pulse was received.
The module can only be used in combination with one USART at a time. Thus, IRCOM mode must not be set for more
than one USART at a time. This must be ensured in the user software.
24.3 Event System Filtering
The event system can be used as the receiver input. This enables IRCOM or USART input from I/O pins or sources other
than the corresponding RX pin. If event system input is enabled, input from the USART's RX pin is automatically
disabled. The event system has a digital input filter (DIF) on the event channels that can be used for filtering. Refer to
“Event System” on page 70” for details on using the event system.
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24.4 Registers Description
24.4.1 TXPLCTRL – Transmitter Pulse Length Control register
Bit 7:0 – TXPLCTRL[7:0]: Transmitter Pulse Length Control
This 8-bit value sets the pulse modulation scheme for the transmitter. Setting this register will have no effect if
IRCOM mode is not selected by a USART.
By leaving this register value to zero, 3/16 of the baud rate period pulse modulation is used.
Setting this value from 1 to 254 will give a fixed pulse length coding. The 8-bit value sets the number of system
clock periods for the pulse. The start of the pulse will be synchronized with the rising edge of the baud rate clock.
Setting the value to 255 (0xFF) will disable pulse coding, letting the RX and TX signals pass through the IRCOM
module unaltered. This enables other features through the IRCOM module, such as half-duplex USART, loop-back
testing, and USART RX input from an event channel.
TXPCTRL must be configured before the USART transmitter is enabled (TXEN).
24.4.2 RXPLCTRL – Receiver Pulse Length Control register
Bit 7:0 – RXPLCTRL[7:0]: Receiver Pulse Length Control
This 8-bit value sets the filter coefficient for the IRCOM transceiver. Setting this register will have no effect if
IRCOM mode is not selected by a USART.
By leaving this register value at zero, filtering is disabled. Setting this value between 1 and 255 will enable filtering,
where x+1 equal samples are required for the pulse to be accepted.
RXPCTRL must be configured before the USART receiver is enabled (RXEN).
24.4.3 CTRL – Control register
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:0 – EVSEL [3:0]: Event Channel Selection
These bits select the event channel source for the IRCOM receiver according to Table 24-1 on page 304. If event
input is selected for the IRCOM receiver, the input from the USART’s RX pin is automatically disabled
Bit 76543210
+0x01 TXPLCTRL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x02 RXPLCTRL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x00 –––– EVSEL[3:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 00000000
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Table 24-1. Event channel selection.
24.5 Register summary
EVSEL[3:0] Group config uration Event source
0000 None
0001 (Reserved)
0010 (Reserved)
0011 (Reserved)
0100 (Reserved)
0101 (Reserved)
0110 (Reserved)
0111 (Reserved)
1nnn CHn Event system channel n; n = {0, …,7}
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL – – – – EVSEL[3:0] 303
+0x01 TXPLCTRL TXPLCTRL[7:0] 303
+0x02 RXPLCTRL RXPLCTRL[7:0] 303
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25. AES and DES Crypto Engines
25.1 Features
Data Encryption Standard (DES) CPU instruction
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) crypto module
DES Instruction
Encryption and decryption
DES supported
Encryption/decryption in 16 CPU clock cycles per 8-byte block
AES crypto module
Encryption and decryption
Supports 128-bit keys
Supports XOR data load mode to the state memory
Encryption/decryption in 375 clock cycles per 16-byte block
25.2 Overview
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Data Encryption Standard (DES) are two commonly used standards for
cryptography. These are supported through an AES peripheral module and a DES CPU instruction, and the
communication interfaces and the CPU can use these for fast, encrypted communication and secure data storage.
DES is supported by an instruction in the AVR CPU. The 8-byte key and 8-byte data blocks must be loaded into the
register file, and then the DES instruction must be executed 16 times to encrypt/decrypt the data block.
The AES crypto module encrypts and decrypts 128-bit data blocks with the use of a 128-bit key. The key and data must
be loaded into the key and state memory in the module before encryption/decryption is started. It takes 375 peripheral
clock cycles before the encryption/decryption is done. The encrypted/encrypted data can then be read out, and an
optional interrupt can be generated. The AES crypto module also has DMA support with transfer triggers when
encryption/decryption is done and optional auto-start of encryption/decryption when the state memory is fully loaded.
25.3 DES Instruction
The DES instruction is a single cycle instruction. In order to decrypt or encrypt a 64-bit (8-byte) data block, the instruction
has to be executed 16 times.
The data and key blocks must be loaded into the register file before encryption/decryption is started. The 64-bit data
block (plaintext or ciphertext) is placed in registers R0-R7, where the LSB of data is placed in R0 and the MSB of data is
placed in R7. The full 64-bit key (including parity bits) is placed in registers R8-R15, with the LSB of the key in R8 and the
MSB of the key in R15.
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Figure 25-1. Register file usage during DES encryption /decryption.
Executing one DES instruction performs one round in the DES algorithm. Sixteen rounds must be executed in increasing
order to form the correct DES ciphertext or plaintext. Intermediate results are stored in the register file (R0-R15) after
each DES instruction. After sixteen rounds, the key is located in R8-R16 and the encrypted/decrypted ciphertext/plaintext
is located in R0-R7. The instruction's operand (K) determines which round is executed, and the half carry flag (H) in the
CPU status register determines whether encryption or decryption is performed. If the half carry flag is set, decryption is
performed, and if the flag is cleared, encryption is performed.
For more details on the DES instruction, refer to the AVR instruction set manual.
25.4 AES Crypto Module
The AES crypto module performs encryption and decryption according to the Advanced Encryption Standard (FIPS-197).
The 128-bit key block and 128-bit data block (plaintext or ciphertext) must be loaded into the key and state memories in
the AES crypto module. This is done by writing the AES KEY register and STATE register sequentially with 16 bytes.
It is software selectable whether the module should perform encryption or decryption. It is also possible to enable XOR
mode, where all new data loaded to the state key is XORed with the current data in the state memory.
The AES module uses 375 clock cycles before the encrypted/decrypted plaintext/ciphertext is available for readout in the
state memory.
The following setup and use procedure is recommended:
1. Enable the AES interrupt (optional).
2. Select the AES direction to encryption or decryption.
3. Load the key data block into the AES key memory.
4. Load the data block into the AES state memory.
5. Start the encryption/decryption operation.
If more than one block is to be encrypted or decrypted, repeat the procedure from step 3.
When the encryption/decryption procedure is complete, the AES interrupt flag is set and an optional interrupt is
generated.
Register File
R0
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R10
R11
R12
R13
R14
R15
R16
...
R31
data0
data1
data2
data3
data4
data5
data6
data7
key0
key1
key2
key3
key4
key5
key6
key7
data key
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25.4.1 Key and State Memory
The AES key and state memory are both 16 x 8-bit memories that are accessible through the KEY and STATE registers,
respectively.
Each memory has two 4-bit address pointers used to address the memory for read and write, respectively. The initial
value of the pointers is zero. After a read or write operation to the STATE or KEY register, the appropriate pointer is
automatically incremented. Accessing (read or write) the control register (CTRL) will reset all pointers to zero. A pointer
overflow (a sequential read or write done more than 16 times) will also set the affected pointer to zero. The pointers are
not accessible from software. Read and write memory pointers are both incremented during write operations in XOR
mode.
Access to the KEY and STATE registers is possible only when encryption/decryption is not in progress.
Figure 25-2. The state memory with pointers and register.
The state memory contains the AES state throughout the encryption/decryption process. The initial value of the state is
the initial data (i.e., plaintext in the encryption mode, and ciphertext in the decryption mode). The last value of the state is
the encrypted/decrypted data.
Figure 25-3. The key memory with pointers and register.
4-bit state write
address pointer
1
-
14
15
STATE
04-bit state read
address pointer
Reset pointer
Reset pointer
reset or access
to AES Control
reset or access
to AES Control
STATE[read pointer]
xor
XOR
I/O Data Bus
4-bit key write
address pointer
1
-
14
15
KEY
04-bit key read
address pointer
Reset pointer
Reset pointer
reset or
access to CTRL
reset or
access to CTRL
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In the AES crypto module, the following definition of the key is used:
In encryption mode, the key is the one defined in the AES standard.
In decryption mode, the key is the last subkey of the expanded key defined in the AES standard.
In decryption mode, the key expansion procedure must be executed by software before operation with the AES crypto
module so that the last subkey is ready to be loaded through the KEY register. Alternatively, this procedure can be run in
hardware by using the AES crypto module to process a dummy data block in encryption mode using the same key. After
the end of the encryption, reading from the key memory allows the last subkey to be obtained; i.e., get the result of the
key expansion procedure. Table 25-1 on page 323 shows the results of reading the key, depending on the mode
(encryption or decryption) and status of the AES crypto module.
Table 25-1. The result of reading the key me mory at different stages.
25.4.2 DMA Support
The AES module can trigger a DMA transfer when the encryption/decryption procedure is complete. For more details on
DMA transfer triggers, refer to “Transfer Triggers” on page 55.
Encryption Decryption
Before data processing After data processing Before data processing After Data Processing
Same key as loaded The last subkey generated from the
loaded key Same key as loaded The initial key generated from the
last loaded subkey
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25.5 Register Description – AES
25.5.1 CTRL – Control register
Bit 7 – START: Start/Run
Setting this bit starts the encryption/decryption procedure, and this bit remains set while the encryption/decryption
is ongoing. Writing this bit to zero will stop/abort any ongoing encryption/decryption process. This bit is automati-
cally cleared if the SRIF or the ERROR flags in STATUS are set.
Bit 6 – AUTO: Auto Start Trigger
Setting this bit enables the auto-start mode. In auto-start mode, the START bit will trigger automatically and start
the encryption/decryption when all of the following conditions are met:
The AUTO bit is set before the state memory is loaded
All memory pointers (state read/write and key read/write) are zero
State memory is fully loaded
If all of these conditions are not met, the encryption/decryption will be started with an incorrect key.
Bit 5 – RESET: Software Reset
Setting this bit will reset the AES crypto module to its initial status on the next positive edge of the peripheral clock.
All registers, pointers, and memories in the module are set to their initial value. When written to one, the bit stays
high for one clock cycle before it is reset to zero by hardware.
Bit 4 – DECRYPT: Decryption / Direction
This bit sets the direction for the AES crypto module. Writing this bit to zero will set the module in encryption mode.
Writing one to this bit sets the module in decryption mode.
Bit 3 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 2 – XOR: State XOR Load Enable
Setting this bit enables a XOR data load to the state memory. When this bit is set, the data loaded to the state
memory are bitwise XORed with the data currently in the state memory. Writing this bit to zero disables XOR load
mode, and new data written to the state memory will overwrite the current data.
Bit 1:0 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
25.5.2 STATUS – AES Status register
Bit 7 – ERROR: Error
The ERROR flag indicates an illegal handling of the AES crypto module. The flag is set in the following cases:
Bit 76543210
+0x00 START AUTO RESET DECRYPT –XOR– –
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R R/W R R
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x01 ERROR ––––––SRIF
Read/Write R/W R R R R R R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Setting START in the control register while the state memory and/or key memory are not fully loaded or read. This error
occurs when the total number of read/write operations from/to the STATE and KEY registers is not a multiple of 16
before an AES start.
Accessing (read or write) the control register while the START bit is one.
This flag can be cleared by software by writing one to its bit location.
Bit 6:1 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 0 – SRIF: State Ready Interrupt flag
This flag is the interrupt/DMA request flag, and is set when the encryption/decryption procedure is completed and
the state memory contains valid data. As long as the flag is zero, this indicates that there is no valid
encrypted/decrypted data in the state memory.
The flag is cleared by hardware when a read access is made to the state memory (the first byte is read). Alterna-
tively, the bit can be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
25.5.3 STATE – AES State register
The STATE register is used to access the state memory. Before encryption/decryption can take place, the state memory
must be written sequentially, byte-by-byte, through the STATE register. After encryption/decryption is done, the
ciphertext/plaintext can be read sequentially, byte-by-byte, through the STATE register.
Loading the initial data to the STATE register should be done after setting the appropriate AES mode and direction. This
register can not be accessed during encryption/decryption.
25.5.4 KEY – Key register
The KEY register is used to access the key memory. Before encryption/decryption can take place, the key memory must
be written sequentially, byte-by-byte, through the KEY register. After encryption/decryption is done, the last subkey can
be read sequentially, byte-by-byte, through the KEY register.
Loading the initial data to the KEY register should be done after setting the appropriate AES mode and direction.
Bit 76543210
+0x02 STATE[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x03 KEY[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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25.5.5 INTCTRL – Interrupt Control register
Bit 7:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1:0 – INTLVL[1:0]: Interrupt priority and enable
These bits enable the AES interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and Programmable
Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. The enabled interrupt will be triggered when the SRIF in the STATUS
register is set.
Bit 7654321 0
+0x04 –––––– INTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R RRRRRR/WR/W
Initial Value0000000 0
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25.6 Register summary – AES
25.7 Interrupt vector summary
Table 25-2. AES interrupt vector and its offset word address.
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL START AUTO RESET DECRYPT –XOR – – 309
+0x01 STATUS ERROR – – – – – – SRIF 309
+0x02 STATE STATE[7:0] 310
+0x03 KEY KEY[7:0] 310
+0x04 INTCTRL – – – – – – INTLVL[1:0] 311
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –
Offset Source Interrupt description
0x00 AES_vect AES interrupt vector
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26. CRC – Cyclic Re dundancy Check Generator
26.1 Features
Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) generation and checking for
Communication data
Program or data in flash memory
Data in SRAM and I/O memory space
Integrated with flash memory, DMA controller and CPU
Continuous CRC on data going through a DMA channel
Automatic CRC of the complete or a selectable range of the flash memory
CPU can load data to the CRC generator through the I/O interface
CRC polynomial software selectable to
CRC-16 (CRC-CCITT)
CRC-32 (IEEE 802.3)
Zero remainder detection
26.2 Overview
A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is an error detection technique test algorithm used to find accidental errors in data, and
it is commonly used to determine the correctness of a data transmission, and data presence in the data and program
memories. A CRC takes a data stream or a block of data as input and generates a 16- or 32-bit output that can be
appended to the data and used as a checksum. When the same data are later received or read, the device or application
repeats the calculation. If the new CRC result does not match the one calculated earlier, the block contains a data error.
The application will then detect the error and may take a corrective action, such as requesting the data to be sent again
or simply not using the incorrect data.
Typically, an n-bit CRC applied to a data block of arbitrary length will detect any single error burst not longer than n bits
(any single alteration that spans no more than n bits of the data), and will detect the fraction 1-2-n of all longer error
bursts. The CRC module in XMEGA devices supports two commonly used CRC polynomials; CRC-16 (CRC-CCITT) and
CRC-32 (IEEE 802.3).
CRC-16:
CRC-32:
26.3 Operation
The data source for the CRC module must be selected in software as either flash memory, the DMA channels, or the I/O
interface. The CRC module then takes data input from the selected source and generates a checksum based on these
data. The checksum is available in the CHECKSUM registers in the CRC module. When CRC-32 polynomial is used, the
final checksum read is bit reversed and complemented (see Figure 26-1 on page 314).
For the I/O interface or DMA controller, which CRC polynomial is used is software selectable, but the default setting is
CRC-16. CRC-32 is automatically used if Flash Memory is selected as the source. The CRC module operates on bytes
only.
Polynomial: x16+x12+x5+1
Hex value : 0x1021
Polynomial: x32+x26+x23+x22+x16+x12+x11+x10+x8+x7+x5+x4+x2+x+1
Hex value : 0x04C11DB7
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Figure 26-1. CRC generator block diagram.
26.4 CRC on Flash memory
A CRC-32 calculation can be performed on the entire flash memory, on only the application section, on only the boot
section, or on a software selectable range of the flash memory. Other than selecting the flash as the source, all further
control and setup are done from the NVM controller. This means that the NVM controller configures the memory range to
perform the CRC on, and the CRC is started using NVM commands. Once completed, the result is available in the
checksum registers in the CRC module. For further details on setting up and performing CRC on flash memory, refer to
“Memory Programming” on page 407.
26.5 CRC on DMA Data
CRC-16 or CRC-32 calculations can be performed on data passing through any DMA channel. Once a DMA channel is
selected as the source, the CRC module will continuously generate the CRC on the data passing through the DMA
channel. The checksum is available for readout once the DMA transaction is completed or aborted. A CRC can be
performed not only on communication data, but also on data in SRAM or I/O memory by passing these data through a
DMA channel. If the latter is done, the destination register for the DMA data can be the data input (DATAIN) register in
the CRC module. Refer to “DMAC - Direct Memory Access Controller” on page 53 for more details on setting up DMA
transactions.
26.6 CRC using the I/O Interface
CRC can be performed on any data by loading them into the CRC module using the CPU and writing the data to the
DATAIN register. Using this method, an arbitrary number of bytes can be written to the register by the CPU, and CRC is
done continuously for each byte. New data can be written for each cycle. The CRC complete is signaled by writing the
BUSY bit in the STATUS register.
DATAIN
CTRL
Flash
Memory
DMA
Controller
CRC-16 CRC-32
CHECKSUM
bit-reverse +
complement
16
8832
Checksum read
crc32
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26.7 Register Description
26.7.1 CTRL – Control register
Bit 7:6 – RESET[1:0]: Reset
These bits are used to reset the CRC module, and they will always be read as zero. The CRC registers will be
reset one peripheral clock cycle after the RESET[1] bit is set.
Table 26-1. CRC reset.
Bit 5 – CRC32: CRC-32 Enable
Setting this bit will enable CRC-32 instead of the default CRC-16. It cannot be changed while the BUSY flag is set.
Bit 4 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 3:0 – SOURCE[3:0]: Input Source
These bits select the input source for generating the CRC. The selected source is locked until either the CRC gen-
eration is completed or the CRC module is reset. CRC generation complete is generated and signaled from the
selected source when used with the DMA controller or flash memory
Table 26-2. CRC source select.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 RESET[1:0] CRC32 – SOURCE[3:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RESET[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 NO No reset
01 –Reserved
10 RESET0 Reset CRC with CHECKSUM to all zeros
11 RESET1 Reset CRC with CHECKSUM to all ones
SOURCE[3:0] Group configu ration Description
0000 DISABLE CRC disabled
0001 IO I/O interface
0010 FLASH Flash
0011 –Reserved for future use
0100 DMACH0 DMA controller channel 0
0101 DMACH1 DMA controller channel 1
0110 DMACH2 DMA controller channel 2
0111 DMACH3 DMA controller channel 3
1xxx –Reserved for future use
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26.7.2 STATUS – Status register
Bit 7:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1 – ZERO: Checksum Zero
This flag is set if the CHECKSUM is zero when the CRC generation is complete. It is automatically cleared when a
new CRC source is selected.
When running CRC-32 and appending the checksum at the end of the packet (as little indian), the final checksum
should be 0x2144df1c, and not zero. However, if the checksum is complemented before it is appended (as little
indian) to the data, the final result in the checksum register will be zero.
See the description of CHECKSUM to read out different versions of the CHECKSUM.
Bit 0 – BUSY: Busy
This flag is read as one when a source configuration is selected and as long as the source is using the CRC mod-
ule. If the I/O interface is selected as the source, the flag can be cleared by writing a one this location. If a DMA
channel if selected as the source, the flag is cleared when the DMA channel transaction is completed or aborted. If
flash memory is selected as the source, the flag is cleared when the CRC generation is completed.
26.7.3 DATAIN – Data Input register
Bit 7:0 – DATAIN[7:0]: Data input
This register is used to store the data for which the CRC checksum is computed. A new CHECKSUM is ready one
clock cycle after the DATAIN register is written.
26.7.4 CHECKSUM0 – Checksum register 0
CHECKSUM0, CHECKSUM1, CHECKSUM2, and CHECKSUM3 represent the 16- or 32-bit CHECKSUM value and the
generated CRC. The registers are reset to zero by default, but it is possible to write RESET to reset all bits to one. It is
possible to write these registers only when the CRC module is disabled. If NVM is selected as the source, reading
CHECKSUM will return a zero value until the BUSY flag is cleared. If CRC-32 is selected and the BUSY flag is cleared
(i.e., CRC generation is completed or aborted), the bit reversed (bit 31 is swapped with bit 0, bit 30 with bit 1, etc.) and
complemented result will be read from CHECKSUM. If CRC-16 is selected or the BUSY flag is set (i.e., CRC generation
is ongoing), CHECKSUM will contain the actual content.
Bit 7:0 – CHECKSUM[7:0]: Checksum byte 0
These bits hold byte 0 of the generated CRC.
Bit 76543210
+0x01 –––––– ZERO BUSY
Read/Write R R R R R R R R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x03 DATAIN[7:0]
Read/Write W W W W W W W W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x04 CHECKSUM[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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26.7.5 CHECKSUM1 – Checksum register 1
Bit 7:0 – CHECKSUM[15:8]: Checksum byte 1
These bits hold byte 1 of the generated CRC.
26.7.6 CHECKSUM2 – Checksum register 2
Bit 7:0 – CHECKSUM[23:16]: Checksum byte 2
These bits hold byte 2 of the generated CRC when CRC-32 is used.
26.7.7 CHECKSUM3 – CRC Checksum register 3
Bit 7:0 – CHECKSUM[31:24]: Checksum byte 3
These bits hold byte 3 of the generated CRC when CRC-32 is used.
Bit 76543210
+0x05 CHECKSUM[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x06 CHECKSUM[23:16]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x07 CHECKSUM[31:24]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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26.8 Register summary
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL RESET[1:0] CRC32 –SOURCE[3:0] 315
+0x01 STATUS ––––––ZERO BUSY 316
+0x02 Reserved ––––––––
+0x03 DATAIN DATAIN[7:0] 316
+0x04 CHECKSUM0 CHECKSUM[7:0] 317
+0x05 CHECKSUM1 CHECKSUM[15:8] 317
+0x06 CHECKSUM2 CHECKSUM[23:16] 317
+0x07 CHECKSUM3 CHECKSUM[31:24] 317
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27. EBI – External Bus Interface
27.1 Features
Supports SRAM up to:
512KB using 2-port EBI
16MB using 3-port EBI
Supports SDRAM up to:
128Mb using 3-port EBI
Four software configurable chip selects
Software configurable wait state insertion
Can run from the 2x peripheral clock frequency for fast access
27.2 Overview
The External Bus Interface (EBI) is used to connect external peripherals and memory for access through the data
memory space. When the EBI is enabled, data address space outside the internal SRAM becomes available using
dedicated EBI pins.
The EBI can interface external SRAM, SDRAM, and peripherals, such as LCD displays and other memory mapped
devices.
The address space for the external memory is selectable from 256 bytes (8-bit) up to 16MB (24-bit). Various multiplexing
modes for address and data lines can be selected for optimal use of pins when more or fewer pins are available for the
EBI. The complete memory will be mapped into one linear data address space continuing from the end of the internal
SRAM. Refer to “Data Memory” on page 22 for details.
The EBI has four chip selects, each with separate configuration. Each can be configured for SRAM, SRAM low pin count
(LPC), or SDRAM.
The EBI is clocked from the fast, 2x peripheral clock, running up to two times faster than the CPU.
Four-bit and eight-bit SDRAM are supported, and SDRAM configurations, such as CAS latency and refresh rate, are
configurable in software.
For more details on SRAM and SDRAM, and on how these memory types are organized and work, refer to SRAM and
SDRAM-specific documentation and datasheets. This section only contains EBI-specific details.
27.3 Chip Select
The EBI module has four chip select lines (CS0 to CS3), which can be associated with separate address ranges. The
chip selects control which memory or memory mapped external hardware is accessed when a given memory address is
issued on the EBI. Each chip select has separate configuration, and can be configured for SRAM or SRAM low pin count
(LPC). Chip select 3 can also be configured for SDRAM.
Each chip select has a configurable base address and address size, which are used to determine the data memory
address space associated with each chip select.
27.3.1 Base Address
The base address assigned to a chip select is the lowest address in the address space, and determines the first location
in data memory space where the connected memory hardware can be accessed. The base address associated with
each chip select must be on a 4KB boundary.
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Figure 27-1. Base Address
27.3.2 Address Size
The address size selects how many bits of the address should be compared when generating a chip select. The address
size can be anywhere from 256 bytes to 16MB. If the address space is set to anything larger than 4KB, the base address
must be on a boundary equal to the address space. For example, with 1MB address space for a chip select, the base
address must be on a 1MB, 2MB, etc. boundary.
If the EBI is configured so that the address spaces overlap, the internal memory space will have priority, followed by chip
select 0 (CS0), CS1, CS2, and CS3.
27.3.3 Chip Select as Address Lines
If any chip select lines are unused, these can, in some combinations, be used as address lines. This enables larger
external memory or external CS generation. Each column in Figure 27-2 on page 320 shows enabled chip select lines
(CSn) and the address lines available on unused chip select lines (An). The right-hand column shows that all four CS
lines are used as address lines when only CS3 is enabled.
Figure 27-2. Chip Select and ad dre ss lin e combinations
27.4 EBI Clock
The EBI is clocked from the Peripheral 2x (ClkPER2) Clock. This clock can run at the CPU Clock frequency, or at two times
the CPU Clock frequency. This can be used to lower the EBI access time. Refer to “System Clock and Clock Options” on
page 82 for details the Peripheral 2x Clock and how to configure this.
27.5 SRAM Configuration
When used with SRAM, the EBI can be configured with no multiplexing, or it can employ various address multiplexing
modes by using external address latches. When a limited number of pins are available on the device for the EBI, address
latch enable (ALE) signals are used to control the external latches that multiplex address lines from the EBI. The
ADDRESS[23:n]
BASEADDR[23:n]
=
ADDRESS[n-1:0] A[n-1:0]
D[7:0]
CS
CS3
CS2
CS1
CS0
CS3
CS2
CS1
A16
CS3
CS2
A17
A16
A19
A18
A17
A16
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available configurations are shown in “No Multiplexing” on page 321 through “Multiplexing address byte 0, 1and 2” on
page 322. Table 27-1 on page 321 describes the SRAM interface signals.
Table 27-1. SRAM Interface signals.
27.5.1 No Multiplexing
When no multiplexing is used, there is a one-to-one connection between the EBI and the SRAM. No external address
latches are used.
Figure 27-3. Non-multiplexed SRAM connection.
27.5.2 Multiplexing address byte 0 and 1
When address byte 0 (A[7:0]) and address byte 1 (A[15:8]) are multiplexed, they are output from the same port, and the
ALE1 signal from the device controls the address latch.
Figure 27-4. Multiplexed SRAM connectio n using ALE1.
Signal Description
CS Chip Select
WE Write Enable
RE Read Enable
ALE[2:1] Address Latch Enable
A[23:0] Address
D[7:0] Data bus
AD[7:0] Combined Address and Data
EBI SRAM
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
A[15:8]
A[21:16]
A[15:8]
A[21:16]
EBI SRAM
D[7:0]
A[15:8]/
A[7:0]
ALE1
DQ
G
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
A[15:8]
A[19:16]
A[19:16]
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27.5.3 Multiplexing address byte 0 and 2
When address byte 0 (A[7:0]) and address byte 2 (A[23:16) are multiplexed, they are output from the same port, and the
ALE2 signal from the device controls the address latch.
Figure 27-5. Multiplexed SRAM connectio n using ALE2.
27.5.4 Multiple xing address byte 0, 1and 2
When address byte 0 (A[7:0]), address byte 1 (A[15:8]) and address byte 2 (A[23:16] are multiplexed, they are output
from the same port, and the ALE1 and ALE2 signal from the device control the external address latches.
Figure 27-6. Multiplexed SRAM connectio n using ALE1 and ALE2.
27.5.5 Address Latches
The Address Latch timing and parameter requirements are described in EBI Timing. See the device datasheet
characteristics for details. To reduce access time when using multiplexing of address, the ALE signals are only issued
when it is required to update the latched address. For instance if address lines A[15:8] are multiplexed with A[7:0] the
ALE1 and A[15:8] are only given if any bit in A[15:8] are changed since the last time ALE was set.
27.5.6 Timing
SRAM or external memory devices may have different timing requirements. To meet these varying requirements, each
Chip Select can be configured with different wait-states. Timing details are described in the device datasheet.
EBI SRAM
D[7:0]
A[23:16]/
A[7:0]
ALE2
DQ
G
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
A[15:8]
A[23:16]
A[15:8]
EBI SRAM
D[7:0]
A[23:16]/
A[15:8]/
A[7:0]
ALE1
ALE2
DQ
G
DQ
G
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
A[15:8]
A[23:16]
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27.6 SRAM LPC Configuration
The SRAM Low Pin Count (LPC) configuration enables EBI to be configured for multiplexing modes where the data and
address lines are multiplexed. Compared to SRAM configuration, this can further reduce the number of pins required for
the EBI. The available configurations is shown in “Multiplexing Data with Address Byte 0” on page 323 through
“Multiplexing Data with Address Byte 0 and 1” on page 323.
Timing and Address Latch requirements is as for SRAM configuration.
27.6.1 Multiplexing Data with Address Byte 0
When the data byte and address byte 0 (AD[7:0]) are multiplexed, they are output from the same port, and the ALE1
signal from the device controls the address latch.
Figure 27-7. Multiplexed SRAM LPC connection using ALE1.
27.6.2 Multiplexing Data with Address Byte 0 and 1
When the data byte and address byte 0 (AD[7:0]), and address byte 1 (A[15:8]) are multiplexed, they are output from the
same port, and the ALE1 and ALE2 signal from the device control the external address latches.
Figure 27-8. Multiplexed SRAM LPC connection using ALE1 and ALE2.
EBI SRAM
AD[7:0]
ALE1
DQ
G
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
A[15:8]
A[19:16]A[19:16]
A[15:8]
EBI SRAM
A[15:8]/
AD[7:0]
ALE1
ALE2
DQ
G
DQ
G
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
A[15:8]
A[19:16]A[19:16]
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27.7 SDRAM Configuration
Chip Select 3 on the EBI can be configured from SDRAM operation, and the EBI must be configured as a three-port or
four-port interface. The SDRAM can be configured for 4-bit or 8-bit data bus, and four-Port interface must be used for 8-
bit data bus. The SDRAM interface signals from the EBI to the SDRAM is listed in Table 27-2 on page 324.
Table 27-2. SDRAM Interface signals
27.7.1 Supported Commands
The SDRAM commands that are supported by the EBI is listed in Table 27-3 on page 324.
Table 27-3. Supported SDRAM commands.
27.7.2 Three-Port EBI Configuration
When three EBI ports are available, SDRAM can be connected with a three-Port EBI configuration. When this is done
only four-bit data bus is available, and any chip select must be controlled from software using a general purpose I/O pin
(Pxn).
Signal Description
CS Chip select
WE Write enable
RAS Row address strobe
CAS Column address strobe
DQM Data mask signal/ output enable
CKE Clock enable
CLK Clock
BA[1:0] Bank address
A[12:0] Address bus
A[10] Precharge
D[7:0] Data bus
Command Description
NOP No Operation
ACTIVE Activate the selected bank and select the row
READ Input the starting column address and begin the burst read operation
WRITE Input the starting column address and begin the burst write operation
PRECHARGE Deactivate the open row of selected bank or all banks
AUTO REFRESH Refresh one row of each bank
LOAD MODE Load mode register
SELF REFRESH Activate self refresh mode
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Figure 27-9. Three-Port SDRAM configuration.
27.7.3 Four-Port EBI Configuration
When four EBI ports are available, SDRAM can be connected with a three-port or four-port EBI configuration. When a
four-port configuration is used, an eight-bit data bus is available, and all four chip selects will be available.
Figure 27-10.Four-Port SDRAM configuration.
27.7.4 Timing
The Clock Enable (CKE) signal is required for SDRAM when the EBI is clocked at 2x the CPU clock speed.
27.7.5 Initialization
Configuring Chip Select 3 to SDRAM will enable the initialization of the SDRAM. The Load Mode Register command is
automatically issued at the end of the initialization. For correct information to be loaded to the SDRAM, one of the
following must be done:
1. Configure the SDRAM control registers before enabling chip select 3 to SDRAM
2. Issue a Load Mode Register command, and perform a dummy access after the SDRAM is initialized
The SDRAM initialization is not interruptible by other EBI accesses.
27.7.6 Refresh
The EBI will automatically handle the SDRAM refresh as long as the refresh period is configured. On average will one
refresh command be issues at the interval given by the SDRAM Refresh Period Register. The EBI can collect up to four
EBI SDRAM
WE
CAS/RE
RAS
DQM
CLK
CKE
BA[1:0]
Pxn
D[3:0]
A[7:0]]
WE
CAS
RAS
DQM
CLK
CKE
CS
BA[1:0]
A[7:0]
D[3:0]
A[11:8] A[11:8]
EBI SDRAM
WE
CAS/RE
RAS
DQM
CLK
CKE
BA[1:0]
CS[3]
D[7:0]
A[7:0]]
WE
CAS
RAS
DQM
CLK
CKE
CS
BA[1:0]
A[7:0]
D[7:0]
A[11:8] A[11:8]
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refresh commands in case the interface is busy on another chip select or in the middle of a read/write at the time a
refresh should have been performed.
27.8 Combined SRAM & SDRAM Configuration
Combined SRAM and SDRAM configuration enables the EBI to have both SDRAM and SRAM connected at the same
time. This is available only when using a four-port EBI interface. Figure 27-11 on page 326 shows the configuration, with
all interface signals.
Figure 27-11.Combined SRAM and SDRAM c onn e cti on
27.9 I/O Pin and Pin-out Configuration
When the EBI is enabled, it will override the direction and/or value of the I/O pins where the EBI data lines are placed.
The EBI will also override the value, but not the direction, of the I/O pins where the EBI address and control lines are
placed. These I/O pins must be configured to output when the EBI is used. I/O pins for unused EBI address and control
lines can be used as normal I/O pins or for other alternate functions on the pins.
