LM12454,LM12458,LM12H458
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458 12-Bit + Sign Data Acquisition System with
Self-Calibration
Literature Number: SNAS079A
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
12-Bit + Sign Data Acquisition System with
Self-Calibration
General Description
The LM12458, and LM12H458 are highly integrated Data
Acquisition Systems. Operating on just 5V, they combine a
fully-differential self-calibrating (correcting linearity and zero
errors) 13-bit (12-bit + sign) analog-to-digital converter
(ADC) and sample-and-hold (S/H) with extensive analog
functions and digital functionality. Up to 32 consecutive con-
versions, using two’s complement format, can be stored in
an internal 32-word (16-bit wide) FIFO data buffer. An inter-
nal 8-word RAM can store the conversion sequence for up to
eight acquisitions through the LM12(H)458’s eight-input mul-
tiplexer. The obsolete LM12454 has a four-channel multi-
plexer, a differential multiplexer output, and a differential S/H
input. The LM12(H)458 can also operate with 8-bit + sign
resolution and in a supervisory “watchdog” mode that com-
pares an input signal against two programmable limits.
Programmable acquisition times and conversion rates are
possible through the use of internal clock-driven timers. The
reference voltage input can be externally generated for ab-
solute or ratiometric operation or can be derived using the
internal 2.5V bandgap reference.
All registers, RAM, and FIFO are directly addressable
through the high speed microprocessor interface to either an
8-bit or 16-bit data bus. The LM12(H)458 includes a direct
memory access (DMA) interface for high-speed conversion
data transfer.
Additional applications information can be found in applica-
tions notes AN-906, AN-947 and AN-949.
Key Specifications
(f
CLK
= 5 MHz; 8 MHz, H)
jResolution 12-bit + sign or 8-bit + sign
j13-bit conversion time 8.8 µs, 5.5 µs (H) (max)
j9-bit conversion time 4.2 µs, 2.6 µs (H) (max)
j13-bit Through-put rate 88k samples/s (min),
140k samples/s (H) (min)
jComparison time
(“watchdog” mode)
2.2 µs (max),
1.4 µs (H) (max)
jILE ±1 LSB (max)
jV
IN
range GND to V
A+
jPower Consumption 30 mW, 34 mW (H) (max)
jStand-by mode 50 µW (typ)
jSingle supply 3V to 5.5V
Features
nThree operating modes: 12-bit + sign, 8-bit + sign, and
“watchdog”
nSingle-ended or differential inputs
nBuilt-in Sample-and-Hold and 2.5V bandgap reference
nInstruction RAM and event sequencer
n8-channel multiplexer
n32-word conversion FIFO
nProgrammable acquisition times and conversion rates
nSelf-calibration and diagnostic mode
n8- or 16-bit wide data bus microprocessor or DSP
interface
Applications
nData Logging
nInstrumentation
nProcess Control
nEnergy Management
nInertial Guidance
TRI-STATE®is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation.
AT®is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.
February 2006
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
12-Bit + Sign Data Acquisition System with Self-Calibration
© 2006 National Semiconductor Corporation DS011264 www.national.com
Ordering Information
Guaranteed Clock Freq
(min) Order Part Number NS Package
8 MHz
LM12H458CIV
LM12H458CIVX
LM12H458CIVF
V44A (PLCC)
V44A (PLCC) (Tape and Reel)
VGZ44A (PQFP)
5 MHz
LM12454CIV *
LM12458CIV
LM12458CIVX
LM12458CIVF *
V44A (PLCC)
V44A (PLCC)
V44A (PLCC) (Tape and Reel)
VGZ44A (PQFP)
* These products are obsolete and shown for reference only.
Connection Diagrams
01126402
* Pin names in ( ) apply to the obsolete LM12454 and LM12H454.
Order Number LM12454CIV,
LM12458CIV or LM12H458CIV
See NS Package Number V44A
01126434
Order Number LM12458CIVF or LM12H458CIVF
NS Package Number VGZ44A
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com 2
Functional Diagrams
LM12454
01126401
The LM12(H)454 is obsolete
LM12(H)458
01126421
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com3
Absolute Maximum Ratings
(Notes 1, 2)
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/
Distributors for availability and specifications.
Supply Voltage (V
A
+ and V
D
+) 6.0V
Voltage at Input and Output Pins,
except analog inputs −0.3V to (V
+
+ 0.3V)
Voltage at Analog Inputs − 5V to (V
+
+ 5V)
|V
A
+−V
D
+| 300 mV
Input Current at Any Pin (Note 3) ±5mA
Package Input Current (Note 3) ±20 mA
Power Dissipation, PQFP
(T
A
= 25˚C) (Note 4) 875 mW
Storage Temperature −65˚C to +150˚C
Lead Temperature
PQFP, Infrared, 15 sec. +300˚C
PLCC, Solder, 10 sec. +250˚C
ESD Susceptibility (Note 5) 1.5 kV
See AN-450 “Surface Mounting Methods and Their Effect on
Product Reliability” for other methods of soldering surface
mount devices.
Package Thermal Resistances
Package θ
JA
44-Lead PQFP 47˚C / W
44-Lead PLCC 50˚C / W
Operating Ratings (Notes 1, 2)
Temperature Range
(T
min
≤T
A
≤T
max
) −40˚C ≤T
A
≤85˚C
Supply Voltage
V
A
+, V
D
+ 3.0V to 5.5V
|V
A
+−V
D
+| ≤100 mV
V
IN+
Input Range GND ≤V
IN+
≤V
A
+
V
IN−
Input Range GND ≤V
IN−
≤V
A
+
V
REF+
Input Voltage 1V ≤V
REF+
≤V
A
+
V
REF−
Input Voltage 0V ≤V
REF−
≤V
REF+
−1V
V
REF+
−V
REF−
1V ≤V
REF
≤V
A
+
V
REF
Common Mode
Range (Note 16) 0.1 V
A+
≤V
REFCM
≤0.6 V
A+
T
J
(MAX) 150˚C
Reliability Information -
Transistor Count
Device Type Nmber
P-Chan MOS Transistor 12,232
N-Chan MOS Transistor 15,457
Parasitic Vertical Bipolar Junction Transistor 4
Parasitic Lateral Bipolar Junction Transistor 2
TOTAL Transistors 27,695
Converter Characteristics (Notes 6, 7, 8, 9)
The following specifications apply to the LM12454, LM12458, and LM12H458 for V
A
+=V
D
+ = 5V, V
REF+
= 5V, V
REF−
= 0V,
12-bit + sign conversion mode, f
CLK
= 8.0 MHz (LM12H458) or f
CLK
= 5.0 MHz (LM12454/8), R
S
=25Ω, source impedance for
V
REF+
and V
REF−
≤25Ω, fully-differential input with fixed 2.5V common-mode voltage, and minimum acquisition time unless
otherwise specified. Boldface limits apply for T
A
=T
J
=T
MIN
to T
MAX
; all other limits T
A
=T
J
= 25˚C.
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical
(Note 10)
Limits
(Note 11) Units
ILE Integral Linearity Error (Notes 12, 17) After Auto-Cal ±1/2 ±1LSB (max)
TUE Total Unadjusted Error(Note 12) After Auto-Cal ±1 LSB
Resolution with No Missing Codes
(Note 12) After Auto-Cal 13 Bits (max)
DNL Differential Non-Linearity After Auto-Cal ±
3
⁄
4
LSB (max)
Zero Error (Notes 13, 17) After Auto-Cal ±1
LM12H458 ±1/2 ±1.5 LSB (max)
Positive Full-Scale Error (Notes 12, 17) After Auto-Cal ±1/2 ±2LSB (max)
Negative Full-Scale Error (Notes 12,
17) After Auto-Cal ±1/2 ±2LSB (max)
DC Common Mode Error (Note 14) ±2±3.5 LSB (max)
ILE 8-Bit + Sign and “Watchdog” Mode
Integral Linearity Error (Note 12) ±1/2 LSB (max)
TUE 8-Bit + Sign and “Watchdog” Mode
Total Unadjusted Error After Auto-Zero ±1/2 ±3/4 LSB (max)
8-Bit + Sign and “Watchdog” Mode
Resolution
with No Missing Codes
9Bits (max)
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com 4
Converter Characteristics (Notes 6, 7, 8, 9) (Continued)
The following specifications apply to the LM12454, LM12458, and LM12H458 for V
A
+=V
D
+ = 5V, V
REF+
= 5V, V
REF−
= 0V,
12-bit + sign conversion mode, f
CLK
= 8.0 MHz (LM12H458) or f
CLK
= 5.0 MHz (LM12454/8), R
S
=25Ω, source impedance for
V
REF+
and V
REF−
≤25Ω, fully-differential input with fixed 2.5V common-mode voltage, and minimum acquisition time unless
otherwise specified. Boldface limits apply for T
A
=T
J
=T
MIN
to T
MAX
; all other limits T
A
=T
J
= 25˚C.
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical
(Note 10)
Limits
(Note 11) Units
DNL 8-Bit + Sign and “Watchdog” Mode
Differential Non-Linearity ±3/4 LSB (max)
8-Bit + Sign and “Watchdog” Mode
Zero Error After Auto-Zero ±1/2 LSB (max)
8-Bit + Sign and “Watchdog” Full-Scale
Error ±1/2 LSB (max)
8-Bit + Sign and “Watchdog” Mode
DC Common Mode Error ±1/8 LSB
Multiplexer Channel-to-Channel
Matching ±0.05 LSB
V
IN+
Non-Inverting Input Range GND
V
A
+
V (min)
V (max)
V
IN−
Inverting Input Range GND
V
A
+
V (min)
V (max)
V
IN+
−V
IN−
Differential Input Voltage Range −V
A+
V
A
+
V (min)
V (max)
Common Mode Input Voltage Range GND
V
A
+
V (min)
V (max)
PSS
Power Supply
Sensitivity (Note
15)
Zero Error V
A
+=V
D
+=5V±10% ±0.2 ±1.75 LSB (max)
Full-Scale Error V
REF+
= 4.5V, V
REF−
= GND ±0.4 ±2LSB (max)
Linearity Error ±0.2 LSB
C
REF
V
REF+
/V
REF−
Input Capacitance 85 pF
C
IN
Selected Multiplexer Channel Input
Capacitance 75 pF
Converter AC Characteristics (Notes 6, 7, 8, 9)
The following specifications apply to the LM12454, LM12458, and LM12H458 for V
A
+=V
D
+ = 5V, V
REF+
= 5V, V
REF−
= 0V,
12-bit + sign conversion mode, f
CLK
= 8.0 MHz (LM12H458) or f
CLK
= 5.0 MHz (LM12454/8), R
S
=25Ω, source impedance for
V
REF+
and V
REF−
≤25Ω, fully-differential input with fixed 2.5V common-mode voltage, and minimum acquisition time unless
otherwise specified. Boldface limits apply for T
A
=T
J
=T
MIN
to T
MAX
; all other limits T
A
=T
J
= 25˚C.
