AK4554VTP - AKM Semiconductor, Inc.

ASAHI KASEI [AK4554]

MS0325-E-00 2004/07

- 1 -

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The AK4554 is a low voltage 16bit A/D & D/A converter for portable digital audio system. In the AK4554,

the loss of accuracy form clock jitter is also improved by using SCF techniques for on-chip post filter.

Analog signal input/output of the AK4554 are single-ended, therefore, any external filters are not required.

The AK4554 is suitable for portable digital audio system, as the AK4554 is low power dis sipation and a

small package.

FEATURES

 HPF for DC-offset cancel (fc=3.4Hz)

 Single-ended ADC

- S/(N+D): 80dB@VDD=2.5V

- Dynamic Range, S/N: 89dB@VDD=2.5V

 Single-ended DAC

- Digital de-emphasis for 32kHz, 44.1kHz, 48kHz s ampling

- S/(N+D): 85dB@VDD=2.5V

- Dynamic Range, S/N: 92dB@VDD=2.5V

 Audio I/F format: MSB First, 2’s Compliment (AK4550 compatible)

- ADC: 16bit MSB justified

- DAC: 16bit LSB justified

 Input/Output Voltage: 0.6 x VDD (=1.5Vpp@VDD=2.5V)

 High Jitte r Tolerance

 Sampling Rate : 8kHz to 50kHz

 Master Clock: 256fs/384fs/512fs/768fs (fs=8kHz to 50kHz)

1024fs (fs=8kHz to 25kHz)

 Power Supply: 1.6 to 3.6V

 Low Power Supply Current: 8mA

 Ta = −40 to 85°C

 Very Small Package: 16pin TSSOP

Modulator

MCLK

VDD VSS

AOUTL

AINL LRCK

SCLK

VCOM

AINR

∆Σ

Modulator Decimation

Filter

Serial I/O

Interface

Common Voltage

SDTO

∆Σ Decimation

Filter

SDTI

PWDAN

DEM0

PWADN

Clock

Divider

AOUT

Interpolator

∆

Modulator

∆

Modulator

LPF

LPF DEM1

Low Power & Small Package 16bit ∆Σ CODEC

AK4554

ASAHI KASEI [AK4554]

MS0325-E-00 2004/07

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 Ordering Guide

AK4554VT −40 ∼ +85°C 16pin TSSOP (0.65mm pitch)

AKD4554 Evaluation Board for AK4554

 Pin Layout

1 VCOM

INR

VSS

INL

VDD

DEM0

DEM1

SDTO

Top

View

OUTR

OUTL

PWADN

SCLK

MCLK

LRCK

SDTI

PWDAN

 Comparison wi th AK4550

Item AK4550 AK4554

Power Supply Voltage 2.3 ∼ 3.6V 1.6 ∼ 3.6V

VCOM pin 0.45 x VDD 0.5 x VDD

ADC S/(N+D) (typ) 82dB 80dB

ADC Input Resistance (typ) 100kΩ 70kΩ

ADC PSRR (typ) 35dB 45dB

Power Supply Current (typ)

AD+DA 10mA 8mA

AD 5.6mA 4mA

DA 5.6mA 4.4mA

DAC Digital Filter

Stopband Attenuation (min) 43dB 54dB

Passband Ripple (max) ±0.06dB ±0.02dB

Group Delay 14.8/fs 19.0/fs

MCLK 256fs/384fs/512fs

256fs/384fs/512fs/768fs (fs=8∼50kHz)

1024fs (fs=8∼25kHz)

External Circuit

VCOM pin 4.7µF + 0.1µF 0.1µF

AINL, AINR pins RC filte r is needed. RC filte r is on-chip.