For control signals that are active-low, the pin output value should be set to one (high). For control signals that are active-
high, the pin output value should be set to zero (low). Address lines do not require specific pin output value configuration.
The chip select lines should have pull-up resistors to ensure that they are kept high during power on and reset. If a chip
select line is active-high, a pull-down resistor should be used instead of a pull-up.
The pin-out for the fourth EBI port can be configured with the EBIOUT register.
For more details on I/O pin configuration, refer to “I/O Ports” on page 139.
EBI SDRAM
SRAM
WE
CAS/RE
RAS/ALE1
DQM
CLK
CKE
BA[1:0]
CS[3:0]
D[7:0]
A[7:0]/A[15:8]
WE
CAS
RAS
DQM
CLK
CKE
CS
BA[1:0]
A[7:0]
D[7:0]
DQ
G
A[11:8]/A[19:16] A[11:8]
A[7:0]
A[15:8]
D[7:0]
WE
CS
RE
A[19:16]
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The tables below summaries the actual port pin-out for the various SRAM and SDRAM configurations, and shows
required pins and pin usage. Refer to the device datasheet to see which actual I/O ports are used as EBI PORT0-3 for a
specific AVR XMEGA device.
Table 27-4. Pin-out SRAM.
Table 27-5. Pin-out SR AM LP C.
PORT PIN SRAM
3PORT
ALE1
SRAM
3PORT
ALE12
SRAM
4PORT
ALE2
SRAM
4PORT
NOALE
PORT3 7:0 ––A[15:8] A[15:8]
PORT2 7:0 A[7:0]/
A[15:8]
A[7:0]/
A[15:8]/
A[23:16]
A[7:0]/
A[23:16]
A[7:0]
PORT1 7:0 D[7:0] D[7:0] D[7:0] D[7:0]
PORT0
7:4 CS[3:0]
(A[19:16]) CS[3:0] CS[3:0] CS[3:0]
(A[21:18])
3–ALE2 ALE2 A17
2ALE1 ALE1 –A16
1RE RE RE RE
0WE WE WE WE
PORT PIN SRAM LPC
2PORT
ALE1
SRAM LPC
3PORT/4PORT
ALE1
SRAM
2/3/4PORT
ALE12
PORT3 7:0 –––
PORT2 7:0 –A[15:8] –
PORT1 7:0 D[7:0]/
A[7:0]
D[7:0]/
A[7:0]
D[7:0]/
A[7:0]/
A[15:8]
PORT0
7:4 CS[3:0] CS[3:0]
(A[19:16])
CS[3:0]
(A[19:16])
3––ALE2
2ALE1 ALE1 –
1RE RE RE
0WE WE WE
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Table 27-6. Pin-out for SRAM and SRAM LPC when combined with SDRAM (four-port only).
Table 27-7. Pin-out SD RAM.
PORT PIN SRAM LPC
ALE1
(with SDRAM)
SRAM LPC
ALE12
(with SDRAM)
SRAM
ALE1
(with SDRAM)
SRAM
ALE12
(with SDRAM)
PORT3
7:4 CS[3:0]
(A[23:20])
CS[3:0]
(A[23:20])
CS[3:0]
(A[23:20]) CS[3:0]
3:0 A[15:8] A[19:16] A[19:16] –
PORT2 7:0 A[15:8] –A[7:0]/
A[15:8]
A[7:0]/
A[15:8]/
A[23:16]
PORT1 7:0 D[7:0]/
A[7:0]
D[7:0]/
A[7:0]/
A[15:8]
D[7:0] D[7:0]
PORT0
7:4 ––––
3–ALE2 –ALE2
2ALE1 ALE1 ALE1 ALE1
1RE RE RE RE
0WE WE WE WE
PORT PIN SDRAM
3PORT
4BIT
SDRAM
4PORT
4BIT
SDRAM
4PORT
8BIT
PORT3
7:4 –CS[3:0] CS[3:0]
3:0 A[11:8]
PORT2 7:0 A[7:0] A[7:0] A[7:0]
PORT1
7:4 A[11:8] A[11:8] D[7:4]
3:0 D[3:0] D[3:0] D[3:0]
PORT0
7CLK CLK CLK
6CKE CKE CKE
5BA1 BA1 BA1
4BA0 BA0 BA0
3DQM DQM DQM
2RAS RAS RAS
1CAS CAS CAS
0WE WE WE
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27.10 Register Description – EBI
27.10.1 CTR L – Co nt rol regi st er
Bit 7:6 – SDDATAW[1:0]: SDRAM Data Width Setting
These bits select the EBI SDRAM data width configuration, according to Table 27-8 on page 329.
Table 27-8. SDRAM mode.
Note: 1. Eight-bit data bus only available for four-port EBI interface
Bit 5:4 – LPCMODE[1:0]: SRAM Low Pin Count Mode
These bits select the EBI SRAM LPC configuration according to Table 27-9 on page 329.
Table 27-9. SRAM LPC mode.
Bit 3:2 – SRMODE[1:0]: SRAM Mode
These bits selects the EBI SRAM configuration according to Table 27-10 on page 329.
Table 27-10. SRAM mode.
Note: 1. ALE2 and NOALE only available with 4-port EBI interface
Bit 76543210
+0x00 SDDATAW[1:0] LPCMODE[1:0] SRMODE[1:0] IFMODE[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
SDDATAW[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 4BIT Four-bit data bus
01 8BIT(1) Eight-bit data bus
10 –Reserved
11 –Reserved
LPCMODE[1:0] Group configuration ALE Description
00 ALE1 ALE1 Data multiplexed with Address byte 0
01 – – Reserved
10 ALE1 & 2 Data multiplexed with Address byte 0 and 1ALE12
11 – – Reserved
SRMODE[1:0] Group configuration ALE Description
00 ALE1 ALE1 Address byte 0 and 1 multiplexed
01 ALE2(1) ALE2 Address byte 0 and 2 multiplexed
10 ALE12(1) ALE1 & 2 Address byte 0, 1 and 2 multiplexed
11 NOALE No ALE No address multiplexing
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Bit 1:0 – IFMODE[1:0]: Interface Mode
These bits select EBI interface mode and the number of ports that should be enabled and overridden for EBI, according
to Table 27-11 on page 330.
Table 27-11. EBI mode.
27.10.2 SDRAMCTRLA – SDRAM Control register A
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use.
Bit 3 – SDCAS: SDRAM CAS Latency
This bit sets the CAS latency as a number of ClkPER2 cycles. By default this bit is zero and the CAS latency is two
ClkPER2 cycles. When this bit is set to one, the CAS latency is three ClkPER2 cycles.
Table 27-12. SDRAM CAS latency.
Bit 2 – SDROW: SDRAM Row Bits
This bit sets the number of row bits used for the connected SDRAM. By default this bit is zero, and the row bit set-
ting is set to 11 row bits. When this bit is set to one, the row bit setting is set to 12 row bits.
Table 27-13. SDRAM row bits.
Bit 1:0 – SDCOL[1:0]: SDRAM Column Bits
These bits select the number of column bits that are used for the connected SDRAM according to table. Table 27-
14 on page 331.
IFMODE[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 DISABLED EBI disabled
01 3PORT EBI enabled with three-port interface
10 4PORT EBI enabled with four-port interface
11 2PORT EBI enabled with two-port interface
Bit 7654 3 2 10
+0x01 –––– SDCAS SDROW SDCOL[1:0]
Read/Write RRRRR/WR/WR/WR/W
Initial Value0000 0 0 00
SDROW Group configuration Description
02CLK 2 ClkPER2 cycles delay
13CLK 3 ClkPER2 cycles delay
SDROW Group configurat i on Description
011BIT 11 row bits
112BIT 12 row bits
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Table 27-14. SDRAM column bits.
27.10.3 REFRESH – SDRAM Refresh Period Register
Bit 15:10 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use.
Bit 9:0 – REFRESH[9:0]: SDRAM Refresh Period
This register sets the refresh period as a number of ClkPER2 cycles. If the EBI is busy with another external memory
access at time of refresh, up to 4 refresh will be remembered and given at the first available time.
27.10.4 INITDLY – SDRAM Initialization Delay register
Bit 15:14 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use.
Bit 13:0 – INITDLY[13:0]: SDRAM Initialization De lay
This register is used to delay the initialisation sequence after the controller is enabled until all voltages are stabi-
lized and the SDRAM clock has been running long enough to take the SDRAM chip through its initialisation
sequence. The initialisation sequence includes pre-charge all banks to their idle state issuing an auto-refresh cycle
and then loading the mode register. The setting in this register is as a number of ClkPER2 cycles.
SDCOL[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 8BIT 8 column bits
01 9BIT 9 column bits
10 10BIT 10 column bits
11 11BIT 11 column bits
Bit 76543210
+0x04 REFRESH[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x05 –––––– REFRESH[9-8]
Read/Write RRRRRRR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x06 INITDLY[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x07 –– INITDLY[13-8]
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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27.10.5 SDRAMCTRLB – SDRAM Control register B
Bit 7:6 – MRDLY[1:0]: SDRAM Mode Delay
These bits select the delay between a LOAD MODE command and an ACTIVE command, in number of ClkPER2
cycles, according to Table 27-15 on page 332.
Table 27-15. SDRAM Load Mode to Active command delays settings.
Bit 5:3 – ROWCYCDLY[2:0]: SDRAM Row Cycle Delay
These bits select the delay between a REFRESH and an ACTIVE command in number of ClkPER2 cycles, accord-
ing to Table 27-16 on page 332.
Table 27-16. SDRAM Row cycle delay settings.
Bit 2:0 – RPDLY[2:0]: SDRAM Row to Precharge Delay
RPDLY defines the delay between an Active command and a Precharge command in number of ClkPER2 cycles,
according to Table 27-17 on page 333.
Bit 7654 3 2 10
+0x08 MRDLY[1:0] ROWCYCDLY[2:0] RPDLY[2:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MRDLY[1:0] Group co nfi guration Description
00 0CLK Zero ClkPER2 cycles delay
01 1CLK One ClkPER2 cycles delay
10 2CLK Two ClkPER2 cycles delay
11 3CLK Three ClkPER2 cycles delay
ROWCYDLY[2:0] Group configuration Description
000 0CLK Zero ClkPER2 cycles delay
001 1CLK One ClkPER2 cycles delay
010 2CLK Two ClkPER2 cycles delay
011 3CLK Three ClkPER2 cycles delay
100 4CLK Four ClkPER2 cycles delay
101 5CLK Five ClkPER2 cycles delay
110 6CLK Six ClkPER2 cycles delay
111 7CLK seven ClkPER2 cycles delay
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Table 27-17. SDRAM row to precharge delay settings.
27.10.6 SDRAMCTRLC – SDRAM Control register C
Bit 7:6 – WRDLY[1:0]: SDRAM Write Recovery Delay
These bits select the write recovery time in number of ClkPER2 cycles, according to Table 27-18 on page 333.
Table 27-18. SDRAM write recovery delay settings.
Bit 5:3 – ESRDLY[2:0]: SDRAM Exit Self-refresh to Active Delay
This field defines the delay between CKE set high and an ACTIVE command in a number of ClkPER2 cycles,
according to Table 27-19 on page 333.
Table 27-19. SDRAM exit self-refresh delay settings.
RPDLY[2:0] Group configuration Description
000 0CLK Zero ClkPER2 cycles delay
001 1CLK One ClkPER2 cycles delay
010 2CLK Two ClkPER2 cycles delay
011 3CLK Three ClkPER2 cycles delay
100 4CLK Four ClkPER2 cycles delay
101 5CLK Five ClkPER2 cycles delay
110 6CLK Six ClkPER2 cycles delay
111 7CLK Seven ClkPER2 cycles delay
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x09 WRDLY[1:0] ESRDLY[1:0] ROWCOLDLY[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
WRDLY[1:0] Group confi guration Description
00 0CLK Zero ClkPER2 cycles delay
01 1CLK One ClkPER2 cycles delay
10 2CLK Two ClkPER2 cycles delay
11 3CLK Three ClkPER2 cycles delay
ESRDLY[2:0] Group configurati on Description
000 0CLK Zero ClkPER2 cycles delay
001 1CLK One ClkPER2 cycles delay
010 2CLK Two ClkPER2 cycles delay
011 3CLK Three ClkPER2 cycles delay
100 4CLK Four ClkPER2 cycles delay
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Bit 2:0 – ROWCOLDLY[2:0]: SDRAM Row to Column Delay
This field defines the delay between an Active command and a Read/Write command as a number of ClkPER2
cycles, according to Table 27-20 on page 334.
Table 27-20. SDRAM row column delay settings.
101 5CLK Five ClkPER2 cycles delay
110 6CLK Six ClkPER2 cycles delay
111 7CLK Seven ClkPER2 cycles delay
ROWCOLDLY[2:0] Group confi gu ra ti on Description
000 0CLK Zero ClkPER2 cycles delay
001 1CLK One ClkPER2 cycles delay
010 2CLK Two ClkPER2 cycles delay
011 3CLK Three ClkPER2 cycles delay
100 4CLK Four ClkPER2 cycles delay
101 5CLK Five ClkPER2 cycles delay
110 6CLK Six ClkPER2 cycles delay
111 7CLK seven ClkPER2 cycles delay
ESRDLY[2:0] Group configurati on Description
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27.11 Register Description – EBI Chip Select
27.11.1 CTRLA – Control register A
Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use.
Bit 6:2 – ASIZE[4:0]: Address Size
These bits select the address size for the Chip Select. This is the size of the block above the base address.
Table 27-21. Address size encoding .
Note: 1. Entire available data space used.
Bit 1:0 – MODE[1:0]: Chip Select Mode
These bits select the Chip Select Mode and decide what type of interface is used for the external memory or
peripheral according to Table 27-22 on page 336.
Bit 7654 3 2 10
+0x00 – ASIZE[4:0] MODE[1:0]
Read/Write R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value0000 0 0 00
ASIZE[4:0] Group configurat i on Address size Address lines compared
00000 256B 256 bytes ADDR[23:8]
00001 512B 512 bytes ADDR[23:9]
00010 1K 1KB ADDR[23:10]
00011 2K 2KB ADDR[23:11]
00100 4K 4KB ADDR[23:12]
00101 8K 8KB ADDR[23:13]
00110 16K 16KB ADDR[23:14
00111 32K 32KB ADDR[23:15]
01000 64K 64KB ADDR[23:16]
01001 128K 128KB ADDR[23:17]
01010 256K 256KB ADDR[23:18]
01011 512K 512KB ADDR[23:19]
01100 1M 1MB ADDR[23:20]
01101 2M 2MB ADDR[23:21]
01110 4M 4MB ADDR[23:22]
01111 8M 8MB ADDR[23]
10000 16M 16MB(1) –
Other – – Reserved
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Table 27-22. Chip Select Mode selection.
Note: 1. SDRAM can only be selected for CS3
27.11.2 CTRLB (SRAM) – Control register B
The configuration options for this register depend on the chip select mode configuration. The register description below is
valid when the chip select mode is configured for SRAM or SRAM LPC.
Bit 7:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use.
Bit 2:0 – SRWS[2:0]: SRAM Wait State
These bits select the number of wait states for SRAM and SRAM LPC access as a number of ClkPER2 cycles,
according to Table 27-23 on page 336.
Table 27-23. Wait state selection.
27.11.3 CTRLB (SDRAM) – Control register B
The configuration options for this register depend on the chip select mode configuration. The register description below is
valid for CS3 when the chip select mode is configured for SDRAM.
MODE[1:0] Group configurat i on Description
00 DISABLE Chip select disabled
01 SRAM Enable chip select for SRAM
10 LPC Enable chip select for SRAM LPC
11 SDRAM Enable chip select for SDRAM(1)
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 – – – – – SRWS[2:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SRWS[2:0] Group configuration Description
000 0CLK Zero ClkPER2 cycles wait state
001 1CLK One ClkPER2 cycles wait state
010 2CLK Two ClkPER2 cycles wait state
011 3CLK Three ClkPER2 cycles wait state
100 4CLK Four ClkPER2 cycles wait state
101 5CLK Five ClkPER2 cycles wait state
110 6CLK Six ClkPER2 cycles wait state
111 7CLK Seven ClkPER2 cycles wait state
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 SDINITDONE – – – – SDREN SDMODE[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Bit 7 – SDINITDONE: SDRAM Initialization Complete
This flag is set at the end of the SDRAM initialization sequence. The flag will remain set as long as the EBI is
enabled and the Chip Select is configured for SDRAM.
Bit 6:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use.
Bit 2 – SDSREN: SDRAM Self-refresh Enable
When this bit is written to one the EBI controller will send a Self-refresh command to the SDRAM. For leaving the
self refresh mode, the bit must be written to zero.
Bit 1:0 SDMODE[1:0]: SDRAM Mode
These bits select the mode when accessing SDRAM according to Table 27-24 on page 337.
Table 27-24. SDRAM mode.
27.11.4 BASEADDR – Base Address register
Bit 15:4 – BASEADDR[23:12]: Chip Select Base Address
The base address is the lowest address in the address space enabled by a chip select. Together with the Chip
Select Address Size (ASIZE) setting in “CTRLA - Chip Select Control Register A”, this gives the address space for
the Chip Select.
Bit 3:0 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use.
SDMODE[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 NORMAL Normal mode - access to the SDRAM is decoded normally
01 LOAD Load Mode - the EBI issues a Load Mode Register command when
the SDRAM is accessed
10 –Reserved
11 –Reserved
Bit 76543210
+0x02 BASEADDR[15:12] – – – –
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x03 BASEADDR[23:16]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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27.12 Register summary – EBI
27.13 Register summary – EBI chip select
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL SDDATAW[1:0] LPCMODE[1:0] SRMODE[1:0] IFMODE[1:0] 329
+0x01 SDRAMCTRLA – – – – SDCAS SDROW SDCOL[1:0] 330
+0x02 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x03 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x04 REFRESHL SDRAM Refresh Period Low Byte 331
+0x05 REFRESHH – – – – – – SDRAM Refresh Period High 331
+0x06 INITDLYL SDRAM Initialization Time Low Byte 331
+0x07 INITDLYH – – SDRAM Initialization Time High Byte 331
+0x08 SDRAMCTRLB MRDLY[1:0] ROWCYCDLY[[2:0] RPDLY[2:0] 332
+0x09 SDRAMCTRLC WRDLY[1:0] ESRDLY[2:0] ROWCOLDLY[2:0] 333
+0x0A Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0B Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0C Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0D Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0E Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0F Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x10 CS0 Chip Select 0 Offset Address
+0x14 CS1 Chip Select 1 Offset Address
+0x18 CS2 Chip Select 2 Offset Address
+0x1C CS3 Chip Select 3 Offset Address
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA –ASIZE[4:0] MODE[1:0] 329
+0x01 CTRLB
(SRAM) – –––– SRWS[2:0] 330
(SDRAM) SDINITDONE ––––SDSREN SDMODE[1:0]
+0x02 BASEADDRL Chip Select Base Address Low Byte – – – – 337
+0x03 BASEADDRH Chip Select Base Address High Byte 337
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28. ADC – Analog-to-Digital Converter
28.1 Features
12-bit resolution
Up to two million samples per second
Two inputs can be sampled simultaneously using ADC and 1x gain stage
Four inputs can be sampled within 1.5µs
Down to 2.5µs conversion time with 8-bit resolution
Down to 3.5µs conversion time with 12-bit resolution
Differential and single-ended input
Up to 16 single-ended inputs
16x4 differential inputs without gain
8x4 differential input with gain
Built-in differential gain stage
1/2x, 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 16x, 32x, and 64x gain options
Single, continuous and scan conversion options
Four internal inputs
Internal temperature sensor
DAC output
VCC voltage divided by 10
1.1V bandgap voltage
Four conversion channels with individual input control and result registers
Enable four parallel configurations and results
Internal and external reference options
Compare function for accurate monitoring of user defined thresholds
Optional event triggered conversion for accurate timing
Optional DMA transfer of conversion results
Optional interrupt/event on compare result
28.2 Overview
The ADC converts analog signals to digital values. The ADC has 12-bit resolution and is capable of converting up to two
million samples per second (MSPS). The input selection is flexible, and both single-ended and differential measurements
can be done. For differential measurements, an optional gain stage is available to increase the dynamic range. In
addition, several internal signal inputs are available. The ADC can provide both signed and unsigned results.
This is a pipelined ADC that consists of several consecutive stages. The pipelined design allows a high sample rate at a
low system clock frequency. It also means that a new input can be sampled and a new ADC conversion started while
other ADC conversions are still ongoing. This removes dependencies between sample rate and propagation delay.
The ADC has four conversion channels (0-3) with individual input selection, result registers, and conversion start control.
The ADC can then keep and use four parallel configurations and results, and this will ease use for applications with high
data throughput or for multiple modules using the ADC independently. It is possible to use DMA to move ADC results
directly to memory or peripherals when conversions are done.
Both internal and external reference voltages can be used. An integrated temperature sensor is available for use with the
ADC. The output from the DAC, VCC/10 and the bandgap voltage can also be measured by the ADC.
The ADC has a compare function for accurate monitoring of user defined thresholds with minimum software intervention
required.
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Figure 28-1. ADC overview.
28.3 Input Sources
Input sources are the voltage inputs that the ADC can measure and convert. Four types of measurements can be
selected:
Differential input
Differential input with gain
Single-ended input
Internal input
The input pins are used for single-ended and differential input, while the internal inputs are directly available inside the
device. In devices with two ADCs, PORTA pins can be input to ADCA and PORTB pins can be input to ADCB. For AVR
XMEGA devices with only one ADC, input pins may be available for ADCA on both PORTA and PORTB.
The ADC is differential, and so for single-ended measurements the negative input is connected to a fixed internal value.
The four types of measurements and their corresponding input options are shown in Figure 28-2 on page 341 to Figure
28-6 on page 343.
28.3.1 Differential Input
When differential input is enabled, all input pins can be selected as positive input, and input pins 0 to 3 can be selected
as negative input. The ADC must be in signed mode when differential input is used.
Internal 1.00V
Internal VCC/1.6V
AREFA
AREFB
S&H Σ
ADC DAC
2x
2 bits
VIN VOUT
Stage
1
Stage
2
Stage
12
Digital Correction Logic
2 2 2
Internal VCC/2
CHn.CTRL REFCTRL
CHn.MUXCTRL
EVCTRLCTRLA
CTRLB
Enable
Start
Mode
Resolution
Action
Select
CH1 Result
CH0 Result
CH2 Result
Compare
<
>Threshold
(Int Req)
CH3 Result
VINP
VINN
Internal
signals
Internal
signals
ADC0
ADC7
ADC4
ADC7
ADC0
ADC3
•
•
•
Int. signals
Int. signals
½x - 64x
•
•
•
•
•
•
ADC0
ADC15
•
•
•
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Figure 28-2. Differential measurement without gain.
28.3.2 Differential Input with Gain
When differential input with gain is enabled, all input pins can be selected as positive input, and input pins 4 to 7 can be
selected as negative input. When the gain stage is used, the differential input is first sampled and amplified by the gain
stage before the result is fed into the ADC. The ADC must be in signed mode when differential input with gain is used.
The gain is selectable to 1/2x, 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 16x, 32x, and 64x gain.
Figure 28-3. Differential measurement with gain.
28.3.3 Single-ended Input
For single-ended measurements, all input pins can be used as inputs. Single-ended measurements can be done in both
signed and unsigned mode.
The negative input is connected to internal ground in signed mode.
+
-
ADC0
ADC3
ADC0
ADC15
•
•
•
•
•
•
GND
INTGND
+
-
ADC4
ADC7
ADC0
ADC7
•
•
•
•
•
•
GND
INTGND
½x - 64x
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Figure 28-4. Single-ended measurement in signed mode.
In unsigned mode, the negative input is connected to half of the voltage reference (VREF) voltage minus a fixed offset.
The nominal value for the offset is:
Since the ADC is differential, the input range is VREF to zero for the positive single-ended input. The offset enables the
ADC to measure zero crossing in unsigned mode, and allows for calibration of any positive offset when the internal
ground in the device is higher than the external ground. See Figure 28-11 on page 345 for details.
Figure 28-5. Single-ende d mea s u rement in unsigned mode.
28.3.4 Internal Inputs
These internal signals can be measured or used by the ADC.
Temperature sensor
Bandgap voltage
VCC scaled
DAC output
Pad and Internal Ground
The temperature sensor gives an output voltage that increases linearly with the internal temperature of the device. One
or more calibration points are needed to compute the temperature from a measurement of the temperature sensor. The
temperature sensor is calibrated at one point in production test, and the result is stored to TEMPESENSE0 and
TEMPSENSE1 in the production signature row. For more calibration condition details, refer to the device datasheet.
The bandgap voltage is an accurate internal voltage reference.
VCC can be measured directly by scaling it down by a factor of 10 before the ADC input. Thus, a VCC of 1.8V will be
measured as 0.18V, and VCC of 3.6V will be measured as 0.36V. This enables easy measurement of the VCC voltage.
The internal signals need to be enabled before they can be measured. Refer to their manual sections for Bandgap and
DAC for details of how to enable these. The sample rate for the internal signals is lower than that of the ADC. Refer to the
ADC characteristics in the device datasheets for details.
For differential measurement Pad Ground (Gnd) and Internal Gnd can be selected as negative input. Pad Gnd is the gnd
level on the pin and identical or very close to the external gnd. Internal Gnd is the internal device gnd level.
Internal Gnd is used as the negative input when other internal signals are measured in single-ended signed mode.
-
ADC0
ADC15
•
•
•
-
V VREF 0.05=
ADC0
ADC15
V
VREF Δ−
2
+
-
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Figure 28-6. Internal measurements in single-ended signed mode.
To measure the internal signals in unsigned mode, the negative input is connected to a fixed value given by the formula
below, which is half of the voltage reference (VREF) minus a fixed offset, as it is for single-ended unsigned input. Refer to
Figure 28-11 on page 345 for details.
VINN = VREF/2 - V
Figure 28-7. Internal measurements in unsig ned mode.
28.4 ADC Channels
To facilitate the maximum utilization of the ADC, it has four separate pairs of MUX control registers with corresponding
result registers. Each pair forms an ADC channel. See Figure 28-1 on page 340. The ADC can then keep and use four
parallel configurations of input sources and triggers. Each channel has dedicated result register, events and interrupts,
and DMA triggers.
As an example of the ADC channel usage, one channel can be setup for single-ended measurements triggered by an
event channel, the second channel can measure a differential input using a different event, and the two last channels can
measure two other input sources started by the application software.
All the ADC channels use the same ADC pipeline for the conversions, and the pipeline enables a new conversion to be
started for each ADC clock cycle. This means that multiple ADC measurements from different channels can be converted
simultaneously and independently. The channels' result registers are individually updated and are unaffected by
conversions on other channels. This can help reduce software complexity by allowing different software modules to start
conversions and read conversion results fully independently of each other.
28.5 Voltage Reference Selection
The following voltages can be used as the reference voltage (VREF) for the ADC:
Accurate internal 1.00V voltage generated from the bandgap
Internal VCC/1.6V voltage
Internal VCC/2V voltage
External voltage applied to AREF pin on PORTA
External voltage applied to AREF pin on PORTB
+
ADC
-
TEMP REF
VCC SCALED
DAC
BANDGAP REF
TEMP REF
VCC SCALED
BANDGAP REF +
-
V
VREF Δ−
2
DAC
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Figure 28-8. ADC voltage reference selection
28.6 Conversion Result
The result of the analog-to-digital conversion is written to the corresponding channel result registers. The ADC is either in
signed or unsigned mode. This setting is global for the ADC and all ADC channels.
In signed mode, negative and positive results are generated. Signed mode must be used when any of the ADC channels
are set up for differential measurements. In unsigned mode, only single-ended or internal signals can be measured. With
12-bit resolution, the TOP value of a signed result is 2047, and the results will be in the range -2048 to +2047 (0xF800 -
0x07FF).
The ADC transfer function can be written as:
VINP and VINN are the positive and negative inputs to the ADC.
For differential measurements, GAIN is 1/2 to 64. For single-ended and internal measurements, GAIN is always 1 and
VINP is the internal ground.
In unsigned mode, only positive results are generated. The TOP value of an unsigned result is 4095, and the results will
be in the range 0 to +4095 (0x0 - 0x0FFF).
The ADC transfer functions can be written as:
VINP is the single-ended or internal input.
The ADC can be configured to generate either an 8-bit or a 12-bit result. A result with lower resolution will be available
faster. See the “ADC Clock and Conversion Timing” on page 346 for a description on the propagation delay.
The result registers are 16 bits wide, and data are stored as right adjusted 16-bit values. Right adjusted means that the
eight least-significant bits (lsb) are found in the low byte. A 12-bit result can be represented either left or right adjusted.
Left adjusted means that the eight most-significant bits (msb) are found in the high byte.
When the ADC is in signed mode, the msb represents the sign bit. In 12-bit right adjusted mode, the sign bit (bit 11) is
padded to bits 12-15 to create a signed 16-bit number directly. In 8-bit mode, the sign bit (bit 7) is padded to the entire
high byte.
Figure 28-9 on page 345 to Figure 28-11 on page 345 show the different input options, the signal input range, and the
result representation with 12-bit right adjusted mode.
Internal 1.00V
AREFB
AREFA
Internal VCC/1.6V
VREF
Internal VCC/2.0V
RES VINP - VINN
VREF
----------------------------------GAIN TOP +1=
RES VINP - (-V
VREF
--------------------------------- TOP +1=
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Figure 28-9. Signed differential input (with gain ), input range, and result representation.
Figure 28-10.Signed single-ended and internal input, input range, and result representation.
Figure 28-11.Unsigned single-e nd ed and internal input, input range, and result representation.
28.7 Compare Function
The ADC has a built-in 12-bit compare function. The ADC compare register can hold a 12-bit value that represents a
threshold voltage. Each ADC channel can be configured to automatically compare its result with this compare value to
give an interrupt or event only when the result is above or below the threshold.
All four ADC channels share the same compare register.
28.8 Starting a Conversion
Before a conversion is started, the input source must be selected for one or more ADC channels. An ADC conversion for
a channel can be started either by the application software writing to the start conversion bit for the channel or from any
events in the event system. It is possible to write the start conversion bit for several channels at the same time, or use
2047
2046
2045
...
3
2
1
0
-1
...
-2045
-2046
-2047
-2048
7FF
7FE
7FD
...
3
2
1
0
FFF
FFE
...
803
802
801
800
Dec Hex
0111 1111 1111
0111 1111 1110
0111 1111 1101
...
0000 0000 0011
0000 0000 0010
0000 0000 0001
0000 0000 0000
1111 1111 1111
1111 1111 1110
...
1000 0000 0011
1000 0000 0010
1000 0000 0001
1000 0000 0000
Binary
0000 0111 1111 1111
0000 0111 1111 1110
0000 0111 1111 1101
...
0000 0000 0000 0011
0000 0000 0000 0010
0000 0000 0000 0001
0000 0000 0000 0000
1111 1111 1111 1111
1111 1111 1111 1110
...
1111 1000 0000 0011
1111 1000 0000 0010
1111 1000 0000 0001
1111 1000 0000 0000
16-bit result register
VREF
GAIN
-VREF
GAIN
0 V
VINN
RES
VINP
-2
2047
2046
2045
...
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
...
-2045
-2046
-2047
-2048
7FF
7FE
7FD
...
3
2
1
0
FFF
FFE
...
803
802
801
800
Dec Hex
0111 1111 1111
0111 1111 1110
0111 1111 1101
...
0000 0000 0011
0000 0000 0010
0000 0000 0001
0000 0000 0000
1111 1111 1111
1111 1111 1110
...
1000 0000 0011
1000 0000 0010
1000 0000 0001
1000 0000 0000
Binary
0000 0111 1111 1111
0000 0111 1111 1110
0000 0111 1111 1101
...
0000 0000 0000 0011
0000 0000 0000 0010
0000 0000 0000 0001
0000 0000 0000 0000
1111 1111 1111 1111
1111 1111 1111 1110
...
1111 1000 0000 0011
1111 1000 0000 0010
1111 1000 0000 0001
1111 1000 0000 0000
16-bit result register
VREF
-VREF
0 V
VINP
VINN = GND
4095
4094
4093
...
203
202
201
200
FFF
FFE
FFD
...
0CB
0CA
0C9
0C8
Dec Hex
1111 1111 1111
1111 1111 1110
1111 1111 1101
...
0000 1100 1011
0000 1100 1010
0000 1100 1001
0000 1100 1000
Binary
0000 1111 1111 1111
0000 1111 1111 1110
0000 1111 1111 1101
...
0000 0000 1100 1011
0000 0000 1100 1010
0000 0000 1100 1001
0000 0000 1100 1000
16-bit result register
V
VREF
VINN Δ−=
2
GND
V
VREF Δ−
VINP
...
0 0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
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one event to trigger conversions on several channels at the same time. This makes it possible to scan several or all
channels from one event. The scan will start from the lowest channel number.
28.8.1 Input Source Scan
For ADC Channel 0 it is possible to select a range of consecutive input sources that is automatically scanned and
measured when a conversion is started. This is done by setting the first (lowest) positive ADC channel input using the
MUX control register, and a number of consecutive positive input sources. When a conversion is started, the first
selected input source is measured and converted, then the positive input source selection is incremented after each
conversion until it reaches the specified number of sources to scan.
28.9 ADC Clock and Conversion Timing
The ADC is clocked from the peripheral clock. The ADC can prescale the peripheral clock to provide an ADC Clock
(clkADC) that matches the application requirements and is within the operating range of the ADC.
Figure 28-12.ADC prescaler.
The maximum ADC sample rate is given by the he ADC clock frequency (fADC). The ADC can sample a new
measurement on every ADC clock cycle.
The propagation delay of an ADC measurement is given by:
RESOLUTION is the resolution, 8 or 12 bits. The propagation delay will increase by one extra ADC clock cycle if the gain
stage (GAIN) is used.