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical
(Note 10) Limits (Note 11) Units
Clock Duty Cycle 50 40
60
%
% (min)
% (max)
t
C
Conversion Time
13-Bit Resolution, Sequencer
State S5 (Figure 15)44 (t
CLK
)44 (t
CLK
)+50ns (max)
9-Bit Resolution, Sequencer State
S5 (Figure 15)21 (t
CLK
)21 (t
CLK
)+50ns (max)
t
A
Acquisition Time
Sequencer State S7 (Figure 15)
Built-in minimum for 13-Bits 9(t
CLK
)9(t
CLK
)+50ns (max)
Built-in minimum for 9-Bits and
“Watchdog” mode 2(t
CLK
)2(t
CLK
)+50ns (max)
t
Z
Auto-Zero Time Sequencer State S2 (Figure 15)76(t
CLK
)76 (t
CLK
)+50ns (max)
t
CAL
Full Calibration Time Sequencer State S2 (Figure 15) 4944 (t
CLK
)4944 (t
CLK
)+50ns (max)
Throughput Rate (Note 18) 89 88 kHz (min)
LM12H458 142 140 kHz (min)
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com5
Converter AC Characteristics (Notes 6, 7, 8, 9) (Continued)
The following specifications apply to the LM12454, LM12458, and LM12H458 for V
A
+=V
D
+ = 5V, V
REF+
= 5V, V
REF−
= 0V,
12-bit + sign conversion mode, f
CLK
= 8.0 MHz (LM12H458) or f
CLK
= 5.0 MHz (LM12454/8), R
S
=25Ω, source impedance for
V
REF+
and V
REF−
≤25Ω, fully-differential input with fixed 2.5V common-mode voltage, and minimum acquisition time unless
otherwise specified. Boldface limits apply for T
A
=T
J
=T
MIN
to T
MAX
; all other limits T
A
=T
J
= 25˚C.
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical
(Note 10) Limits (Note 11) Units
t
WD
“Watchdog” Mode
Comparison Time
Sequencer States S6, S4, and S5
(Figure 15)11 (t
CLK
)11 (t
CLK
)+50ns (max)
DSNR Differential Signal-to-Noise
Ratio
V
IN
=±5V
f
IN
= 1 kHz 77.5 dB
f
IN
= 20 kHz 75.2 dB
f
IN
= 40 kHz 74.7 dB
SESNR Single-Ended Signal-to-Noise
Ratio
V
IN
=5V
p-p
f
IN
= 1 kHz 69.8 dB
f
IN
= 20 kHz 69.2 dB
f
IN
= 40 kHz 66.6 dB
DSINAD Differential Signal-to-Noise +
Distortion Ratio
V
IN
=±5V
f
IN
= 1 kHz 76.9 dB
f
IN
= 20 kHz 73.9 dB
f
IN
= 40 kHz 70.7 dB
SESINAD Single-Ended Signal-to-Noise
+ Distortion Ratio
V
IN
=5V
p-p
f
IN
= 1 kHz 69.4 dB
f
IN
= 20 kHz 68.3 dB
f
IN
= 40 kHz 65.7 dB
DTHD Differential Total Harmonic
Distortion
V
IN
=±5V
f
IN
= 1 kHz −85.8 dB
f
IN
= 20 kHz −79.9 dB
f
IN
= 40 kHz −72.9 dB
SETHD Single-Ended Total Harmonic
Distortion
V
IN
=5V
p-p
f
IN
= 1 kHz −80.3 dB
f
IN
= 20 kHz −75.6 dB
f
IN
= 40 kHz −72.8 dB
DENOB Differential Effective Number
of Bits
V
IN
=±5V
f
IN
= 1 kHz 12.6 Bits
f
IN
= 20 kHz 12.2 Bits
f
IN
= 40 kHz 12.1 Bits
SEENOB Single-Ended Effective
Number of Bits
V
IN
=5V
p-p
f
IN
= 1 kHz 11.3 Bits
f
IN
= 20 kHz 11.2 Bits
f
IN
= 40 kHz 10.8 Bits
DSFDR Differential Spurious Free
Dynamic Range
V
IN
=±5V
f
IN
= 1 kHz 87.2 dB
f
IN
= 20 kHz 78.9 dB
f
IN
= 40 kHz 72.8 dB
Multiplexer
Channel-to-Channel
Crosstalk
V
IN
=5V
P-P
,f
IN
= 40 kHz,
LM12454 MUXOUT Only −76 dB
V
IN
=5V
P-P
,f
IN
= 40 kHz,
LM12(H)458 MUX plus Converter −78 dB
t
PU
Power-Up Time 10 ms
t
WU
Wake-Up Time 10 ms
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com 6
DC Characteristics (Notes 6, 7, 8)
The following specifications apply to the LM12454, LM12458, and LM12H458 for V
A
+=V
D
+ = 5V, V
REF+
= 5V, V
REF−
= 0V,
f
CLK
= 8.0 MHz (LM12H454/8) or f
CLK
= 5.0 MHz (LM12458), and minimum acquisition time unless otherwise specified. Bold-
face limits apply for T
A
=T
J
=T
MIN
to T
MAX
; all other limits T
A
=T
J
= 25˚C.
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical
(Note 10)
Limits
(Note 11) Units
I
D
+V
D
+ Supply Current
CS = “1”
LM12454/8
LM12H458
0.55
0.55
1.0
1.2
mA (max)
mA (max)
I
A
+V
A
+ Supply Current
CS = “1”
LM12454/8
LM12H458
3.1
3.1
5.0
5.5
mA (max)
mA (max)
I
ST
Stand-By Supply Current (I
D
+)+(I
A
+)
[Power-Down Mode Selected]
Clock Stopped
8 MHz Clock
10
40
µA (max)
µA (max)
Multiplexer ON-Channel Leakage Current
V
A
+ = 5.5V
ON-Channel = 5.5V,
OFF-Channel = 0V
0.1 0.3 µA (max)
ON-Channel = 0V
OFF-Channel = 5.5V 0.1 0.3 µA (max)
Multiplexer OFF-Channel Leakage Current
V
A
+ = 5.5V
ON-Channel = 5.5V
OFF-Channel = 0V
0.1 0.3 µA (max)
ON-Channel = 0V
OFF-Channel = 5.5V 0.1 0.3 µA (max)
R
ON
Multiplexer ON-Resistance
LM12454
V
IN
= 5V 800 1500 Ω(max)
V
IN
= 2.5V 850 1500 Ω(max)
V
IN
= 0V 760 1500 Ω(max)
Multiplexer Channel-to-Channel
R
ON
matching
LM12454
V
IN
=5V ±1.0% ±3.0% (max)
V
IN
= 2.5V ±1.0% ±3.0% (max)
V
IN
=0V ±1.0% ±3.0% (max)
Internal Reference Characteristics (Notes 6, 7)
The following specifications apply to the LM12454, LM12458, and LM12H458 for V
A
+=V
D
+ = 5V unless otherwise specified.
Boldface limits apply for T
A
=T
J
=T
MIN
to T
MAX
; all other limits T
A
=T
J
= 25˚C.
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical
(Note 10)
Limits
(Note 11) Units
V
REFOUT
Internal Reference Output Voltage 2.5 2.5 ±4% V (max)
∆V
REF
/∆T Internal Reference Temperature Coefficient 40 ppm/˚C
∆
REF
/∆I
L
Internal Reference Load Regulation Sourcing (0 <I
L
≤+4 mA) 0.2 %/mA (max)
Sinking (−1 ≤I
IL
<0 mA) 1.2 %/mA (max)
∆V
REF
Line Regulation 4.5V ≤V
A
+≤5.5V 3 20 mV (max)
I
SC
Internal Reference Short Circuit Current V
REFOUT
=0V 13 25 mA (max)
∆V
REF
/∆t Long Term Stability 200 ppm/kHr
t
SU
Internal Reference Start-Up Time V
A
+=V
D
+=0V→
5V, C
L
= 100 µF 10 ms
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com7
Digital Characteristics (Notes 6, 7)
The following specifications apply to the LM12454, LM12458, and LM12H458 for V
A
+=V
D
+ = 5V, unless otherwise specified.
Boldface limits apply for T
A
=T
J
=T
MIN
to T
MAX
; all other limits T
A
=T
J
= 25˚C.
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical
(Note 10)
Limits
(Note 11) Units
V
IN(1)
Logical “1” Input Voltage V
A
+=V
D
+ = 5.5V 2.0 V (min)
V
IN(0)
Logical “0” Input Voltage V
A
+=V
D
+ = 4.5V 0.8 V (max)
I
IN(1)
Logical “1” Input Current V
IN
= 5V 0.005 1.0 µA (max)
I
IN(0)
Logical “0” Input Current V
IN
= 0V −0.005 −1.0 µA (max)
C
IN
D0–D15 Input Capacitance 6 pF
V
OUT(1)
Logical “1” Output Voltage
V
A
+=V
D
+ = 4.5V
I
OUT
= −360 µA 2.4 V (min)
I
OUT
= −10 µA 4.25 V (min)
V
OUT(0)
Logical “0” Output Voltage V
A
+=V
D
+ = 4.5V
I
OUT
= 1.6 mA 0.4 V (max)
I
OUT
TRI-STATE®Output Leakage Current V
OUT
= 0V −0.01 −3.0 µA (max)
V
OUT
= 5V 0.01 3.0 µA (max)
Digital Timing Characteristics (Notes 6, 7, 8)
The following specifications apply to the LM12454, LM12458, and LM12H458 for V
A
+=V
D
+ = 5V, t
r
=t
f
= 3 ns, and C
L
= 100
pF on data I/O, INT and DMARQ lines unless otherwise specified. Boldface limits apply for T
A
=T
J
=T
MIN
to T
MAX
; all other
limits T
A
=T
J
= 25˚C.
Symbol (See Figures
8, 9, 10)Parameter Conditions Typical
(Note 10)
Limits
(Note 11) Units
1, 3 CS or Address Valid to ALE Low Set-Up
Time 40 ns (min)
2, 4 CS or Address Valid to ALE Low Hold
Time 20 ns (min)
5 ALE Pulse Width 45 ns (min)
6 RD High to Next ALE High 35 ns (min)
7 ALE Low to RD Low 20 ns (min)
8 RD Pulse Width 100 ns (min)
9 RD High to Next RD or WR Low 100 ns (min)
10 ALE Low to WR Low 20 ns (min)
11 WR Pulse Width 60 ns (min)
12 WR High to Next ALE High 75 ns (min)
13 WR High to Next RD or WR Low 140 ns (min)
14 Data Valid to WR High Set-Up Time 40 ns (min)
15 Data Valid to WR High Hold Time 30 ns (min)
16 RD Low to Data Bus Out of TRI-STATE 40 10 ns (min)
70 ns (max)
17 RD High to TRI-STATE R
L
=1kΩ30 10 ns (min)
110 ns (max)
18 RD Low to Data Valid (Access Time) 30 10 ns (min)
80 ns (max)
20 Address Valid or CS Low to RD Low 20 ns (min)
21 Address Valid or CS Low to WR Low 20 ns (min)
19 Address Invalid from RD or WR High 10 ns (min)
22 INT High from RD Low 30 10 ns (min)
60 ns (max)
23 DMARQ Low from RD Low 30 10 ns (min)
60 ns (max)
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com 8
Digital Timing Characteristics (Notes 6, 7, 8) (Continued)
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is
functional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits. For guaranteed specifications and test conditions, see the Electrical Characteristics. The guaranteed
specifications apply only for the test conditions listed. Some performance characteristics may degrade when the device is not operated under the listed test
conditions.
