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68 7663E–8051–10/08
Timers/Counters The AT89C51RE2 implements two general-purpose, 16-bit Timers/Counters. Such are identified
as Timer 0 and Timer 1, and can be independently configured to operate in a variety of modes
as a Time r or an ev ent Coun ter. Whe n operati ng as a Ti mer, the T imer/Co unter ru ns for a pro-
gramm ed lengt h of time, then issues an i nterrupt reques t. When op erating as a Counter, th e
Timer/Counter counts negative transitions on an external pin. After a preset number of counts,
the Counter issues an interrupt request.
The various operating modes of each Timer/Counter are described in the following sections.
Timer/Counter
Operations A basic opera tion is Timer regi sters THx and TLx (x = 0, 1) connected in ca scade to form a 16-
bit Timer. Setting the run control bit (TRx) in TCON register (see Figure 46) turns the Timer on
by allowing the selec ted input to increment TLx. When TLx overflows it increments THx; when
THx ove rflow s it sets the Time r overf low flag ( TFx) in TCON re gister . Setting the TRx does no t
clear the THx and TLx Timer registe rs. Timer regi sters ca n be accessed to obtain the current
count or to enter preset values. They can be read at any time but TRx bit must be cleared to pre-
set their values, otherwise the behavior of the Timer/Counter is unpredictable.
The C/Tx# control bit selects Timer operation or Counter operation by selecting the divided-
down peripheral clock or external pin Tx as the source for the counted signal. TRx bit must be
cleared when changing the mode of operation, otherwise the behavior of the Timer/Counter is
unpredictable.
For Timer operatio n (C/Tx# = 0), the Timer register counts the d ivided-down per ipheral clock.
The Time r re gister i s inc remente d on ce ev ery per ipher al cyc le (6 pe riphe ral cl ock p erio ds). Th e
Timer clock rate is FPER/6, i.e. FOSC/12 in standard mode or FOSC/6 in X2 mode.
For Coun ter ope ration (C /Tx# = 1), th e Timer re gister c ounts the ne gativ e transit ions on the Tx
external input pi n. The external input is sampled every peri pheral cycles. W hen the sample is
high in one cycle and low in the next one, the Counter is incremented. Since it takes 2 cycles (12
periphe ral cloc k periods ) to recogn ize a nega tive tr ansition , the maxim um count r ate is FPER/12,
i.e. FOSC/24 in standard mode or FOSC/12 in X2 m o de . T h e re ar e no r es tr ic ti o ns o n t h e d ut y cyc le
of the external inp ut signal , but to ensure that a given lev el is sampled at least once before it
changes, it should be held for at least one full peripheral cycle.
Timer 0 T imer 0 functions a s either a Timer or event Counter in four modes of opera tion. Figure 23 to
Figure 26 show the logical configuration of each mode.
Timer 0 is controlled by the four lower bits of TMOD register (see Figure 47) and bits 0, 1, 4 and
5 of TCON register (see Figure 46). TMOD register selects the method of Timer gating (GATE0),
Timer or Cou nter oper ation (T/ C0#) and mode of operat ion (M 10 and M00). T CON regis ter pro-
vides Timer 0 control functions: overflow flag (TF0), run control bit (TR0), interrupt flag (IE0) and
interrupt type control bit (IT0).
For normal T imer operation (GATE0 = 0), setting TR0 all ows TL0 to be incremented by the
selected input. Setting GATE0 and TR0 allows external pin INT0# to control Timer operation.
Timer 0 overflow (count rolls over from all 1s to all 0s) sets TF0 flag generating an interrupt
request.
It is important to stop Timer/Counter before changing mode.