The propagation delay is longer than one ADC clock cycle, but the pipelined design means that the sample rate is limited
not by the propagation delay, but by the ADC clock rate.
The most-significant bit (msb) of the result is converted first, and the rest of the bits are converted during the next three
(for 8-bit results) or five (for 12-bit results) ADC clock cycles. Converting one bit takes a half ADC clock period. During the
last cycle, the result is prepared before the interrupt flag is set and the result is available in the result register for readout.
28.9.1 Single Conversion without Gain
Figure 28-13 on page 347 shows the ADC timing for a single conversion without gain. The writing of the start conversion
bit, or the event triggering the conversion (START), must occur at least one peripheral clock cycle before the ADC clock
cycle on which the conversion starts (indicated with the grey slope of the START trigger).
The input source is sampled in the first half of the first cycle.
9-bit ADC Prescaler
Clk
ADC
PRESCALER[2:0]
CLK/4
CLK/8
CLK/16
CLK/32
CLK/64
CLK/128
Clk
PER
CLK/256
CLK/512
Sample Rate fADC
=
Propagation Delay = 1RESOLUTION
2
---------------------------------------GAIN++
fADC
----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Figure 28-13.ADC timing for one single conv ersion without gain.
28.9.2 Single Conversion with Gain
Figure 28-14 on page 347 shows the ADC timing for one single conversion with gain. As seen in the “Overview” on page
339, the gain stage is placed prior to the actual ADC. The gain stage will sample and amplify the input source before the
ADC samples it, and converts the amplified value. Compared to a single conversion without gain, this adds one ADC
clock cycle (between START and ADC sample) for the gain stage sample and amplify. The sample time for the gain
stage is one half ADC clock cycle.
Figure 28-14.ADC timing for one single conv ersion with gain.
28.9.3 Single Conversions on Two ADC Channels
Figure 28-15 on page 348 shows the ADC timing for single conversions on two channels. The pipelined design enables
the second conversion to start on the next ADC clock cycle after the first conversion has started. In this example, both
conversions take place at the same time, but the conversion on ADC channel 1(CH1) does not start until the ADC
samples and performs conversion on the msb on channel 0 (CH0).
CLKADC
START
ADC SAMPLE
IF
CONVERTING BIT 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 LSB
12345678
MSB
ADC SAMPLE
CONVERTING BIT
START
IF
GAINSTAGE SAMPLE
GAINSTAGE AMPLIFY
MSB 10 987 6 5 4 3 2 1 LSB
CLKADC
123456789
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Figure 28-15.ADC timing for single conv ersions on two ADC channels.
28.9.4 Single Conversions on Two ADC Channels, CH0 with Gain
Figure 28-16 on page 348 shows the conversion timing for single conversions on two ADC channels where ADC channel
0 uses the gain stage. As the gain stage introduces one addition cycle for the gain sample and amplify, the sample for
ADC channel 1 is also delayed one ADC clock cycle, until the ADC sample and msb conversion is done for ADC channel
0.
Figure 28-16.ADC timing for single conversion on two ADC channels, CH0 with gain.
28.9.5 Single Conversions on Two ADC Channels, CH1 with Gain
Figure 28-17 on page 349 shows the conversion timing for single conversions on two ADC channels where ADC channel
1 uses the gain stage.
CLKADC
START CH1
ADC SAMPLE
IF CH1
START CH0
IF CH0
CONVERTING BIT CH0
CONVERTING BIT CH1
MSB 10 9 8 7654 3 2 1 LSB
123456789
MSB 10 9876 5 4 3 2 1 LSB
START CH1, wo/GAIN
ADC SAMPLE
IF CH1
START CH0, w/GAIN
IF CH0
GAINSTAGE SAMPLE
GAINSTAGE AMPLIFY
CONVERTING BIT CH0
CONVERTING BIT CH1
MSB 10 9 8 7 65 4 3 2 1 LSB
MSB 10 987654 3 2 1LSB
CLKADC
12345678910
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Figure 28-17.ADC timing for single conversion on two ADC channels, CH1 with gain.
28.9.6 Free Running Mode on Two ADC Channels with Gain
Figure 28-18 on page 349 shows the conversion timing for all four ADC channels in free running mode, CH0 and CH1
without gain and CH2 and CH3 with gain. When set up in free running mode, an ADC channel will continuously sample
and do new conversions. In this example, all ADC channels are triggered at the same time, and each ADC channel
samples and start converting as soon as the previous ADC channel is done with its sample and msb conversion. After
four ADC clock cycles, all ADC channels have done the first sample and started the first conversion, and each ADC
channels can then do the sample conversion start for their second conversion. After eight (for 12-bit mode) ADC clock
cycles, the first conversion is done for ADC channel 0, and the results for the rest of the ADC channels are available in
subsequent ADC clock cycles. After the next clock cycle (in cycle 10), the result from the second ADC channel is done
and available, and so on. In this mode, up to eight conversions are ongoing at the same time.
Figure 28-18.ADC timing for free running mode.
28.10 ADC Input Model
The voltage input must charge the sample and hold (S/H) capacitor in the ADC in order to achieve maximum accuracy.
Seen externally, the ADC input consists of an input resistance (Rin = Rchannel + Rswitch) and the S/H capacitor (Csample).
Figure 28-19 on page 350 and Figure 28-20 on page 350 show the ADC input channels.
START CH1, w/GAIN
ADC SAMPLE
IF CH1
CONVERTING BIT CH0
START CH0, wo/GAIN
IF CH0
CONVERTING BIT CH1
GAINSTAGE SAMPLE
GAINSTAGE AMPLIFY
CLKADC
12345678910
MSB 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 LSB
MSB 10 98 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 LSB
START CH1, wo/GAIN
ADC SAMPLE
START CH0, wo/GAIN
GAINSTAGE SAMPLE
GAINSTAGE AMPLIFY
START CH3, w/GAIN
START CH2, w/GAIN
CONV COMPLETE 01
CLKADC
12345678910
23
23
2 3
23
0123 0 1 230
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Figure 28-19.ADC input for single-ended measurements.
Figure 28-20.ADC input for differential measurements and differential measurements with gain.
In order to achieve n bits of accuracy, the source output resistance, Rsource, must be less than the ADC input resistance
on a pin:
where the ADC sample time, TS is one-half the ADC clock cycle given by:
For details on Rchannel, Rswitch, and Csample, refer to the ADC and ADC gain stage electrical characteristic in the device
datasheet.
28.10.1 Gain Stage Impedance mode
To support applications with very high source output resistance, the gain stage has a high impedance mode. In this mode
the charge on the S/H capacitor is kept after each sample, and the S/H capacitor can be fully charged by doing multiple
samples on the same input channel. When low impedance mode is used, the S/H capacitor charge is flushed after each
sample.
28.11 DMA Transfer
The DMA controller can be used to transfer ADC conversion results to memory or other peripherals. A new conversion
result for any of the ADC channels can trigger a DMA transaction for one or several ADC channels. Refer to “DMAC -
Direct Memory Access Controller” on page 53 for more details on DMA transfers.
28.12 Interrupts and Events
The ADC can generate interrupt requests and events. Each ADC channel has individual interrupt settings and interrupt
vectors. Interrupt requests and events can be generated when an ADC conversion is complete or when an ADC
measurement is above or below the ADC compare register value.
Rchannel Rswitch CSample
VCC/2
Positive
input
Rchannel Rswitch CSample
VCC/2
Positive
input
Rchannel Rswitch
CSample
Negative
input
Rsource Ts
Csample 2n1+
ln
-----------------------------------------------Rchannel
–Rswitch
–
Ts1
2fADC
-------------------
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28.13 Calibration
The ADC has built-in linearity calibration. The value from the production test calibration must be loaded from the
signature row and into the ADC calibration register from software to achieve specified accuracy. User calibration of the
linearity is not needed, hence not possible. Offset and gain calibration must be done in software.
28.14 Channel Priority
Since the peripheral clock is faster than the ADC clock, it is possible to set the start conversion bit for several ADC
channels within the same ADC clock period. Events may also trigger conversions on several ADC channels and give the
same scenario. In this case, the ADC channel with the lowest number will be prioritized. This is shown the timing
diagrams in “ADC Clock and Conversion Timing” on page 346.
28.15 Synchronous Sampling
The ADC can be configured to do synchronous sampling in three different ways.
1. Sample two input channels at the same time
2. Sample two ADCs at the same time
3. Sample on external trigger
28.15.1 Synchronous sampling of two ADC inputs
The ADC supports sampling of two input channels at the same time. This is achieved by setting up channel n to not use
gain and channel n+1 to use 1x gain. The converted result from the channel using gain will be ready one ADC clock cycle
after the other channel. See “Single Conversions on Two ADC Channels, CH1 with Gain” on page 348 for detailed timing
diagram.
28.15.2 Synchronous sampling on event
Starting an ADC conversion can cause an unknown delay between the start trigger or event and the actual conversion
start, since conversions of higher priority ADC channels may be pending, or since the peripheral clock is faster than the
ADC clock. To start an ADC conversion immediately on an incoming event, it is possible to flush the ADC of all
measurements, reset the ADC clock, and start the conversion at the next peripheral clock cycle (which then will also be
the next ADC clock cycle). If this is done, all ongoing conversions in the ADC pipeline will be lost.
The ADC can be flushed from software, or an incoming event can do this automatically. When this function is used, the
time between each conversion start trigger must be longer than the ADC propagation delay to ensure that one
conversion is finished before the ADC pipeline is flushed and the next conversion is started.
It is also important to clear pending events or start ADC conversion commands before doing a flush. If not, pending
conversions will start immediately after the flush.
28.15.3 Synchronous sampling of two ADCs
In devices with two ADC peripherals, it is possible to start two ADC samples synchronously in the two ADCs by using the
same event channel to trigger both ADC.
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28.16 Register Description – ADC
28.16.1 CTRLA – Control register A
Bit 7:6 – DMASEL[1:0]: DMA Request Selection
To allow one DMA channel to serve more than one ADC channel, the DMA request from the channels can be com-
bined into a common DMA request. See Table 28-1 for details.
Table 28-1. DMA request selection.
Bit 5:2 – CHSTART[3:0]: Channel Start Single Conversion
Setting any of these bits will start a conversion on the corresponding ADC channel. Setting several bits at the
same time will start conversions on all selected ADC channels, starting with the channel with the lowest number.
These bits are cleared by hardware when the conversion has started.
Bit 1 – FLUSH: Pipeline Flush:
Setting this bit will flush the ADC pipeline. When this is done, the ADC clock is restarted on the next peripheral
clock edge, and all conversions in progress are aborted and lost.
After the flush and the ADC clock restart, the ADC will resume where it left off; i.e., if a channel sweep was in prog-
ress or any conversions were pending, these will enter the ADC pipeline and complete.
Bit 0 – ENABLE: Enable
Setting this bit enables the ADC.
28.16.2 CTRLB – ADC Control register B
Bit 7 – IMPMODE: Gain Stage Impedance Mode
This bit controls the impedance mode of the gain stage.
See GAIN setting in ADC channel register description for more information (“CTRL – Channel Control register” on
page 359).
Bit 76543210
+0x00 DMASEL[1:0] CHSTART[3:0] FLUSH ENABLE
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
DMASEL[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 OFF No combined DMA request
01 CH01 Common request for ADC channels 0 and 1
10 CH012 Common request for ADC channels 0, 1, and 2
11 CH0123 Common request for ADC channels 0, 1, 2, and 3
Bit 765 4 3210
+0x01 IMPMODE CURRLIMIT[1:0] CONVMODE FREERUN RESOLUTION[1:0] –
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Table 28-2. Gain stage impedance mode.
Note: 1. This is either high or low impedance. While high impedance mode is only available for 1x, 2x, 4x, and 8x, for all other it will be forced to low imped-
ance mode. See Table 28-10 on page 359.
Bit 6:5 – CURRLIMIT[1:0]: Current Limitation
These bits can be used to limit the current consumption of the ADC by reducing the maximum ADC sample rate.
The available settings are shown in Table 28-3 on page 353. The indicated current limitations are nominal values.
Refer to the device datasheet for actual current limitation for each setting.
Table 28-3. ADC current limitations.
Bit 4 – CONVMODE: Conversion Mode
This bit controls whether the ADC will work in signed or unsigned mode. By default, this bit is cleared and the ADC
is configured for unsigned mode. When this bit is set, the ADC is configured for signed mode.
Bit 3 – FREERUN: Free Running Mode
When the bit is set to one, the ADC is in free running mode and the ADC channels defined in the EVCTRL register
are swept repeatedly.
Bit 2:1 – RESOLUTION[1:0]: Conversion Result Resolution
These bits define whether the ADC completes the conversion at 12- or 8-bit result resolution. They also define
whether the 12-bit result is left or right adjusted within the 16-bit result registers. See Table 28-4 on page 353 for
possible settings.
Table 28-4. ADC conversion result resolution.
Bit 0 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
IMPMODE Group configu ration(1) Description
0HIGHIMP For high-impedance sources; charge will remain on input
1LOWIMP For low impedance sources
CURRLIMIT[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 NO No limit
01 LOW Low current limit, max. sampling rate 1.5MSPS
10 MED Medium current limit, max. sampling rate 1MSPS
11 HIGH High current limit, max. sampling rate 0.5MSPS
RESOLUTION[1:0] Group configuratio n Description
00 12BIT 12-bit result, right adjusted
01 Reserved
10 8BIT 8-bit result, right adjusted
11 LEFT12BIT 12-bit result, left adjusted
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28.16.3 REFCTRL – Reference Control register
Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bits 6:4 – REFSEL[2:0]: Reference Selection
These bits selects the reference for the ADC according to Table 28-5 on page 354.
Table 28-5. ADC reference selection.
Bit 3:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1 – BANDGAP: Bandgap Enable
Setting this bit enables the bandgap for ADC measurement. Note that if any other functions are already using the
bandgap, this bit does not need to be set when the internal 1.00V reference is used for another ADC, the DAC or if
the brownout detector is enabled.
Bit 0 – TEMPREF: Temperature Reference Enable
Setting this bit enables the temperature sensor for ADC measurement.
28.16.4 EVCTRL – Event Control register
Bit 7:6 – SWEEP[1:0]: Channel Sweep
These bits control which ADC channels are included in a channel sweep triggered by the event system or when in
free running mode. See Table 28-6 on page 355.
Bit 765432 1 0
+0x02 – REFSEL[2:0] –– BANDGAP TEMPREF
Read/Write R R/W R/W R/W R R R/W R/W
Initial Value000000 0 0
REFSEL[2:0] Group configuration Description
000 INT1V 10/11 of bandgap (1.0V)
001 INTVCC VCC/1.6
010 AREFA External reference from AREF pin on PORT A
011 AREFB External reference from AREF pin on PORT B
100 INTVCC2 VCC/2
101 - 111 Reserved
Bit 76543210
+0x03 SWEEP[1:0] EVSEL[2:0] EVACT[2:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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Table 28-6. ADC channel select.
Bit 5:3 – EVSEL[2:0]: Event Channel Input Select
These bits select which event channel will trigger which ADC channel. Each setting defines a group of event chan-
nels, where the event channel with the lowest number will trigger ADC channel 0, the next event channel will
trigger ADC channel 1, and so on. See Table 28-7 on page 355.
Table 28-7. ADC event channel select.
Bit 2:0 – EVACT[2:0]: Event Mode
These bits select and limit how many of the selected event input channel are used, and also further limit the ADC
channels triggers. They also define more special event triggers as defined in Table 28-8 on page 355.
Table 28-8. ADC event mode select.
SWEEP[1:0] Group configurat i on Active ADC channels for channel sweep
00 0Only ADC channel 0
01 01 ADC channels 0 and 1
10 012 ADC channels 0, 1, and 2
11 0123 ADC channels 0, 1, 2, and 3
EVSEL[2:0] Group configu ration Selected event lines
000 0123 Event channel 0, 1, 2, and 3 as selected inputs
001 1234 Event channel 1, 2, 3, and 4 as selected inputs
010 2345 Event channel 2, 3, 4, and 5 as selected inputs
011 3456 Event channel 3, 4, 5, and 6 as selected inputs
100 4567 Event channel 4, 5, 6, and 7 as selected inputs
101 567 Event channel 5, 6, and 7 as selected inputs
110 67 Event channel 6and7 as selected inputs
111 7Event channel 7 as selected input
EVACT[2:0] Group configuration Selected input operation mode
000 NONE No event inputs
001 CH0 Event channel with the lowest number defined by EVSEL triggers
conversion on ADC channel 0
010 CH01 Event channels with the two lowest numbers defined by EVSEL trigger
conversions on ADC channels 0 and 1, respectively
011 CH012 Event channels with the three lowest numbers defined by EVSEL trigger
conversions on ADC channels 0, 1, and 2, respectively
100 CH0123 Event channels defined by EVSEL trigger conversion on ADC channels 0,
1, 2, and 3, respectively
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28.16.5 PRESCALER – Clock Prescaler register
Bit 7:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 2:0 – PRESCALER[2:0]: Prescaler Configuration
These bits define the ADC clock relative to the peripheral clock according to Table 28-9 on page 356.
Table 28-9. ADC prescaler settings.
28.16.6 INTFLAGS – Interrup t Flag register
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
101 SWEEP One sweep of all ADC channels defined by SWEEP on incoming event
channel with the lowest number defined by EVSEL
110 SYNCSWEEP
One sweep of all active ADC channels defined by SWEEP on incoming
event channel with the lowest number defined by EVSE. In addition the
ADC is flushed and restarted for accurate timing
111 Reserved
EVACT[2:0] Group configuration Selected input operation mode
Bit 76543 2 1 0
+0x04 – – – – – PRESCALER[2:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PRESCALER[2:0] Group configurat i on Peripheral clock division factor
000 DIV4 4
001 DIV8 8
010 DIV16 16
011 DIV32 32
100 DIV64 64
101 DIV128 128
110 DIV256 256
111 DIV512 512
Bit 76543210
+0x06 –––– CH[3:0]IF
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Bit 3:0 – CH[3:0]IF: Interrupt Flags
These flags are set when the ADC conversion is complete for the corresponding ADC channel. If an ADC channel
is configured for compare mode, the corresponding flag will be set if the compare condition is met. CHnIF is auto-
matically cleared when the ADC channel n interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be cleared by writing a
one to its bit location.
28.16.7 TEMP – Temporary register
Bit 7:0 – TEMP[7:0]: Temporary bits
This register is used when reading 16-bit registers in the ADC controller. The high byte of the 16-bit register is
stored here when the low byte is read by the CPU. This register can also be read and written from the user
software.
For more details on 16-bit register access, refer to “The combined EIND + Z register.” on page 12.
28.16.8 CALL – Calibration Value register
The CALL and CALH register pair hold the 12-bit calibration value. The ADC pipeline is calibrated during production
programming, and the calibration value must be read from the signature row and written to the CAL register from
software.
Bit 7:0 – CAL[7:0]: ADC Calibration value
These are the eight lsbs of the 12-bit CAL value.
28.16.9 CALH – Calibration Value register
Bit 3:0 – CAL[11:8]: Calibration value
These are the four msbs of the 12-bit CAL value.
28.16.10 CHnRESH – Channel n Result register High
The CHnRESL and CHnRESH register pair represents the 16-bit value, CHnRES. For details on reading 16-bit registers,
refer to “The combined EIND + Z register.” on page 12.
Bit 76543210
+0x07 TEMP[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x0C CAL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x0D –––– CAL[11:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
12-bit, left CHRES[11:4]
12-bit, right –––– CHRES[11:8]
8-bit – – – – – – – –
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value00000000
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28.16.10.1 12-bit Mode, Left Adjusted
Bit 7:0 – CHRES[11:4]: Channel Result high byte
These are the eight msbs of the 12-bit ADC result.
28.16.10.2 12-bit Mode, Right Adjusted
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits will in practice be the extension of the sign bit, CHRES11, when the ADC works in differential mode,
and set to zero when the ADC works in signed mode.
Bit 3:0 – CHRES[11:8]: Channel Result high byte
These are the four msbs of the 12-bit ADC result.
28.16.10.3 8-bit Mode
Bit 7:0 – Reserved
These bits will in practice be the extension of the sign bit, CHRES7, when the ADC works in signed mode, and set
to zero when the ADC works in single-ended mode.
28.16.11 CHnRESL – Channel n Result register Low
28.16.11.1 12-/8-bit Mode
Bit 7:0 – CHRES[7:0]: Channel Result low byte
These are the eight lsbs of the ADC result.
28.16.11.2 12-bit Mode, Left Adjusted
Bit 7:4 – CHRES[3:0]: Channel Result low byte
These are the four lsbs of the 12-bit ADC result.
Bit 3:0 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
28.16.12 CMPH – Compare register High
The CMPH and CMPL register pair represents the 16-bit value, CMP. For details on reading and writing 16-bit registers,
refer to “The combined EIND + Z register.” on page 12.
Bit 7:0 – CMP[15:0]: Compare Value high
These are the eight msbs of the 16-bit ADC compare value. In signed mode, the number representation is 2's com-
plement, and the msb is the sign bit.
Bit 76543210
12-/8-bit, right CHRES[7:0]
12-bit, left CHRES[3:0] – – – –
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x19 CMP[15:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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28.16.13 CMPL – Compare register Low
Bit 7:0 – CMP[7:0]: Compare Value Low
These are the eight lsbs of the 16-bit ADC compare value. In signed mode, the number representation is 2's
complement.
28.17 Register Description – ADC Channel
28.17.1 CTRL – Channel Control register
Bit 7 – START: START Conversion on Channel
Setting this bit will start a conversion on the channel. The bit is cleared by hardware when the conversion has
started. Setting this bit when it already is set will have no effect. Writing or reading this bit is equivalent to writing
the CH[3:0]START bits in “CTRLA – Control register A” on page 352.
Bit 6:5 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 4:2 – GAIN[2:0]: Gain Factor
These bits define the gain factor for the ADC gain stage.
See Table 28-10 on page 359. Gain is valid only with certain MUX settings. See “MUXCTRL – ADC Channel MUX
Control registers” on page 360.
Table 28-10. ADC gain factor.
Bit 1:0 – INPUTMODE[1:0]: Channel Input Mode
These bits define the channel mode. Changing input mode will corrupt any data in the pipeline.
Bit 76543210
+0x18 CMP[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x00 START –– GAIN[2:0] INPUTMODE[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
GAIN[2:0] Group configurat i on Gain factor
000 1X 1x
001 2X 2x
010 4X 4x
011 8X 8x
100 16X 16x
101 32X 32x
110 64X 64x
111 DIV2 ½x
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Table 28-11. Channel input modes, CONVMODE=0 (unsigned mode).
Table 28-12. Channel input modes, CONVMODE=1 (sign ed mode).
28.17.2 MUXCTRL – ADC Channel MUX Control registers
The MUXCTRL register defines the input source for the channel.
Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 6:3 – MUXPOS[3:0]: MUX Selection on Positive ADC Input
These bits define the MUX selection for the positive ADC input. Table 28-13 on page 360 and Table 28-14 on page
361 show the possible input selection for the different input modes.
Table 28-13. Channel input modes, CONVMODE=1 (unsigned mode).
INPUTMODE[1:0] Group configuration Description
00 INTERNAL Internal positive input signal
01 SINGLEENDED Single-ended positive input signal
10 Reserved
11 Reserved
INPUTMODE[1:0] Group configura tion Description
00 INTERNAL Internal positive input signal
01 SINGLEENDED Single-ended positive input signal
10 DIFF Differential input signal
11 DIFFWGAIN Differential input signal with gain
Bit 7 6543210
+0x01 – MUXPOS[3:0] MUXNEG[2:0]
Read/Write R R/W R/W R/W R/W R R/W R/W
Initial Value0 0000000
MUXPOS[3:0] Group configuration Description
0000 TEMP Temperature reference
0001 BANDGAP Bandgap voltage
0010 SCALEDVCC 1/10 scaled VCC
0011 DAC DAC output
0100-1111 Reserved
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Table 28-14. ADC MUXPOS configuration when INPUTMODE[1:0] = 01 (single-ended) or
INPUTMODE[1:0] = 10 (differential) is used.
Table 28-15. ADC MUXPOS configuration when INPUTMODE[1:0] = 11 (differential with gain) is used.
Depending on the device pin count and feature configuration, the actual number of analog input pins may be less than
16. Refer to the device datasheet and pin-out description for details.
Bit 2:0 – MUXNEG[2:0]: MUX Selection on Negative ADC Input
These bits define the MUX selection for the negative ADC input when differential measurements are done. For
internal or single-ended measurements, these bits are not used.
MUXPOS[3:0] Group configu ration Description
0000 PIN0 ADC0 pin
0001 PIN1 ADC1 pin
0010 PIN2 ADC2 pin
0011 PIN3 ADC3 pin
0100 PIN4 ADC4 pin
0101 PIN5 ADC5 pin
0110 PIN6 ADC6 pin
0111 PIN7 ADC7 pin
1000 PIN8 ADC8 pin
1001 PIN9 ADC9 pin
1010 PIN10 ADC10 pin
1011 PIN11 ADC11 pin
1100 PIN12 ADC12 pin
1101 PIN13 ADC13 pin
1110 PIN14 ADC14 pin
1111 PIN15 ADC15 pin
MUXPOS[3:0] Group configurat i on Description
0000 PIN0 ADC0 pin
0001 PIN1 ADC1 pin
0010 PIN2 ADC2 pin
0011 PIN3 ADC3 pin
0100 PIN4 ADC4 pin
0101 PIN5 ADC5 pin
0110 PIN6 ADC6 pin
0111 PIN7 ADC7 pin
1XXX Reserved
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Table 28-16 on page 362 and Table 28-17 on page 362 show the possible input sections.
Table 28-16. ADC MUXNEG configuration, INPUTMODE[1:0] = 10, differential without gain.
Table 28-17. ADC MUXNEG configuration, INPUTMODE[1:0] = 11, differential with gain.
28.17.3 INTCTRL – Channel Interrupt Control registers
Bits 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:2 – INTMODE: Interrupt Mode
These bits select the interrupt mode for the channel according to Table 28-18.
MUXNEG[2:0] Group configura ti on Analog Input
000 PIN0 ADC0 pin
001 PIN1 ADC1 pin
010 PIN2 ADC2 pin
011 PIN3 ADC3 pin
100 -Reserved
101 GND PAD ground
110 -Reserved
111 INTGND Internal ground
MUXNEG[2:0] Group configu ration Analog Input
000 PIN4 ADC4 pin
001 PIN5 ADC5 pin
010 PIN6 ADC6 pin
011 PIN7 ADC7 pin
100 INTGND Internal ground
101 -Reserved
110 -Reserved
111 GND PAD ground
Bit 76543210
+0x02 –––– INTMODE[1:0} INTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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Table 28-18. ADC channel select.
Bits 1:0 – INTLVL[1:0]: Interrupt Priority Level and Enable
These bits enable the ADC channel interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and Pro-
grammable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. The enabled interrupt will be triggered for conditions when
the IF bit in the INTFLAGS register is set.
28.17.4 INTFLAGS – ADC Channel Interrupt Flag registers
Bit 7:1 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 0 – IF: Channel Interrupt Flag
The interrupt flag is set when the ADC conversion is complete. If the channel is configured for compare mode, the
flag will be set if the compare condition is met. IF is automatically cleared when the ADC channel interrupt vector is
executed. The bit can also be cleared by writing a one to the bit location.
28.17.5 RESH – Channel n Result register High
For all result registers and with any ADC result resolution, a signed number is represented in 2’s complement form, and
the msb represents the sign bit.
The RESL and RESH register pair represents the 16-bit value, ADCRESULT. Reading and writing 16-bit values require
special attention. Refer to “The combined EIND + Z register.” on page 12 for details.
28.17.5.1 12-bit Mode, Left Adjusted
Bit 7:0 – RES[11:4]: Channel Result High
These are the eight msbs of the 12-bit ADC result.
INTMODE[1:0] Group configuration Interrupt mode
00 COMPLETE Conversion complete
01 BELOW Compare result below threshold
10 Reserved
11 ABOVE Compare result above threshold
Bit 76543210
+0x03 –––––––IF
Read/Write R R R R R R R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
12-bit, left.
+0x05
RES[11:4]
12-bit, right – – – – RES[11:8]
8-bit – – – – – – – –
Read/Write R RRRRRRR
Initial Value00000000
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28.17.5.2 12-bit Mode, Right Adjusted
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits will in practice be the extension of the sign bit, CHRES11, when the ADC works in differential mode,
and set to zero when the ADC works in signed mode.
Bits 3:0 – RES[11:8]: Channel Result High byte
These are the four msbs of the 12-bit ADC result.
28.17.5.3 8-bit Mode
Bit 7:0 – Reserved
These bits will in practice be the extension of the sign bit, CHRES7, when the ADC works in signed mode, and set
to zero when the ADC works in single-ended mode.
28.17.6 RESL – Channel n Result register Low
28.17.6.1 12-/8-bit Mode
Bit 7:0 – RES[7:0]: Channel Result Low
These are the eight lsbs of the ADC result.
28.17.6.2 12-bit Mode, Left Adjusted
Bit 7:4 – RES[3:0]: Channel Result Low
These are the four lsbs of the 12-bit ADC result.
Bit 3:0 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
28.17.7 SCAN – Channel Scan register
Scan is enabled when COUNT is set differently than 0. This register is available only for ADC channel 0.
Bit 7:4 – OFFSET[3:0]: Positive MUX Setting Offset
The channel scan is enabled when COUNT != 0 and this register contains the offset for the next input source to be
converted on ADC channel 0 (CH0). The actual MUX setting for positive input equals MUXPOS + OFFSET. The
value is incremented after each conversion until it reaches the maximum value given by COUNT. When OFFSET
is equal to COUNT, OFFSET will be cleared on the next conversion.
Bit 3:0 – COUNT[3:0]: Number of Input Channels Included in Scan
This register gives the number of input sources included in the channel scan. The number of input sources
included is COUNT + 1. The input channels included are the range from MUXPOS to MUXPOS + COUNT.
Bit 76543210
12-/8-bit, right +0x04 RES[7:0]
12-bit, left. RES[3:0] – – – –
Read/WriteRRRRRRRR
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x06 OFFSET[3:0] COUNT[3:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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28.18 Register summary – ADC
This is the register summary when the ADC is configured to give standard 12-bit results. The register summaries for 8-bit and 12-
bit left adjusted will be similar, but with some changes in the result registers, CHnRESH and CHnRESL.
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA DMASEL[1:0] CH[3:0]START FLUSH ENABLE 352
+0x01 CTRLB IMPMODE CURRLIMIT[1:0] CONVMODE FREERUN RESOLUTION[1:0] –352
+0x02 REFCTRL –REFSEL[2:0] – – BANDGAP TEMPREF 354
+0x03 EVCTRL SWEEP[1:0] EVSEL[2:0] EVACT[2:0] 354
+0x04 PRESCALER – – – – – PRESCALER[2:0] 356
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 INTFLAGS – – – – CH[3:0]IF 356
+0x07 TEMP TEMP[7:0] 357
+0x08 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x09 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0A Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0B Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0C CALL CAL[7:0] 357
+0x0D CALH – – – – CAL[11:8] 357
+0x0E Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0F Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x10 CH0RESL CH0RES[7:0] 358
+0x11 CH0RESH CH0RES[15:8] 357
+0x12 CH1RESL CH1RES[7:0] 358
+0x13 CH1RESH CH1RES[15:8] 357
+0x14 CH2RESL CH2RES[7:0] 358
+0x15 CH2RESH CH2RES[15:8] 357
+0x16 CH3RESL CH3RES[7:0] 358
+0x17 CH3RESH CH3RES[15:8] 357
+0x18 CMPL CMP[7:0] 359
+0x19 CMPH CMP[15:8] 358
+0x1A Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x1B Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x1C Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x1D Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x1E Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x1F Reserved – – – – – – – –
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28.19 Register summary – ADC channel
28.20 Interrupt vector summary
Table 28-19. Analog-to-digital converter interrup t vecto rs and their word offset address.
+0x20 CH0 Offset – – – – – – – –
+0x28 CH1 Offset – – – – – – – –
+0x30 CH2 Offset – – – – – – – –
+0x38 CH3 Offset – – – – – – – –
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL START – – GAIN[2:0] INPUTMODE[1:0] 359
+0x01 MUXCTRL –MUXPOS[3:0] MUXNEG[2:0] 360
+0x02 INTCTRL – – – – INTMODE[1:0] INTLVL[1:0] 362
+0x03 INTFLAGS –––––––IF 363
+0x04 RESL RES[7:0] 364
+0x05 RESH RES[15:8] 363
+0x06 SCAN OFFSET COUNT 363
+0x07 Reserved ––––––––
Offset Source Interrupt Description
0x00 CH0 Analog-to-digital converter channel 0 interrupt vector
0x02 CH1 Analog-to-digital converter channel 1 interrupt vector
0x04 CH2 Analog-to-digital converter channel 2 interrupt vector
0x06 CH3 Analog-to-digital converter channel 3 interrupt vector
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
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29. DAC – Digital to Analog Converter
29.1 Features
12-bit resolution
Two independent, continuous-drive output channels
Up to one million samples per second conversion rate per DAC channel
Built-in calibration that removes:
Offset error
Gain error
Multiple conversion trigger sources
On new available data
Events from the event system
High drive capabilities and support for
Resistive loads
Capacitive loads
Combined resistive and capacitive loads
Internal and external reference options
DAC output available as input to analog comparator and ADC
Low-power mode, with reduced drive strength
Optional DMA transfer of data
29.2 Overview
The digital-to-analog converter (DAC) converts digital values to voltages. The DAC has two channels, each with12-bit
resolution, and is capable of converting up to one million samples per second (MSPS) on each channel. The built-in
calibration system can remove offset and gain error when loaded with calibration values from software.
Figure 29-1 illustrates the basic functionality of the DAC. Not all functions are shown.
Figure 29-1. DAC overview.