Note 2: All voltages are measured with respect to GND, unless otherwise specified.
Note 3: When the input voltage (VIN) at any pin exceeds the power supply rails (VIN <GND or VIN >(VA+orV
D+)), the current at that pin should be limited to 5 mA.
The 20 mA maximum package input current rating allows the voltage at any four pins, with an input current of 5 mA, to simultaneously exceed the power supply
voltages.
Note 4: The maximum power dissipation must be derated at elevated temperatures and is dictated by TJmax (maximum junction temperature), θJA (package junction
to ambient thermal resistance), and TA(ambient temperature).
Note 5: Human body model, 100 pF discharged through a 1.5 kΩresistor.
Note 6: Two on-chip diodes are tied to each analog input through a series resistor, as shown below. Input voltage magnitude up to 5V above VA+ or 5V below GND
will not damage the LM12454 or the LM12(H)458. However, errors in the A/D conversion can occur if these diodes are forward biased by more than 100 mV. As an
example, if VA+ is 4.5 VDC, full-scale input voltage must be ≤4.6 VDC to ensure accurate conversions.
01126403
Note 7: VA+ and VD+ must be connected together to the same power supply voltage and bypassed with separate capacitors at each V+pin to assure
conversion/comparison accuracy.
Note 8: Accuracy is guaranteed when operating at fCLK = 5 MHz for the LM12454/8 and fCLK = 8 MHz for the LM12H458.
Note 9: With the test condition for VREF (VREF+ −V
REF−) given as +5V, the 12-bit LSB is 1.22 mV and the 8-bit/“Watchdog” LSB is 19.53 mV.
Note 10: Typical figures are at TA= 25˚C and represent most likely parametric norm.
Note 11: Limits are guaranteed to National’s AOQL (Average Output Quality Level).
Note 12: Positive integral linearity error is defined as the deviation of the analog value, expressed in LSBs, from the straight line that passes through positive
full-scale and zero. For negative integral linearity error the straight line passes through negative full-scale and zero. (See Figure 6 Figure 7).
Note 13: Zero error is a measure of the deviation from the mid-scale voltage (a code of zero), expressed in LSB. It is the worst-case value of the code transitions
between −1 to 0 and 0 to +1 (see Figure 8).
Note 14: The DC common-mode error is measured with both inputs shorted together and driven from 0V to 5V. The measured value is referred to the resulting
output value when the inputs are driven with a 2.5V signal.
Note 15: Power Supply Sensitivity is measured after Auto-Zero and/or Auto-Calibration cycle has been completed with VA+ and VD+ at the specified extremes.
Note 16: VREFCM (Reference Voltage Common Mode Range) is defined as (VREF+ +V
REF−)/2.
Note 17: The LM12(H)454/8’s self-calibration technique ensures linearity and offset errors as specified, but noise inherent in the self-calibration process will result
in a repeatability uncertainty of ±0.10 LSB.
Note 18: The Throughput Rate is for a single instruction repeated continuously. Sequencer states 0 (1 clock cycle), 1 (1 clock cycle), 7 (9 clock cycles) and 5 (44
clock cycles) are used (see Figure 15). One additional clock cycle is used to read the conversion result stored in the FIFO, for a total of 56 clock cycles per
conversion. The Throughput Rate is fCLK (MHz)/N, where N is the number of clock cycles/conversion.
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com9
01126422
VREF =V
REF+ −V
REF−
VIN =V
IN+ −V
IN−
GND ≤VIN+ ≤VA+
GND ≤VIN− ≤VA+
FIGURE 1. The General Case of Output Digital Code vs. the Operating Input Voltage Range
01126423
VREF+ −V
REF− = 4.096V
VIN =V
IN+ −V
IN−
GND ≤VIN+ ≤VA+
GND ≤VIN− ≤VA+
FIGURE 2. Specific Case of Output Digital Code vs. the Operating Input Voltage Range for V
REF
= 4.096V
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com 10
01126424
VREF =V
REF+ −V
REF−
FIGURE 3. The General Case of the V
REF
Operating Range
01126425
VREF =V
REF+ −V
REF−
VA+=5V
FIGURE 4. The Specific Case of the V
REF
Operating Range for V
A
+=5V
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com11
01126404
FIGURE 5. Transfer Characteristic
01126405
FIGURE 6. Simplified Error Curve vs. Output Code without Auto-Calibration or Auto-Zero Cycles
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com 12
01126406
FIGURE 7. Simplified Error Curve vs. Output Code after Auto-Calibration Cycle
01126407
FIGURE 8. Offset or Zero Error Voltage
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com13
Typical Performance Characteristics (Note 9) The following curves apply for 12-bit + sign mode
after auto-calibration unless otherwise specified. The performance for 8-bit + sign and “watchdog” modes is equal to or better
than shown.
Linearity Error Change
vs. Clock Frequency
Linearity Error Change
vs. Temperature
01126437 01126438
Linearity Error Change
vs. Reference Voltage
Linearity Error Change
vs. Supply Voltage
01126439 01126440
Full-Scale Error Change
vs. Clock Frequency
Full-Scale Error Change
vs. Temperature
01126441 01126442
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com 14
Typical Performance Characteristics (Note 9) The following curves apply for 12-bit + sign mode after
auto-calibration unless otherwise specified. The performance for 8-bit + sign and “watchdog” modes is equal to or better than
shown. (Continued)
Full-Scale Error Change
vs. Reference Voltage
Full-Scale Error
vs. Supply Voltage
01126443 01126444
Zero Error Change
vs. Clock Frequency
Zero Error Change
vs. Temperature
01126445 01126446
Zero Error Change
vs. Reference Voltage
Zero Error Change
vs. Supply Voltage
01126447 01126448
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com15
Typical Performance Characteristics (Note 9) The following curves apply for 12-bit + sign mode after
auto-calibration unless otherwise specified. The performance for 8-bit + sign and “watchdog” modes is equal to or better than
shown. (Continued)
Analog Supply Current
vs. Temperature
Digital Supply Current
vs. Clock Frequency
01126449 01126450
Digital Supply Current
vs. Temperature V
REFOUT
Load Regulation
01126451
01126452
V
REFOUT
Line Regulation
01126453
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com 16
Typical Dynamic Performance Characteristics The following curves apply for 12-bit + sign
mode after auto-calibration unless otherwise specified.
Bipolar Signal-to-Noise Ratio
vs. Input Frequency
Bipolar Signal-to-Noise
+ Distortion Ratio
vs. Input Frequency
01126454 01126455
Bipolar Signal-to-Noise
+ Distortion Ratio
vs. Input Signal Level
Bipolar Spectral Response
with 1.028 kHz Sine Wave Input
01126456 01126457
Bipolar Spectral Response
with 10 kHz Sine Wave Input
Bipolar Spectral Response
with 20 kHz Sine Wave Input
01126458 01126459
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com17
Typical Dynamic Performance Characteristics The following curves apply for 12-bit + sign
mode after auto-calibration unless otherwise specified. (Continued)
Bipolar Spectral Response
with 40 kHz Sine Wave Input
Bipolar Spurious Free
Dynamic Range
01126460 01126461
Unipolar Signal-to-Noise Ratio
vs. Input Frequency
Unipolar Signal-to-Noise
+ Distortion Ratio
vs. Input Frequency
01126462 01126463
Unipolar Signal-to-Noise
+ Distortion Ratio
vs. Input Signal Level
Unipolar Spectral Response
with 1.028 kHz Sine Wave Input
01126464 01126465
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com 18
Typical Dynamic Performance Characteristics The following curves apply for 12-bit + sign
mode after auto-calibration unless otherwise specified. (Continued)
Unipolar Spectral Response
with 10 kHz Sine Wave Input
Unipolar Spectral Response
with 20 kHz Sine Wave Input
01126466 01126467
Unipolar Spectral Response
with 40 kHz Sine Wave Input
01126468
Test Circuits and Waveforms
01126412
01126413
01126414
01126415
FIGURE 9. TRI-STATE Test Circuits and Waveforms
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
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Timing Diagrams
V
A
+=V
D
+ = +5V, t
R
=t
F
= 3 ns, C
L
= 100 pF for the
INT, DMARQ, D0–D15 outputs.
1, 3: CS or Address valid to ALE low set-up time.
2, 4: CS or Address valid to ALE low hold time.
5: ALE pulse width
6: RD high to next ALE high
7: ALE low to RD low
8: RD pulse width
9: RD high to next RD or WR low
10: ALE low to WR low
11: WR pulse width
12: WR high to next ALE high
13: WR high to next WR or RD low
14: Data valid to WR high set-up time
15: Data valid to WR high hold time
16: RD low to data bus out of TRI-STATE
17: RD high to TRI-STATE
18: RD low to data valid (access time)
01126416
FIGURE 10. Multiplexed Data Bus
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com 20
Timing Diagrams V
A
+=V
D
+=+5V,t
R
=t
F
= 3 ns, C
L
= 100 pF for the INT, DMARQ, D0–D15
outputs. (Continued)
8: RD pulse width
9: RD high to next RD or WR low
11: WR pulse width
13: WR high to next WR or RD low
14: Data valid to WR high set-up time
15: Data valid to WR high hold time
16: RD low to data bus out of TRI-STATE
17: RD high to TRI-STATE
18: RD low to data valid (access time)
19: Address invalid from RD or WR high (hold time)
20: CS low or address valid to RD low
21: CS low or address valid to WR low
V
A
+=V
D
+=+5V,t
R
=t
F
= 3 ns, C
L
= 100 pF for the INT,
DMARQ, D0–D15 outputs.
22: INT high from RD low 23: DMARQ low from RD low
01126417
FIGURE 11. Non-Multiplexed Data Bus (ALE = 1)
01126418
FIGURE 12. Interrupt and DMARQ
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com21
Pin Descriptions
V
A
+V
D
+ Analog and digital supply voltage pins. The
LM12(H)454/8’s supply voltage operating range is
+3.0V to +5.5V. Accuracy is guaranteed only if
V
A
+ and V
D
+ are connected to the same power
supply. Each pin should have a parallel combina-
tion of 10 µF (electrolytic or tantalum) and 0.1 µF
(ceramic) bypass capacitors connected between it
and ground.
D0–D15 The internal data input/output TRI-STATE buffers
are connected to these pins. These buffers are
designed to drive capacitive loads of 100 pF or
less. External buffers are necessary for driving
higher load capacitances. These pins allows the
user a means of instruction input and data output.
With a logic high applied to the BW pin, data lines
D8–D15 are placed in a high impedance state and
data lines D0–D7 are used for instruction input
and data output when the LM12(H)454/8 is con-
nected to an 8-bit wide data bus. A logic low on
the BW pin allows the LM12(H)454/8 to exchange
information over a 16-bit wide data bus.
RD Input for the active low READ bus control signal.