ASAHI KASEI [AK4554]

MS0325-E-00 2004/07

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PIN/FUNCTION

No. Pin Name I/O Function

1 VCOM O Comm on Voltage Output Pin, 0.5 x VDD

2 AINR I Rch Analog Input Pin

3 AINL I Lch Analog Input Pin

4 VSS - Ground Pin

5 VDD - Power Supply Pin

6 DEM0 I De-emphasis Control Pin

7 DEM1 I De-emphasis Control Pin

8 SDTO O Audio Serial Data Output Pin

9 SDTI I Audio Serial Data Input Pin

10 LRCK I Input/Output Channel Clock Pin

11 MCLK I Master Clock Input Pin

12 SCLK I Audio Serial Data Clock Pin

13 PWADN I ADC Power-Down & Reset M ode Pin

“L”: Power down. ADC should always be reset upon power-up.

14 PWDAN I DAC Power-Down & Reset M ode Pin

“L”: Power down. DAC should always be reset upon power-up.

15 AOUTL O Lch Analog Output Pin

16 AOUTR O Rch Analog Output Pin

Note: All input pins except analog input pins (AINR and AINL) should not be left floating.

 Handling of Unused Pin

The unused I/O pins should be processed appropriately as below.

Classification Pin Name Setting

Analog AINR, AINL, AOUTL, AOUTR These pins should be open.

SDTO This pin should be open.

Digital SDTI This pin should be connected to VSS.

ASAHI KASEI [AK4554]

MS0325-E-00 2004/07

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ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

(VSS=0V; Note 1) Parameter Symbol min max Units

Power Supply VDD −0.3 4.6 V

Input Current (any pins except for supplies) IIN - ±10 mA

Input Voltage VIN −0.3 VDD+0.3 V

Ambient Temperature (power applied) Ta −40 85 °C

Storage Tem perature Tstg −65 150 °C

Note 1. All voltages with respect to ground.

WARNING: Operation at or beyond these limits may results in permanent damage to the device.

Normal operation is not guaranteed at these extreme s.

RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS

(VSS=0V; Note 1)

Parameter Symbol min typ max Units

Power Supply VDD 1.6 2.5 3.6 V

Note 1. All voltages with respect to ground.

*AKM assumes no responsibility for the usage beyond the conditions in this datasheet.

ASAHI KASEI [AK4554]

MS0325-E-00 2004/07

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ANALOG CHARACTERISTICS

(Ta=25°C; VDD=2.5V; fs=44.1kHz; Signal Frequency=1kHz; SCLK=64fs; Measurement frequency=20Hz ∼ 20kHz;

unless otherwise specified)

Parameter min typ max Units

ADC Analog Input Characteristics: (Note 2)

Resolution - - 16 Bits

S/(N+D) (−0.5dB Input) 70 80 - dB

D-Range (−60dB Input, A-weighted) 82 89 - dB

S/N (A-weighted) 82 89 - dB

Interchannel Isolation 80 95 - dB

Interchannel Gain Mismatch - 0.2 0.5 dB

Input Voltage (Note 3) 1.35 1.50 1.65 Vpp

Input Resistance 40 70 - kΩ

Power Supply Rejection (Note 4) - 45 - dB

DAC Analog Output Characteristics:

Resolution - - 16 Bits

S/(N+D) 75 85 - dB

D-Range (−60dB Output, A-weighted) 86 92 - dB

S/N (A-weighted) 86 92 - dB

Interchannel Isolation 80 95 - dB

Interchannel Gain Mismatch - 0.2 0.5 dB

Output Voltage (Note 3) 1.35 1.50 1.65 Vpp

Load Resistance 10 - - kΩ

Load Capacitance - - 30 pF

Power Supply Rejection (Note 4) - 50 - dB

Power Supplies

Power Supply Current

AD+DA PWADN= “H”, PWDAN= “H” - 8 13 mA

AD PWADN= “H”, PWDAN= “L” - 4 - mA

DA PWADN= “L”, PWDAN= “H” - 4.4 - mA

Power down (Note 5) PWADN= “L”, PWDAN= “L” - 10 50 µA

Power Consumption

AD+DA PWADN= “H”, PWDAN= “H” - 20 32.5 mW

AD PWADN= “H”, PWDAN= “L” - 10 - mW

DA PWADN= “L”, PWDAN= “H” - 11 - mW

Power down (Note 5) PWADN= “L”, PWDAN= “L” - 25 125 µW

Note 2. The offset of ADC is removed by internal HPF.