CTRLA
CH1DATA
CH0DATA
Trigger
Trigger
Internal Output enable
Enable
Internal 1.00V
AREFA
AREFB
Reference
voltage
AVCC
Output
Driver
Output
Driver
D
A
T
A
Int.
driver
D
A
T
A
CTRLB
DMA req
(Data Empty)
DMA req
(Data Empty)
Select
12
12
Select
Enable To
AC/ADC
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A DAC conversion is automatically started when new data to be converted are available. Events from the event system
can also be used to trigger a conversion, and this enables synchronized and timed conversions between the DAC and
other peripherals, such as a timer/counter. The DMA controller can be used to transfer data to the DAC.
The DAC has high drive strength, and is capable of driving both resistive and capacitive loads, as well as loads which
combine both. A low-power mode is available, which will reduce the drive strength of the output.
Internal and external voltage references can be used. The DAC output is also internally available for use as input to the
analog comparator or ADC.
29.3 Voltage reference selection
The following can be used as the reference voltage (VREF) for the DAC”
AVCC voltage
Accurate internal 1.00V voltage
External voltage applied to AREF pin on PORTA
External voltage applied to AREF pin on PORTB
29.4 Starting a Conversion
By default, conversions are started automatically when new data are written to the channel data register. It is also
possible to enable events from the event system to trigger conversion starts. When enabled, a new conversion is started
when the DAC channel receives an event and the channel data register has been updated. This enables conversion
starts to be synchronized with external events and/or timed to ensure regular and fixed conversion intervals.
29.5 Output and output channels
The two DAC channels have fully independent outputs and individual data and conversion control registers. This enables
the DAC to create two different analog signals. The channel 0 output can also be made internally available as input for
the Analog Comparator and the ADC.
The output voltage from a DAC channel (VDAC) is given as:
29.6 DAC Output model
Each DAC output channel has a driver buffer with feedback to ensure that the voltage on the DAC output pin is equal to
the DACs internal voltage. Figure 29-2 on page 368 shows the DAC output model. For details on Rchannel, refer to the
DAC characteristics in the device data sheet.
Figure 29-2. DAC output model
VDACn CHnDATA
0xFFF
----------------------------VREF=
DAC output
Rchannel
Rfeedback
DAC voltage Buffer DAC out
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29.7 DAC clock
The DAC is clocked directly from the peripheral clock (clkPER), and this puts a limitation on how fast new data can be
clocked into the DAC data registers.
29.8 Low Power mode
To reduce the power consumption in DAC conversions, the DAC may be set in a Low Power mode. Conversion time will
be longer if new conversions are started in this mode. This increases the DAC conversion time per DAC channel by a
factor of two.
29.9 Calibration
For improved accuracy, it is possible to calibrate for gain and offset errors in the DAC.
To get the best calibration result, it is recommended to use the same DAC configuration during calibration as will be used
in the final application. The theoretical transfer function for the DAC was shown by the equation in “Output and output
channels” on page 368. Including gain and offset errors, the DAC output value can be expressed as:
Equation 29-1.Calculation of DAC output value
To calibrate for offset error, output the DAC channel's middle code (0x800) and adjust the offset calibration value until the
measured output value is as close as possible to the middle value (VREF / 2). The formula for the offset calibration is
given by the Equation 29-2 on page 369, where OCAL is OFFSETCAL and GCAL is GAINCAL.
Equation 29-2.Offset calibration.
To calibrate for gain error, output the DAC channel's maximum code (0xFFF) and adjust the gain calibration value until
the measured output value is as close as possible to the top value (VREF x 4095 / 4096). The gain calibration controls
the slope of the DAC characteristic by rotating the transfer function around the middle code. The formula for gain
calibration is given by the Equation 29-3 on page 369.
Equation 29-3.Gain calibration.
Including calibration in the equation, the DAC output can be expressed by Equation 29-4 on page 369.
Equation 29-4.DAC output calculation
VDAC_out = VDAC + VOCAL + VGCAL
VDAC VREF DATA
0xFFF
------------------ERRORGAIN
VOFFSET
+=
VOCAL VREF 2OCAL 71–OCAL 6
64
------------------------ OCAL 5
128
------------------------ OCAL 4
256
------------------------ OCAL 3
512
------------------------ OCAL 2
1024
------------------------ OCAL 1
2048
------------------------ OCAL 0
4096
------------------------++++++
=
VGCAL VDAC VREF
2
---------------
–12–GCAL 7GCAL 6
16
------------------------ GCAL 5
32
------------------------ GCAL 4
64
------------------------ GCAL 3
128
------------------------ GCAL 2
256
------------------------ GCAL 1
512
------------------------ GCAL 0
1024
------------------------++++++
=
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29.10 Register description
29.10.1 CTRLA – Control register A
Bit 7:5 – Reserved
These bite are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 4 – IDOEN: Internal Output Enable
Setting this bit will enable the internal DAC channel 0 output to be used by the Analog Comparator and ADC. This
will then also disable the output pin for DAC Channel 0.
Bit 3 – CH1EN: Channel 1 Output Enable
Setting this bit will make channel 1 available on the output pin.
Bit 2 – CH0EN: Channel 0 Output Enable
Setting this bit will make channel 0 available on the output pin unless IDOEN is set to 1.
Bit 1 – LPMODE: Low Power Mode
Setting this bit enables the DAC low-power mode. The DAC is turned off between each conversion to save current.
Conversion time will be doubled when new conversions are started in this mode.
Bit 0 – ENABLE: Enable
This bit enables the entire DAC.
29.10.2 CTRLB – Control register B
Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 6:5 – CHSEL[1:0]: Channel Selection
These bits control which DAC channels are enabled and operating. Table 29-1 on page 370 shows the available
selections.
Table 29-1. DAC channel selection.
Bit 76543210
+0x00 – – – IDOEN CH1EN CH0EN LPMODE ENABLE
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x01 – CHSEL[1:0] ––– CH1TRIG CH0TRIG
Read/Write R R/W R/W R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
CHSEL[1:0] Group configur ation Description
00 SINGLE Single-channel operation on channel 0
01 SINGLE1 Single-channel operation on channel 1
10 DUAL Dual-channel operation
11 –Reserved
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Bit 4:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1 – CH1TRIG: Auto trigged mode Channel 1
If this bit is set, an event on the configured event channel, set in EVCTRL, will trigger a conversion on DAC chan-
nel 1 if its data register, CH1DATA, has been updated.
Bit 0 – CH0TRIG: Auto trigged mode Channel 0
If this bit is set, an event on the configured event channel, set in EVCTRL, will trigger a conversion on DAC chan-
nel 0 if its data register, CH0DATA, has been updated.
29.10.3 CTRLC – Control register C
Bit 7:5 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 4:3 – REFSEL[1:0]: Reference Selection
These bits select the reference voltage for the DAC according to Table 29-2 on page 371.
Table 29-2. DAC reference selection.
Bit 2:1 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 0 - LEFTADJ: Left-Adjust Value
If this bit is set, CH0DATA and CH1DATA are left-adjusted.
29.10.4 EVCTRL – Event Co n trol regi st er
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 76543210
+0x02 – – – REFSEL[1:0] –– LEFTADJ
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R R R/W
Initial Value00000000
CHSEL[1:0] Group configu ration Description
00 INT1V Internal 1.00V
01 AVCC AVCC
10 AREFA AREF on PORTA
11 AREFB AREF on PORTB
Bit 76543210
+0x03 –––– EVSEL[3:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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Bit 3 – EVSEL[3]: Event Selection bit 3
Setting this bit to 1 enables event channel EVSEL[2:0]+1 as the trigger source for DAC Channel 1. When this bit is
0, the same event channel is used as the trigger source for both DAC channels.
Bit 2:0 – EVSEL[2:0]: Event Channel Input Selection
These bits select which Event System channel is used for triggering a DAC conversion. Table 29-3 on page 372
shows the available selections.
Table 29-3. DAC reference selection.
29.10.5 STATUS – Status register
Bit 7:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1 – CH1DRE: Channel 1 Data Register Empty
This bit when set indicates that the data register for channel 1 is empty, meaning that a new conversion value may
be written. Writing to the data register when this bit is cleared will cause the pending conversion data to be over-
written. This bit is directly used for DMA requests.
Bit 0 – CH0DRE: Channel 0 Data register Empty
This bit when set indicates that the data register for channel 0 is empty, meaning that a new conversion value may
be written. Writing to the data register when this bit is cleared will cause the pending conversion data to be over-
written. This bit is directly used for DMA requests.
29.10.6 CH0DATAH – Channel 0 Data register High
These two channel data registers, CHnDATAH and CHnDATAL, are the high byte and low byte, respectively, of the 12-
bit CHnDATA value that is converted to a voltage on DAC channel n. By default, the 12 bits are distributed with 8 bits in
CHnDATAL and 4 bits in the four lsb positions of CHnDATAH (right-adjusted).To select left-adjusted data, set the
LEFTADJ bit in the CTRLC register.
When left adjusted data is selected, it is possible to do 8-bit conversions by writing only to the high byte of CHnDATA,
i.e., CHnDATAH. The TEMP register should be initialized to zero if only 8-bit conversion mode is used.
EVSEL[2:0] Group configuration Description
000 0Event channel 0 as input to DAC
001 1Event channel 1 as input to DAC
010 2Event channel 2 as input to DAC
011 3Event channel 3 as input to DAC
100 4Event channel 4 as input to DAC
101 5Event channel 5 as input to DAC
110 6Event channel 6 as input to DAC
111 7Event channel 7 as input to DAC
Bit 76543210
+0x05 –––––– CH1DRE CH0DRE
Read/Write RRRRRRR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
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29.10.6.1 Right-adjusted
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:0 – CHDATA[11:8]: Conversion Data Channel 0, Four msbs
These bits are the four msbs of the 12-bit value to convert to channel 0 in right-adjusted mode.
29.10.6.2 Left-adjusted
Bits 7:0 – CHDATA[11:4]: Conversion Data Channel 0, Eight msbs
These bits are the eight msbs of the 12-bit value to convert to channel 0 in left-adjusted mode
29.10.7 CH0DATAL – Channel 0 Data register Low
29.10.7.1 Right-adjusted
Bit 7:0 – CHDATA[7:0]: Conversion Data Channel 0, Eight lsbs
These bits are the eight lsbs of the 12-bit value to convert to channel 0 in right-adjusted mode.
29.10.7.2 Left-adjusted
Bit 7:4 – CHDATA[3:0]: Conversion Data Channel 0, Four lsbs
These bits are the four lsbs of the 12-bit value to convert to channel 0 in left-adjusted mode.
Bit 3:0 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 76543210
Right-adjust +0x19 –––– CHDATA[11:8]
Left-adjust CHDATA[11:4]
Right-adjust Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Left-adjust Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Right-adjust Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Left-adjust Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
Right-adjust +0x18 CHDATA[7:0]
Left-adjust CHDATA[3:0] – – – –
Right-adjust Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Left-adjust Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R R R R
Right-adjust Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Left-adjust Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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29.10.8 CH1DATAH – Channel 1 Data register High
29.10.8.1 Right-adjusted
Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:0 – CHDATA[11:8]: Conversion Data Channel 1, Four msbs
These bits are the four msbs of the 12-bit value to convert to channel 1 in right-adjusted mode.
29.10.8.2 Left-adjusted
Bit 7:0 – CHDATA[11:4]: Conversion Data Channel 1, Eight msbs
These bits are the eight msbs of the 12-bit value to convert to channel 1 in left-adjusted mode.
29.10.9 CH1DATAL – Channel 1 Data register Low
29.10.9.1Right-adjusted
Bit 7:0 – CHDATA[7:0]: Conversion Data Channel 1, Eight lsbs
These bits are the eight lsbs of the 12-bit value to convert to channel 1 in right-adjusted mode.
29.10.9.2 Left-adjusted
Bits 7:4 – CHDATA[3:0]: Conversion Data Channel 1, Four lsbs
These bits are the four lsbs of the 12-bit value to convert to channel 1 in left-adjusted mode.
Bit 3:0 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
29.10.10 CH0GAINCAL – Gain Calibration register
Bit 76543210
Right-adjust +0x1B ––––CHDATA[11:8]
Left-adjust CHDATA[11:4]
Right-adjust Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Left-adjust Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Right-adjust Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Left-adjust Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
Right-adjust +0x1A CHDATA[7:0]
Left-adjust CHDATA[3:0] ––––
Right-adjust Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Left-adjustRead/WriteR/WR/WR/WR/WRRRR
Right-adjustInitial Value00000000
Left-adjustInitial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x08/+0x0A CH0GAINCAL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Bit 7:0 – CH0GAINCAL[7:0]: Gain Calibration value
These bits are used to compensate for the gain error in DAC channel 0. See “Calibration” on page 369 for details.
29.10.11 CH0OFFSETCAL – Offset Calibration register
Bit 7:0 – CH0OFFSETCAL[7:0]: Offset Calibration value
These bits are used to compensate for the offset error in DAC channel 0. See “Calibration” on page 369 for details.
29.10.12 CH1GAINCAL – Gain Calibration register
Bit 7:0 – CH1GAINCAL[7:0]: Gain Calibration value
These bits are used to compensate for the gain error in DAC channel 1. See “Calibration” on page 369 for details.
29.10.13 CH1OFFSETCAL – Offset Calibration register
Bit 7:0 – CH1OFFSETCAL[7:0]: Offset Calibration value
These bits are used to compensate for the offset error in DAC channel 1. See “Calibration” on page 369 for details.
Bit 76543210
+0x09 CH0OFFSETCAL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x0A CH1GAINCAL[7:0]
Read/Write R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x0B CH1OFFSETCAL[7:0]
Read/Write R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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29.11 Register summary
This is the I/O summary when the DAC is configured to give standard 12-bit results. The I/O summary for 12-bit left-
adjusted results will be similar, but with some changes in the CHnDATAL and CHnDATAH data registers.
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA – – – IDOEN CH1EN CH0EN LPMODE ENABLE 370
+0x01 CTRLB –CHSEL[1:0] – – – CH1TRIG CH0TRIG 370
+0x02 CTRLC – – – REFSEL[1:0] – – LEFTADJ 371
+0x03 EVCTRL – – – – EVSEL[3:0] 371
+0x04 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x05 STATUS – – – – – – CH1DRE CH0DRE 372
+0x06 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x08 CH0GAINCAL CH0GAINCAL[7:0] 374
+0x09 CH0OFFSETCAL CH0OFFSETCAL[7:0] 375
+0x0A CH1GAINCAL CH1GAINCAL[7:0] 375
+0x0B CH1OFFSETCAL CH1OFFSETCAL[7:0] 375
+0x12 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x13 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x14 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x15 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x16 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x17 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x18 CH0DATAL CHDATA[7:0] 373
+0x19 CH0DATAH – – – – CHDATA[11:8] 372
+0x1A CH1DATAL CHDATA[7:0] 374
+0x1B CH1DATAH – – – – CHDATA[11:8] 374
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30. AC – Analog Comparator
30.1 Features
Selectable propagation delay versus current consumption
Selectable hysteresis
None
Small
Large
Analog comparator output available on pin
Flexible input selection
All pins on the port
Output from the DAC
Bandgap reference voltage
A 64-level programmable voltage scaler of the internal VCC voltage
Interrupt and event generation on:
Rising edge
Falling edge
Toggle
Window function interrupt and event generation on:
Signal above window
Signal inside window
Signal below window
Constant current source with configurable output pin selection
30.2 Overview
The analog comparator (AC) compares the voltage levels on two inputs and gives a digital output based on this
comparison. The analog comparator may be configured to generate interrupt requests and/or events upon several
different combinations of input change.
Two important properties of the analog comparator’s dynamic behavior are: hysteresis and propagation delay. Both of
these parameters may be adjusted in order to achieve the optimal operation for each application.
The input selection includes analog port pins, several internal signals, and a 64-level programmable voltage scaler. The
analog comparator output state can also be output on a pin for use by external devices.
A constant current source can be enabled and output on a selectable pin. This can be used to replace, for example,
external resistors used to charge capacitors in capacitive touch sensing applications.
The analog comparators are always grouped in pairs on each port. These are called analog comparator 0 (AC0) and
analog comparator 1 (AC1). They have identical behavior, but separate control registers. Used as pair, they can be set in
window mode to compare a signal to a voltage range instead of a voltage level.
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Figure 30-1 . Analog compa r ator overvi ew .
30.3 Input Sources
Each analog comparator has one positive and one negative input. Each input may be chosen from a selection of analog
input pins and internal inputs such as a VCC voltage scaler. The digital output from the analog comparator is one when
the difference between the positive and the negative input voltage is positive, and zero otherwise.
30.3.1 Pin Inputs
Any of analog input pins on the port can be selected as input to the analog comparator.
30.3.2 Internal Inputs
Three internal inputs are available for the analog comparator:
Output from the DAC
Bandgap reference voltage
Voltage scaler, which provides a 64-level scaling of the internal VCC voltage
30.4 Signal Compare
In order to start a signal comparison, the analog comparator must be configured with the preferred properties and inputs
before the module is enabled. The result of the comparison is continuously updated and available for application
software and the event system.
30.5 Interrupts and Events
The analog comparator can be configured to generate interrupts when the output toggles, when the output changes from
zero to one (rising edge), or when the output changes from one to zero (falling edge). Events are generated at all times
for the same condition as the interrupt, regardless of whether the interrupt is enabled or not.
ACnMUXCTRL ACnCTRL
Interrupt
Mode
Enable
Enable
Hysteresis
Hysteresis
AC1OUT
WINCTRL
Interrupt
Sensititivity
Control
&
Window
Function
Events
Interrupts
AC0OUT
Pin Input
Pin Input
Pin Input
Pin Input
Voltage
Scaler
DAC
Bandgap
+
-
+
-
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30.6 Window Mode
Two analog comparators on the same port can be configured to work together in window mode. In this mode, a voltage
range is defined, and the analog comparators give information about whether an input signal is within this range or not.
Figure 30-2. The Analog comparators in window mode.
30.7 Input Hysteresis
Application software can select between no-, low-, and high hysteresis for the comparison. Applying a hysteresis will help
prevent constant toggling of the output that can be caused by noise when the input signals are close to each other.
30.8 Propagation Delay vs. Power Consumption
It is possible to enable a high-speed mode to get the shortest possible propagation delay. This mode consumes more
power than the default low-power mode, which has a correspondingly longer propagation delay.
AC0
+
-
AC1
+
-
Input signal
Upper limit of window
Lower limit of window
Interrupt
sensitivity
control
Interrupts
Events
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30.9 Register Description
30.9.1 ACnCTRL – Analog Comparator n Control register
Bit 7:6 – INTMODE[1:0]: Interrupt Modes
These bits configure the interrupt mode for analog comparator n according to Table 30-1.
Table 30-1. Interrupt settings.
Bit 5:4 – INTLVL[1:0]: Interrupt Level
These bits enable the analog comparator n interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and
Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. The enabled interrupt will trigger according to the INT-
MODE setting.
Bit 3 – HSMODE: High-Speed Mode Select
By default, the analog comparator is in low-power mode, and this bit is zero. Setting this bit selects high-speed
mode for a shorter propagation delay. For details on actual performance, refer to device datasheet.
Bit 2:1 – HYSMODE[1:0]: Hysteresis Mode Select
These bits select the hysteresis mode according to Table 30-2. For details on actual hysteresis levels, refer to the
device datasheet.
Table 30-2. Hysteresis settings.
Bit 0 – ENABLE: Enable
Setting this bit enables analog comparator n.
Bit 7654 3210
+0x00 / +0x01 INTMODE[1:0] INTLVL[1:0] HSMODE HYSMODE[2:0] ENABLE
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
INTMODE[1:0] Group configu r ation Description
00 BOTHEDGES Comparator interrupt or event on output toggle
01 –Reserved
10 FALLING Comparator interrupt or event on falling output edge
11 RISING Comparator interrupt or event on rising output edge
HYSMODE[1:0] Group config uration Description
00 NO No hysteresis
01 SMALL Small hysteresis
10 LARGE Large hysteresis
11 –Reserved
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30.9.2 ACnMUXCTRL – Analog Comparator n Mux Control register
Bit 7:6 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 5:3 – MUXPOS[2:0]: Positive Input MUX Selection
These bits select which input will be connected to the positive input of analog comparator n according to Table 30-
3.
Table 30-3. Positive input MUX selection.
Bit 2:0 – MUXNEG[2:0]: Negative Input MUX Selection
These bits select which input will be connected to the negative input of analog comparator n according to Table
30-4.
Table 30-4. Negative input MUX selection.
Bit 7 6 543210
+0x02 / +0x03 ––MUXPOS[2:0] MUXNEG[2:0]
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MUXPOS[2:0] Group configur ati on Description
000 PIN0 Pin 0
001 PIN1 Pin 1
010 PIN2 Pin 2
011 PIN3 Pin 3
100 PIN4 Pin 4
101 PIN5 Pin 5
110 PIN6 Pin 6
111 DAC DAC output
MUXNEG[2:0] Group configu r ati on Negative input MUX selection
000 PIN0 Pin 0
001 PIN1 Pin 1
010 PIN3 Pin 3
011 PIN5 Pin 5
100 PIN7 Pin 7
101 DAC DAC output
110 BANDGAP Internal bandgap voltage
111 SCALER VCC voltage scaler
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30.9.3 CTRLA – Control register A
Bit 7:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1 – AC1OUT: Analog Comparator 1 Output
Setting this bit makes the output of AC1 available on pin 6 of the port.
Bit 0 – AC0OUT: Analog Comparator 0 Output
Setting this bit makes the output of AC0 available on pin 7 of the port.
30.9.4 CTRLB – Control register B
Bit 7:6 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 5:0 – SCALEFAC[5:0]: Voltage Scaling Factor
These bits define the scaling factor for the Vcc voltage scaler. The input to the analog comparator, VSCALE, is:
30.9.5 WINCTRL – Window Function Control register
Bit 7:5 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 4 – WEN: Window Mode Enable
Setting this bit enables the analog comparator window mode.
Bits 3:2 – WINTMODE[1:0]: Window Interrupt Mode Settings
These bits configure the interrupt mode for the analog comparator window mode according to Table 30-5.
Bit 76543210
+0x04 –––––– AC1OUT AC0OUT
Read/Write R R RRRRR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x05 ––SCALEFAC[5:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VSCALE VCC SCALEFAC 1+
64
------------------------------------------------------------=
Bit 76543210
+0x06 –– – WEN WINTMODE[1:0] WINTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
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Table 30-5. Window mode interrupt settings.
Bits 1:0 – WINTLVL[1:0]: Window Interrupt Enable
These bits enable the analog comparator window mode interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in
“Interrupts and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131. The enabled interrupt will trigger
according to the WINTMODE setting.
30.9.6 STATUS – Status register
Bits 7:6 – WSTATE[1:0]: Window Mode Current State
These bits show the current state of the signal if window mode is enabled according to Table 30-6.
Table 30-6. Hysteresis settings.
Bit 5 – AC1STATE: Analog Comparator 1 Current State
This bit shows the current state of the output signal from AC1.
Bit 4 – AC0STATE: Analog Comparator 0 Current State
This bit shows the current state of the output signal fromAC0.
Bit 3 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
Bit 2 – WIF: Analog Comparator Window Interrupt Flag
This is the interrupt flag for the window mode. WIF is set according to the WINTMODE setting in the “WINCTRL –
Window Function Control register” on page 382.
This flag is automatically cleared when the analog comparator window interrupt vector is executed. The flag can
also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
Bit 1 – AC1IF: Analog Comparator 1 Interrupt Flag
This is the interrupt flag for AC1. AC1IF is set according to the INTMODE setting in the corresponding “ACnCTRL
– Analog Comparator n Control register” on page 380.
WINTMODE[1:0] Group configur ati on Description
00 ABOVE Interrupt on signal above window
01 INSIDE Interrupt on signal inside window
10 BELOW Interrupt on signal below window
11 OUTSIDE Interrupt on signal outside window
Bit 76543210
+0x07 WSTATE[1:0] AC1STATE AC0STATE –WIF AC1IF AC0IF
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
WSTATE[1:0] Group config uration Description
00 ABOVE Signal is above window
01 INSIDE Signal is inside window
10 BELOW Signal is below window
11 OUTSIDE Signa is outside window
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This flag is automatically cleared when the analog comparator 1 interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be
cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
Bit 0 – AC0IF: Analog Comparator 0 Interrupt Flag
This is the interrupt flag for AC0. AC0IF is set according to the INTMODE setting in the corresponding “ACnCTRL
– Analog Comparator n Control register” on page 380.
This flag is automatically cleared when the analog comparator 0 interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be
cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
30.9.7 CURRCTRL – Current Source Control register
Bit 7 – CURRENT: Current Source Enable
Setting this bit to one will enable the constant current source.
Bit 6 – CURRMODE: Current Mode
Setting this bit to one will combine the two analog comparator current sources in order to double the output current
for each analog comparator.
Bit 5:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1 – AC1CURR: AC1 Current Source Output Enable
Setting this bit to one will enable the constant current source output on the pin selected by MUXNEG in
AC1MUXTRL.
Bit 0 – AC0CURR: AC0 Current Source Output Enable
Setting this bit to one will enable the constant current source output on the pin selected by MUXNEG in
AC0MUXTRL.
30.9.8 CURRCALIB – Current Source Calibration register
Bits 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 3:0 – CALIB[3:0]: Current Source Calibration
The constant current source is calibrated during production. A calibration value can be read from the signature row
and written to the CURRCALIB register from software. Refer to device data sheet for default calibration values and
user calibration range.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x08 CURRENT CURRMODE – – – – AC1CURR AC0CURR
Read/Write R/W R/W R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x09 – – – – CALIB[3:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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30.10 Register summary
30.11 Interrupt vector summary
Table 30-7. Analog comparator inter rupt vectors.
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 AC0CTRL INTMODE[1:0] INTLVL[1:0] HSMODE HYSMODE[1:0] ENABLE 380
+0x01 AC1CTRL INTMODE[1:0] INTLVL[1:0] HSMODE HYSMODE[1:0] ENABLE 380
+0x02 AC0MUXCTRL – – MUXPOS[2:0] MUXNEG[2:0] 381
+0x03 AC1MUXCTRL – – MUXPOS[2:0] MUXNEG[2:0] 381
+0x04 CTRLA – – – – – – AC1OUT ACOOUT 382
+0x05 CTRLB – – SCALEFAC5:0] 382
+0x06 WINCTRL –––WEN WINTMODE[1:0] WINTLVL[1:0] 382
+0x07 STATUS WSTATE[1:0] AC1STATE AC0STATE –WIF AC1IF AC0IF 383
+0x08 CURRCTRL CURRENT CURRMODE – – – – AC1CURR AC0CURR 384
+0x09 CURRCALIB – – – – CALIB[3:0] 384
Offset Source Interrupt Description
0x00 COMP0_vect Analog comparator 0 interrupt vector
0x02 COMP1_vect Analog comparator 1 interrupt vector
0x04 WINDOW_vect Analog comparator window interrupt vector
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31. IEEE 1149.1 JTAG Boundary Scan Interface
31.1 Features
JTAG (IEEE Std. 1149.1-2001 compliant) interface
Boundary scan capabilities according to the JTAG standard
Full scan of all I/O pins
Supports the mandatory SAMPLE, IDCODE, PRELOAD, EXTEST, and BYPASS instructions
Supports the optional HIGHZ and CLAMP instructions
Supports the AVR-specific PDICOM instruction for accessing the PDI
31.2 Overview
The JTAG interface is mainly intended for testing PCBs by using the JTAG boundary scan capability. Secondarily, the
JTAG interface is used to access the Program and Debug Interface (PDI) in its optional JTAG mode.
The boundary scan chain has the capability of driving and observing the logic levels on I/O pins. At the system level, all
microcontroller or board components having JTAG capabilities are connected serially by the TDI/TDO signals to form a
long shift register. An external controller sets up the devices to drive values at their output pins, and observes the input
values received from other devices. The controller compares the received data with the expected result. In this way,
boundary scan method provides a mechanism for testing the interconnections and integrity of components on printed
circuit boards by using only the four test access port (TAP) signals.
The IEEE Std. 1149.1-2001 defined mandatory JTAG instructions, IDCODE, BYPASS, SAMPLE/ PRELOAD, and
EXTEST, together with the optional CLAMP and HIGHZ instructions can be used for testing the printed circuit board.
Alternatively, the HIGHZ instruction can be used to place all I/O pins in an inactive drive state, while bypassing the
boundary scan register chain of the chip.
The AVR-specific PDICOM instruction makes it possible to use the PDI data register as an interface for accessing the
PDI for programming and debugging. This provides an alternative way to access internal programming and debugging
resources by using the JTAG interface. For more details on PDI, programming, and on-chip debugging, refer to “Program
and Debug Interface” on page 393.
The JTAGEN fuse must be programmed and the JTAGD bit in the MCUCR register must be cleared to enable the JTAG
interface and TAP. See “FUSEBYTE4 – Fuse Byte4” on page 31, and “MCUCR – Control register” on page 45 for more
details.
When using the JTAG interface for boundary scan, the JTAG TCK clock frequency can be higher than the internal device
frequency. A system clock in the device is not required for boundary scan.
31.3 TAP - Test Access Port
The JTAG interface requires and uses four device I/O pins. In JTAG terminology, these pins constitute the test access
port, or TAP. These pins are:
TMS: Test mode select. The pin is used for navigating through the TAP-controller state machine
TCK: Test clock. This is the JTAG clock signal, and all operation is synchronous to TCK
TDI: Test data in. Serial input data to be shifted in to the instruction register or data register (scan chains)
TDO: Test data out. Serial output data from the instruction register or data register
The IEEE Std. 1149.1-2001 also specifies an optional test reset signal, TRST. This signal is not available.
When the JTAGEN fuse is unprogrammed or the JTAG disable bit is set, the JTAG interface is disabled. The four TAP
pins are normal port pins, and the TAP controller is in reset. When enabled, the input TAP signals are internally pulled
high and JTAG is enabled for boundary scan operations.
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Figure 31-1. TAP controller state diagram.
The TAP controller is a 16-state, finite state machine that controls the operation of the boundary scan circuitry. The state
transitions shown in Figure 31-1 depend on the signal present on TMS (shown adjacent to each state transition) at the
time of the rising edge on TCK. The initial state after a power-on reset is the test logic reset state.
Assuming the present state is run test/idle, a typical scenario for using the JTAG interface is:
At the TMS input, apply the sequence 1, 1, 0, 0 at the rising edges of TCK to enter the shift instruction register, or shift
IR, state. While in this state, shift the four bits of the JTAG instruction into the JTAG instruction register from the TDI
input at the rising edge of TCK. The TMS input must be held low during input of the 3 lsbs in order to remain in the shift
IR state. The msb of the instruction is shifted in when this state is left by setting TMS high. While the instruction is
shifted in from the TDI pin, the captured IR state, 0x01, is shifted out on the TDO pin. The JTAG instruction selects a
particular data register as the path between TDI and TDO and controls the circuitry surrounding the selected data
register
Apply the TMS sequence 1, 1, 0 to reenter the run test/idle state. The instruction is latched onto the parallel output
from the shift register path in the update IR state. The exit IR, pause IR, and exit2 IR states are used only for navigating
the state machine
At the TMS input, apply the sequence 1, 0, 0 at the rising edges of TCK to enter the shift data register, or shift DR,
state. While in this state, upload the selected data register (selected by the present JTAG instruction in the JTAG
instruction register) from the TDI input at the rising edge of TCK. In order to remain in the shift DR state, the TMS input
must be held low during the input of all bits except the msb. The msb of the data is shifted in when this state is left by
setting TMS high. While the data register is shifted in from the TDI pin, the parallel inputs to the data register captured
in the capture DR state are shifted out on the TDO pin
Apply the TMS sequence 1, 1, 0 to reenter the run test/idle state. If the selected data register has a latched parallel
output, the latching takes place in the update DR state. The exit DR, pause DR, and exit2 DR states are used only for
navigating the state machine.
As shown in the state diagram, the run test/idle state need not be entered between selecting JTAG instructions and using
data registers.
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Note: Independently of the initial state of the TAP controller, the test logic reset state can always be entered by holding
TMS high for five TCK clock periods.
31.4 JTAG Instructions
The instruction register is four bits wide. Listed below are the JTAG instructions for boundary scan operation and the
PDICOM instruction used for accessing the PDI in JTAG mode.
The lsb is shifted in and out first for all shift registers.
The code for each instruction is shown beside the instruction name in hex format. The text describes which data register
is selected as the path between TDI and TDO for each instruction.
31.4.1 EXTEST; 0x1
EXTEST is the instruction for selecting the boundary scan chain as the data register for testing circuitry external to the
AVR XMEGA device package. The instruction is used for sampling external pins and loading output pins with data. For
the I/O port pins, both output control (DIR) and output data (OUT) are controllable via the scan chain, while the output
control and actual pin value are observable. The contents of the latched outputs of the boundary scan chain are driven
out as soon as the JTAG instruction register is loaded with the EXTEST instruction.
The active states are:
Capture DR: Data on the external pins are sampled into the boundary scan chain
Shift DR: Data in the Boundary-scan Chain are shifted by the TCK input
Update DR: Data from the scan chain are applied to output pins
31.4.2 IDCODE; 0x3
IDCODE is the instruction for selecting the 32-bit ID register as the data register. The ID register consists of a version
number, a device number, and the manufacturer code chosen by the Joint Electron Devices Engineering Council
(JEDEC). This is the default instruction after power up.
The active states are:
Capture DR: Data in the IDCODE register are sampled into the device identification register
Shift DR: The IDCODE scan chain is shifted by the TCK input
31.4.3 SAMPLE/PRELOAD; 0x2
SAMPLE/PRELOAD is the instruction for pre loading the output latches and taking a snapshot of the input/output pins
without affecting system operation. However, the output latches are not connected to the pins. The boundary scan chain
is selected as the data register. Since each of the SAMPLE and PRELOAD instructions implements the functionality of
the other, they share a common binary value, and can be treated as a single, merged instruction.