The data input/output TRI-STATE buffers, as se-
lected by the logic signal applied to the BW pin,
are enabled when RD and CS are both low. This
allows the LM12(H)454/8 to transmit information
onto the data bus.
WR Input for the active low WRITE bus control signal.
The data input/output TRI-STATE buffers, as se-
lected by the logic signal applied to the BW pin,
are enabled when WR and CS are both low. This
allows the LM12(H)454/8 to receive information
from the data bus.
CS Input for the active low Chip Select control signal.
A logic low should be applied to this pin only
during a READ or WRITE access to the
LM12(H)454/8. The internal clocking is halted and
conversion stops while Chip Select is low. Conver-
sion resumes when the Chip Select input signal
returns high.
ALE Address Latch Enable input. It is used in systems
containing a multiplexed data bus. When ALE is
asserted high, the LM12(H)454/8 accepts infor-
mation on the data bus as a valid address. A
high-to-low transition will latch the address data on
A0–A4 while the CS is low. Any changes on
A0–A4 and CS while ALE is low will not affect the
LM12(H)454/8. See Figure 10. When a non-
multiplexed bus is used, ALE is continuously as-
serted high. See Figure 11.
CLK External clock input pin. The LM12(H)454/8 oper-
ates with an input clock frequency in the range of
0.05 MHz to 10.0 MHz.
A0–A4 The LM12(H)454/8’s address lines. They are used
to access all internal registers, Conversion FIFO,
and Instruction RAM.
SYNC Synchronization input/output. When used as an
output, it is designed to drive capacitive loads of
100 pF or less. External buffers are necessary for
driving higher load capacitances. SYNC is an in-
put if the Configuration register’s “I/O Select” bit is
low. A rising edge on this pin causes the internal
S/H to hold the input signal. The next rising clock
edge either starts a conversion or makes a com-
parison to a programmable limit depending on
which function is requested by a programming
instruction. This pin will be an output if “I/O Se-
lect” is set high. The SYNC output goes high
when a conversion or a comparison is started and
low when completed. (See Section 2.2). An inter-
nal reset after power is first applied to the
LM12(H)454/8 automatically sets this pin as an
input.
BW Bus Width input pin. This input allows the
LM12(H)454/8 to interface directly with either an
8- or 16-bit data bus. A logic high sets the width to
8 bits and places D8–D15 in a high impedance
state. A logic low sets the width to 16 bits.
INT Active low interrupt output. This output is designed
to drive capacitive loads of 100 pF or less. Exter-
nal buffers are necessary for driving higher load
capacitances. An interrupt signal is generated any
time a non-masked interrupt condition takes place.
There are eight different conditions that can cause
an interrupt. Any interrupt is reset by reading the
Interrupt Status register. (See Section 2.3.)
DMARQ Active high Direct Memory Access Request out-
put. This output is designed to drive capacitive
loads of 100 pF or less. External buffers are nec-
essary for driving higher load capacitances. It
goes high whenever the number of conversion
results in the conversion FIFO equals a program-
mable value stored in the Interrupt Enable regis-
ter. It returns to a logic low when the FIFO is
empty.
GND LM12(H)454/8 ground connection. It should be
connected to a low resistance and inductance
analog ground return that connects directly to the
system power supply ground.
IN0–IN7 (IN0–IN3
LM12H454
LM12454)
The eight (LM12(H)458) or four (LM12454)
analog inputs. A given channel is selected
through the instruction RAM. Any of the chan-
nels can be configured as an independent
single-ended input. Any pair of channels,
whether adjacent or non-adjacent, can operate
as a fully differential pair.
S/H IN+ S/H IN−
The LM12454’s non-inverting and inverting
inputs to the internal S/H.
MUXOUT+ MUXOUT−
The LM12454’s non-inverting and inverting
outputs from the internal multiplexer.
V
REF−
The negative reference input. The
LM12(H)454/8 operate with 0V ≤V
REF−
≤
V
REF+
. This pin should be bypassed to
ground with a parallel combination of 10 µF
and 0.1 µF (ceramic) capacitors.
V
REF+
The positive reference input. The
LM12(H)454/8 operate with 0V ≤V
REF+
≤
V
A
+. This pin should be bypassed to ground
with a parallel combination of 10 µF and
0.1 µF (ceramic) capacitors.
V
REFOUT
The internal 2.5V bandgap’s output pin. This
pin should be bypassed to ground with a 100
µF capacitor.
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com 22
1.0 Functional Description
The LM12454 and LM12(H)458 are multi-functional Data
Acquisition Systems that include a fully differential 12-bit-
plus-sign self-calibrating analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
with a two’s-complement output format, an 8-channel
(LM12(H)458) or a 4-channel (LM12454) analog multiplexer,
an internal 2.5V reference, a first-in-first-out (FIFO) register
that can store 32 conversion results, and an Instruction RAM
that can store as many as eight instructions to be sequen-
tially executed. The LM12454 also has a differential multi-
plexer output and a differential S/H input. All of this circuitry
operates on only a single +5V power supply.
The LM12(H)454/8 have three modes of operation:
12-bit + sign with correction
8-bit + sign without correction
8-bit + sign comparison mode (“watchdog” mode)
The fully differential 12-bit-plus-sign ADC uses a charge
redistribution topology that includes calibration capabilities.
Charge re-distribution ADCs use a capacitor ladder in place
of a resistor ladder to form an internal DAC. The DAC is used
by a successive approximation register to generate interme-
diate voltages between the voltages applied to V
REF−
and
V
REF+
. These intermediate voltages are compared against
the sampled analog input voltage as each bit is generated.
The number of intermediate voltages and comparisons
equals the ADC’s resolution. The correction of each bit’s
accuracy is accomplished by calibrating the capacitor ladder
used in the ADC.
Two different calibration modes are available; one compen-
sates for offset voltage, or zero error, while the other corrects
both offset error and the ADC’s linearity error.
When correcting offset only, the offset error is measured
once and a correction coefficient is created. During the full
calibration, the offset error is measured eight times, aver-
aged, and a correction coefficient is created. After comple-
tion of either calibration mode, the offset correction coeffi-
cient is stored in an internal offset correction register.
The LM12(H)454/8’s overall linearity correction is achieved
by correcting the internal DAC’s capacitor mismatch. Each
capacitor is compared eight times against all remaining
smaller value capacitors and any errors are averaged. A
correction coefficient is then created and stored in one of the
thirteen internal linearity correction registers. An internal
state machine, using patterns stored in an internal 16 x 8-bit
ROM, executes each calibration algorithm.
Once calibrated, an internal arithmetic logic unit (ALU) uses
the offset correction coefficient and the 13 linearity correction
coefficients to reduce the conversion’s offset error and lin-
earity error, in the background, during the 12-bit + sign
conversion. The 8-bit + sign conversion and comparison
modes use only the offset coefficient. The 8-bit + sign mode
performs a conversion in less than half the time used by the
12-bit + sign conversion mode.
The LM12(H)454/8’s “watchdog” mode is used to monitor a
single-ended or differential signal’s amplitude. Each
sampled signal has two limits. An interrupt can be generated
if the input signal is above or below either of the two limits.
This allows interrupts to be generated when analog voltage
inputs are “inside the window” or, alternatively, “outside the
window”. After a “watchdog” mode interrupt, the processor
can then request a conversion on the input signal and read
the signal’s magnitude.
The analog input multiplexer can be configured for any com-
bination of single-ended or fully differential operation. Each
input is referenced to ground when a multiplexer channel
operates in the single-ended mode. Fully differential analog
input channels are formed by pairing any two channels
together.
The LM12454’s multiplexer outputs and S/H inputs (MUX-
OUT+, MUXOUT− and S/H IN+, S/H IN−) provide the option
for additional analog signal processing. Fixed-gain amplifi-
ers, programmable-gain amplifiers, filters, and other pro-
cessing circuits can operate on the signal applied to the
selected multiplexer channel(s). If external processing is not
used, connect MUXOUT+ to S/H IN+ and MUXOUT− to
S/H IN−.
The LM12(H)454/8’s internal S/H is designed to operate at
its minimum acquisition time (1.13 µs, 12 bits) when the
source impedance, R
S
,is≤60Ω(f
CLK
≤8 MHz). When 60Ω
<R
S
≤4.17 kΩ, the internal S/H’s acquisition time can be
increased to a maximum of 4.88 µs (12 bits, f
CLK
= 8 MHz).
See Section 2.1 (Instruction RAM “00”) Bits 12–15 for more
information.
An internal 2.5V bandgap reference output is available at pin
44. This voltage can be used as the ADC reference for
ratiometric conversion or as a virtual ground for front-end
analog conditioning circuits. The V
REFOUT
pin should be
bypassed to ground with a 100 µF capacitor.
Microprocessor overhead is reduced through the use of the
internal conversion FIFO. Thirty-two consecutive conver-
sions can be completed and stored in the FIFO without any
microprocessor intervention. The microprocessor can, at any
time, interrogate the FIFO and retrieve its contents. It can
also wait for the LM12(H)454/8 to issue an interrupt when
the FIFO is full or after any number (≤32) of conversions
have been stored.
Conversion sequencing, internal timer interval, multiplexer
configuration, and many other operations are programmed
and set in the Instruction RAM.
A diagnostic mode is available that allows verification of the
LM12(H)458’s operation. The diagnostic mode is disabled in
the LM12454. This mode internally connects the voltages
present at the V
REFOUT
,V
REF+
,V
REF−
, and GND pins to the
internal V
IN+
and V
IN−
S/H inputs. This mode is activated by
setting the Diagnostic bit (Bit 11) in the Configuration register
to a “1”. More information concerning this mode of operation
can be found in Section 2.2.
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com23
2.0 Internal User-Programmable
Registers
2.1 INSTRUCTION RAM
The instruction RAM holds up to eight sequentially execut-
able instructions. Each 48-bit long instruction is divided into
three 16-bit sections. READ and WRITE operations can be
issued to each 16-bit section using the instruction’s address
and the 2-bit “RAM pointer” in the Configuration register. The
eight instructions are located at addresses 0000 through
0111 (A4–A1, BW = 0) when using a 16-bit wide data bus or
at addresses 00000 through 01111 (A4– A0, BW = 1) when
using an 8-bit wide data bus. They can be accessed and
programmed in random order.
Any Instruction RAM READ or WRITE can affect the se-
quencer’s operation:
The Sequencer should be stopped by setting the RESET
bit to a “1” or by resetting the START bit in the Configura-
tion Register and waiting for the current instruction to
finish execution before any Instruction RAM READ or
WRITE is initiated. Bit 0 of the Configuration Register
indicates the Sequencer Status. See paragraph 2.2 for
information on the Configuration Register.
A soft RESET should be issued by writing a “1” to the
Configuration Register’s RESET bit after any READ or
WRITE to the Instruction RAM.
The three sections in the Instruction RAM are selected by
the Configuration Register’s 2-bit “RAM Pointer”, bits D8 and
D9. The first 16-bit Instruction RAM section is selected with
the RAM Pointer equal to “00”. This section provides multi-
plexer channel selection, as well as resolution, acquisition
time, etc. The second 16-bit section holds “watchdog” limit
#1, its sign, and an indicator that shows that an interrupt can
be generated if the input signal is greater or less than the
programmed limit. The third 16-bit section holds “watchdog”
limit #2, its sign, and an indicator that shows that an interrupt
can be generated if the input signal is greater or less than the
programmed limit.