The active states are:
Capture DR: Data on the external pins are sampled into the boundary scan chain
Shift DR: The boundary scan chain is shifted by the TCK input
Update DR: Data from the boundary scan chain are applied to the output latches, but the output latches are not
connected to the pins
31.4.4 BYPASS; 0xf
BYPASS is the instruction for selecting the bypass register for the data register. This instruction can be issued to make
the shortest possible scan chain through the device.
The active states are:
Capture DR: Loads a zero into the bypass register
Shift DR: The bypass register cell between TDI and TDO is shifted
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31.4.5 CLAMP; 0x4
CLAMP is an optional instruction that allows the state of the input/output pins to be determined from the preloaded output
latches. The instruction allows static pin values to be applied via the boundary scan registers while bypassing these
registers in the scan path, efficiently shortening the total length of the serial test path. The bypass register is selected as
the data register.
The active states are:
Capture DR: Loads a zero into the bypass register
Shift DR: The bypass register cell between TDI and TDO is shifted
31.4.6 HIGHZ; 0x5
HIGHZ is an optional instruction for putting all outputs in an inactive drive state (e.g., high impedance). The bypass
register is selected as the data register.
The active states are:
Capture DR: Loads a zero into the bypass register
Shift DR: The bypass register cell between TDI and TDO is shifted
31.4.7 PDICOM; 0x7
PDICOM is an AVR XMEGA specific instruction for using the JTAG TAP as an alternative interface to the PDI.
The active states are:
Capture DR: Parallel data from the PDI are sampled into the PDICOM data register
Shift DR: The PDICOM data register is shifted by the TCK input
Update DR: Commands or operands are parallel-latched from the PDICOM data register into the PDI
31.5 Boundary Scan Chain
The boundary scan chain has the capability of driving and observing the logic levels on the I/O pins. To ensure a
predictable device behavior during and after the EXTEST, CLAMP, and HIGHZ instructions, the device is automatically
put in reset. During active reset, the external oscillators, analog modules, and non-default port pin settings (like pull-
up/down, bus-keeper, wired-AND/OR) are disabled. It should be noted that the current device and port pin state are
unaffected by the SAMPLE and PRELOAD instructions.
31.5.1 Scanning the Port Pins
Figure 31-2 on page 390 shows the boundary scan cell used for all the bidirectional port pins. This cell is able to control
and observe both pin direction and pin value via a two-stage shift register. When no alternate port function is present,
output control corresponds to the DIR register value, output data corresponds to the OUT register value, and input data
corresponds to the IN register value (tapped before the input inverter and input synchronizer). Mode represents either an
active CLAMP or EXTEST instruction, while shift DR is set when the TAP controller is in its shift DR state.
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Figure 31-2. Boundary scan cell for bi-directional port pin.
31.5.2 Scanning the PDI Pins
Two observe-only cells are inserted to make the combined RESET and PDI_CLK pin and the PDI_DATA pin observable.
Even though the PDI_DATA pin is bidirectional, it is only made observable in order to avoid any extra logic on the
PDI_DATA output path.
Figure 31-3. An observe-only inpu t cell.
D
Q
DQDQ
DQ
Input Data
(IN)
Output Data
(IN)
Output Control
(DIR)
Mode
Pn
Shift DR To next cell
From last cell Clock DR Update DR
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
En
DQ
From last
cell
Clock DR
To next cell
To system
logic
From system
pin
Shift DR
1
0
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31.6 Data Registers
The supported data registers that can be connected between TDI and TDO are:
Bypass register (Ref: register A in Figure 31-4 on page 391).
Device identification register (Ref: register C in Figure 31-4 on page 391).
Boundary scan chain (Ref: register D in Figure 31-4 on page 391).
PDICOM data register (Ref: register B in Figure 31-4 on page 391)
Figure 31-4. JTAG data register overview.
31.6.1 Bypass Register
The bypass register consists of a single shift register stage. When the bypass register is selected as the path between
TDI and TDO, the register is reset to 0 when leaving the capture DR controller state. The bypass register can be used to
shorten the scan chain on a system when the other devices are to be tested.
31.6.2 Device Identification Register
31.6.2.1Version
Version is a 4-bit number identifying the revision of the device. The JTAG version number follows the revision of the
device. Revision A is 0x0, revision B is 0x1, and so on.
31.6.2.2Part Number
The part number is a 16-bit code identifying the device. Refer to the device data sheets to find the correct number.
31.6.2.3Manufacturer ID
The manufacturer ID is an 11-bit code identifying the manufacturer. For Atmel, this code is 0x01F.
D
D
TDI
A
B B B
C C C C
TDO
TMS
D
D
D
D
D
D
DD D
I/O PORTS
PDI JTAG
TCK
to all TCK
registers
Internal registers
JTAG Boundary-scan chain
TAP
CTRL
MSB LSB
Bit 31 28 27 12 11 1 0
Device ID Version Part Number Manufacturer ID 1
4 bits 16 bits 11 bits 1 bit
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31.6.3 Boundary Scan Chain
The boundary scan chain has the capability of driving and observing the logic levels on all I/O pins. Refer to “Boundary
Scan Chain” on page 389 for a complete description.
31.6.4 PDICOM Data Register
The PDICOM data register is a 9-bit wide register used for serial-to-parallel and parallel-to-serial conversions of data
between the JTAG TAP and the PDI. For details, refer to “Program and Debug Interface” on page 393.
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32. Program and Debug Interface
32.1 Features
Programming
External programming through PDI or JTAG interfaces
Minimal protocol overhead for fast operation
Built-in error detection and handling for reliable operation
Boot loader support for programming through any communication interface
Debugging
Nonintrusive, real-time, on-chip debug system
No software or hardware resources required from device except pin connection
Program flow control
Go, Stop, Reset, Step Into, Step Over, Step Out, Run-to-Cursor
Unlimited number of user program breakpoints
Unlimited number of user data breakpoints, break on:
Data location read, write, or both read and write
Data location content equal or not equal to a value
Data location content is greater or smaller than a value
Data location content is within or outside a range
No limitation on device clock frequency
Program and Debug Interface (PDI)
Two-pin interface for external programming and debugging
Uses the Reset pin and a dedicated pin
No I/O pins required during programming or debugging
JTAG interface
Four-pin, IEEE Std. 1149.1 compliant interface for programming and debugging
Boundary scan capabilities according to IEEE Std. 1149.1 (JTAG)
32.2 Overview
The Program and Debug Interface (PDI) is an Atmel proprietary interface for external programming and on-chip
debugging of a device.
The PDI supports fast programming of nonvolatile memory (NVM) spaces; flash, EEPOM, fuses, lock bits, and the user
signature row. This is done by accessing the NVM controller and executing NVM controller commands, as described in
“Memory Programming” on page 407.
Debug is supported through an on-chip debug system that offers nonintrusive, real-time debug. It does not require any
software or hardware resources except for the device pin connection. Using the Atmel tool chain, it offers complete
program flow control and support for an unlimited number of program and complex data breakpoints. Application debug
can be done from a C or other high-level language source code level, as well as from an assembler and disassembler
level.
Programming and debugging can be done through two physical interfaces. The primary one is the PDI physical layer,
which is available on all devices. This is a two-pin interface that uses the Reset pin for the clock input (PDI_CLK) and one
other dedicated pin for data input and output (PDI_DATA). A JTAG interface is also available on most devices, and this
can be used for programming and debugging through the four-pin JTAG interface. The JTAG interface is IEEE Std.
1149.1 compliant, and supports boundary scan. Any external programmer or on-chip debugger/emulator can be directly
connected to either of these interfaces. Unless otherwise stated, all references to the PDI assume access through the
PDI physical layer.
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Figure 32-1. The PDI with JTAG and PDI physical layers and closely related modules (grey).
32.3 PDI Physical
The PDI physical layer handles the low-level serial communication. It uses a bidirectional, half-duplex, synchronous
serial receiver and transmitter (just as a USART in USRT mode). The physical layer includes start-of-frame detection,
frame error detection, parity generation, parity error detection, and collision detection.
In addition to PDI_CLK and PDI_DATA, the PDI_DATA pin has an internal pull resistor, VCC and GND must be
connected between the External Programmer/debugger and the device. Figure 32-2 on page 394 shows a typical
connection.
Figure 32-2. PDI connection.
The remainder of this section is intended for use only by third parties developing programmers or programming support
for Atmel AVR XMEGA devices.
32.3.1 Enabling
The PDI physical layer must be enabled before use. This is done by first forcing the PDI_DATA line high for a period
longer than the equivalent external reset minimum pulse width (refer to device datasheet for external reset pulse width
data). This will disable the RESET functionality of the Reset pin, if not already disabled by the fuse settings.
Next, continue to keep the PDI_DATA line high for 16 PDI_CLK cycles. The first PDI_CLK cycle must start no later than
100µs after the RESET functionality of the Reset pin is disabled. If this does not occur in time, the enabling procedure
must start over again. The enable sequence is shown in Figure 32-3 on page 395.
PDI
Controller
JTAG Physical
(physical layer)
PDI Physical
(physical layer)
OCD
NVM
Controller
Program and Debug Interface (PDI)
PDI_CLK
PDI_DATA
TDO
TCK
TMI
TDI
NVM
Memories
Internal InterfacesPDIBUS
PDI Connector
GND
VCC
PDI_CLK
PDI_DATA
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Figure 32-3. PDI physical layer enable sequence.
The Reset pin is sampled when the PDI interface is enabled. The reset register is then set according to the state of the
Reset pin, preventing the device from running code after the reset functionality of this pin is disabled.
32.3.2 Disabling
If the clock frequency on PDI_CLK is lower than approximately 10kHz, this is regarded as inactivity on the clock line. This
will automatically disable the PDI. If not disabled by a fuse, the reset function of the Reset (PDI_CLK) pin is enabled
again. This also means that the minimum programming frequency is approximately 10kHz.
32.3.3 Frame Format and Characters
The PDI physical layer uses a frame format defined as one character of eight data bits, with a start bit, a parity bit, and
two stop bits.
Figure 32-4. PDI serial frame format.
Three different characters are used, DATA, BREAK, and IDLE. The BREAK character is equal to a 12-bit length of low
level. The IDLE character is equal to a 12- bit length of high level. The BREAK and IDLE characters can be extended
beyond the 12-bit length.
Figure 32-5. Characters a nd timi ng for the PDI ph ys ical layer.
Disable RESET function on Reset (PDI_CLK) pin Activate PDI
PDI_DATA
PDI_CLK
St Start bit, always low
(0-7) Data bits (0 to 7)
PParity bit, even parity used
Sp1 Stop bit 1, always high
Sp2 Stop bit 2, always high
St 01234567P
Sp1
FRAME
Sp2(IDLE) (St/IDLE)
START
01234567P
STOP
1 IDLE character
BREAK
IDLE
1 DATA character
1 BREAK character
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32.3.4 Serial Transmission and Reception
The PDI physical layer is either in transmit (TX) or receive (RX) mode. By default, it is in RX mode, waiting for a start bit.
The programmer and the PDI operate synchronously on the PDI_CLK provided by the programmer. The dependency
between the clock edges and data sampling or data change is fixed. As illustrated in Figure 32-6 on page 396, output
data (either from the programmer or the PDI) is always set up (changed) on the falling edge of PDI_CLK and sampled on
the rising edge of PDI_CLK.
Figure 32-6. Changing and sampling of data.
32.3.5 Serial Transmission
When a data transmission is initiated, by the PDI controller, the transmitter simply shifts out the start bit, data bits, parity
bit, and the two stop bits on the PDI_DATA line. The transmission speed is dictated by the PDI_CLK signal. While in
transmission mode, IDLE bits (high bits) are automatically transmitted to fill possible gaps between successive DATA
characters. If a collision is detected during transmission, the output driver is disabled, and the interface is put into RX
mode waiting for a BREAK character.
32.3.6 Serial Reception
When a start bit is detected, the receiver starts to collect the eight data bits. If the parity bit does not correspond to the
parity of the data bits, a parity error has occurred. If one or both of the stop bits are low, a frame error has occurred. If the
parity bit is correct, and no frame error is detected, the received data bits are available for the PDI controller.
When the PDI is in TX mode, a BREAK character signaled by the programmer will not be interpreted as a BREAK, but
will instead cause a generic data collision. When the PDI is in RX mode, a BREAK character will be recognized as a
BREAK. By transmitting two successive BREAK characters (which must be separated by one or more high bits), the last
BREAK character will always be recognized as a BREAK, regardless of whether the PDI was in TX or RX mode initially.
This is because in TX mode the first BREAK is seen as a collision. The PDI then shifts to RX mode and sees the second
BREAK as break.
32.3.7 Direction Change
In order to ensure correct timing for half-duplex operation, a guard time mechanism is used. When the PDI changes from
RX mode to TX mode, a configurable number of IDLE bits are inserted before the start bit is transmitted. The minimum
transition time between RX and TX mode is two IDLE cycles, and these are always inserted. The default guard time
value is 128 bits.
Figure 32-7. PDI direction change by inserting IDLE bits.
PDI_CLK
PDI_DATA
SampleSample Sample
Pt
SSp1
1 DATA character
Sp2 IDLE bits PtS
1 DATA character
Sp1 Sp2
Dir. change
PDI DATA Receive (RX) PDI DATA Transmit (TX)
Data from
PDI interface
to Programmer
Data from
Programmer to
PDI interface
Guard time
# IDLE bits
inserted
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The external programmer will loose control of the PDI_DATA line at the point where the PDI changes from RX to TX
mode. The guard time relaxes this critical phase of the communication. When the programmer changes from RX mode to
TX mode, a single IDLE bit, at minimum, should be inserted before the start bit is transmitted.
32.3.8 Drive Contention and Collision Detection
In order to reduce the effect of drive contention (the PDI and the programmer driving the PDI_DATA line at the same
time), a mechanism for collision detection is used. The mechanism is based on the way the PDI drives data out on the
PDI_DATA line. As shown in Figure 32-8 on page 397, the PDI output driver is active only when the output value
changes (from 0-1 or 1-0). Hence, if two or more successive bit values are the same, the value is actively driven only on
the first clock cycle. After this point, the PDI output driver is automatically tri-stated, and the PDI_DATA pin has a bus
keeper responsible for keeping the pin value unchanged until the output driver is reenabled due to a change in the bit
value.
Figure 32-8. Driving data out on the PDI_DATA using a bu s keeper.
If the programmer and the PDI both drive the PDI_DATA line at the same time, drive contention will occur, as illustrated
in Figure 32-9 on page 397. Every time a bit value is kept for two or more clock cycles, the PDI is able to verify that the
correct bit value is driven on the PDI_DATA line. If the programmer is driving the PDI_DATA line to the opposite bit value
to what the PDI expects, a collision is detected.
Figure 32-9. Drive contention an d co llision detectio n on the PDI_DATA line.
As long as the PDI transmits alternating ones and zeros, collisions cannot be detected, because the PDI output driver will
be active all the time, preventing polling of the PDI_DATA line. However, the two stop bits should always be transmitted
as ones within a single frame, enabling collision detection at least once per frame.
10110
Output enable
PDI_CLK
PDI Output
01
PDI_DATA
PDI_CLK
PDI Output
PDI_DATA
11X01
Programmer
output
1X
Collision detect
= Collision
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32.4 JTAG Physical
The JTAG physical layer handles the basic low-level serial communication over four I/O lines, TMS, TCK, TDI, and TDO.
The JTAG physical layer includes BREAK detection, parity error detection, and parity generation. For all generic JTAG
details, refer to “IEEE 1149.1 JTAG Boundary Scan Interface” on page 386.
32.4.1 Enabling
The JTAGEN fuse must be programmed and the JTAG disable bit in the MCU control register must be cleared to enable
the JTAG interface. This is done by default. When the JTAG PDICOM instruction is shifted into the JTAG instruction
register, the JTAG interface can be used to access the PDI for external programming and on-chip debugging.
32.4.2 Disabling
The JTAG interface can be disabled by unprogramming the JTAGEN fuse or by setting the JTAG disable bit in the MCU
control register from the application code.
32.4.3 JTAG Instruction Set
The Atmel XMEGA specific JTAG instruction set consist of eight instructions related to boundary scan and PDI access
for programming. For more details on JTAG and the general JTAG instruction set, refer to “JTAG Instructions” on page
388.
32.4.3.1The PDICOM Instruction
When the PDICOM instruction is shifted into the JTAG instruction register, the 9-bit PDI communication register is
selected as the data register. Commands are shifted into the register as results from previous commands are shifted out
from the register. The active TAP controller states are (see “TAP - Test Access Port” on page 386):
Capture DR: Parallel data from the PDI controller is sampled into the PDI communication register
Shift DR: The PDI communication register is shifted by the TCK input
Update DR: Commands or operands are parallel-latched into registers in the PDI controller
32.4.4 Frame Format and Characters
The JTAG physical layer supports a fixed frame format. A serial frame is defined to be one character of eight data bits
followed by one parity bit.
Figure 32-10.JTAG serial frame format
Three special data characters are used. Common among these is that the parity bit is inverted in order to force a parity
error upon reception. The BREAK character (0xBB+P1) is used by the external programmer to force the PDI to abort any
ongoing operation and bring the PDI controller into a known state. The DELAY character (0xDB+P1) is used by the PDI
to tell the programmer that it has no data ready. The EMPTY character (0xEB+P1) is used by the PDI to tell the
programmer that it has no transmission pending (i.e., the PDI is in RX-mode).
(0-7) Data/command bits, least-significant bit sent first (0 to 7)
PParity bit, even parity used
01234567P
FRAME
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Figure 32-11.Special data characters.
32.4.5 Serial transmission and reception
The JTAG interface supports full-duplex communication. At the same time as input data is shifted in on the TDI pin,
output data is shifted out on the TDO pin. However, PDI communication relies on half-duplex data transfer. Due to this,
the JTAG physical layer operates only in either transmit (TX) or receive (RX) mode. The available JTAG bit channel is
used for control and status signalling.
The programmer and the JTAG interface operate synchronously on the TCK clock provided by the programmer. The
dependency between the clock edges and data sampling or data change is fixed. As illustrated in Figure 32-12 on page
399, TDI and TDO is always set up (change) on the falling edge of TCK, while data always should be sampled on the
rising edge of TCK.
Figure 32-12.Changing and sampling data.
32.4.6 Serial Transmission
When data transmission is initiated, a data byte is loaded into the shift register and then out on TDO. The parity bit is
generated and appended to the data byte during transmission. The transmission speed is given by the TCK signal.
If the PDI is in TX mode (as a response to an LD instruction), and a transmission request from the PDI controller is
pending when the TAP controller enters the capture DR state, valid data will be parallel-loaded into the shift register, and
a correct parity bit will be generated and transmitted along with the data byte in the shift DR state.
If the PDI is in RX mode when the TAP controller enters the capture DR state, an EMPTY byte will be loaded into the shift
register, and the parity bit will be set (forcing a parity error) when data is shifted out in the shift DR state. This situation
occurs during normal PDI command and operand reception.
If the PDI is in TX- mode (as a response to an LD instruction), but no transmission request from the PDI controller is
pending when the TAP controller enters the capture DR state, a DELAY byte (0xDB) will be loaded into the shift register,
and the parity bit will be set (forcing a parity error) when data is shifted out in the shift DR state. This situation occurs
during data transmission if the data to be transmitted is not yet available.
P111011101
1 BREAK CHARACTER (BB+P1)
1 DELAY CHARACTER (DB+P1)
1 EMPTY CHARACTER (EB+P1)
P111011011
P111010111
TCK
TDI/TDO
SampleSample Sample
400
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Figure 32-13 on page 400 shows an uninterrupted flow of data frames from the PDI as a response to the repeated
indirect LD instruction. In this example, the device is not able to return data bytes faster than one valid byte per two
transmitted frames. Thus, intermediate DELAY characters are inserted.
Figure 32-13.Data not ready marking.
If a DELAY data frame is transmitted as a response to an LD instruction, the programmer should interpret this as if the
JTAG interface had no data ready for transmission in the previous capture DR state. The programmer must initiate
repeated transfers until a valid data byte is received. The LD instruction is defined to return a specified number of valid
frames, not just a number of frames. Hence, if the programmer detects a DELAY character after transmitting an LD
instruction, the LD instruction should not be retransmitted, because the first LD response would still be pending.
32.4.7 Serial Reception
During reception, the PDI collects the eight data bits and the parity bit from TDI and shifts them into the shift register.
Every time a valid frame is received, the data is latched in to the update DR state.
The parity checker calculates the parity (even mode) of the data bits in incoming frames and compares the result with the
parity bit from the serial frame. In case of a parity error, the PDI controller is signaled.
The parity checker is active in both TX and RX modes. If a parity error is detected, the received data byte is evaluated
and compared with the BREAK character (which will always generate a parity error). In case the BREAK character is
recognized, the PDI controller is signaled.
32.5 PDI Controller
The PDI controller performs data transmission/reception on a byte level, command decoding, high-level direction control,
control and status register access, exception handling, and clock switching (PDI_CLK or TCK). The interaction between
an external programmer and the PDI controller is based on a scheme where the programmer transmits various types of
requests to the PDI controller, which in turn responds according to the specific request. A programmer request comes in
the form of an instruction, which may be followed by one or more byte operands. The PDI controller response may be
silent (e.g., a data byte is stored to a location within the device), or it may involve data being returned to the programmer
(e.g., a data byte is read from a location within the device).
32.5.1 Switching between PDI and JTAG modes
The PDI controller uses either the JTAG or PDI physical layer for establishing a connection to the programmer. Based on
this, the PDI is in either JTAG or PDI mode. When one of the modes is entered, the PDI controller registers will be
initialized, and the correct clock source will be selected. The PDI mode has higher priority than the JTAG mode. Hence, if
the PDI mode is enabled while the PDI controller is already in JTAG mode, the access layer will automatically switch over
to PDI mode. If switching physical layer without powering on/off the device, the active layer should be disabled before the
alternative physical layer is enabled.
32.5.2 Accessing Internal Interfaces
After an external programmer has established communication with the PDI, the internal interfaces are not accessible, by
default. To get access to the NVM controller and the nonvolatile memories for programming, a unique key must be
signaled by using the KEY instruction. The internal interfaces are accessed as one linear address space using a
dedicated bus (PDIBUS) between the PDI and the internal interfaces. The PDIBUS address space is shown in Figure 33-
3 on page 421. The NVM controller must be enabled for the PDI controller to have any access to the NVM interface. The
PDI controller can access the NVM and NVM controller in programming mode only. The PDI controller does not need to
access the NVM controller's data or address registers when reading or writing NVM.
REP CNT LD *(ptr)
External
Programmer Device
0xDB 1D0 P0xDB 1D1 P
FRAME 0 FRAME 1 FRAM E 2 FRAM E 3FRAME 0 FRA M E 1 FRAM E 2
Commands/data
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32.5.3 NVM Programming Key
The key that must be sent using the KEY instruction is 64 bits long. The key that will enable NVM programming is:
0x1289AB45CDD888FF
32.5.4 Exception Handling
There are several situations that are considered exceptions from normal operation. The exceptions depend on whether
the PDI is in RX or TX mode and whether PDI or JTAG mode is used.
While the PDI is in RX mode, the exceptions are:
PDI:
The physical layer detects a parity error
The physical layer detects a frame error
The physical layer recognizes a BREAK character (also detected as a frame error)
JTAG:
The physical layer detects a parity error
The physical layer recognizes a BREAK character (also detected as a parity error)
While the PDI is in TX mode, the exceptions are:
PDI:
The physical layer detects a data collision
JTAG:
The physical layer detects a parity error (on the dummy data shifted in on TDI)
The physical layer recognizes a BREAK character
Exceptions are signaled to the PDI controller. All ongoing operations are then aborted, and the PDI is put in ERROR
state. The PDI will remain in ERROR state until a BREAK is sent from the external programmer, and this will bring the
PDI back to its default RX state.
Due to this mechanism, the programmer can always synchronize the protocol by transmitting two successive BREAK
characters.
32.5.5 Reset Signalling
Through the reset register, the programmer can issue a reset and force the device into reset. After clearing the reset
register, reset is released, unless some other reset source is active.
32.5.6 Instruction Set
The PDI has a small instruction set used for accessing both the PDI itself and the internal interfaces. All instructions are
byte instructions. The instructions allow an external programmer to access the PDI controller, the NVM controller and the
nonvolatile memories.
32.5.6.1LDS - Load Data from PDIBUS Data Space using Direct Addressing
The LDS instruction is used to load data from the PDIBUS data space for read out. The LDS instruction is based on direct
addressing, which means that the address must be given as an argument to the instruction. Even though the protocol is
based on byte-wise communication, the LDS instruction supports multiple-byte addresses and data access. Four
different address/data sizes are supported: single-byte, word (two bytes), three-byte, and long (four bytes). Multiple-byte
access is broken down internally into repeated single-byte accesses, but this reduces protocol overhead. When using the
LDS instruction, the address byte(s) must be transmitted before the data transfer.
32.5.6.2STS - Store Data to PDIBUS Data Space using Direct Addressing
The STS instruction is used to store data that are serially shifted into the physical layer shift register to locations within
the PDIBUS data space. The STS instruction is based on direct addressing, which means that the address must be given
as an argument to the instruction. Even though the protocol is based on byte-wise communication, the ST instruction
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supports multiple-bytes addresses and data access. Four different address/data sizes are supported: single-byte, word
(two bytes), three-byte, and long (four bytes). Multiple-byte access is broken down internally into repeated single-byte
accesses, but this reduces protocol overhead. When using the STS instruction, the address byte(s) must be transmitted
before the data transfer.
32.5.6.3LD - Load Data from PDIBUS Data Space using Indirect Addressing
The LD instruction is used to load data from the PDIBUS data space into the physical layer shift register for serial read
out. The LD instruction is based on indirect addressing (pointer access), which means that the address must be stored in
the pointer register prior to the data access. Indirect addressing can be combined with pointer increment. In addition to
reading data from the PDIBUS data space, the LD instruction can read the pointer register. Even though the protocol is
based on byte-wise communication, the LD instruction supports multiple-byte addresses and data access. Four different
address/data sizes are supported: single-byte, word (two bytes), three-byte, and long (four bytes). Multiple-byte access is
broken down internally into repeated single-byte accesses, but this reduces the protocol overhead.
32.5.6.4ST - Store Data to PDIBUS Data Space using Indirect Addressing
The ST instruction is used to store data that is serially shifted into the physical layer shift register to locations within the
PDIBUS data space. The ST instruction is based on indirect addressing (pointer access), which means that the address
must be stored in the pointer register prior to the data access. Indirect addressing can be combined with pointer
increment. In addition to writing data to the PDIBUS data space, the ST instruction can write the pointer register. Even
though the protocol is based on byte-wise communication, the ST instruction supports multiple-bytes address - and data
access. Four different address/data sizes are supported; byte, word, 3 bytes, and long (4 bytes). Multiple-bytes access is
internally broken down to repeated single-byte accesses, but it reduces the protocol overhead.
32.5.6.5LDCS - Load Data from PDI Control and Status Register Space
The LDCS instruction is used to load data from the PDI control and status registers into the physical layer shift register
for serial read out. The LDCS instruction supports only direct addressing and single-byte access.
32.5.6.6STCS - Store Data to PDI Control and Status Register Space
The STCS instruction is used to store data that are serially shifted into the physical layer shift register to locations within
the PDI control and status registers. The STCS instruction supports only direct addressing and single-byte access.
32.5.6.7KEY - Set Activation Key
The KEY instruction is used to communicate the activation key bytes required for activating the NVM interfaces.
32.5.6.8REPEAT - Set Instruction Repeat Counter
The REPEAT instruction is used to store count values that are serially shifted into the physical layer shift register to the
repeat counter register. The instruction that is loaded directly after the REPEAT instruction operand(s) will be repeated a
number of times according to the specified repeat counter register value. Hence, the initial repeat counter value plus one
gives the total number of times the instruction will be executed. Setting the repeat counter register to zero makes the
following instruction run once without being repeated.
The REPEAT instruction cannot be repeated. The KEY instruction cannot be repeated, and will override the current value
of the repeat counter register.
32.5.7 Instruction Set Summary
The PDI instruction set summary is shown in Figure 32-14 on page 403.
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Figure 32-14.PDI instruction set summary.
32.6 Register Description – PDI Instruction and Addressing Registers
The PDI instruction and addressing registers are internal registers utilized for instruction decoding and PDIBUS
addressing. None of these registers are accessible as registers in a register space.
32.6.1 Instruction Register
When an instruction is successfully shifted into the physical layer shift register, it is copied into the instruction register.
The instruction is retained until another instruction is loaded. The reason for this is that the REPEAT command may force
the same instruction to be run repeatedly, requiring command decoding to be performed several times on the same
instruction.
32.6.2 Pointer Register
The pointer register is used to store an address value that specifies locations within the PDIBUS address space. During
direct data access, the pointer register is updated by the specified number of address bytes given as operand bytes to an
instruction. During indirect data access, addressing is based on an address already stored in the pointer register prior to
0 0
LDS 0
Size A Size B
Cmd
010
STS
1 0 0
LDCS
CS Address
1 1 0
STCS
1 1 0 0 0
KEY 1
1 0 0 0 0
REPEAT 1
Size B
LDS
STS
ST
0
1
0
0
0
1
1 1
LD
0
0
0
0
Cmd
LDCS (LDS Control/Status)
STCS (STS Control/Status)
KEY
10
0
1
1 1
REPEAT
1
1
1
1
0 0
Size B - Data size
Byte
3 Bytes
Long (4 Bytes)
0
10
0
0
1
1 1
Word (2 Bytes)
CS Address (CS - Control/Status reg.)
0 00 Register 0
Register 2
Reserved
Register 1
0
000 1
0 10 0
0 10 1
Reserved1 11 1
......
0
0
Size A - Address size (direct access)
Byte
3 Bytes
Long (4 Bytes)
0
10
0
0
1
1 1
Word (2 Bytes)
00
LD 1
Ptr Size A/B Cmd
0 1 1
ST 0
0
0
0
Ptr - Pointer access (indirect access)
*(ptr)
ptr
ptr++ - Reserved
0
10
0
0
1
1 1
*(ptr++)
00
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the access itself. Indirect data access can be optionally combined with pointer register post-increment. The indirect
access mode has an option that makes it possible to load or read the pointer register without accessing any other
registers. Any register update is performed in a little-endian fashion. Hence, loading a single byte of the address register
will always update the LSB while the most-significant bytes are left unchanged.
The pointer register is not involved in addressing registers in the PDI control and status register space (CSRS space).
32.6.3 Repeat Counter Register
The REPEAT instruction is always accompanied by one or more operand bytes that define the number of times the next
instruction should be repeated. These operand bytes are copied into the repeat counter register upon reception. During
the repeated executions of the instruction immediately following the REPEAT instruction and its operands, the repeat
counter register is decremented until it reaches zero, indicating that all repetitions have completed. The repeat counter is
also involved in key reception.
32.6.4 Operand Count Register
Immediately after an instruction (except the LDCS and STCS instructions) a specified number of operands or data bytes
(given by the size parts of the instruction) are expected. The operand count register is used to keep track of how many
bytes have been transferred.
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32.7 Register Description – PDI Control and Status Registers
The PDI control and status registers are accessible in the PDI control and status register space (CSRS) using the LDCS
and STCS instructions. The CSRS contains registers directly involved in configuration and status monitoring of the PDI
itself.
32.7.1 STATUS – Status register
Bit 7:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 1 – NVMEN: Nonvolatile Memory Enable
This status bit is set when the key signalling enables the NVM programming interface. The external programmer
can poll this bit to verify successful enabling. Writing the NVMEN bit disables the NVM interface.
Bit 0 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
32.7.2 RESET – Reset register
Bit 7:0 – RESET[7:0]: Reset Signature
When the reset signature, 0x59, is written to RESET, the device is forced into reset. The device is kept in reset
until RESET is written with a data value different from the reset signature. Reading the lsb will return the status of
the reset. The seven msbs will always return the value 0x00, regardless of whether the device is in reset or not.
32.7.3 CTRL – Control register
Bit 7:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to
zero when this register is written.
Bit 2:0 – GUARDTIME[2:0]: Guard Time
These bits specify the number of IDLE bits of guard time that are inserted in between PDI reception and transmis-
sion direction changes. The default guard time is 128 IDLE bits, and the available settings are shown in Table 32-
Bit 76543210
+0x00 –––––– NVMEN –
Read/Write RRRRRRR/WR
Initial Value00000000
Bit 76543210
+0x01 RESET[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bit 76543210
+0x02 ––––– GUARDTIME[2:0]
Read/Write RRRRRR/WR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
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1 on page 406. In order to speed up the communication, the guard time should be set to the lowest safe configura-
tion accepted. No guard time is inserted when switching from TX to RX mode.
Table 32-1. Guard time settings.
32.8 Register Summary
GUARDTIME Number of IDLE Bits
000 128
001 64
010 32
011 16
100 8
101 4
110 2
111 2
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 STATUS ––––––NVMEN –405
+0x01 RESET RESET[7:0] 405
+0x02 CTRL ––––– GUARDTIME[2:0] 405
+0x03 Reserved ––––––––
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33. Memory Programming
33.1 Features
Read and write access to all memory spaces from
External programmers
Application software self-programming
Self-programming and boot loader support
Read-while-write self-programming
CPU can run and execute code while flash is being programmed
Any communication interface can be used for program upload/download
External programming
Support for in-system and production programming
Programming through serial PDI or JTAG interface
High security with separate boot lock bits for:
External programming access
Boot loader section access
Application section access
Application table access
Reset fuse to select reset vector address to the start of the
Application section, or
Boot loader section
33.2 Overview
This section describes how to program the nonvolatile memory (NVM) in Atmel AVR XMEGA devices, and covers both
self-programming and external programming. The NVM consists of the flash program memory, user signature and
production signature (calibration) rows, fuses and lock bits, and EEPROM data memory. For details on the actual
memories, how they are organized, and the register description for the NVM controller used to access the memories,
refer to “Memories” on page 20.
The NVM can be accessed for read and write from application software through self-programming and from an external
programmer. Accessing the NVM is done through the NVM controller, and the two methods of programming are similar.
Memory access is done by loading address and/or data to the selected memory or NVM controller and using a set of
commands and triggers that make the NVM controller perform specific tasks on the nonvolatile memory.
From external programming, all memory spaces can be read and written, except for the production signature row, which
can only be read. The device can be programmed in-system and is accessed through the PDI using the PDI or JTAG
physical interfaces. “ External Programming” on page 420 describes PDI and JTAG in detail.
Self-programming and boot loader support allows application software in the device to read and write the flash, user
signature row and EEPROM, write the lock bits to a more secure setting, and read the production signature row and
fuses. The flash allows read-while-write self-programming, meaning that the CPU can continue to operate and execute
code while the flash is being programmed. “Self-programming and Boot Loader Support” on page 411 describes this in
detail.
For both self-programming and external programming, it is possible to run a CRC check on the flash or a section of the
flash to verify its content after programming.
The device can be locked to prevent reading and/or writing of the NVM. There are separate lock bits for external
programming access and self-programming access to the boot loader section, application section, and application table
section.
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33.3 NVM Controller
Access to the nonvolatile memories is done through the NVM controller. It controls NVM timing and access privileges,
and holds the status of the NVM, and is the common NVM interface for both external programming and self-
programming. For more details, refer to “ Register Description” on page 425.
33.4 NVM Commands
The NVM controller has a set of commands used to perform tasks on the NVM. This is done by writing the selected
command to the NVM command register. In addition, data and addresses must be read/written from/to the NVM data and
address registers for memory read/write operations.
When a selected command is loaded and address and data are set up for the operation, each command has a trigger
that will start the operation. Based on these triggers, there are three main types of commands.
33.4.1 Action-triggered Commands
Action-triggered commands are triggered when the command execute (CMDEX) bit in the NVM control register A
(CTRLA) is written. Action-triggered commands typically are used for operations which do not read or write the NVM,
such as the CRC check.
33.4.2 NVM Read-trigg ered Commands
NVM read-triggered commands are triggered when the NVM is read, and this is typically used for NVM read operations.
33.4.3 NVM Write-triggered Commands
NVM write-triggered commands are triggered when the NVM is written, and this is typically used for NVM write
operations.
33.4.4 Write/Execute Protection
Most command triggers are protected from accidental modification/execution during self-programming. This is done
using the configuration change protection (CCP) feature, which requires a special write or execute sequence in order to
change a bit or execute an instruction. For details on the CCP, refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page 13.
33.5 NVM Controller Busy Status
When the NVM controller is busy performing an operation, the busy flag in the NVM status register is set and the
following registers are blocked for write access:
NVM command register
NVM control A register
NVM control B register
NVM address registers
NVM data registers
This ensures that the given command is executed and the operations finished before the start of a new operation. The
external programmer or application software must ensure that the NVM is not addressed when it is busy with a
programming operation.
Programming any part of the NVM will automatically block:
All programming to other parts of the NVM
All loading/erasing of the flash and EEPROM page buffers
All NVM reads from external programmers
All NVM reads from the application section
During self-programming, interrupts must be disabled or the interrupt vector table must be moved to the boot loader
sections, as described in “Interrupts and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 131.
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33.6 Flash and EEPROM Page Buffers
The flash memory is updated page by page. The EEPROM can be updated on a byte-by-byte and page-by-page basis.
flash and EEPROM page programming is done by first filling the associated page buffer, and then writing the entire page
buffer to a selected page in flash or EEPROM.
The size of the page and page buffers depends on the flash and EEPROM size in each device, and details are described
in the device’s datasheet.
33.6.1 Flash Page Buffer
The flash page buffer is filled one word at a time, and it must be erased before it can be loaded. When loading the page
buffer with new content, the result is a binary AND between the existing content of the page buffer location and the new
value. If the page buffer is already loaded once after erase the location will most likely be corrupted.
Page buffer locations that are not loaded will have the value 0xFFFF, and this value will then be programmed into the
corresponding flash page locations.
The page buffer is automatically erased after:
A device reset
Executing the write flash page command
Executing the erase and write flash page command
Executing the signature row write command
Executing the write lock bit command
33.6.2 EEPROM Page Buffer
The EEPROM page buffer is filled one byte at a time, and it must be erased before it can be loaded. When loading the
page buffer with new content, the result is a binary AND between the existing content of the page buffer location and the
new value. If the EEPROM page buffer is already loaded once after erase the location will most likely be corrupted.
EEPROM page buffer locations that are loaded will get tagged by the NVM controller. During a page write or page erase,
only target locations will be written or erased. Locations that are not target will not be written or erased, and the
corresponding EEPROM location will remain unchanged. This means that before an EEPROM page erase, data must be
loaded to the selected page buffer location to tag them. When performing an EEPROM page erase, the actual value of
the tagged location does not matter.
The EEPROM page buffer is automatically erased after:
A system reset
Executing the write EEPROM page command
Executing the erase and write EEPROM page command
Executing the write lock bit and write fuse commands
33.7 Flash and EEPROM Programming Sequences
For page programming, filling the page buffers and writing the page buffer into flash or EEPROM are two separate
operations. The sequence is same for both self-programming and external programming.
33.7.1 Flash Programming Sequence
Before programming a flash page with the data in the flash page buffer, the flash page must be erased. Programming an
un-erased flash page will corrupt its content.
The flash page buffer can be filled either before the erase flash Page operation or between a erase flash page and a
write flash page operation:
Alternative 1:
Fill the flash page buffer
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Perform a flash page erase
Perform a flash page write
Alternative 2:
Fill the flash page buffer
Perform an atomic page erase and write
Alternative 3, fill the buffer after a page erase:
Perform a flash page erase
Fill the flash page buffer Perform a flash page write
The NVM command set supports both atomic erase and write operations, and split page erase and page write
commands. This split commands enable shorter programming time for each command, and the erase operations can be
done during non-time-critical programming execution. When using alternative 1 or 2 above for self-programming, the
boot loader provides an effective read-modify-write feature, which allows the software to first read the page, do the
necessary changes, and then write back the modified data. If alternative 3 is used, it is not possible to read the old data
while loading, since the page is already erased. The page address must be the same for both page erase and page write
operations when using alternative 1 or 3.
33.7.2 EEPROM Programming Sequence
Before programming an EEPROM page with the tagged data bytes stored in the EEPROM page buffer, the selected
locations in the EEPROM page must be erased. Programming an unerased EEPROM page will corrupt its content. The
EEPROM page buffer must be loaded before any page erase or page write operations:
Alternative 1:
Fill the EEPROM page buffer with the selected number of bytes
Perform a EEPROM page erase
Perform a EEPROM page write
Alternative 2:
Fill the EEPROM page buffer with the selected number of bytes
Perform an atomic EEPROM page erase and write
33.8 Protection of NVM
To protect the flash and EEPROM memories from write and/or read, lock bits can be set to restrict access from external
programmers and the application software. Refer to “LOCKBITS – Lock Bit register” on page 29 for details on the
available lock bit settings and how to use them.
33.9 Preventing NVM Corruption
During periods when the VCC voltage is below the minimum operating voltage for the device, the result from a flash
memory write can be corrupt, as supply voltage is too low for the CPU and the flash to operate properly.To ensure that
the voltage is sufficient enough during a complete programming sequence of the flash memory, a voltage detector using
the POR threshold (VPOT+) level is enabled. During chip erase and when the PDI is enabled the brownout detector (BOD)
is automatically enabled at its configured level.
Depending on the programming operation, if any of these Vcc voltage levels are reached, the programming sequence
will be aborted immediately. If this happens, the NVM programming should be restarted when the power is sufficient
again, in case the write sequence failed or only partly succeeded.
33.10 CRC Functionality
It is possible to run an automatic cyclic redundancy check (CRC) on the flash program memory. When NVM is used to
control the CRC module, an even number of bytes are read, at least in the flash range mode. If the user selects a range
with an odd number of bytes, an extra byte will be read, and the checksum will not correspond to the selected range.
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The CRC is actually implemented as a Multiple-Input Signature Register (MISR) working on 16-bit data with the
polynomial x24 + x4 + x3 + x + 1.
33.11 Self-programming and Boot Loader Support
Reading and writing the EEPROM and flash memory from the application software in the device is referred to as self-
programming. A boot loader (application code located in the boot loader section of the flash) can both read and write the
flash program memory, user signature row, and EEPROM, and write the lock bits to a more secure setting. Application
code in the application section can read from the flash, user signature row, production signature (calibration) row, and
fuses, and read and write the EEPROM.
33.11.1 Flash Programming
The boot loader support provides a real read-while-write self-programming mechanism for uploading new program code
by the device itself. This feature allows flexible application software updates controlled by the device using a boot loader
application that reside in the boot loader section in the flash. The boot loader can use any available communication
interface and associated protocol to read code and write (program) that code into the flash memory, or read out the
program memory code. It has the capability to write into the entire flash, including the boot loader section. The boot
loader can thus modify itself, and it can also erase itself from the flash if the feature is not needed anymore.
33.11.1.1 Application and Boot Loader Sections
The application and boot loader sections in the flash are different when it comes to self-programming.
When erasing or writing a page located inside the application section, the boot loader section can be read
during the operation, and thus the CPU can run and execute code from the boot loader section
When erasing or writing a page located inside the boot loader section, the CPU is halted during the entire
operation, and code cannot execute
The user signature row section has the same properties as the boot loader section.
Table 33-1. Summary of self-programming functionality.
33.11.1.2 Addressing the Flash
The Z-pointer is used to hold the flash memory address for read and write access. For more details on the Z-pointer,
refer to “The X-, Y-, and Z- Registers” on page 11.
Since the flash is word accessed and organized in pages, the Z-pointer can be treated as having two sections. The least-
significant bits address the words within a page, while the most-significant bits address the page within the flash. This is
shown in Figure 33-1 on page 412. The word address in the page (FWORD) is held by the bits [WORDMSB:1] in the Z-
pointer. The remaining bits [PAGEMSB:WORDMSB+1] in the Z-pointer hold the flash page address (FPAGE). Together
FWORD and FPAGE holds an absolute address to a word in the flash.
For flash read operations (ELPM and LPM), one byte is read at a time. For this, the least-significant bit(bit 0) in the Z-
pointer is used to select the low byte or high byte in the word address. If this bit is 0, the low byte is read, and if this bit is
1 the high byte is read.
The size of FWORD and FPAGE will depend on the page and flash size in the device. Refer to each device’s datasheet
for details.
Once a programming operation is initiated, the address is latched and the Z-pointer can be updated and used for other
operations.
Section being ad dressed during Pr ogramming Section that can be read during programming CPU Halted?
Application section Boot loader section No
Boot loader section None Yes
User signature row section None Yes
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Figure 33-1. Flash addressing for self-programming.
33.11.2 NVM Flash Commands
The NVM commands that can be used for accessing the flash program memory, signature row and production signature
(calibration) row are listed in Table 33-2 on page 413.
For self-programming of the flash, the trigger for action-triggered commands is to set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA
register (CMDEX). The read-triggered commands are triggered by executing the (E)LPM instruction (LPM). The write-
triggered commands are triggered by executing the SPM instruction (SPM).
The Change Protected column indicates whether the trigger is protected by the configuration change protection (CCP) or
not. This is a special sequence to write/execute the trigger during self-programming. For more details, refer to “CCP –
Configuration Change Protection register” on page 15. CCP is not required for external programming. The two last
columns show the address pointer used for addressing and the source/destination data register.
“ Application and Boot Loader Sections” on page 411 through “ Read User Signature Row / Production Signature Row”
on page 416 explain in detail the algorithm for each NVM operation.
FPAGE FWORD 0/1
BIT
Z-Pointer
0
B
S
M
DR
O
W
B
S
M
E
G
AP1
INSTRUCTION WORDPAGE
PAGE
PROGRAM MEMORY
WORD ADDRESS
WITHIN A PAGE
PAGE ADDRESS
WITHIN THE FLASH
FWORD
00
01
02
PAGEEND
00
01
02
FLASHEND
FPAGE
Low/High Byte select for (E)LPM
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Table 33-2. Flash self-programmin g co mmands.
Note: 1. Will depend on the flash section (application or boot loader) that is actually addressed.
2. This command is qualified with the lock bits, and requires that the boot lock bits are unprogrammed.
3. When using a command that changes the normal behavior of the LPM command; READ_USER_SIG_ROW and READ_CALIB_ROW; it is recommended to
disable interrupts to ensure correct execution of the LPM instruction.
4. For consistency, the name “calibration row” has been renamed to “production signature row” throughout the whole content.
CMD[6:0]
Group
configuration
Description
Trigger
CPU halted
NVM Busy
Change
Protected
Address
Pointer
Data Register
0x00 NO_OPERATION No operation / read flash -/(E)LPM -/N N-/N -/ Z-pointer -/Rd
Flash Page Buffer
0x23 LOAD_FLASH_BUFFER Load flash page buffer SPM N N N Z-pointer R1:R0
0x26 ERASE_FLASH_BUFFER Erase flash page buffer CMDEX N Y Y Z-pointer -
Flash
0x2B ERASE_FLASH_PAGE Erase flash page SPM N/Y(1) Y Y Z-pointer -
0x02E WRITE_FLASH_PAGE Write flash page SPM N/Y(1) Y Y Z-pointer -
0x2F ERASE_WRITE_FLASH_PAGE Erase and write flash page SPM N/Y(1) Y Y Z-pointer -
0x3A FLASH_RANGE_CRC(2) Flash range CRC CMDEX Y Y Y DATA/ADDR DATA
Application Section
0x20 ERASE_APP Erase application section SPM Y Y Y Z-pointer -
0x22 ERASE_APP_PAGE Erase application section page SPM N Y Y Z-pointer -
0x24 WRITE_APP_PAGE Write application section page SPM N Y Y Z-pointer -
0x25 ERASE_WRITE_APP_PAGE Erase and write application section page SPM N Y Y Z-pointer -
0x38 APP_CRC Application section CRC CMDEX Y Y Y - DATA
Boot Loader Section
0x2A ERASE_BOOT_PAGE Erase boot loader section page SPM Y Y Y Z-pointer -
0x2C WRITE_BOOT_PAGE Write boot loader section page SPM Y Y Y Z-pointer -
0x2D ERASE_WRITE_BOOT_PAGE Erase and write boot loader section page SPM Y Y Y Z-pointer -
0x39 BOOT_CRC Boot loader section CRC CMDEX Y Y Y - DATA
User Signature Row
0x01(3) READ_USER_SIG_ROW Read user signature row LPM N N N Z-pointer Rd
0x18 ERASE_USER_SIG_ROW Erase user signature row SPM Y Y Y - -
0x1A WRITE_USER_SIG_ROW Write user signature row SPM Y Y Y - -
Production signature (Calibration) Row(4)
0x02(3) READ_CALIB_ROW Read calibration row LPM N N N Z-pointer Rd
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33.11.2.1 Read Flash
The (E)LPM instruction is used to read one byte from the flash memory.
1. Load the Z-pointer with the byte address to read.
2. Load the NVM command register (NVM CMD) with the no operation command.
3. Execute the LPM instruction.
The destination register will be loaded during the execution of the LPM instruction.
33.11.2.2 Erase Flash Page Buffer
The erase flash page buffer command is used to erase the flash page buffer.
1. Load the NVM CMD with the erase flash page buffer command.
2. Set the command execute bit (NVMEX) in the NVM control register A (NVM CTRLA). This requires the timed CCP
sequence during self-programming.
The NVM busy (BUSY) flag in the NVM status register (NVM STATUS) will be set until the page buffer is erased.
33.11.2.3 Load Flash Page Buffer
The load flash page buffer command is used to load one word of data into the flash page buffer.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the load flash page buffer command.
2. Load the Z-pointer with the word address to write.
3. Load the data word to be written into the R1:R0 registers.
4. Execute the SPM instruction. The SPM instruction is not protected when performing a flash page buffer load.
Repeat step 2-4 until the complete flash page buffer is loaded. Unloaded locations will have the value 0xFFFF.
33.11.2.4 Erase Flash Page
The erase flash page command is used to erase one page in the flash.
1. Load the Z-pointer with the flash page address to erase. The page address must be written to FPAGE. Other bits
in the Z-pointer will be ignored during this operation.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the erase flash page command.
3. Execute the SPM instruction. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the erase operation is finished. The flash section busy
(FBUSY) flag is set as long the flash is busy, and the application section cannot be accessed.
33.11.2.5 Write Flash Page
The write flash page command is used to write the flash page buffer into one flash page in the flash.
1. Load the Z-pointer with the flash page to write. The page address must be written to FPAGE. Other bits in the Z-
pointer will be ignored during this operation.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the write flash page command.
3. Execute the SPM instruction. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the write operation is finished. The FBUSY flag is set as long
the flash is busy, and the application section cannot be accessed.
33.11.2.6 Flash Range CRC
The flash range CRC command can be used to verify the content in an address range in flash after a self-programming.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the flash range CRC command.
2. Load the start byte address in the NVM address register (NVM ADDR).
3. Load the end byte address in NVM data register (NVM DATA).
4. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set, and the CPU is halted during the execution of the command.
The CRC checksum will be available in the NVM DATA register.
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In order to use the flash range CRC command, all the boot lock bits must be unprogrammed (no locks). The command
execution will be aborted if the boot lock bits for an accessed location are set.
33.11.2.7 Erase Application Section
The erase application command is used to erase the complete application section.
1. Load the Z-pointer to point anywhere in the application section.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the erase application section command
3. Execute the SPM instruction. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished. The CPU will be halted during the
complete execution of the command.
33.11.2.8 Erase Application Section / Boot Loader Section Page
The erase application section page erase and erase boot loader section page commands are used to erase one page in
the application section or boot loader section.
1. Load the Z-pointer with the flash page address to erase. The page address must be written to ZPAGE. Other bits
in the Z-pointer will be ignored during this operation.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the erase application/boot section page command.
3. Execute the SPM instruction. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the erase operation is finished. The FBUSY flag is set as
long the flash is busy, and the application section cannot be accessed.
33.11.2.9 Application Section / Boot Loader Section Page Write
The write application section page and write boot loader section page commands are used to write the flash page buffer
into one flash page in the application section or boot loader section.
1. Load the Z-pointer with the flash page to write. The page address must be written to FPAGE. Other bits in the Z-
pointer will be ignored during this operation.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the write application section/boot loader section page command.
3. Execute the SPM instruction. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the write operation is finished. The FBUSY flag is set as long
the flash is busy, and the application section cannot be accessed.
An invalid page address in the Z-pointer will abort the NVM command. The erase application section page command
requires that the Z-pointer addresses the application section, and the erase boot section page command requires that
the Z-pointer addresses the boot loader section.
33.11.2.10 Erase and Write Application Section / Boot Loader Section Page
The erase and write application section page and erase and write boot loader section page commands are used to erase
one flash page and then write the flash page buffer into that flash page in the application section or boot loader section in
one atomic operation.
1. Load the Z-pointer with the flash page to write. The page address must be written to FPAGE. Other bits in the Z-
pointer will be ignored during this operation.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the erase and write application section/boot loader section page command.
3. Execute the SPM instruction. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished. The FBUSY flag is set as long as
the flash is busy, and the application section cannot be accessed.
An invalid page address in the Z-pointer will abort the NVM command. The erase and write application section command
requires that the Z-pointer addresses the application section, and the erase and write boot section page command
requires that the Z-pointer addresses the boot loader section.
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33.11.2.11 Application Section / Boot Loader Section CRC
The application section CRC and boot loader section CRC commands can be used to verify the application section and
boot loader section content after self-programming.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the application section/ boot load section CRC command.
2. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set, and the CPU is halted during the execution of the CRC
command. The CRC checksum will be available in the NVM data registers.
33.11.2.12 Erase User Signature Row
The erase user signature row command is used to erase the user signature row.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the erase user signature row command.
2. Execute the SPM instruction. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set, and the CPU will be halted until the erase operation is finished.
The user signature row is NRWW.
33.11.2.13 Write User Signature Row
The write signature row command is used to write the flash page buffer into the user signature row.
1. Set up the NVM CMD register to write user signature row command.
2. Execute the SPM instruction. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished, and the CPU will be halted during
the write operation. The flash page buffer will be cleared during the command execution after the write operation, but the
CPU is not halted during this stage.
33.11.2.14 Read User Signature Row / Production Signature Row
The read user signature row and read production signature (calibration) row commands are used to read one byte from
the user signature row or production signature (calibration) row.
1. Load the Z-pointer with the byte address to read.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the read user signature row / production signature (calibration) row command
3. Execute the LPM instruction.
The destination register will be loaded during the execution of the LPM instruction.
To ensure that LPM for reading flash will be executed correctly it is advised to disable interrupt while using either of these
commands.
33.11.3 NVM Fuse and Lock Bit Commands
The NVM flash commands that can be used for accessing the fuses and lock bits are listed in Table 33-3 on page 417.
For self-programming of the fuses and lock bits, the trigger for action-triggered commands is to set the CMDEX bit in the
NVM CTRLA register (CMDEX). The read-triggered commands are triggered by executing the (E)LPM instruction (LPM).
The write-triggered commands are triggered by a executing the SPM instruction (SPM).
The Change Protected column indicates whether the trigger is protected by the configuration change protection (CCP)
during self-programming or not. The last two columns show the address pointer used for addressing and the
source/destination data register.
“ Write Lock Bits” on page 417 through “ Read Fuses” on page 417 explain in detail the algorithm for each NVM
operation.
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Table 33-3. Fuse and lock bit commands.
33.11.3.1 Write Lock Bits
The write lock bits command is used to program the boot lock bits to a more secure settings from software.
1. Load the NVM DATA0 register with the new lock bit value.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the write lock bit command.
3. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the command is finished. The CPU is halted during the
complete execution of the command.
This command can be executed from both the boot loader section and the application section. The EEPROM and flash
page buffers are automatically erased when the lock bits are written.
33.11.3.2 Read Fuses
The read fuses command is used to read the fuses from software.
1. Load the NVM ADDR register with the address of the fuse byte to read.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the read fuses command.
3. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The result will be available in the NVM DATA0 register. The CPU is halted during the complete execution of the
command.
33.11.4 EEPROM Programming
The EEPROM can be read and written from application code in any part of the flash. Its is both byte and page accessible.
This means that either one byte or one page can be written to the EEPROM at once. One byte is read from the EEPROM
during a read.
33.11.4.1 Addressing the EEPROM
The EEPROM can be accessed through the NVM controller (I/O mapped), similar to accessing the flash program
memory, or it can be memory mapped into the data memory space to be accessed similar to SRAM.
When accessing the EEPROM through the NVM controller, the NVM address (ADDR) register is used to address the
EEPROM, while the NVM data (DATA) register is used to store or load EEPROM data.
For EEPROM page programming, the ADDR register can be treated as having two sections. The least-significant bits
address the bytes within a page, while the most-significant bits address the page within the EEPROM. This is shown in
Figure 33-2 on page 418. The byte address in the page (E2BYTE) is held by the bits [BYTEMSB:0] in the ADDR register.
The remaining bits [PAGEMSB:BYTEMSB+1] in the ADDR register hold the EEPROM page address (E2PAGE).
Together E2BYTE and E2PAGE hold an absolute address to a byte in the EEPROM. The size of E2WORD and E2PAGE
will depend on the page and flash size in the device. Refer to the device datasheet for details on this.
CMD[6:0] Group Configuration Description Trigger CPU
Halted Change
Protected NVM
Busy Address
Pointer Data
Register
0x00 NO_OPERATION No operation - - - - - -
Fuses and Lock Bits
0x07 READ_FUSES Read fuses CMDEX Y N Y ADDR DATA
0x08 WRITE_LOCK_BITS Write lock bits CMDEX N Y Y ADDR -
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Figure 33-2. I/O mapped EEPROM addressing.
When EEPROM memory mapping is enabled, loading a data byte into the EEPROM page buffer can be performed
through direct or indirect store instructions. Only the least-significant bits of the EEPROM address are used to determine
locations within the page buffer, but the complete memory mapped EEPROM address is always required to ensure
correct address mapping. Reading from the EEPROM can be done directly using direct or indirect load instructions.
When a memory mapped EEPROM page buffer load operation is performed, the CPU is halted for two cycles before the
next instruction is executed.
When the EEPROM is memory mapped, the EEPROM page buffer load and EEPROM read functionality from the NVM
controller are disabled.
33.11.5 NVM EEPROM Commands
The NVM flash commands that can be used for accessing the EEPROM through the NVM controller are listed in Table
33-4 on page 419.
For self-programming of the EEPROM, the trigger for action-triggered commands is to set the CMDEX bit in the NVM
CTRLA register (CMDEX). The read-triggered command is triggered by reading the NVM DATA0 register (DATA0).
The Change Protected column indicates whether the trigger is protected by the configuration change protection (CCP)
during self-programming or not. CCP is not required for external programming. The last two columns show the address
pointer used for addressing and the source/destination data register.
“ Load EEPROM Page Buffer” on page 419 through “ Read EEPROM” on page 420 explain in detail the algorithm for
each EEPROM operation.
E2PAGE E2BYTE
BIT
NVM ADDR
0B
S
ME
TYBB
SM
E
GA
P
DATA BYTE
PAGE
PAGEEEPROM MEMORY
BYTE ADDRESS
WITHIN A PAGE
PAGE ADDRESS
WITHIN THE EEPROM
E2BYTE
00
01
02
E2PAGEEND
E2PAGE
00
01
02
E2END
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Table 33-4. EEPROM self-programming commands.
33.11.5.1 Load EEPROM Page Buffer
The load EEPROM page buffer command is used to load one byte into the EEPROM page buffer.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the load EEPROM page buffer command.
2. Load the NVM ADDR0 register with the address to write.
3. Load the NVM DATA0 register with the data to write. This will trigger the command.
Repeat steps 2-3 until the arbitrary number of bytes are loaded into the page buffer.
33.11.5.2 Erase EEPROM Page Buffer
The erase EEPROM page buffer command is used to erase the EEPROM page buffer.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the erase EEPROM buffer command.
2. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.
33.11.5.3 Erase EEPROM Page
The erase EEPROM page command is used to erase one EEPROM page.
1. Set up the NVM CMD register to the erase EEPROM page command.
2. Load the NVM ADDR register with the address of the EEPROM page to erase.
3. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.
The page erase commands will only erase the locations that are loaded and tagged in the EEPROM page buffer.
33.11.5.4 Write EEPROM Page
The write EEPROM page command is used to write all locations loaded in the EEPROM page buffer into one page in
EEPROM. Only the locations that are loaded and tagged in the EEPROM page buffer will be written.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the write EEPROM page command.
2. Load the NVM ADDR register with the address of the EEPROM page to write.
3. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.
CMD[6:0] Group Configuration Description Trigger CPU
Halted Change
Protected NVM
Busy Address
Pointer Data
Register
0x00 NO_OPERATION No operation - - - - - -
EEPROM Page Buffer
0x33 LOAD_EEPROM_BUFFER Load EEPROM page buffer DATA0 N Y N ADDR DATA0
0x36 ERASE_EEPROM _BUFFER Erase EEPROM page buffer CMDEX N Y Y - -
EEPROM
0x32 ERASE_EEPROM_PAGE Erase EEPROM page CMDEX N Y Y ADDR -
0x34 WRITE_EEPROM_PAGE Write EEPROM page CMDEX N Y Y ADDR -
0x35 ERASE_WRITE_EEPROM_PAGE Erase and write EEPROM page CMDEX N Y Y ADDR -
0x30 ERASE_EEPROM Erase EEPROM CMDEX N Y Y - -
0x06 READ_EEPROM Read EEPROM CMDEX N Y N ADDR DATA0
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33.11.5.5 Erase and Write EEPROM Page
The erase and write EEPROM page command is used to first erase an EEPROM page and then write the EEPROM
page buffer into that page in EEPROM in one atomic operation.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the erase and write EEPROM page command.
2. Load the NVM ADDR register with the address of the EEPROM page to write.
3. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.
33.11.5.6 Erase EEPROM
The erase EEPROM command is used to erase all locations in all EEPROM pages that are loaded and tagged in the
EEPROM page buffer.
1. Set up the NVM CMD register to the erase EPPROM command.
2. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.
33.11.5.7 Read EEPROM
The read EEPROM command is used to read one byte from the EEPROM.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the read EEPROM command.
2. Load the NVM ADDR register with the address to read.
3. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The data byte read will be available in the NVM DATA0 register.
33.12 External Programming
External programming is the method for programming code and nonvolatile data into the device from an external
programmer or debugger. This can be done by both in-system or in mass production programming.
For external programming, the device is accessed through the PDI and PDI controller, and using either the JTAG or PDI
physical connection. For details on PDI and JTAG and how to enable and use the physical interface, refer to “Program
and Debug Interface” on page 393. The remainder of this section assumes that the correct physical connection to the
PDI is enabled. Doing this all data and program memory spaces are mapped into the linear PDI memory space. Figure
33-3 on page 421 shows the PDI memory space and the base address for each memory space in the device.
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Figure 33-3. Memory map for PDI accessing the data and program memories.
33.12.1 Enabling External Programming Interf ace
NVM programming from the PDI requires enabling using the following steps:
1. Load the RESET register in the PDI with 0x59.
2. Load the NVM key in the PDI.
3. Poll NVMEN in the PDI status register (PDI STATUS) until NVMEN is set.
When the NVMEN bit in the PDI STATUS register is set, the NVM interface is enabled and active from the PDI.
33.12.2 NVM Programming
When the PDI NVM interface is enabled, all memories in the device are memory mapped in the PDI address space. The
PDI controller does not need to access the NVM controller's address or data registers, but the NVM controller must be
loaded with the correct command (i.e., to read from any NVM, the controller must be loaded with the NVM read command
FLASH_BASE = 0x0800000
EPPROM_BASE = 0x08C0000
FUSE_BASE = 0x08F0020
DATAMEM_BASE = 0x1000000
APP_BASE = FLASH_BASE
BOOT_BASE = FLASH_BASE + SIZE_APPL
PROD_SIGNATURE_BASE = 0x008E0200
USER_SIGNATURE_BASE = 0x008E0400
0x0000000
FUSES
APPLICATION
SECTION
16 MB
BOOT SECTION
0x0800000
0x08F0020
TOP=0x1FFFFFF
EEPROM
0x08E0200 SIGNATURE ROW
0x08C0000
0x08C1000
DATAMEM
(mapped IO/SRAM) 16 MB
0x1000000
1 BYTE
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before loading data from the PDIBUS address space). For the reminder of this section, all references to reading and
writing data or program memory addresses from the PDI refer to the memory map shown in Figure 33-3 on page 421.
The PDI uses byte addressing, and hence all memory addresses must be byte addresses. When filling the flash or
EEPROM page buffers, only the least-significant bits of the address are used to determine locations within the page
buffer. Still, the complete memory mapped address for the flash or EEPROM page is required to ensure correct address
mapping.
During programming (page erase and page write) when the NVM is busy, the NVM is blocked for reading.
33.12.3 NVM Commands
The NVM commands that can be used for accessing the NVM memories from external programming are listed in Table
33-5 on page 422. This is a super set of the commands available for self-programming.
For external programming, the trigger for action-triggered commands is to set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register
(CMDEX). The read-triggered commands are triggered by a direct or indirect load instruction (LDS or LD) from the PDI
(PDI read). The write-triggered commands are triggered by a direct or indirect store instruction (STS or ST) from the PDI
(PDI write).
“ Chip Erase” on page 423 through “ Write Fuse/ Lock Bit” on page 425 explain in detail the algorithm for each NVM
operation. The commands are protected by the lock bits, and if read and write lock is set, only the chip erase and flash
CRC commands are available.
Table 33-5. NVM commands availab le for external programming.
CMD[6:0] Command s / Ope ration Trigger Change protecte d NVM Busy
0x00 No operation - - -
0x40 Chip erase(1) CMDEX Y Y
0x43 Read NVM PDI Read N N
Flash Page Buffer
0x23 Load flash page buffer PDI Write N N
0x26 Erase flash page buffer CMDEX Y Y
Flash
0x2B Erase flash page PDI write N Y
0x2E Write flash page PDI write N Y
0x2F Erase and write flash page PDI write N Y
0x78 Flash CRC CMDEX Y Y
Application Section
0x20 Erase application section PDI write N Y
0x22 Erase application section page PDI write N Y
0x24 Write application section page PDI write N Y
0x25 Erase and write application section page PDI write N Y
0x38 Application section CRC CMDEX Y Y
Boot Loader Section
0x68 Erase boot section PDI write N Y
0x2A Erase boot loader section page PDI write N Y
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Notes: 1. If the EESAVE fuse is programmed, the EEPROM is preserved during chip erase.
33.12.3.1 Chip Erase
The chip erase command is used to erase the flash program memory, EEPROM and lock bits. Erasing of the EEPROM
depends on EESAVE fuse setting. Refer to “FUSEBYTE5 – Fuse Byte 5” on page 32 for details. The user signature row,
production signature (calibration) row, and fuses are not affected.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the chip erase command.
2. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
Once this operation starts, the PDI bus between the PDI controller and the NVM is disabled, and the NVMEN bit in the
PDI STATUS register is cleared until the operation is finished. Poll the NVMEN bit until this is set, indicating that the PDI
bus is enabled.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.
33.12.3.2 Read NVM
The read NVM command is used to read the flash, EEPROM, fuses, and signature and production signature (calibration)
row sections.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the read NVM command.