Instruction RAM “00”
Bit 0 is the LOOP bit. It indicates the last instruction to be
executed in any instruction sequence when it is set to a “1”.
The next instruction to be executed will be instruction 0.
Bit 1 is the PAUSE bit. This controls the Sequencer’s opera-
tion. When the PAUSE bit is set (“1”), the Sequencer will stop
after reading the current instruction and before executing it,
and the start bit in the Configuration register is automatically
reset to a “0”. Setting the PAUSE also causes an interrupt to
be issued. The Sequencer is restarted by placing a “1” in the
Configuration register’s Bit 0 (Start bit).
After the Instruction RAM has been programmed and the
RESET bit is set to “1”, the Sequencer retrieves Instruction
000, decodes it, and waits for a “1” to be placed in the
Configuration’s START bit. The START bit value of “0” “over-
rides” the action of Instruction 000’s PAUSE bit when the
Sequencer is started. Once started, the Sequencer executes
Instruction 000 and retrieves, decodes, and executes each
of the remaining instructions. No PAUSE Interrupt (INT 5) is
generated the first time the Sequencer executes Instruction
000 having a PAUSE bit set to “1”. When the Sequencer
encounters a LOOP bit or completes all eight instructions,
Instruction 000 is retrieved and decoded. A set PAUSE bit in
Instruction 000 now halts the Sequencer before the instruc-
tion is executed.
Bits 2–4 select which of the eight input channels (“000” to
“111” for IN0–IN7) will be configured as non-inverting inputs
to the LM12(H)458’s ADC. (See Table 1.) They select which
of the four input channels (“000” to “011” for IN0–IN4) will be
configured as non-inverting inputs to the LM12454’s ADC.
(See Table 2.)
Bits 5–7 select which of the seven input channels (“001” to
“111” for IN1 to IN7) will be configured as inverting inputs to
the LM12(H)458’s ADC. (See Table 1.) They select which of
the three input channels (“001” to “011” for IN1–IN4) will be
configured as inverting inputs to the LM12454’s ADC. (See
Table 2.) Fully differential operation is created by selecting
two multiplexer channels, one operating in the non-inverting
mode and the other operating in the inverting mode. A code
of “000” selects ground as the inverting input for single
ended operation.
Bit 8 is the SYNC bit. Setting Bit 8 to “1” causes the Se-
quencer to suspend operation at the end of the internal S/H’s
acquisition cycle and to wait until a rising edge appears at
the SYNC pin. When a rising edge appears, the S/H ac-
quires the input signal magnitude and the ADC performs a
conversion on the clock’s next rising edge. When the SYNC
pin is used as an input, the Configuration register’s “I/O
Select” bit (Bit 7) must be set to a “0”. With SYNC configured
as an input, it is possible to synchronize the start of a
conversion to an external event. This is useful in applications
such as digital signal processing (DSP) where the exact
timing of conversions is important.
When the LM12(H)454/8 are used in the “watchdog” mode
with external synchronization, two rising edges on the SYNC
input are required to initiate two comparisons. The first rising
edge initiates the comparison of the selected analog input
signal with Limit #1 (found in Instruction RAM “01”) and the
second rising edge initiates the comparison of the same
analog input signal with Limit #2 (found in Instruction RAM
“10”).
Bit 9 is the TIMER bit. When Bit 9 is set to “1”, the Se-
quencer will halt until the internal 16-bit Timer counts down
to zero. During this time interval, no “watchdog” comparisons
or analog-to-digital conversions will be performed.
Bit 10 selects the ADC conversion resolution. Setting Bit 10
to “1” selects 8-bit + sign and when reset to “0” selects 12-bit
+ sign.
Bit 11 is the “watchdog” comparison mode enable bit. When
operating in the “watchdog” comparison mode, the selected
analog input signal is compared with the programmable
values stored in Limit #1 and Limit #2 (see Instruction RAM
“01” and Instruction RAM “10”). Setting Bit 11 to “1” causes
two comparisons of the selected analog input signal with the
two stored limits. When Bit 11 is reset to “0”, an 8-bit + sign
or 12-bit + sign (depending on the state of Bit 10 of Instruc-
tion RAM “00”) conversion of the input signal can take place.
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com 24
2.0 Internal User-Programmable Registers (Continued)
A4 A3 A2 A1 Purpose Type D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
000
Instruction RAM
(RAM Pointer = 00) R/W Acquisition Time Watch-
dog 8/12 Timer Sync VIN− (MUXOUT−)
(Note 19)
VIN+ (MUXOUT+)
(Note 19) Pause Loop0to
111
000
Instruction RAM
(RAM Pointer = 01) R/W Don’t Care >/<Sign Limit #10to
111
000
Instruction RAM
(RAM Pointer = 10) R/W Don’t Care >/<Sign Limit #20to
111
1 0 0 0 Configuration Register R/W Don’t Care
DIAG
*
(Note
20)
Test
=0 RAM Pointer i/O
Sel
Auto
Zeroec
Char
Mask
Stand-
by
Full
CAL
Auto-
Zero Reset Start
1 0 0 1 Interrupt Enable Register R/W
Number of Conversions in
Conversion FIFO to Generate
INT2
Sequencer Address
to Generate INT1 INT7 INT6 INT5 INT4 INT3 INT2 INT1 INT0
1 0 1 0 Interrupt Status Register R Actual Number of Conversion
Results in Conversion FIFO
Address of
Sequencer
Instruction being
Executed
INST7 INST6 INST5 INST4 INST3 INST2 INST1 INST0
1 0 1 1 Timer Register R/W Timer Preset High Byte Timer Preset Low Byte
1 1 0 0 Conversion FIFO R Address or Sign Sign Conversion Data: MSBs Conversion Data: LSBs
1 1 0 1 Limit Status Register R Limit #2: Status Limit #1: Status
Note 19: LM12454 (Refer to Table 2).
Note 20: LM12(H)458 only. Must be set to “0” for the LM12454.
FIGURE 13. LM12(H)454/8 Memory Map for 16-Bit Wide Data Bus (BW = “0”, Test Bit = “0” and A0 = Don’t Care)
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
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2.0 Internal User-Programmable Registers (Continued)
Note 21: LM12454 (Refer toTable 2).
Note 22: LM12(H)458 only. Must be set to “0” for the LM12454.
A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 Purpose Type D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
000
Instruction
RAM
(RAM
Pointer =
00)
R/W V
IN−
(MUXOUT−)
(Note 21)
V
IN+
(MUXOUT+)
(Note 21) Pause Loop0to0
111
000
R/W Acquisition Time Watch-
dog 8/12 Timer Sync0to1
111
000 Instruction RAM
(RAM Pointer =
01)
R/W Comparison Limit #1
0to0
1 1 1 R/W Don’t Care >/<Sign
000
R/W Don’t Care >/<Sign0to1
111
000
Instruction
RAM
(RAM
Pointer =
10)
R/W Comparison Limit #20to0
111
000
R/W Don’t Care >/<Sign0to1
111
10000
Configuration
Register
R/W I/O Sel Auto Zero
ec
Chan
Mask
Stand-
by Full Cal Auto-
Zero Reset Start
10001 R/W Don’t Care
DIAG
(Note
22)
Test =
0RAM Pointer
10010 Interrupt
Enable
Register
R/W INT7 INT6 INT5 INT4 INT3 INT2 INT1 INT0
10011 R/WNumber of Conversions in Conversion FIFO to
Generate INT2
Sequencer Address to
Generate INT1
10100 Interrupt
Status
Register
R INST7 INST6 INST5 INST4 INST3 INST2 INST1 INST0
10101 R Actual Number of Conversions Results in
Conversion FIFO
Address of Sequencer
Instruction being
Executed
10110 Timer
Register
R/W Timer Preset: Low Byte
10111 R/W Timer Preset: High Byte
11000 Conversion
FIFO
R Conversion Data: LSBs
11001 R Address or Sign Sign Conversion Data: MSBs
11010 Limit Status
Register
R Limit #1 Status
11011 R Limit #2 Status
FIGURE 14. LM12(H)454/8 Memory Map for 8-Bit Wide Data Bus (BW = “1” and Test Bit = “0”)
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com 26
2.0 Internal User-Programmable
Registers (Continued)
Bits 12–15 are used to store the user-programmable acqui-
sition time. The Sequencer keeps the internal S/H in the
acquisition mode for a fixed number of clock cycles (nine
clock cycles, for 12-bit + sign conversions and two clock
cycles for 8-bit + sign conversions or “watchdog” compari-
sons) plus a variable number of clock cycles equal to twice
the value stored in Bits 12–15. Thus, the S/H’s acquisition
time is (9 + 2D) clock cycles for 12-bit + sign conversions
and (2 + 2D) clock cycles for 8-bit + sign conversions or
“watchdog” comparisons, where D is the value stored in Bits
12–15. The minimum acquisition time compensates for the
typical internal multiplexer series resistance of 2 kΩ, and any
additional delay created by Bits 12–15 compensates for
source resistances greater than 60Ω(100Ω). (For this acqui-
sition time discussion, numbers in ( ) are shown for the
LM12(H)454/8 operating at 5 MHz.) The necessary acquisi-
tion time is determined by the source impedance at the
multiplexer input. If the source resistance (R
S
)<60Ω(100Ω)
and the clock frequency is 8 MHz, the value stored in bits
12–15 (D) can be 0000. If R
S
>60Ω(100Ω), the following
equations determine the value that should be stored in
bits 12–15.
D=0.45xR
S
xf
CLK
for 12-bits + sign
D=0.36xR
S
xf
CLK
for 8-bits + sign and “watchdog”
R
S
is in kΩand f
CLK
is in MHz. Round the result to the next
higher integer value. If D is greater than 15, it is advisable to
lower the source impedance by using an analog buffer be-
tween the signal source and the LM12(H)458’s multiplexer
inputs. The value of D can also be used to compensate for
the settling or response time of external processing circuits
connected between the LM12454’s MUXOUT and S/H IN
pins.
Instruction RAM “01”
The second Instruction RAM section is selected by placing a
“01” in Bits 8 and 9 of the Configuration register.
Bits 0–7 hold “watchdog” limit #1. When Bit 11 of Instruction
RAM “00” is set to a “1”, the LM12(H)454/8 performs a
“watchdog” comparison of the sampled analog input signal
with the limit #1 value first, followed by a comparison of the
same sampled analog input signal with the value found in
limit #2 (Instruction RAM “10”).
Bit 8 holds limit #1’s sign.
Bit 9’s state determines the limit condition that generates a
“watchdog” interrupt. A “1” causes a voltage greater than
limit #1 to generate an interrupt, while a “0” causes a voltage
less than limit #1 to generate an interrupt.
Bits 10–15 are not used.
Instruction RAM “10”
The third Instruction RAM section is selected by placing a
“10” in Bits 8 and 9 of the Configuration register.