2. Read the selected memory address by executing a PDI read operation.
0x2C Write boot loader section page PDI write N Y
0x2D Erase and write boot loader section page PDI write N Y
0x39 Boot loader section CRC NVMAA Y Y
Production Signature (Calibration) and User Signature Sections
0x01 Read user signature row PDI read N N
0x18 Erase user signature row PDI write N Y
0x1A Write user signature row PDI write N Y
0x02 Read calibration row PDI read N N
Fuses and Lock Bits
0x07 Read fuse PDI read N N
0x4C Write fuse PDI write N Y
0x08 Write lock bits CMDEX Y Y
EEPROM Page Buffer
0x33 Load EEPROM page buffer PDI write N N
0x36 Erase EEPROM page buffer CMDEX Y Y
EEPROM
0x30 Erase EEPROM CMDEX Y Y
0x32 Erase EEPROM page PDI write N Y
0x34 Write EEPROM page PDI write N Y
0x35 Erase and write EEPROM page PDI write N Y
0x06 Read EEPROM PDI read N N
CMD[6:0] Command s / Ope ration Trigger Change protecte d NVM Busy
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Dedicated read EEPROM, read fuse, read signature row, and read production signature (calibration) row commands are
also available for the various memory sections. The algorithm for these commands are the same as for the read NVM
command.
33.12.3.3 Erase Page Buffer
The erase flash page buffer and erase EEPROM page buffer commands are used to erase the flash and EEPROM page
buffers.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the erase flash/EEPROM page buffer command.
2. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is completed.
33.12.3.4 Load Page Buffer
The load flash page buffer and load EEPROM page buffer commands are used to load one byte of data into the flash and
EEPROM page buffers.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the load flash/EEPROM page buffer command.
2. Write the selected memory address by doing a PDI write operation.
Since the flash page buffer is word accessed and the PDI uses byte addressing, the PDI must write the flash page buffer
in the correct order. For the write operation, the low byte of the word location must be written before the high byte. The
low byte is then written into the temporary register. The PDI then writes the high byte of the word location, and the low
byte is then written into the word location page buffer in the same clock cycle.
The PDI interface is automatically halted before the next PDI instruction can be executed.
33.12.3.5 Erase Page
The erase application section page, erase boot loader section page, erase user signature row, and erase EEPROM page
commands are used to erase one page in the selected memory space.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with erase application section/boot loader section/user signature row/EEPROM page
command.
2. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.
33.12.3.6 Write Page
The write application section page, write boot loader section page, write user signature row, and write EEPROM page
commands are used to write a loaded flash/EEPROM page buffer into the selected memory space.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with write application section/boot loader section/user signature row/EEPROM page
command.
2. Write the selected page by doing a PDI write. The page is written by addressing any byte location within the page.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.
33.12.3.7 Erase and Write Page
The erase and write application section page, erase and write boot loader section page, and erase and write EEPROM
page commands are used to erase one page and then write a loaded flash/EEPROM page buffer into that page in the
selected memory space in one atomic operation.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with erase and write application section/boot loader section/user signature
row/EEPROM page command.
2. Write the selected page by doing a PDI write. The page is written by addressing any byte location within the page.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.
33.12.3.8 Erase Application/ Boot Loader/ EEPROM Section
The erase application section, erase boot loader section, and erase EEPROM section commands are used to erase the
complete selected section.
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1. Load the NVM CMD register with Erase Application/ Boot/ EEPROM Section command
2. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.
33.12.3.9 Application / Boot Section CRC
The application section CRC and boot loader section CRC commands can be used to verify the content of the selected
section after programming.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with application/ boot loader section CRC command.
2. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished. The CRC checksum will be
available in the NVM DATA register.
33.12.3.10 Flash CRC
The flash CRC command can be used to verify the content of the flash program memory after programming. The
command can be executed independently of the lock bit state.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with flash CRC command.
2. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register.
Once this operation starts, the PDI bus between the PDI controller and the NVM is disabled, and the NVMEN bit in the
PDI STATUS register is cleared until the operation is finished. Poll the NVMEN bit until this is set again, indicting the PDI
bus is enabled.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished. The CRC checksum will be
available in the NVM DATA register.
33.12.3.11 Write Fuse/ Lock Bit
The write fuse and write lock bit commands are used to write the fuses and the lock bits to a more secure setting.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the write fuse/ lock bit command.
2. Write the selected fuse or lock bits by doing a PDI write operation.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the command is finished.
For lock bit write, the lock bit write command can also be used.
33.13 Register Description
Refer to “Register Description – NVM Controller” on page 26 for a complete register description of the NVM controller.
Refer to “Register Description – PDI Control and Status Registers” on page 405 for a complete register description of the
PDI.
33.14 Register Summary
Refer to “Register Description – NVM Controller” on page 26 for a complete register summary of the NVM controller.
Refer to “Register Summary” on page 406 for a complete register summary of the PDI.
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34. Peripheral Module Address Map
The address maps show the base address for each peripheral and module in XMEGA. All peripherals and modules are
not present in all XMEGA devices, refer to device data sheet for the peripherals module address map for a specific
device.
Table 34-1. Peripheral module addres s map.
Base address Name Description Page
0x0000 GPIO General purpose IO registers 51
0x0010 VPORT0 Virtual Port 0
161
0x0014 VPORT1 Virtual Port 1
0x0018 VPORT2 Virtual Port 2
0x001C VPORT3 Virtual Port 2
0x0030 CPU CPU 19
0x0040 CLK Clock control 101
0x0048 SLEEP Sleep controller 109
0x0050 OSC Oscillator control 101
0x0060 DFLLRC32M DFLL for the 32 MHz internal oscillator
101
0x0068 DFLLRC2M DFLL for the 2 MHz RC oscillator
0x0070 PR Power reduction 109
0x0078 RST Reset controller 117
0x0080 WDT Watch-dog timer 130
0x0090 MCU MCU control 52
0x00A0 PMIC Programmable multilevel interrupt controller 138
0x00B0 PORTCFG Port configuration 161
0x00C0 AES AES module 312
0x00D0 CRC CRC module 312
0x00F0 VBAT Battery backup system 124
0x0100 DMA DMA controller 68
0x0180 EVSYS Event system 81
0x01C0 NVM Non volatile memory (NVM) controller 52
0x0200 ADCA Analog to digital converter on port A
366
0x0240 ADCB Analog to digital converter on port B
0x0300 DACA Digital to analog converter on port A
370
0x0320 DACB Digital to analog converter on port B
0x0380 ACA Analog comparator pair on port A
385
0x0390 ACB Analog comparator pair on port B
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0x0400 RTC Real time counter 218
0x0420 RTC32 32-bit Real time counter 225
0x0440 EBI External bus interface 338
0x0480 TWIC Two wire interface on port C
272
0x0490 TWID Two wire interface on port D
0x04A0 TWIE Two wire interface on port E
0x04B0 TWIF Two wire interface on port F
0x04C0 USB USB device 249
0x0600 PORTA Port A
160
0x0620 PORTB Port B
0x0640 PORTC Port C
0x0660 PORTD Port D
0x0680 PORTE Port E
0x06A0 PORTF Port F
0x06E0 PORTH Port H
0x0700 PORTJ Port J
0x0720 PORTK Port K
0x07C0 PORTQ Port Q
0x07E0 PORTR Port R
0x0800 TCC0 Timer/counter 0 on port C
184
0x0840 TCC1 Timer/counter 1 on port C
0x0880 AWEXC Advanced waveform extension on port C 209
0x0890 HIRESC High resolution extension on port C 211
0x08A0 USARTC0 USART 0 on port C
300
0x08B0 USARTC1 USART 1 on port C
0x08C0 SPIC Serial peripheral interface on port C 279
0x08F8 IRCOM Infrared communication module 304
0x0900 TCD0 Timer/counter 0 on port D
184
0x0940 TCD1 Timer/counter 1 on port D
0x0980 AWEXD Advanced waveform extension on port D 209
0x0990 HIRESD High resolution extension on port D 211
0x09A0 USARTD0 USART 0 on port D
300
0x09B0 USARTD1 USART 1 on port D
Base address Name Description Page
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0x09C0 SPID Serial peripheral interface on port D 279
0x0A00 TCE0 Timer/counter 0 on port E
184
0x0A40 TCE1 Timer/counter 1 on port E
0x0A80 AWEXE Advanced waveform extension on port E 209
0x0A90 HIRESE High resolution extension on port E 211
0x0AA0 USARTE0 USART 0 on port E
300
0x0AB0 USARTE1 USART 1 on port E
0x0AC0 SPIE Serial peripheral interface on port E 279
0x0B00 TCF0 Timer/counter 0 on port F
184
0x0B40 TCF1 Timer/counter 1 on port F
0x0B80 AWEXF Advanced waveform extension on port F 209
0x0B90 HIRESF High resolution extension on port F 211
0x0BA0 USARTF0 USART 0 on port F
300
0x0BB0 USARTF1 USART 1 on port F
0x0BC0 SPIF Serial peripheral interface on port F 279
Base address Name Description Page
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35. Instruction Set Summary
Mnemonics Operands Description Operation Flags #Clocks
Arithmetic and Logic Instructions
ADD Rd, Rr Add without Carry Rd Rd + Rr Z,C,N,V,S,H 1
ADC Rd, Rr Add with Carry Rd Rd + Rr + C Z,C,N,V,S,H 1
ADIW Rd, K Add Immediate to Word Rd Rd + 1:Rd + K Z,C,N,V,S 2
SUB Rd, Rr Subtract without Carry Rd Rd - Rr Z,C,N,V,S,H 1
SUBI Rd, K Subtract Immediate Rd Rd - K Z,C,N,V,S,H 1
SBC Rd, Rr Subtract with Carry Rd Rd - Rr - C Z,C,N,V,S,H 1
SBCI Rd, K Subtract Immediate with Carry Rd Rd - K - C Z,C,N,V,S,H 1
SBIW Rd, K Subtract Immediate from Word Rd + 1:Rd Rd + 1:Rd - K Z,C,N,V,S 2
AND Rd, Rr Logical AND Rd Rd Rr Z,N,V,S 1
ANDI Rd, K Logical AND with Immediate Rd Rd K Z,N,V,S 1
OR Rd, Rr Logical OR Rd Rd v Rr Z,N,V,S 1
ORI Rd, K Logical OR with Immediate Rd Rd v K Z,N,V,S 1
EOR Rd, Rr Exclusive OR Rd Rd Rr Z,N,V,S 1
COM Rd One’s Complement Rd $FF - Rd Z,C,N,V,S 1
NEG Rd Two’s Complement Rd $00 - Rd Z,C,N,V,S,H 1
SBR Rd,K Set Bit(s) in Register Rd Rd v K Z,N,V,S 1
CBR Rd,K Clear Bit(s) in Register Rd Rd ($FFh - K) Z,N,V,S 1
INC Rd Increment Rd Rd + 1 Z,N,V,S 1
DEC Rd Decrement Rd Rd - 1 Z,N,V,S 1
TST Rd Test for Zero or Minus Rd Rd Rd Z,N,V,S 1
CLR Rd Clear Register Rd Rd Rd Z,N,V,S 1
SER Rd Set Register Rd $FF None 1
MUL Rd,Rr Multiply Unsigned R1:R0 Rd x Rr (UU) Z,C 2
MULS Rd,Rr Multiply Signed R1:R0 Rd x Rr (SS) Z,C 2
MULSU Rd,Rr Multiply Signed with Unsigned R1:R0 Rd x Rr (SU) Z,C 2
FMUL Rd,Rr Fractional Multiply Unsigned R1:R0 Rd x Rr<<1 (UU) Z,C 2
FMULS Rd,Rr Fractional Multiply Signed R1:R0 Rd x Rr<<1 (SS) Z,C 2
FMULSU Rd,Rr Fractional Multiply Signed with Unsigned R1:R0 Rd x Rr<<1 (SU) Z,C 2
DES KData Encryption if (H = 0) then R15:R0
else if (H = 1) then R15:R0
Encrypt(R15:R0, K)
Decrypt(R15:R0, K)
1/2
Branch instructions
RJMP kRelative Jump PC PC + k + 1 None 2
IJMP Indirect Jump to (Z) PC(15:0)
PC(21:16)
Z,
0
None 2
EIJMP Extended Indirect Jump to (Z) PC(15:0)
PC(21:16)
Z,
EIND
None 2
JMP kJump PC kNone 3
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RCALL kRelative Call Subroutine PC PC + k + 1 None 2 / 3(1)
ICALL Indirect Call to (Z) PC(15:0)
PC(21:16)
Z,
0
None 2 / 3(1)
EICALL Extended Indirect Call to (Z) PC(15:0)
PC(21:16)
Z,
EIND
None 3(1)
CALL kcall Subroutine PC kNone 3 / 4(1)
RET Subroutine Return PC STACK None 4 / 5(1)
RETI Interrupt Return PC STACK I4 / 5(1)
CPSE Rd,Rr Compare, Skip if Equal if (Rd = Rr) PC PC + 2 or 3 None 1 / 2 / 3
CP Rd,Rr Compare Rd - Rr Z,C,N,V,S,H 1
CPC Rd,Rr Compare with Carry Rd - Rr - C Z,C,N,V,S,H 1
CPI Rd,K Compare with Immediate Rd - K Z,C,N,V,S,H 1
SBRC Rr, b Skip if Bit in Register Cleared if (Rr(b) = 0) PC PC + 2 or 3 None 1 / 2 / 3
SBRS Rr, b Skip if Bit in Register Set if (Rr(b) = 1) PC PC + 2 or 3 None 1 / 2 / 3
SBIC A, b Skip if Bit in I/O Register Cleared if (I/O(A,b) = 0) PC PC + 2 or 3 None 2 / 3 / 4
SBIS A, b Skip if Bit in I/O Register Set If (I/O(A,b) =1) PC PC + 2 or 3 None 2 / 3 / 4
BRBS s, k Branch if Status Flag Set if (SREG(s) = 1) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRBC s, k Branch if Status Flag Cleared if (SREG(s) = 0) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BREQ k Branch if Equal if (Z = 1) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRNE k Branch if Not Equal if (Z = 0) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRCS k Branch if Carry Set if (C = 1) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRCC k Branch if Carry Cleared if (C = 0) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRSH k Branch if Same or Higher if (C = 0) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRLO k Branch if Lower if (C = 1) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRMI k Branch if Minus if (N = 1) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRPL k Branch if Plus if (N = 0) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRGE k Branch if Greater or Equal, Signed if (N V= 0) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRLT k Branch if Less Than, Signed if (N V= 1) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRHS k Branch if Half Carry Flag Set if (H = 1) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRHC k Branch if Half Carry Flag Cleared if (H = 0) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRTS k Branch if T Flag Set if (T = 1) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRTC k Branch if T Flag Cleared if (T = 0) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRVS k Branch if Overflow Flag is Set if (V = 1) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRVC k Branch if Overflow Flag is Cleared if (V = 0) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRIE k Branch if Interrupt Enabled if (I = 1) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
BRID k Branch if Interrupt Disabled if (I = 0) then PC PC + k + 1 None 1 / 2
Data transfer instructions
MOV Rd, Rr Copy Register Rd Rr None 1
MOVW Rd, Rr Copy Register Pair Rd+1:Rd Rr+1:Rr None 1
Mnemonics Operands Description Operation Flags #Clocks
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LDI Rd, K Load Immediate Rd KNone 1
LDS Rd, k Load Direct from data space Rd (k) None 2(1)(2)
LD Rd, X Load Indirect Rd (X) None 1(1)(2)
LD Rd, X+ Load Indirect and Post-Increment Rd
X
(X)
X + 1
None 1(1)(2)
LD Rd, -X Load Indirect and Pre-Decrement X X - 1,
Rd (X)
X - 1
(X)
None 2(1)(2)
LD Rd, Y Load Indirect Rd (Y) (Y) None 1(1)(2)
LD Rd, Y+ Load Indirect and Post-Increment Rd
Y
(Y)
Y + 1
None 1(1)(2)
LD Rd, -Y Load Indirect and Pre-Decrement Y
Rd
Y - 1
(Y)
None 2(1)(2)
LDD Rd, Y+q Load Indirect with Displacement Rd (Y + q) None 2(1)(2)
LD Rd, Z Load Indirect Rd (Z) None 1(1)(2)
LD Rd, Z+ Load Indirect and Post-Increment Rd
Z
(Z),
Z+1
None 1(1)(2)
LD Rd, -Z Load Indirect and Pre-Decrement Z
Rd
Z - 1,
(Z)
None 2(1)(2)
LDD Rd, Z+q Load Indirect with Displacement Rd (Z + q) None 2(1)(2)
STS k, Rr Store Direct to Data Space (k) Rd None 2(1)
ST X, Rr Store Indirect (X) Rr None 1(1)
ST X+, Rr Store Indirect and Post-Increment (X)
X
Rr,
X + 1
None 1(1)
ST -X, Rr Store Indirect and Pre-Decrement X
(X)
X - 1,
Rr
None 2(1)
ST Y, Rr Store Indirect (Y) Rr None 1(1)
ST Y+, Rr Store Indirect and Post-Increment (Y)
Y
Rr,
Y + 1
None 1(1)
ST -Y, Rr Store Indirect and Pre-Decrement Y
(Y)
Y - 1,
Rr
None 2(1)
STD Y+q, Rr Store Indirect with Displacement (Y + q) Rr None 2(1)
ST Z, Rr Store Indirect (Z) Rr None 1(1)
ST Z+, Rr Store Indirect and Post-Increment (Z)
Z
Rr
Z + 1
None 1(1)
ST -Z, Rr Store Indirect and Pre-Decrement ZZ - 1 None 2(1)
STD Z+q,Rr Store Indirect with Displacement (Z + q) Rr None 2(1)
LPM Load Program Memory R0 (Z) None 3
LPM Rd, Z Load Program Memory Rd (Z) None 3
LPM Rd, Z+ Load Program Memory and Post-Increment Rd
Z
(Z),
Z + 1
None 3
ELPM Extended Load Program Memory R0 (RAMPZ:Z) None 3
ELPM Rd, Z Extended Load Program Memory Rd (RAMPZ:Z) None 3
ELPM Rd, Z+ Extended Load Program Memory and Post-
Increment
Rd
Z
(RAMPZ:Z),
Z + 1
None 3
SPM Store Program Memory (RAMPZ:Z) R1:R0 None -
Mnemonics Operands Description Operation Flags #Clocks
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SPM Z+ Store Program Memory and Post-Increment
by 2
(RAMPZ:Z)
Z
R1:R0,
Z + 2
None -
IN Rd, A In From I/O Location Rd I/O(A) None 1
OUT A, Rr Out To I/O Location I/O(A) Rr None 1
PUSH Rr Push Register on Stack STACK Rr None 1(1)
POP Rd Pop Register from Stack Rd STACK None 2(1)
XCH Z, Rd Exchange RAM location Te m p
Rd
(Z)
Rd,
(Z),
Te m p
None 2
LAS Z, Rd Load and Set RAM location Te m p
Rd
(Z)
Rd,
(Z),
Te m p v ( Z )
None 2
LAC Z, Rd Load and Clear RAM location Te m p
Rd
(Z)
Rd,
(Z),
($FFh – Rd) (Z)
None 2
LAT Z, Rd Load and Toggle RAM location Te m p
Rd
(Z)
Rd,
(Z),
Te mp (Z)
None 2
Bit and bit-test instructions
LSL Rd Logical Shift Left Rd(n+1)
Rd(0)
C
Rd(n),
0,
Rd(7)
Z,C,N,V,H 1
LSR Rd Logical Shift Right Rd(n)
Rd(7)
C
Rd(n+1),
0,
Rd(0)
Z,C,N,V 1
ROL Rd Rotate Left Through Carry Rd(0)
Rd(n+1)
C
C,
Rd(n),
Rd(7)
Z,C,N,V,H 1
ROR Rd Rotate Right Through Carry Rd(7)
Rd(n)
C
C,
Rd(n+1),
Rd(0)
Z,C,N,V 1
ASR Rd Arithmetic Shift Right Rd(n) Rd(n+1), n=0..6 Z,C,N,V 1
SWAP Rd Swap Nibbles Rd(3..0) Rd(7..4) None 1
BSET sFlag Set SREG(s) 1SREG(s) 1
BCLR sFlag Clear SREG(s) 0SREG(s) 1
SBI A, b Set Bit in I/O Register I/O(A, b) 1None 1
CBI A, b Clear Bit in I/O Register I/O(A, b) 0None 1
BST Rr, b Bit Store from Register to T TRr(b) T 1
BLD Rd, b Bit load from T to Register Rd(b) TNone 1
SEC Set Carry C1 C 1
CLC Clear Carry C0 C 1
SEN Set Negative Flag N1 N 1
CLN Clear Negative Flag N0 N 1
SEZ Set Zero Flag Z1 Z 1
CLZ Clear Zero Flag Z0 Z 1
SEI Global Interrupt Enable I1 I 1
CLI Global Interrupt Disable I0 I 1
Mnemonics Operands Description Operation Flags #Clocks
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Notes: 1. Cycle times for data memory accesses assume internal memory accesses, and are not valid for accesses via the external RAM interface.
2. One extra cycle must be added when accessing Internal SRAM.
SES Set Signed Test Flag S1 S 1
CLS Clear Signed Test Flag S0 S 1
SEV Set Two’s Complement Overflow V1 V 1
CLV Clear Two’s Complement Overflow V0 V 1
SET Set T in SREG T1 T 1
CLT Clear T in SREG T0 T 1
SEH Set Half Carry Flag in SREG H1 H 1
CLH Clear Half Carry Flag in SREG H0 H 1
MCU control instructions
BREAK Break (See specific descr. for BREAK) None 1
NOP No Operation None 1
SLEEP Sleep (see specific descr. for Sleep) None 1
WDR Watchdog Reset (see specific descr. for WDR) None 1
Mnemonics Operands Description Operation Flags #Clocks
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36. Appendix A: EBI Timing Diagrams
36.1 SRAM 3-Port ALE1 CS
Figure 36-1. SRAM 3- Port ALE1 CS
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]/A[15:8]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
CS
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
ALE1
Write, ALE
A[15:8]
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]/A[15:8]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
CS
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
ALE1
Write, no ALE
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]/A[15:8]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
CS
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
ALE1
Read, no ALE
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]/A[15:8]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
CS
A[7:0]
ALE1
Read, ALE
A[15:8]
D[7:0]
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36.2 SRAM 3-Port ALE12 CS
Figure 36-2. SRAM 3- Port ALE12 CS
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]/A[15:8]/A[23:16]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
CS
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
ALE1
Write, no ALE
ALE2
clk_ebi_fast
D[7:0]
RE
WE
CS
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
ALE1
Write, ALE1
A[15:8]
ALE2
A[7:0]/A[15:8]/A[23:16]
clk_ebi_fast
D[7:0]
RE
WE
CS
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
ALE1
Write, ALE1 + ALE2
A[15:8]
ALE2
A[7:0]/A[15:8]/A[23:16] A[23:16]
Read, no ALE
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]/A[15:8]/A[23:16]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
CS
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
ALE1
ALE2
clk_ebi_fast
D[7:0]
RE
WE
CS
A[7:0]
ALE1
Read, ALE1
A[15:8]
D[7:0]
ALE2
A[7:0]/A[15:8]/A[23:16]
clk_ebi_fast
D[7:0]
RE
WE
CS
A[7:0]
ALE1
Read, ALE1 + ALE2
A[15:8]
D[7:0]
ALE2
A[7:0]/A[15:8]/A[23:16] A[23:16]
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36.3 SRAM 4-Port ALE2 CS
Figure 36-3. SRAM 4- Port ALE2 CS
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]/A[23:16]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
CS
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
ALE2
Write, ALE
A[23:16]
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]/A[23:16]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
CS
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
ALE2
Write, no ALE
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]/A[23:16]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
CS
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
ALE2
Read, no ALE
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]/A[15:8]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
CS
A[7:0]
ALE2
Read, ALE
A[15:8]
D[7:0]
A[15:8]
A[15:8]
A[15:8]
A[15:8]
A[15:8]
A[15:8]
A[15:8]
A[15:8]
437
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
36.4 SRAM 4- Port NOALE CS
Figure 36-4. SRAM 4- Port NOALE CS
36.5 LPC 2- Port ALE12 CS
Figure 36-5. LPC 2- Port ALE12 CS
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
CS
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
Write
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
CS
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
Read
A[15:8]
A[15:8]
A[15:8]
A[15:8]
A[17:16]
A[17:16]
A[17:16]
A[17:16]
clk_ebi_fast
RE
WE
CS
A[7:0]
ALE1
Write, ALE1
ALE2
D[7:0]/A[7:0]/A[15:8]
clk_ebi_fast
RE
WE
CS
D[7:0]A[7:0]
ALE1
Write, ALE1 + ALE2
A[15:8]
ALE2
clk_ebi_fast
RE
WE
CS
A[7:0]
ALE1
Read, ALE1
D[7:0]
ALE2
clk_ebi_fast
RE
WE
CS
A[7:0]
ALE1
Read, ALE1 + ALE2
A[15:8] D[7:0]
ALE2
D[7:0]
D[7:0]/A[7:0]/A[15:8] D[7:0]/A[7:0]/A[15:8]
D[7:0]/A[7:0]/A[15:8]
438
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
36.6 LPC 3- Port ALE1 CS
Figure 36-6. LPC 3- Port ALE1 CS
36.7 LPC 2- Port ALE1 CS
Figure 36-7. LPC 2- Port ALE1 CS
clk_ebi_fast
RE
WE
CS
A[7:0]
ALE1
Write
D[7:0]/A[7:0]
clk_ebi_fast
RE
WE
CS
A[7:0]
ALE1
Read
D[7:0]
D[7:0] D[7:0]/A[7:0]
A[15:8] A[15:8] A[15:8] A[15:8]
clk_ebi_fast
RE
WE
CS
A[7:0]
ALE1
Write
D[7:0]/A[7:0]
clk_ebi_fast
RE
WE
CS
A[7:0]
ALE1
Read
D[7:0]
D[7:0] D[7:0]/A[7:0]
439
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
36.8 SRAM 3- Port ALE1 no CS
Figure 36-8. SRAM 3- Port ALE1 no CS
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]/A[15:8]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
ALE1
Write, ALE
A[15:8]
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]/A[15:8]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
ALE1
Write, no ALE
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]/A[15:8]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
ALE1
Read, no ALE
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]/A[15:8]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
A[7:0]
ALE1
Read, ALE
A[15:8]
D[7:0]
A[19:16] A[19:16]
A[19:16] A[19:16]
A[19:16] A[19:16]
A[19:16] A[19:16]
440
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
36.9 SRAM 4- Port NOALE no CS
Figure 36-9. SRAM 4- Port NOALE1 no CS
36.10 LPC 2- Port ALE12 no CS
Figure 36-10.LPC 2 - Port ALE12 no CS
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
Write
clk_ebi_fast
A[7:0]
D[7:0]
RE
WE
D[7:0]
A[7:0]
Read
A[15:8] A[15:8] A[15:8] A[15:8]
A[17:16] A[17:16] A[17:16] A[17:16]
A[21:18] A[21:18] A[21:18] A[21:18]
clk_ebi_fast
RE
WE
A[7:0]
ALE1
Write, ALE1
ALE2
D[7:0]/A[7:0]/A[15:8]
clk_ebi_fast
RE
WE
D[7:0]A[7:0]
ALE1
Write, ALE1 + ALE2
A[15:8]
ALE2
clk_ebi_fast
RE
WE
A[7:0]
ALE1
Read, ALE1
D[7:0]
ALE2
clk_ebi_fast
RE
WE
A[7:0]
ALE1
Read, ALE1 + ALE2
A[15:8] D[7:0]
ALE2
D[7:0]
D[7:0]/A[7:0]/A[15:8] D[7:0]/A[7:0]/A[15:8]
D[7:0]/A[7:0]/A[15:8]
A[19:16]
A[19:16]
A[19:16] A[19:16]
A[19:16]
A[19:16] A[19:16]
A[19:16]
441
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
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36.11 SDRAM init
Figure 36-11.SDRAM init
Mode Register
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
0x400
Precharge All Banks
Auto Refresh**
Load Mode Register
NOP*
* The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[2:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
NOP**
** The Auto Refresh and following NOPs are repeated 8 times
The number of NOPs is equal to ROWCYCDLY[2:0] (ROWCYCDLY = 1 is shown)
ClkPER2
WE
CS
442
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
36.12 SDRAM 8-bit Write
Figure 36-12.Single write
Precharge All Banks
Bank Adr 0x0
D[7:0]
Row Adr Col Adr 0x400
Active
Wr i te
NOP*
NOP**
Single write
* The number of NOPs is equal to ROWCOLDLY[2:0] (ROWCOLDLY = 1 is shown)
** The number of NOPs is equal to WRDLY[1:0] + 1 (WRDLY = 0 is shown)
*** The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[1:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
ClkPER2
WE
CS
443
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
Figure 36-13.Two consecutive writes
* The number of NOPs is equal to ROWCOLDLY[2:0] (ROWCOLDLY = 1 is shown)
** The number of NOPs is equal to WRDLY[1:0] + 1 (WRDLY = 0 is shown)
*** The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[1:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
Precharge All Banks
Bank Adr 0x0
D[7:0]
Row Adr Col Adr 0x400
Active
Wri t e
NOP*
NOP**
Two consecutive writes
Bank Adr 0x0
Row Adr Col Adr 0x400
D[7:0]
Precharge All Banks
Active
Wri t e
NOP*
NOP**
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
ClkPER2
WE
CS
444
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
Figure 36-14.Burst access within a single page
* The number of NOPs is equal to ROWCOLDLY[2:0] (ROWCOLDLY = 1 is shown)
** The number of NOPs is equal to WRDLY[1:0] + 1 (WRDLY = 0 is shown)
*** The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[1:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
Bank Adr
D[7:0]
Row Adr Col Adr
Active
Wri t e
NOP*
NOP**
Burst access within a single page
0x0
Col Adr 0x400
D[7:0]
Precharge All Banks
Wri t e
Col Adr
D[7:0]
Wri t e
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
ClkPER2
WE
CS
445
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
Figure 36-15.Burst access crossing page boundary
* The number of NOPs is equal to ROWCOLDLY[2:0] (ROWCOLDLY = 1 is shown)
** The number of NOPs is equal to WRDLY[1:0] + 1 (WRDLY = 0 is shown)
*** The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[1:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
Bank Adr
D[7:0]
Row Adr Col Adr
Active
Wr i te
NOP*
NOP**
Burst access crossing page boundary
0x0
0x400
Precharge All Banks
Wr i te
Col Adr
D[7:0]
Wr i te
Bank Adr 0x0
Row Adr Col Adr 0x400
D[7:0]
Precharge All Banks
Active
NOP*
NOP***
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
ClkPER2
WE
CS
446
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
36.13 SDRAM 8-bit read
Figure 36-16.Single read
Precharge All Banks
Bank Adr 0x0
D[7:0]
Row Adr Col Adr 0x400
Active
Read
NOP*
NOP****
Single read
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
** NOP is only inserted for CAS3
**** The number of NOPs is equal to WRDLY[1:0] + 1 (WRDLY = 0 is shown)
***** The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[1:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
* The number of NOPs is equal to ROWCOLDLY[2:0] (ROWCOLDLY = 1 is shown)
*** Clock suspended for 1 cycle when EBI is running at 1x and 1 or 2 cycles when EBI
is running at 2x, to enable sampling of data on the positive edge of the 1x clock.
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
ClkPER2
WE
CS
447
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
Figure 36-17.Two consecutive reads
** NOP is only inserted for CAS3
**** The number of NOPs is equal to WRDLY[1:0] + 1 (WRDLY = 0 is shown)
***** The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[1:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
* The number of NOPs is equal to ROWCOLDLY[2:0] (ROWCOLDLY = 1 is shown)
*** Clock suspended for 1 cycle when EBI is running at 1x and 1 or 2 cycles when EBI
is running at 2x, to enable sampling of data on the positive edge of the 1x clock.
Bank Adr 0x0
Row Adr Col Adr 0x400
Two consecutive reads
Bank Adr 0x0
Row Adr Col Adr 0x400
D[7:0] D[7:0]
Precharge All Banks
Active
Read
NOP*
NOP****
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
Precharge All Banks
Active
Read
NOP*
NOP****
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
ClkPER2
WE
CS
448
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
Figure 36-18.Burst access within a single page
** NOP is only inserted for CAS3
**** The number of NOPs is equal to WRDLY[1:0] + 1 (WRDLY = 0 is shown)
***** The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[1:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
* The number of NOPs is equal to ROWCOLDLY[2:0] (ROWCOLDLY = 1 is shown)
*** Clock suspended for 1 cycle when EBI is running at 1x and 1 or 2 cycles when EBI
is running at 2x, to enable sampling of data on the positive edge of the 1x clock.
Bank Adr
Row Adr Col Adr
Burst access within a single page
0x0
Col Adr 0x400
Col Adr
D[7:0] D[7:0]D[7:0]
Precharge All Banks
Active
Read
NOP*
NOP****
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
Read
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
Read
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
ClkPER2
WE
CS
449
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
Figure 36-19.Burst access crossing page boundary
** NOP is only inserted for CAS3
**** The number of NOPs is equal to WRDLY[1:0] + 1 (WRDLY = 0 is shown)
***** The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[1:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
* The number of NOPs is equal to ROWCOLDLY[2:0] (ROWCOLDLY = 1 is shown)
*** Clock suspended for 1 cycle when EBI is running at 1x and 1 or 2 cycles when EBI
is running at 2x, to enable sampling of data on the positive edge of the 1x clock.