Bits 0–7 hold “watchdog” limit #2. When Bit 11 of Instruction
RAM “00” is set to a “1”, the LM12(H)454/8 performs a
“watchdog” comparison of the sampled analog input signal
with the limit #1 value first (Instruction RAM “01”), followed
by a comparison of the same sampled analog input signal
with the value found in limit #2.
Bit 8 holds limit #2’s sign.
Bit 9 ’s state determines the limit condition that generates a
“watchdog” interrupt. A “1” causes a voltage greater than
limit #2 to generate an interrupt, while a “0” causes a voltage
less than limit #2 to generate an interrupt.
Bits 10–15 are not used.
2.2 CONFIGURATION REGISTER
The Configuration register, 1000 (A4–A1, BW = 0) or 1000x
(A4–A0, BW = 1) is a 16-bit control register with read/write
capability. It acts as the LM12454’s and LM12(H)458’s “con-
trol panel” holding global information as well as start/stop,
reset, self-calibration, and stand-by commands.
Bit 0 is the START/STOP bit. Reading Bit 0 returns an
indication of the Sequencer’s status. A “0” indicates that the
Sequencer is stopped and waiting to execute the next in-
struction. A “1” shows that the Sequencer is running. Writing
a “0” halts the Sequencer when the current instruction has
finished execution. The next instruction to be executed is
pointed to by the instruction pointer found in the status
register. A “1” restarts the Sequencer with the instruction
currently pointed to by the instruction pointer. (See Bits 8–10
in the Interrupt Status register.)
Bit 1 is the LM12(H)454/8’s system RESET bit. Writing a “1”
to Bit 1 stops the Sequencer (resetting the Configuration
register’s START/STOP bit), resets the Instruction pointer to
“000” (found in the Interrupt Status register), clears the Con-
version FIFO, and resets all interrupt flags. The RESET bit
will return to “0” after two clock cycles unless it is forced high
by writing a “1” into the Configuration register’s Standby bit.
A reset signal is internally generated when power is first
applied to the part. No operation should be started until the
RESET bit is “0”.
Writing a “1” to Bit 2 initiates an auto-zero offset voltage
calibration. Unlike the eight-sample auto-zero calibration
performed during the full calibration procedure, Bit 2 initiates
a “short” auto-zero by sampling the offset once and creating
a correction coefficient (full calibration averages eight
samples of the converter offset voltage when creating a
correction coefficient). If the Sequencer is running when Bit 2
is set to “1”, an auto-zero starts immediately after the con-
clusion of the currently running instruction. Bit 2 is reset
automatically to a “0” and an interrupt flag (Bit 3, in the
Interrupt Status register) is set at the end of the auto-zero
(76 clock cycles). After completion of an auto-zero calibra-
tion, the Sequencer fetches the next instruction as pointed to
by the Instruction RAM’s pointer and resumes execution. If
the Sequencer is stopped, an auto-zero is performed imme-
diately at the time requested.
Writing a “1” to Bit 3 initiates a complete calibration process
that includes a “long” auto-zero offset voltage correction (this
calibration averages eight samples of the comparator offset
voltage when creating a correction coefficient) followed by
an ADC linearity calibration. This complete calibration is
started after the currently running instruction is completed if
the Sequencer is running when Bit 3 is set to “1”. Bit 3 is
reset automatically to a “0” and an interrupt flag (Bit 4, in the
Interrupt Status register) will be generated at the end of the
calibration procedure (4944 clock cycles). After completion
of a full auto-zero and linearity calibration, the Sequencer
fetches the next instruction as pointed to by the Instruction
RAM’s pointer and resumes execution. If the Sequencer is
stopped, a full calibration is performed immediately at the
time requested.
Bit 4 is the Standby bit. Writing a “1” to Bit 4 immediately
places the LM12(H)454/8 in Standby mode. Normal opera-
tion returns when Bit 4 is reset to a “0”. The Standby com-
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
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2.0 Internal User-Programmable
Registers (Continued)
mand (“1”) disconnects the external clock from the internal
circuitry, decreases the LM12(H)454/8’s internal analog cir-
cuitry power supply current, and preserves all internal RAM
contents. After writing a “0” to the Standby bit, the
LM12(H)454/8 returns to an operating state identical to that
caused by exercising the RESET bit. A Standby completion
interrupt is issued after a power-up completion delay that
allows the analog circuitry to settle. The Sequencer should
be restarted only after the Standby completion is issued. The
Instruction RAM can still be accessed through read and write
operations while the LM12(H)454/8 are in Standby Mode.
Bit 5 is the Channel Address Mask. If Bit 5 is set to a “1”, Bits
13–15 in the conversion FIFO will be equal to the sign bit (Bit
12) of the conversion data. Resetting Bit 5 to a “0” causes
conversion data Bits 13 through 15 to hold the instruction
pointer value of the instruction to which the conversion data
belongs.
Bit 6 is used to select a “short” auto-zero correction for every
conversion. The Sequencer automatically inserts an auto-
zero before every conversion or “watchdog” comparison if
Bit 6 is set to “1”. No automatic correction will be performed
if Bit 6 is reset to “0”.
The LM12(H)454/8’s offset voltage, after calibration, has a
typical drift of 0.1 LSB over a temperature range of −40˚C to
+85˚C. This small drift is less than the variability of the
change in offset that can occur when using the auto-zero
correction with each conversion. This variability is the result
of using only one sample of the offset voltage to create a
correction value. This variability decreases when using the
full calibration mode because eight samples of the offset
voltage are taken, averaged, and used to create a correction
value.
Bit 7 is used to program the SYNC pin (29) to operate as
either an input or an output. The SYNC pin becomes an
output when Bit 7 is a “1” and an input when Bit 7 is a “0”.
With SYNC programmed as an input, the rising edge of any
logic signal applied to pin 29 will start a conversion or
“watchdog” comparison. Programmed as an output, the logic
level at pin 29 will go high at the start of a conversion or
“watchdog” comparison and remain high until either have
finished. See Instruction RAM “00”, Bit 8.
Bits 8 and 9form the RAM Pointer that is used to select
each of a 48-bit instruction’s three 16-bit sections during
read or write actions. A “00” selects Instruction RAM section
one, “01” selects section two, and “10” selects section three.
Bit 10 activates the Test mode that is used only during
production testing. Leave this bit reset to “0”.
Bit 11 is the Diagnostic bit and is available only in the
LM12(H)458. It can be activated by setting it to a “1” (the Test
bit must be reset to a “0”). The Diagnostic mode, along with
a correctly chosen instruction, allows verification that the
LM12(H)458’s ADC is performing correctly. When activated,
the inverting and non-inverting inputs are connected as
shown in Table 1. As an example, an instruction with “001”
for both V
IN+
and V
IN−
while using the Diagnostic mode
typically results in a full-scale output.
2.3 INTERRUPTS
The LM12454 and LM12(H)458 have eight possible inter-
rupts, all with the same priority. Any of these interrupts will
cause a hardware interrupt to appear on the INT pin (31) if
they are not masked (by the Interrupt Enable register). The
Interrupt Status register is then read to determine which of
the eight interrupts has been issued.
TABLE 1. LM12(H)458 Input Multiplexer
Channel Configuration Showing Normal
Mode and Diagnostic Mode
Channel
Selection
Data
Normal Mode Diagnostic Mode
V
IN+
V
IN−
V
IN+
V
IN−
000 IN0 GND V
REFOUT
GND
001 IN1 IN1 V
REF+
V
REF−
010 IN2 IN2 IN2 IN2
011 IN3 IN3 IN3 IN3
100 IN4 IN4 IN4 IN4
101 IN5 IN5 IN5 IN5
110 IN6 IN6 IN6 IN6
111 IN7 IN7 IN7 IN7
TABLE 2. LM12454 Input Multiplexer
Channel Configuration
Channel Selection
Data MUX+ MUX−
000 IN0 GND
001 IN1 IN1
010 IN2 IN2
011 IN3 IN3
1XX OPEN OPEN
NOTE: The LM12(H)454 is no longer available.
Information shown for reference only.
The Interrupt Status register, 1010 (A4–A1, BW = 0) or
1010x (A4–A0, BW = 1) must be cleared by reading it after
writing to the Interrupt Enable register. This removes any
spurious interrupts on the INT pin generated during an Inter-
rupt Enable register access.
Interrupt 0 is generated whenever the analog input voltage
on a selected multiplexer channel crosses a limit while the
LM12(H)454/8 are operating in the “watchdog” comparison
mode. Two sequential comparisons are made when the
LM12(H)454/8 are executing a “watchdog” instruction. De-
pending on the logic state of Bit 9 in the Instruction RAM’s
second and third sections, an interrupt will be generated
either when the input signal’s magnitude is greater than or
less than the programmable limits. (See the Instruction
RAM, Bit 9 description.) The Limit Status register will indicate
which preprogrammed limit, #1 or #2 and which instruction
was executing when the limit was crossed.
Interrupt 1 is generated when the Sequencer reaches the
instruction counter value specified in the Interrupt Enable
register’s bits 8–10. This flag appears before the instruc-
tion’s execution.
Interrupt 2 is activated when the Conversion FIFO holds a
number of conversions equal to the programmable value
stored in the Interrupt Enable register’s Bits 11–15. This
value ranges from 0001 to 1111, representing 1 to 31 con-
versions stored in the FIFO. A user-programmed value of
0000 has no meaning. See Section 3.0 for more FIFO infor-
mation.
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
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2.0 Internal User-Programmable
Registers (Continued)
The completion of the short, single-sample auto-zero calibra-
tion generates Interrupt 3.
The completion of a full auto-zero and linearity self-
calibration generates Interrupt 4.
Interrupt 5 is generated when the Sequencer encounters an
instruction that has its Pause bit (Bit 1 in Instruction RAM
“00”) set to “1”.
The LM12(H)454/8 issues Interrupt 6 whenever it senses
that its power supply voltage is dropping below 4V (typ). This
interrupt indicates the potential corruption of data returned
by the LM12(H)454/8.
Interrupt 7 is issued after a short delay (10 ms typ) while the
LM12(H)454/8 returns from Standby mode to active opera-
tion using the Configuration register’s Bit 4. This short delay
allows the internal analog circuitry to settle sufficiently, en-
suring accurate conversion results.
2.4 INTERRUPT ENABLE REGISTER
The Interrupt Enable register at address location 1001
(A4–A1, BW = 0) or 1001x (A4–A0, BW = 1) has READ/
WRITE capability. An individual interrupt’s ability to produce
an external interrupt at pin 31 (INT) is accomplished by
placing a “1” in the appropriate bit location. Any of the
internal interrupt-producing operations will set their corre-
sponding bits to “1” in the Interrupt Status register regardless
of the state of the associated bit in the Interrupt Enable
register. See Section 2.3 for more information about each of
the eight internal interrupts.
Bit 0 enables an external interrupt when an internal “watch-
dog” comparison limit interrupt has taken place.
Bit 1 enables an external interrupt when the Sequencer has
reached the address stored in Bits 8–10 of the Interrupt
Enable register.
Bit 2 enables an external interrupt when the Conversion
FIFO’s limit, stored in Bits 11–15 of the Interrupt Enable
register, has been reached.
Bit 3 enables an external interrupt when the single-sample
auto-zero calibration has been completed.
Bit 4 enables an external interrupt when a full auto-zero and
linearity self-calibration has been completed.
Bit 5 enables an external interrupt when an internal Pause
interrupt has been generated.
Bit 6 enables an external interrupt when a low power supply
condition (V
A
+<4V) has generated an internal interrupt.
Bit 7 enables an external interrupt when the LM12(H)454/8
return from power-down to active mode.
Bits 8 – 10 form the storage location of the user-
programmable value against which the Sequencer’s address
is compared. When the Sequencer reaches an address that
is equal to the value stored in Bits 8–10, an internal interrupt
is generated and appears in Bit 1 of the Interrupt Status
register. If Bit 1 of the Interrupt Enable register is set to “1”,
an external interrupt will appear at pin 31 (INT).
The value stored in bits 8–10 ranges from 000 to 111,
representing 0 to 7 instructions stored in the Instruction
RAM. After the Instruction RAM has been programmed and
the RESET bit is set to “1”, the Sequencer is started by
placing a “1” in the Configuration register’s START bit. Set-
ting the INT 1 trigger value to 000 does not generate an
INT 1 the first time the Sequencer retrieves and decodes
Instruction 000. The Sequencer generates INT 1 (by placing
a “1” in the Interrupt Status register’s Bit 1) the second time
and after the Sequencer encounters Instruction 000. It is
important to remember that the Sequencer continues to
operate even if an Instruction interrupt (INT 1) is internally or
externally generated. The only mechanisms that stop the
Sequencer are an instruction with the PAUSE bit set to “1”
(halts before instruction execution), placing a “0” in the Con-
figuration register’s START bit, or placing a “1” in the Con-
figuration register’s RESET bit.
Bits 11–15 hold the number of conversions that must be
stored in the Conversion FIFO in order to generate an inter-
nal interrupt. This internal interrupt appears in Bit 2 of the
Interrupt Status register. If Bit 2 of the Interrupt Enable
register is set to “1”, an external interrupt will appear at pin
31 (INT).
3.0 Other Registers and Functions
3.1 INTERRUPT STATUS REGISTER
This read-only register is located at address 1010 (A4–A1,
BW = 0) or 1010x (A4–A0, BW = 1). The corresponding flag
in the Interrupt Status register goes high (“1”) any time that
an interrupt condition takes place, whether an interrupt is
enabled or disabled in the Interrupt Enable register. Any of
the active (“1”) Interrupt Status register flags are reset to “0”
whenever this register is read or a device reset is issued
(see Bit 1 in the Configuration Register).
Bit 0 is set to “1” when a “watchdog” comparison limit
interrupt has taken place.
Bit 1 is set to “1” when the Sequencer has reached the
address stored in Bits 8–10 of the Interrupt Enable register.
Bit 2 is set to “1” when the Conversion FIFO’s limit, stored in
Bits 11–15 of the Interrupt Enable register, has been
reached.
Bit 3 is set to “1” when the single-sample auto-zero has been
completed.
Bit 4 is set to “1” when an auto-zero and full linearity self-
calibration has been completed.
Bit 5 is set to “1” when a Pause interrupt has been gener-
ated.
Bit 6 is set to “1” when a low-supply voltage condition
(V
A
+<4V) has taken place.
Bit 7 is set to “1” when the LM12(H)454/8 return from
power-down to active mode.
Bits 8–10 hold the Sequencer’s actual instruction address
while it is running.
Bits 11–15 hold the actual number of conversions stored in
the Conversion FIFO while the Sequencer is running.
3.2 LIMIT STATUS REGISTER
The read-only register is located at address 1101 (A4–A1,
BW = 0) or 1101x (A4–A0, BW = 1). This register is used in
tandem with the Limit #1 and Limit #2 registers in the Instruc-
tion RAM. Whenever a given instruction’s input voltage ex-
ceeds the limit set in its corresponding Limit register (#1 or
#2), a bit, corresponding to the instruction number, is set in
the Limit Status register. Any of the active (“1”) Limit Status
flags are reset to “0” whenever this register is read or a
device reset is issued (see Bit 1 in the Configuration regis-
ter). This register holds the status of limits #1 and #2 for each
of the eight instructions.
Bits 0–7 show the Limit #1 status. Each bit will be set high
(“1”) when the corresponding instruction’s input voltage ex-
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
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3.0 Other Registers and Functions
(Continued)
ceeds the threshold stored in the instruction’s Limit #1 reg-
ister. When, for example, instruction 3 is a “watchdog” op-
eration (Bit 11 is set high) and the input for instruction 3
meets the magnitude and/or polarity data stored in instruc-
tion 3’s Limit #1 register, Bit 3 in the Limit Status register will
be set to a “1”.
Bits 8–15 show the Limit #2 status. Each bit will be set high
(“1”) when the corresponding instruction’s input voltage ex-
ceeds the threshold stored in the instruction’s Limit #2 reg-
ister. When, for example, the input to instruction 6 meets the
value stored in instruction 6’s Limit #2 register, Bit 14 in the
Limit Status register will be set to a “1”.
3.3 TIMER
The LM12(H)454/8 have an on-board 16-bit timer that in-
cludes a 5-bit pre-scaler. It uses the clock signal applied to
pin 23 as its input. It can generate time intervals of 0 through
2
21
clock cycles in steps of 2
5
. This time interval can be used
to delay the execution of instructions. It can also be used to
slow the conversion rate when converting slowly changing
signals. This can reduce the amount of redundant data
stored in the FIFO and retrieved by the controller.
The user-defined timing value used by the Timer is stored in
the 16-bit READ/WRITE Timer register at location 1011
(A4–A1, BW = 0) or 1011x (A4–A0, BW = 1) and is pre-
loaded automatically. Bits 0–7 hold the preset value’s low
byte and Bits 8–15 hold the high byte. The Timer is activated
by the Sequencer only if the current instruction’s Bit 9 is set
(“1”). If the equivalent decimal value “N” (0 ≤N≤2
16
−1)is
written inside the 16-bit Timer register and the Timer is
enabled by setting an instruction’s bit 9 to a “1”, the Se-
quencer will delay the same instruction’s execution by halt-
ing at state 3 (S3), as shown in Figure 15, for 32 x N + 2
clock cycles.
3.4 DMA
The DMA works in tandem with Interrupt 2. An active DMA
Request on pin 32 (DMARQ) requires that the FIFO interrupt
be enabled. The voltage on the DMARQ pin goes high when
the number of conversions in the FIFO equals the 5-bit value
stored in the Interrupt Enable register (bits 11–15). The
voltage on the INT pin goes low at the same time as the
voltage on the DMARQ pin goes high. The voltage on the
DMARQ pin goes low when the FIFO is emptied. The Inter-
rupt Status register must be read to clear the FIFO interrupt
flag in order to enable the next DMA request.
DMA operation is optimized through the use of the 16-bit
data bus connection (a logic “0” applied to the BW pin).
Using this bus width allows DMA controllers that have single
address Read/Write capability to easily unload the FIFO.
Using DMA on an 8-bit data bus is more difficult. Two read
operations (low byte, high byte) are needed to retrieve each
conversion result from the FIFO. Therefore, the DMA con-
troller must be able to repeatedly access two constant ad-
dresses when transferring data from the LM12(H)454/8 to
the host system.
4.0 FIFO
The result of each conversion stored in an internal read-only
FIFO (First-In, First-Out) register. It is located at 1100
(A4–A1, BW = 0) or 1100x (A4–A0, BW = 1). This register
has 32 16-bit wide locations. Each location holds 13-bit data.
Bits 0–3 hold the four LSB’s in the 12 bits + sign mode or
“1110” in the 8 bits + sign mode. Bits 4–11 hold the eight
MSB’s and Bit 12 holds the sign bit. Bits 13–15 can hold
either the sign bit, extending the register’s two’s complement
data format to a full sixteen bits or the instruction address
that generated the conversion and the resulting data. These
modes are selected according to the logic state of the Con-
figuration register’s Bit 5.
The FIFO status should be read in the Interrupt Status
register (Bits 11–15) to determine the number of conversion
results that are held in the FIFO before retrieving them. This
will help prevent conversion data corruption that may take
place if the number of reads are greater than the number of
conversion results contained in the FIFO. Trying to read the
FIFO when it is empty may corrupt new data being written
into the FIFO. Writing more than 32 conversion data into the
FIFO by the ADC results in loss of the first conversion data.
Therefore, to prevent data loss, it is recommended that the
LM12(H)454/8’s interrupt capability be used to inform the
system controller that the FIFO is full.
The lower portion (A0 = 0) of the data word (Bits 0–7) should
be read first followed by a read of the upper portion (A0 = 1)
when using the 8-bit bus width (BW = 1). Reading the upper
portion first causes the data to shift down, which results in
loss of the lower byte.
Bits 0–12 hold 12-bit + sign conversion data. Bits 0–3 will
be 1110 (LSB) when using 8-bit plus sign resolution.
Bits 13–15 hold either the instruction responsible for the
associated conversion data or the sign bit. Either mode is
selected with Bit 5 in the Configuration register.
Using the FIFO’s full depth is achieved as follows. Set the
value of the Interrupt Enable register’s Bits 11–15 to 11111
and the Interrupt Enable register’s Bit 2 to a “1”. This gener-
ates an external interrupt when the 31st conversion is stored
in the FIFO. This gives the host processor a chance to send
a “0” to the LM12(H)454/8’s Start bit (Configuration register)
and halt the ADC before it completes the 32nd conversion.
The Sequencer halts after the current (32) conversion is
completed. The conversion data is then transferred to the
FIFO and occupies the 32nd location. FIFO overflow is
avoided if the Sequencer is halted before the start of the
32nd conversion by placing a “0” in the Start bit (Configura-
tion register). It is important to remember that the Sequencer
continues to operate even if a FIFO interrupt (INT 2) is
internally or externally generated. The only mechanisms
that stop the Sequencer are an instruction with the PAUSE
bit set to “1” (halts before instruction execution), placing a “0”
in the Configuration register’s START bit, or placing a “1” in
the Configuration register’s RESET bit.
5.0 Sequencer
The Sequencer uses a 3-bit counter (Instruction Pointer, or
IP, in Figure 9) to retrieve the programmable conversion
instructions stored in the Instruction RAM. The 3-bit counter
is reset to 000 during chip reset or if the current executed
instruction has its Loop bit (Bit 1 in any Instruction RAM “00”)
set high (“1”). It increments at the end of the currently
executed instruction and points to the next instruction. It will
continue to increment up to 111 unless an instruction’s Loop
bit is set. If this bit is set, the counter resets to “000” and
execution begins again with the first instruction. If all instruc-
tions have their Loop bit reset to “0”, the Sequencer will
execute all eight instructions continuously. Therefore, it is
important to realize that if less than eight instructions are
programmed, the Loop bit on the last instruction must be set.
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
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5.0 Sequencer (Continued)
Leaving this bit reset to “0” allows the Sequencer to execute
“unprogrammed” instructions, the results of which may be
unpredictable.
The Sequencer’s Instruction Pointer value is readable at any
time and is found in the Status register at Bits 8–10. The
Sequencer can go through eight states during instruction
execution:
State 0: The current instruction’s first 16 bits are read from
the Instruction RAM “00”. This state is one clock cycle long.