Burst access crossing page boundary
Bank Adr
Row Adr Col Adr
0x0
Col Adr 0x400 Col Adr
D[7:0] D[7:0]D[7:0]
Precharge All Banks
Active
Read
NOP*
NOP****
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
Read
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
Read
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
0x400
0x0Bank Adr
Precharge All Banks
NOP*****
Active
NOP*
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
ClkPER2
WE
CS
450
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
36.14 SDRAM 4-bit write
Figure 36-20.Single write
Precharge All Banks
Bank Adr 0x0
D[3:0]
Row Adr Col Adr 0x400
Active
Wri t e
NOP*
NOP**
Single write
D[7:4]
* The number of NOPs is equal to ROWCOLDLY[2:0] (ROWCOLDLY = 1 is shown)
** The number of NOPs is equal to WRDLY[1:0] + 1 (WRDLY = 0 is shown)
*** The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[1:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
ClkPER2
WE
CS
451
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
Figure 36-21.Two consecutive writes
* The number of NOPs is equal to ROWCOLDLY[2:0] (ROWCOLDLY = 1 is shown)
** The number of NOPs is equal to WRDLY[1:0] + 1 (WRDLY = 0 is shown)
*** The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[1:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
Precharge All Banks
Bank Adr 0x0
Row Adr Col Adr 0x400
Active
Wri t e
NOP*
NOP**
Two consecutive writes
Bank Adr 0x0
Row Adr Col Adr 0x400
Precharge All Banks
Active
Wri t e
NOP*
NOP**
D[3:0] D[7:4] D[3:0] D[7:4]
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
ClkPER2
WE
CS
452
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
Figure 36-22.Burst access within a single page
* The number of NOPs is equal to ROWCOLDLY[2:0] (ROWCOLDLY = 1 is shown)
** The number of NOPs is equal to WRDLY[1:0] + 1 (WRDLY = 0 is shown)
*** The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[1:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
Bank Adr
Row Adr Col Adr
Active
Wr i t e
NOP*
NOP**
Burst access within a single page
0x0
0x400
Precharge All Banks
Wr i t e
Col Adr
Wr i t e
D[3:0] D[7:4] D[3:0] D[7:4] D[3:0] D[7:4]
Col Adr
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
ClkPER2
WE
CS
453
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
Figure 36-23.Burst access crossing page boundary
* The number of NOPs is equal to ROWCOLDLY[2:0] (ROWCOLDLY = 1 is shown)
** The number of NOPs is equal to WRDLY[1:0] + 1 (WRDLY = 0 is shown)
*** The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[1:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
Bank Adr
Row Adr Col Adr
Active
Wr i t e
NOP*
NOP**
Burst access crossing page boundary
0x0
0x400
Precharge All Banks
Wr i t e
Col Adr
Wr i t e
Bank Adr 0x0
Row Adr Col Adr 0x400
Precharge All Banks
Active
NOP*
NOP***
D[3:0] D[7:4] D[3:0] D[7:4] D[3:0] D[7:4]
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
ClkPER2
WE
CS
454
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
36.15 SDRAM 4-bit read
Figure 36-24.Single read
Precharge All Banks
Bank Adr 0x0
D[3:0]
Row Adr Col Adr 0x400
Active
Read
NOP*
NOP****
Single read
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
D[7:4]
Data sampled
Clock suspend
** NOP is only inserted for CAS3
**** The number of NOPs is equal to WRDLY[1:0] + 1 (WRDLY = 0 is shown)
***** The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[1:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
* The number of NOPs is equal to ROWCOLDLY[2:0] (ROWCOLDLY = 1 is shown)
*** Clock suspended for 1 cycle when EBI is running at 1x and 1 or 2 cycles when EBI
is running at 2x, to enable sampling of data on the positive edge of the 1x clock.
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
ClkPER2
WE
CS
455
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
Table 36-1. Two consecutive read s
** NOP is only inserted for CAS3
**** The number of NOPs is equal to WRDLY[1:0] + 1 (WRDLY = 0 is shown)
***** The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[1:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
* The number of NOPs is equal to ROWCOLDLY[2:0] (ROWCOLDLY = 1 is shown)
*** Clock suspended for 1 cycle when EBI is running at 1x and 1 or 2 cycles when EBI
is running at 2x, to enable sampling of data on the positive edge of the 1x clock.
Bank Adr 0x0
Row Adr Col Adr 0x400
Two consecutive reads
Bank Adr 0x0
Row Adr Col Adr 0x400
Precharge All Banks
Active
Read
NOP*
NOP****
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
Precharge All Banks
Active
Read
NOP*
NOP****
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
D[3:0] D[7:4]
Data sampled
Clock suspend
D[3:0] D[7:4]
Data sampled
Clock suspend
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
ClkPER2
WE
CS
456
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
Figure 36-25.Burst access within a single page
Figure 36-26.Burst access crossing page boundary
** NOP is only inserted for CAS3
**** The number of NOPs is equal to WRDLY[1:0] + 1 (WRDLY = 0 is shown)
***** The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[1:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
* The number of NOPs is equal to ROWCOLDLY[2:0] (ROWCOLDLY = 1 is shown)
*** Clock suspended for 1 cycle when EBI is running at 1x and 1 or 2 cycles when EBI
is running at 2x, to enable sampling of data on the positive edge of the 1x clock.
Bank Adr
Row Adr Col Adr
Burst access within a single page
0x0
Col Adr 0x400
Col Adr
Precharge All Banks
Active
Read
NOP*
NOP****
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
Read
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
Read
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
D[3:0] D[7:4]
Data sampled
Clock suspend
Data sampled
Clock suspend
D[3:0] D[7:4] D[3:0] D[7:4]
Data sampled
Clock suspend
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
ClkPER2
WE
CS
** NOP is only inserted for CAS3
**** The number of NOPs is equal to WRDLY[1:0] + 1 (WRDLY = 0 is shown)
***** The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[1:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
* The number of NOPs is equal to ROWCOLDLY[2:0] (ROWCOLDLY = 1 is shown)
*** Clock suspended for 1 cycle when EBI is running at 1x and 1 or 2 cycles when EBI
is running at 2x, to enable sampling of data on the positive edge of the 1x clock.
Burst access crossing page boundary
Bank Adr
Row Adr Col Adr
0x0
Col Adr 0x400 Col Adr
Precharge All Banks
Active
Read
NOP*
NOP****
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
Read
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
Read
Data sampled
NOP**
Clock
suspend***
0x400
0x0Bank Adr
Precharge All Banks
NOP*****
Active
NOP*
D[3:0] D[7:4]
Data sampled
Clock suspend
D[3:0] D[7:4] D[3:0] D[7:4]
Data sampled
Clock suspend
Data sampled
Clock suspend
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
ClkPER2
WE
CS
457
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
36.16 SRAM refresh
Table 36-2. SDRAM refresh
clk_ebi_fast
WE
CS
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
Auto Refresh
Autorefresh when idle
clk_ebi_fast
WE
CS
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
Auto Refresh
Autorefresh between two acesses
Precharge All
Active
NOP*
* The number of NOPs is equal to RPDLY[1:0] (RPDLY = 1 is shown)
clk_ebi_fast
WE
CS
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
Enter Self Refresh
Enter Self Refresh
clk_ebi_fast
WE
CS
CLK
CKE
CAS
RAS
DQM
BA[1:0]
A[11:0]
D
Exit Self Refresh
NOP**
** The number of NOPs is equal to ESRDLY[2:0] (ESRDLY = 1 is shown)
458
XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
8331F–AVR–04/2013
37. Nomenclature
37.1 Symbols and operators
Table 37-1. Symbols and operators
Note: The symbol "+" is used both as arithmetical addition and as a logic OR operand. If it is not apparent what the
symbol means from the context, a footnote will clarify the issue.
37.2 Numerical notation
Table 37-2. Numerical notation
+Addition or logic OR
-Subtraction
xMultiplication
/Division
NOT (Here: NOT B)
AND
EXCLUSIVE OR
>Greater
<Less
=Equal
Greater or equal
Less or equal
←Store into
<< Shift left
B
165 Decimal number
0b Binary number (example 0b0101 = 5 decimal)
0x Hexadecimal number (example 0xE = 14 decimal)
n, m, p, q Represent numbers.
x, y, z, w Represent letters.
XRepresents an unknown or don't care value for either a signal or a bus.
ZRepresents a high-impedance (floating) state for either a signal or a bus.
N/A Not Applicable.
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37.3 Memory size and type
Table 37-3. Memory size/type mnemonics
37.4 Register and bits
Table 37-4. Register and bit mnemonics
KKilo(210 = 1024)
MMega(220 = 1024*1024)
GGiga(230 = 1024*1024*1024)
kkilo(103 = 1000)
bbit(binary 0 or 1)
BByte(Collection of 8 bits)
WWord(Collection of 2 Bytes)
LLong(Collection of 2 Words)
R/W Read/Write accessible register bit
RRead-only register bit. (Must always be written to logic zero)
BIT Bit names are shown in uppercase. (Example PINA1)
BITn..m A set of bits from bit n down to m. (Example: PINA3..0 = {PINA3, PINA2, PINA1, PINA0}
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37.5 Abbreviations
Table 37-5. Abbreviations
Abbreviation Description
AC Analog Comparator
ADC Analog to Digital Converter
ADDR Address
AES Advanced Encryption Standard
ALE Address Latch Enable
ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit
AREF Analog Reference
AVCC Analog supply power
AWeX Advanced Waveform Extension
BB Battery Backup
BLB Boot Lock Bit
BOD Brown-out Detector
BP Breakpoint (OCD)
CAL Calibration
CCP Configuration Change Protection
CH Channel
CLK Clock
CLKSEL Clock Select
CNT Counter
COMP Compare
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
CS Chip Select
CTRL Control
DAC Digital to Analog converter
DES Data Encryption Standard
DFLL Digital Frequency Locked Loop
DMA Direct Memory Access
DMAC Direct Memory Access Controller
DTI Dead-time insertion
EBI External Bus Interface
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
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EVACT Event Action
EVSEL Event Select
EVSYS Event System
FAULT Fault Control
FIFO First-in first-out Buffer
FRQ Frequency Generation
GND Ground
GPIO General Purpose Input/Output pin
HIRES High Resolution
IC Input Capture
IF Interrupt Flag
INT Interrupt
IOBUS I/O data Bus (8-bit)
IRCOM Infrared Communication Module
IRDA Infrared Data Association
IREQ Interrupt request
IVEC Interrupt vector
LB Lock Bit
LPC Low Pin Count (EBI)
LVL (Interrupt) Level
NMI Non-Maskable Interrupt
NVM Non-Volatile Memory
OC Output Compare
OCD On-chip Debug
PC Program counter
PDI Program and Debug Interface
PER Period
PER Peripheral (when used for as subscript in clock name)
PLL Phase Lock Loop
PMIC Programmable Multi-level Interrupt Controller
POR Power-on reset
PWM Pulse Width Modulation/Modulator
QDEC Quadrature Decoder
RAM Random-access memory
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REF Reference
RMW Read-modify-write
RR Round Robin
RTC Real-Time Counter
RX (Serial) Receiver
SDRAM Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
SMBus System Management Bus
SP Stack Pointer
SPI Serial Peripheral Interface
SRAM Static random-access memory
TC Timer/Counter
TIF Test Interface
TOSC Timer/Counter (crystal) Oscillator
TWI Two-wire interface
TX (Serial) Transmitter
ULP Ultra Low Power (oscillator)
USART Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous serial Receiver and Transmitter
USB Universal Serial Bus
VBAT Power supply Battery Backup
VCC Digital supply power
VREF Voltage reference
WDT Watchdog Timer
WG Waveform Generator
XOSC Crystal Oscillator
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37.6 Conventions
Logic level one is the voltage that corresponds to a Boolean true (1) state.
Logic level zero is the voltage that corresponds to a Boolean false (0) state.
Set refers specifically to establishing logic level one on a bit or bits.
Clear refers specifically to establishing logic level zero on a bit or bits.
Asserted means that a signal is in active logic state. An active low signal changes from logic level one to logic
level zero when asserted, and an active high signal changes from logic level zero to logic level one.
Negated means that an asserted signal changes logic state. An active low signal changes from logic level zero to
logic level one when negated, and an active high signal changes from logic level one to logic level zero.
LSB means least significant byte or bytes.
MSB means most significant byte or bytes. References to low and high bytes are spelled out.
lsb means least significant bit or bits.
msb means most significant bit or bits.
A specific mnemonic within a range is referred to by mnemonic and number. SP15 is bit 15 of the Stack Pointer;
EEAR4 is line 4 of the EEPROM address bus
A range of mnemo nics is referred to by mnemonic and the numbers that define the range. EEARL[5:0] are bits 5
to 0 of EEPROM address bus
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38. Datasheet Revision History
Please note that the referring page numbers in this section are referring to this document. The referring revision in this
section are referring to the document revision.
38.1 8331F – 04/2013
38.2 8331E – 01/2013
38.3 8331D – 12/2012
1. Updated “EEPROM” on page 23.
2. Updated “RTC clock source selection(1).” on page 92. Added table note (2): Not available on devices with Battery Backup
System.
3. Replaced USBSCTRL by “USBCTRL – USB Control register” on page 93.
4. Updated Table 9-1 on page 111. The correct value of ULP cycles for the ‘Reset delay’ are 64 and 4.
5. Updated “Battery Backup System” on page 118. Changed all RTC to TRC32 except in “32-bit Real-time Counter”
on page 120.
6. Updated Figure 10-1 on page 119. Changed VDD and RTC to respectively VCC and RTC32.
7. Updated “Single-slope PWM Generation” on page 172 and “Dual-slope PWM” on page 173. Removed the wrong
information: “The waveform generated will have a maximum frequency of half of the peripheral clock frequency
(fclkPER) when CCA is set to zero (0x0000) and no prescaling is used. This also applies when using the hi-res
extension, since this increases the resolution and not the frequency”.
8. Added “Nomenclature” on page 458.
1. Updated the “COMP1 – DFLL Compare register 1” and “COMP2 – DFLL Compare register 2” on page 99.
Updated the description and changed the initial value to – (dash).
2. Updated “CTRLC – Control register C” on page 296. 011 is the initial value for register CHSIZE[2:0] and not 110.
3. Updated “Synchronous sampling of two ADC inputs” on page 351.
4. Updated the title of Table 28-17 on page 362 to “ADC MUXNEG configuration, INPUTMODE[1:0] = 11, differential
with gain.”
5. Updated the formula for calculating the BSEL to BSEL = (2 desired BSCALE-1),page 282.
6. Updated “Appendix A: EBI Timing Diagrams” on page 434.
1. Updated the manuel using the Atmel new FM template.
2. Updated all Register Descriptions in the content as Figures and not Tables.
3. Updated Figure 3-4 on page 11.
4. Updated “Register Description – NVM Controller” on page 26.
5. Updated Table 4.16.5 on page 32. Linked Bit 2:0 to the correct Table 9-2 on page 113.
6. Updated step 6.6 and 6.7 under in the “QDEC Setup” on page 76. Replaced Channel n+1 by Channel n.
7. Updated Table 6-3 on page 77. Added RTC32_OVF to the Group configuration. (RTC_OVF/RTC32_OVF).
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8. Updated Table 7-4 on page 92. Added a table note.
9. Updated “Register summary – Oscillator” on page 101. Added PLLDIV in PLLCTRL register, Bit 5.
10. Updated description for “Analog-to-Digital Converter - ADC” on page 105.
11. Updated “BACKUP0: Backup register 0” on page 123 and “BACKUP1: Backup register 1” on page 123.
12. Updated “Clock and Event Output” on page 146. XMEGA AU supports outputting any of the event channels to the
port pins.
13. Updated “ INT0MASK – Interrupt 0 Mask register” on page 150 and “ INT1MASK – Interrupt 1 Mask register” on
page 150.
14. Updated the description of Bit [2:0] - ISC[2:0] in “ PINnCTRL – Pin n Configuration register” on page 152.
15. Updated “Register Descriptions – Virtual Port” on page 158.
16. Updated Table 14-2 on page 174.
17. Updated “Register Description” on page 175. All TC0/1 registers have been updated.
18. Updated “CTRLFCLR/CTRLFSET – Control register F Clear/Set” on page 179. Bit 4 - QDECINDX.
19. Updated “Dead-time Insertion” on page 201.
20. Updated “Register Descriptions” on page 214. All RTC registers have been updated.
21. Updated Bit 0 - SYNCBUSY in “STATUS – Status register” on page 214.
22. Updated “CNTL – Counter register Low” on page 216.
23. Updated “For Output Endpoints” on page 233. New content inserted.
24. Added “Operating voltage” on page 237.
25. Updated “FIFOWP – FIFO Write Pointer register” on page 239, “FIFORP – FIFO Read Pointer register” on page
240 and “ INTFLAGSBCLR/INTFLAGSBSET – Clear/Set Interrupt Flag register B” on page 243.
26. Changed the names of USB calibration registers to align with the names in Studio. CALL named to “ CAL0 –
Calibration Low” on page 243, and CALH named to “ CAL1 – Calibration High” on page 244.
27. Updated “STATUS – Status register” on page 244. Updated Bit 5, 4, 4, 2 1: These flags are cleared by writing
logical 0 to its bit location.
28. Updated “Register Description – USB” on page 238; “Register Description – USB Endpoint” on page 244 and
“Register Description – Frame” on page 248.
29. Updated “Register summary – USB module” on page 249.
30. Updated “BAUD – Baud Rate register” on page 266. Added the equation [3].
31. Updated Figure 23-2 on page 282. fOSC replaced by fPER.
32. Updated “CTRLC – Control register C” on page 296. CHSIZE[2:0] is 011 and not 110.
33. Updated “BAUDCTRLA – Baud Rate register A” and “BAUDCTRLB – Baud Rate register B” on page 298.
34. Updated “Overview” on page 313. CRC-16 and CRC-32 are not tables.
35. Updated “Register Description” on page 315. All CRC registers have been updated.
36. Updated “STATUS – Status register” on page 316. STATUS register address is +0x01 and not +0x02.
37. Updated “I/O Pin and Pin-out Configuration” on page 326.
38. Updated “ADC timing for free running mode.” on page 349.
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38.4 8331C – 04/2012
38.5 8331B – 03/12
39. Updated Bit 7 - IMPMODE in “CTRLB – ADC Control register B” on page 352.
40. Added a table note in Table 28-2 on page 353.
41. Figure 28-10 on page 359 title changed to “ADC gain factor.” .
42. Changed the Channel input mode to “signed mode” in Table 28-12 on page 360, “Channel input modes,
CONVMODE=1 (signed mode).”
43. Updated the description for Bit 3:0 - COUNT[3:0] in “ SCAN – Channel Scan register” on page 364. The input
channels included are the range from MUXPOS to MUXPOS + COUNT.
44. Updated all equations in “Calibration” on page 369.
45. Updated “Calibration” on page 369. Updated the link for the DAC theoretical transfer function.
46. Updated the naming of DAC calibration.“ CH0GAINCAL – Gain Calibration register” on page 374;
“ CH0OFFSETCAL – Offset Calibration register” on page 375; “ CH1GAINCAL – Gain Calibration register” on
page 375 and “ CH1OFFSETCAL – Offset Calibration register” on page 375.
47. Updated the “Register summary” on page 376.
48. Updated Table 34-1 on page 426.
49. Updated LPC 2- Port ALE12 no CS. Replaced the figures with the correct ones in Figure 36-10 on page 440.
1. Updated the manuel using the Atmel new FM template.
1. Added Table 2-1 “XMEGA AU feature summary overview.” on page 5.
2. Updated “LOCKBITS – Lock Bit register” on page 33. Description of Bit[1:0] updated and added a table note.
3. Title of Table 4-12 on page 35 changed to “Lock bit protection mode.”
4. Updated “CTRLA – Control register A” on page 59. Bits CHEN and CHRST replaced respectively by ENABLE and
RESET. Updated the “Register Summary – DMA Channel” on page 68.
5. Updated “TRIGSRC – Trigger Source” on page 62. The description Bit[7:0] updated.
6. Updated Figure 6-1 on page 71, the “Event system overview and connected peripherals.”
7. Updated Figure 7-1 on page 83, the “The clock system, clock sources, and clock distribution.”
8. Updated the formula of COMP register on the page 90.
9. Added a table note on the Table 7-7 on page 95.
10. Updated Table 9-2 on page 113, the “Programmable BODLEVEL setting.”
11. Table note added to the Table 11-1 on page 127.
12. Table note added to the Table 11-2 on page 128.
13. Added Figure 12-1, the “Interrupt controller overview” on page 132.
14. Updated Figure 13-1 on page 140, the “General I/O pin functionality.”
15. Updated “Port Interrupt” on page 144.
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16. Updated Table 13-3 on page 145. “Both edge” replaced by “Any edge”.
17. Updated “Port Event” on page 145.
18. Updated Table 13-10 on page 155, and Table 13-11 on page 156.
19. Updated “Event Action Controlled Operation” on page 167.
20. Updated Figure 14-10 on page 169. CH7MUX changed to CHnMUX.
21. Updated Table 15-3 on page 192. CMD changed to BYTEM[1:0].
22. Updated “Clock Domains” on page 213.
23. Figure 19-1 on page 219replaced by a new one “32-bit real-time counter overview.”
24. Updated “USB – Universal Serial Bus Interface” on page 226 with new Figure 20-3 on page 228, new Figure 20-4
on page 229, new Figure 20-5 on page 230, and new Figure 20-12 on page 235.
25. Title of Figure 20-3 on page 228 changed to “SETUP transaction.”
26. Title of Figure 20-4 on page 229 changed to “OUT transaction.”
27. Title of Figure 20-5 on page 230 changed to “IN transaction.”
28. Updated “Receiving Address Packets” on page 261 .
29. Updated both formula of “BAUD – Baud Rate register” on page 266.
30. Updated “DATA – Data register” on page 271. Added the description of ADDR[7:1] and ADDR[0].
31. Updated the formula in “Fractional Baud Rate Generation” on page 289.
32. Updated Figure 23-9 on page 290, the “Fractional baud rate example.”
33. Added Table 23-5 on page 290, the “USART baud rate.”
34. Updated Figure 24-1 on page 301, the “IRCOM connection to USARTs and associated port pins.” RXDnx and
TXDnxc changed to RXDxn and TXDxn respectively.
35. Updated Table 24-1 on page 304. 1xxx and CHx changed to 1nnn and CHn respectively.
36. Updated “SRAM Configuration” on page 320.
37. Updated “Address Latches” on page 322
38. Updated Table 27-4 on page 327, Table 27-5 on page 327, Table 27-6 on page 328, and Table 27-7 on page 328.
39. Replaced Figure 28-1 on page 340 by an updated one.
40. Updated “ADC Input Model” on page 349.
41. Updated “Synchronous Sampling” on page 351.
42. Updated “ SCAN – Channel Scan register” on page 364. Bit[3:0] description updated.
43. Added Table 28-15 on page 361.
44. Updated the formula of output voltage in “Output and output channels” on page 368.
45. Updated “Calibration” on page 369. Formula updated and new equations added.
46. Updated “Peripheral Module Address Map” on page 426. Added USB address.
47. Updated “Appendix A: EBI Timing Diagrams” on page 434
48. Editing update.
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38.6 8331A – 07/11
1. Initial revision
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Table Of Contents
1. About the Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 Reading the Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Recommended Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. AVR CPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Architectural Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4 ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5 Program Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.6 Instruction Execution Timing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.7 Status Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.8 Stack and Stack Pointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.9 Register File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.10 RAMP and Extended Indirect Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.11 Accessing 16-bit Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.12 Configuration Change Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.13 Fuse Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.14 Register Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.15 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4. Memories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3 Flash Program Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.4 Fuses and Lockbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.5 Data Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.6 Internal SRAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.7 EEPROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.8 I/O Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.9 External Memory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.10 Data Memory and Bus Arbitration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.11 Memory Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.12 Device ID and Revision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.13 JTAG Disable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.14 I/O Memory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.15 Register Description – NVM Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.16 Register Descriptions – Fuses and Lock bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.17 Register Description – Production Signature Row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.18 Register Description – General Purpose I/O Memory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.19 Register Description – External Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.20 Register Descriptions – MCU Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.21 Register summary – NVM controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.22 Register summary – Fuses and Lock Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.23 Register summary – Production Signature Row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
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4.24 Register summary – General Purpose I/O registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.25 Register summary – MCU control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.26 Interrupt vector summary – NVM Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5. DMAC - Direct Memory Access Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.3 DMA Transaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.4 Transfer Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.5 Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.6 Priority Between Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.7 Double Buffering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.8 Transfer Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.9 Error detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.10 Software Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.11 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.12 Interrupts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.13 Register Description – DMA Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.14 Register Description – DMA Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.15 Register Summary – DMA Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.16 Register Summary – DMA Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.17 Interrupt vector summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6. Event System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.3 Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.4 Event Routing Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.5 Event Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.6 Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.7 Quadrature Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.8 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.9 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
7. System Clock and Clock Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7.3 Clock Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.4 Clock Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.5 System Clock Selection and Prescalers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.6 PLL with 1x-31x Multiplication Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.7 DFLL 2MHz and DFLL 32MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.8 PLL and External Clock Source Failure Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7.9 Register Description – Clock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.10 Register Description – Oscillator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
7.11 Register Description – DFLL32M/DFLL2M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
7.12 Register summary – Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.13 Register summary – Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.14 Register summary – DFLL32M/DFLL2M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.15 Oscillator failure interrupt vector summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8. Power Management and Sleep Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
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8.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
8.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
8.3 Sleep Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
8.4 Power Reduction Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
8.5 Minimizing Power Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
8.6 Register Description – Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
8.7 Register Description – Power Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
8.8 Register summary – Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
8.9 Register summary – Power reduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
9. Reset System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9.3 Reset Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.4 Reset Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
9.5 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
9.6 Register summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
10. Battery Backup System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
10.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
10.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
10.3 Battery Backup System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
10.4 Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
10.5 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
10.6 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
10.7 Register summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
11. WDT – Watchdog Timer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
11.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
11.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
11.3 Normal Mode Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
11.4 Window Mode Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
11.5 Watchdog Timer Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
11.6 Configuration Protection and Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
11.7 Registers Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
11.8 Register summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
12. Interrupts and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller . . . . . 131
12.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
12.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
12.3 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
12.4 Interrupts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
12.5 Interrupt level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
12.6 Interrupt priority. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
12.7 Interrupt vector locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
12.8 Register description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
12.9 Register summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
13. I/O Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
13.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
13.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
13.3 I/O Pin Use and Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
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13.4 Reading the Pin Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
13.5 Input Sense Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
13.6 Port Interrupt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
13.7 Port Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
13.8 Alternate Port Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
13.9 Slew Rate Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
13.10 Clock and Event Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
13.11 Multi-pin configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
13.12 Virtual Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
13.13 Register Descriptions – Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
13.14 Register Descriptions – Port Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
13.15 Register Descriptions – Virtual Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
13.16 Register summary – Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
13.17 Register summary – Port Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
13.18 Register summary – Virtual Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
13.19 Interrupt vector summary – Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
14. TC0/1 – 16-bit Timer/Counter Type 0 and 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
14.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
14.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
14.3 Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
14.4 Clock and Event Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
14.5 Double Buffering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
14.6 Counter Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
14.7 Capture Channel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
14.8 Compare Channel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
14.9 Interrupts and events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
14.10 DMA Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
14.11 Timer/Counter Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
14.12 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
14.13 Register summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
14.14 Interrupt vector summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
15. TC2 – 16-bit Timer/Counter Type 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
15.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
15.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
15.3 Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
15.4 Clock Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
15.5 Counter Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
15.6 Compare Channel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
15.7 Interrupts and Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
15.8 DMA Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
15.9 Timer/Counter Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
15.10 Register description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
15.11 Register summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
15.12 Interrupt vector summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
16. AWeX – Advanced Waveform Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
16.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
16.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
16.3 Port Override. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
16.4 Dead-time Insertion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
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16.5 Pattern Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
16.6 Fault Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
16.7 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
16.8 Register summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
17. Hi-Res – High-Resolution Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
17.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
17.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
17.3 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
17.4 Register summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
18. RTC – Real-Time Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
18.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
18.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
18.3 Register Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
18.4 Register summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
18.5 Interrupt Vector Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
19. RTC32 – 32-bit Real-Time Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
19.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
19.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
19.3 Register Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
19.4 Register summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
19.5 Interrupt vector summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
20. USB – Universal Serial Bus Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
20.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
20.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
20.3 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
20.4 SRAM Memory Mapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
20.5 Clock Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
20.6 Ping-pong Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
20.7 Multipacket Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
20.8 Auto Zero Length Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
20.9 Transaction Complete FIFO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
20.10 Interrupts and Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
20.11 VBUS Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
20.12 On-chip Debug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
20.13 Operating voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
20.14 Register Description – USB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
20.15 Register Description – USB Endpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
20.16 Register Description – Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
20.17 Register summary – USB module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
20.18 Register summary – USB endpoint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
20.19 Register summary – Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
20.20 USB Interrupt vector summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
21. TWI – Two-Wire Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
21.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
21.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
21.3 General TWI Bus Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
21.4 TWI Bus State Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
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21.5 TWI Master Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
21.6 TWI Slave Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
21.7 Enabling External Driver Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
21.8 Register Description – TWI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
21.9 Register Description – TWI Master . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
21.10 Register Description – TWI Slave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
21.11 Register summary – TWI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
21.12 Register summary – TWI master . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
21.13 Register summary – TWI slave. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
21.14 Interrupt vector summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
22. SPI – Serial Peripheral Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
22.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
22.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
22.3 Master Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
22.4 Slave Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
22.5 Data Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
22.6 DMA Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
22.7 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
22.8 Register summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
22.9 Interrupt vector summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
23. USART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
23.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
23.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
23.3 Clock Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
23.4 Frame Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
23.5 USART Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
23.6 Data Transmission - The USART Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
23.7 Data Reception - The USART Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
23.8 Asynchronous Data Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
23.9 Fractional Baud Rate Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
23.10 USART in Master SPI Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
23.11 USART SPI vs. SPI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
23.12 Multiprocessor Communication Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
23.13 IRCOM Mode of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
23.14 DMA Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
23.15 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
23.16 Register summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
23.17 Interrupt vector summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
24. IRCOM – IR Communication Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
24.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
24.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
24.3 Event System Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
24.4 Registers Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
24.5 Register summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
25. AES and DES Crypto Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
25.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
25.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
25.3 DES Instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
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25.4 AES Crypto Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
25.5 Register Description – AES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
25.6 Register summary – AES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
25.7 Interrupt vector summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
26. CRC – Cyclic Redundancy Check Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
26.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
26.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
26.3 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
26.4 CRC on Flash memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
26.5 CRC on DMA Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
26.6 CRC using the I/O Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
26.7 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
26.8 Register summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
27. EBI – External Bus Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
27.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
27.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
27.3 Chip Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
27.4 EBI Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
27.5 SRAM Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
27.6 SRAM LPC Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
27.7 SDRAM Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
27.8 Combined SRAM & SDRAM Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
27.9 I/O Pin and Pin-out Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
27.10 Register Description – EBI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
27.11 Register Description – EBI Chip Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
27.12 Register summary – EBI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
27.13 Register summary – EBI chip select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
28. ADC – Analog-to-Digital Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
28.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
28.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
28.3 Input Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
28.4 ADC Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
28.5 Voltage Reference Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
28.6 Conversion Result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
28.7 Compare Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
28.8 Starting a Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
28.9 ADC Clock and Conversion Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
28.10 ADC Input Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
28.11 DMA Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
28.12 Interrupts and Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
28.13 Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
28.14 Channel Priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
28.15 Synchronous Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
28.16 Register Description – ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
28.17 Register Description – ADC Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
28.18 Register summary – ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
28.19 Register summary – ADC channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
28.20 Interrupt vector summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
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29. DAC – Digital to Analog Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
29.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
29.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
29.3 Voltage reference selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
29.4 Starting a Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
29.5 Output and output channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
29.6 DAC Output model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
29.7 DAC clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
29.8 Low Power mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
29.9 Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
29.10 Register description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
29.11 Register summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
30. AC – Analog Comparator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
30.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
30.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
30.3 Input Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
30.4 Signal Compare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
30.5 Interrupts and Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
30.6 Window Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
30.7 Input Hysteresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
30.8 Propagation Delay vs. Power Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
30.9 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
30.10 Register summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
30.11 Interrupt vector summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
31. IEEE 1149.1 JTAG Boundary Scan Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
31.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
31.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
31.3 TAP - Test Access Port. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
31.4 JTAG Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
31.5 Boundary Scan Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
31.6 Data Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
32. Program and Debug Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
32.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
32.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
32.3 PDI Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
32.4 JTAG Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
32.5 PDI Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
32.6 Register Description – PDI Instruction and Addressing Registers . . . . . . . . 403
32.7 Register Description – PDI Control and Status Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
32.8 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
33. Memory Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
33.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
33.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
33.3 NVM Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
33.4 NVM Commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
33.5 NVM Controller Busy Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
33.6 Flash and EEPROM Page Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
33.7 Flash and EEPROM Programming Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
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33.8 Protection of NVM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
33.9 Preventing NVM Corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
33.10 CRC Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
33.11 Self-programming and Boot Loader Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
33.12 External Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
33.13 Register Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
33.14 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
34. Peripheral Module Address Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
35. Instruction Set Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
36. Appendix A: EBI Timing Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
36.1 SRAM 3-Port ALE1 CS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
36.2 SRAM 3-Port ALE12 CS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
36.3 SRAM 4-Port ALE2 CS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
36.4 SRAM 4- Port NOALE CS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
36.5 LPC 2- Port ALE12 CS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
36.6 LPC 3- Port ALE1 CS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
36.7 LPC 2- Port ALE1 CS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
36.8 SRAM 3- Port ALE1 no CS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
36.9 SRAM 4- Port NOALE no CS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
36.10 LPC 2- Port ALE12 no CS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
36.11 SDRAM init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
36.12 SDRAM 8-bit Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
36.13 SDRAM 8-bit read. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
36.14 SDRAM 4-bit write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
36.15 SDRAM 4-bit read. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
36.16 SRAM refresh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
37. Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
37.1 Symbols and operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
37.2 Numerical notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
37.3 Memory size and type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
37.4 Register and bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
37.5 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
37.6 Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
38. Datasheet Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
38.1 8331F – 04/2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
38.2 8331E – 01/2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
38.3 8331D – 12/2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
38.4 8331C – 04/2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
38.5 8331B – 03/12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
38.6 8331A – 07/11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Table Of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
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© 2013 Atmel Corporation. All rights reserved. / Rev.: 8331F–AVR–04/2013
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