State 1: Checks the state of the Calibration and Start bits.
This is the “rest” state whenever the Sequencer is stopped
using the reset, a Pause command, or the Start bit is reset
low (“0”). When the Start bit is set to a “1”, this state is one
clock cycle long.
State 2: Perform calibration. If bit 2 or bit 6 of the Con-
figuration register is set to a “1”, state 2 is 76 clock cycles
long. If the Configuration register’s bit 3 is set to a “1”, state
2 is 4944 clock cycles long.
State 3: Run the internal 16-bit Timer. The number of
clock cycles for this state varies according to the value
stored in the Timer register. The number of clock cycles is
found by using the expression below
32T + 2
where 0 ≤T≤2
16
−1.
State 7: Run the acquisition delay and read Limit #1’s
value if needed. The number of clock cycles for 12-bit + sign
mode varies according to
9+2D
where D is the user-programmable 4-bit value stored in bits
12–15 of Instruction RAM “00” and is limited to 0 ≤D≤15.
The number of clock cycles for 8-bit + sign or “watchdog”
mode varies according to
2+2D
where D is the user-programmable 4-bit value stored in bits
12–15 of Instruction RAM “00” and is limited to 0 ≤D≤15.
State 6: Perform first comparison. This state is 5 clock
cycles long.
State 4: Read Limit #2. This state is 1 clock cycle long.
State 5: Perform a conversion or second comparison. This
state takes 44 clock cycles when using the 12-bit + sign
mode or 21 clock cycles when using the 8-bit + sign mode.
The “watchdog” mode takes 5 clock cycles.
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com31
5.0 Sequencer (Continued)
01126419
FIGURE 15. Sequencer Logic Flow Chart (IP = Instruction Pointer)
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com 32
6.0 Design Considerations
6.1 REFERENCE VOLTAGE
The difference in the voltages applied to the V
REF+
and
V
REF−
defines the analog input voltage span (the difference
between the voltages applied between two multiplexer inputs
or the voltage applied to one of the multiplexer inputs and
analog ground), over which 4095 positive and 4096 negative
codes exist. The voltage sources driving V
REF+
or V
REF−
must have very low output impedance and noise.
The ADC can be used in either ratiometric or absolute refer-
ence applications. In ratiometric systems, the analog input
voltage is proportional to the voltage used for the ADC’s
reference voltage. When this voltage is the system power
supply, the V
REF+
pin is connected to V
A
+ and V
REF−
is
connected to GND. This technique relaxes the system refer-
ence stability requirements because the analog input voltage
and the ADC reference voltage move together. This main-
tains the same output code for given input conditions.
For absolute accuracy, where the analog input voltage varies
between very specific voltage limits, a time and temperature
stable voltage source can be connected to the reference
inputs. Typically, the reference voltage’s magnitude will re-
quire an initial adjustment to null reference voltage induced
full-scale errors.
When using the LM12(H)454/8’s internal 2.5V bandgap ref-
erence, a parallel combination of a 100 µF capacitor and a
0.1 µF capacitor connected to the V
REFOUT
pin is recom-
mended for low noise operation. When left unconnected, the
reference remains stable without a bypass capacitor. How-
ever, ensure that stray capacitance at the V
REFOUT
pin re-
mains below 50 pF.
6.2 INPUT RANGE
The LM12(H)454/8’s fully differential ADC and reference
voltage inputs generate a two’s-complement output that is
found by using the equation below.
Round up to the next integer value between −4096 to 4095
for 12-bit resolution and between −256 to 255 for 8-bit reso-
lution if the result of the above equation is not a whole
number. As an example, V
REF+
= 2.5V, V
REF−
=1V,V
IN+
=
1.5V and V
IN−
= GND. The 12-bit + sign output code is
positive full-scale, or 0,1111,1111,1111. If V
REF+
=5V,V
REF−
=1V,V
IN+
= 3V, and V
IN−
= GND, the 12-bit + sign output
code is 0,1100,0000,0000.
6.3 INPUT CURRENT
A charging current flows into or out of (depending on the
input voltage polarity) the analog input pins, IN0–IN7 at the
start of the analog input acquisition time (t
ACQ
). This cur-
rent’s peak value will depend on the actual input voltage
applied. This charging current causes voltage spikes at the
inputs. This voltage spikes will not corrupt the conversion
results.
6.4 INPUT SOURCE RESISTANCE
For low impedance voltage sources (<100Ωfor 5 MHz
operation and <60Ωfor 8 MHz operation), the input charging
current will decay, before the end of the S/H’s acquisition
time, to a value that will not introduce any conversion errors.
For higher source impedances, the S/H’s acquisition time
can be increased. As an example, operating witha5MHz
clock frequency and maximum acquisition time, the
LM12(H)454/8’s analog inputs can handle source imped-
ance as high as 6.67 kΩ. When operating at 8 MHz and
maximum acquisition time, the LM12H454/8’s analog inputs
can handle source impedance as high as 4.17 kΩ. Refer to
Section 2.1, Instruction RAM “00”, Bits 12–15 for further
information.
6.5 INPUT BYPASS CAPACITANCE
External capacitors (0.01 µF to 0.1 µF) can be connected
between the analog input pins, IN0–IN7, and analog ground
to filter any noise caused by inductive pickup associated with
long input leads. It will not degrade the conversion accuracy.
6.6 NOISE
The leads to each of the analog multiplexer input pins should
be kept as short as possible. This will minimize input noise
and clock frequency coupling that can cause conversion
errors. Input filtering can be used to reduce the effects of the
noise sources.
6.7 POWER SUPPLIES
Noise spikes on the V
A
+ and V
D
+ supply lines can cause
conversion errors; the comparator will respond to the noise.
The ADC is especially sensitive to any power supply spikes
that occur during the auto-zero or linearity correction. Low
inductance tantalum capacitors of 10 µF or greater paral-
leled with 0.1 µF monolithic ceramic capacitors are recom-
mended for supply bypassing. Separate bypass capacitors
should be used for the V
A
+ and V
D
+ supplies and placed as
close as possible to these pins.
6.8 GROUNDING
The LM12(H)454/8’s nominal performance can be maxi-
mized through proper grounding techniques. These include
the use of a single ground plane and meticulously separating
analog and digital areas of the board. The use of separate
analog and digital digital planes within the same board area
generally provides best performance. All components that
handle digital signals should be placed within the digital area
of the board, as defined by the digital power plane, while all
analog components should be placed in the analog area of
the board. Such placement and the routing of analog and
digital signal lines within their own respective board areas
greatly reduces the occurrence of ground loops and noise.
This will also minimize EMI/RFI radiation and susceptibility.
It is recommended that stray capacitance between the ana-
log inputs or outputs, including the reference pins, be kept to
a minimum by increasing the clearance (+1/16th inch) be-
tween the analog signal and reference pins and the ground
plane.
6.9 CLOCK SIGNAL CONSIDERATIONS
The LM12(H)458’s performance is optimized by routing the
analog input/output and reference signal conductors (pins
34–44) as far as possible from the conductor that carries the
clock signal to pin 23.
Avoid overshoot and undershoot on the clock line by treating
this line as a transmission line (use proper termination tech-
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com33
6.0 Design Considerations (Continued)
niques). Failure to do so can result in erratic operation.
Generally, a series 30Ωto 50Ωresistor in the clock line,
located as close to the clock source as possible, will prevent
most problems. The clock source should drive ONLY the
LM12(H)458 clock pin.
7.0 Common Application Problems
Driving the analog inputs with op-amp(s) powered from
supplies other than the supply used for the LM12(H)458.
This practice allows for the possibility of the amplifier output
(LM12(H)458 input) to reach potentials outside of the 0V to
V
A
+ range. This could happen in normal operation if the
amplifier use supply voltages outside of the range of the
LM12(H)458 supply rails. This could also happen upon
power up if the amplifier supply or supplies ramp up faster
than the supply of the LM12(H)458. If any pin experiences a
potential more than 100 mV below ground or above the
supply voltage, even on a fast transient basis, the result
could be erratic operation, missing codes, one channel in-
teracting with one or more of the others, skipping channels
or a complete malfunction, depending upon how far the input
is driven beyond the supply rails.
Not performing a full calibration at power up. This can
result in missing codes. The device needs to have a full
calibration run and completed after power up and BEFORE
attempting to perform even a single conversion or watchdog
operation. The only way to recover if this is violated is to
interrupt the power to the device.
Not waiting for the calibration process to complete be-
fore trying to write to the device. Once a calibration is
requested, the ONLY read of the LM12(H)458 should be if
the Interrupt Status Register to check for a completed cali-
bration. Attempting a write or any other read during calibra-
tion would cause a corruption of the calibration process,
resulting in missing codes. The only way to recover would be
to interrupt the power.
Improper termination of digital lines. Improper termination
can result in energy reflections that build up to cause over-
shoot that goes above the supply potential and undershoot
that goes below ground. It is never good to drive a device
beyond the supply rails, unless the device is specifically
designed to handle this situation, but the LM12(H)458 is
more sensitive to this condition that most devices. Again, if
any pin experiences a potential more than 100 mV below
ground or above the supply voltage, even on a fast transient
basis, the result could be erratic operation, missing codes, or
a complete malfunction, depending upon how far the input is
driven beyond the supply rails. The clock input is the most
sensitive digital one. Generally, a 50Ωseries resistor, lo-
cated very close to the signal source, will keep digital lines
"clean".
Excessive output capacitance on the digital lines. The
current required to charge the capacitance on the digital
outputs can cause noise on the supply bus within the
LM12(H)458, causing internal supply "bounce" even when
the external supply pin is pretty stable. The current required
to discharge the output capacitance can cause die ground
"bounce". Either of these can cause noise to be induced at
the analog inputs, resulting in conversion errors.
Output capacitance should be limited as much as possible. A
series 100Ωresistor in each digital output line, located very
close to the output pin, will limit the charge and discharge
current, minimizing the extent of the conversion errors.
Improper CS decoding. If address decoder is used, care
must be exercised to ensure that no "runt" (very narrow)
pulse is produced on theCS line when trying to address
another device or memory. Even sub-nanosecond spikes on
the CS line can cause the chip to be reprogrammed in
accordance with what happens to be on the data lines at the
time. The result is unexpected operation. The worst case
result is that the device is put into the "Test" mode and the
on-board EEPROM that corrects linearity is corrupted. If this
happens, the only recourse is to replace the device.
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com 34
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted
Order Number LM12454CIV, LM12458CIV or LM12H458CIV
NS Package Number V44A
Order Number LM12H458CIVF or LM12458CIVF
NS Package Number VGZ44A
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
www.national.com35
Notes
National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves
the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.
For the most current product information visit us at www.national.com.
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NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR
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1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems
which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or
(b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform when
properly used in accordance with instructions for use
provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result
in a significant injury to the user.
2. A critical component is any component of a life support
device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably
expected to cause the failure of the life support device or
system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
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www.national.com
LM12454/LM12458/LM12H458
12-Bit + Sign Data Acquisition System with Self-Calibration
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