Note 3. Input/Output of ADC a nd DAC scales with VDD voltage. 0.6 x VDD(typ).

Note 4. PSR is applied to VDD with 1kHz, 50mV. No signal is input to AINL/R pins and “0” data is input to SDTI pin.

Note 5. In case of powe r-down mode, all digital i nput including clocks pins (M CLK, SCLK and LRCK) are held to VDD

or VSS. PWADN and PWDAN pins are held to VSS.

ASAHI KASEI [AK4554]

MS0325-E-00 2004/07

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FILTER CHARACTERISTICS

(Ta=25°C; VDD=1.6 ∼ 3.6V; fs=44.1kHz; DEM1 pin = “L”, DEM0 pin = “H”)

Parameter Symbol min typ max Units

ADC Digital Filter (Decimation LPF):

Passband (Note 6)

±0.1dB PB 0 - 17.4 kHz

−1.0dB - 20.0 - kHz

−3.0dB - 21.1 - kHz

Stopband SB 25.7 - - kHz

Passband Ripple PR - - ±0.1 dB

Stopband Attenuat ion SA 65 - - dB

Group Delay (Note 7) GD - 17.0 - 1/fs

Group Delay Distortion ∆GD - 0 -

µs

ADC Digital Filter (HPF):

Frequency Response (Note 6) −3dB FR - 3.4 - Hz

−0.5dB - 10 - Hz

−0.1dB - 22 - Hz

DAC Digital Filter:

Passband (Note 6)

±0.05dB PB 0 - 20.0 kHz

−6.0dB - 22.05 - kHz

Stopband SB 24.1 - - kHz

Passband Ripple PR - - ±0.02 dB

Stopband Attenuat ion SA 54 - - dB

Group Delay (Note 7) GD - 19.0 - 1/fs

DAC Digital Filter + Analog Filter:

Frequency Response 0 ∼ 20.0kHz FR -

±0.5 - dB

Note 6. The passband and stopband frequencies scal e with fs (sam pling frequency ). For exam ples, PB=20.0kHz(@ADC:

−1.0dB, DAC: −0.1dB) are 0.454 x fs.

Note 7. This is the calcul ated dela y tim e caused by digita l filtering. This tim e is me asured from the input of analog signal

to setting the 16bit data of both channels on input register to the output register of ADC. This time also includes

group delay of HPF. For DAC, this time is from setting the 16bit data of both channels on input register to the

output of analog signal.

DC CHARACTERISTICS

(Ta=25°C; VDD=1.6 ∼ 3.6V)

Parameter Symbol min typ max Units

High-Level Input Volt age 2.2V≤VDD≤3.6V VIH 70%VDD - - V

1.6V≤VDD<2.2V VIH 80%VDD - - V

Low-Level Input Voltage 2.2V≤VDD≤3.6V VIL - - 30%VDD V

1.6V≤VDD<2.2V VIL - - 20%VDD V

High-Level Output Vol tage (Iout= −20µA) VOH VDD−0.1 - - V

Low-Level Output Voltage (Iout= 20µA) VOL - - 0.1 V

Input Leakage Current Iin - - ±10 µA

ASAHI KASEI [AK4554]

MS0325-E-00 2004/07

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SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS

(Ta=25°C; VDD=1.6 ∼ 3.6V; CL=20pF)

Parameter Symbol min typ max Units

Master Clock Timing

Frequency 256fs/384fs/512fs/768fs fCLK 2.048 - 38.4 MHz

1024fs fCLK 2.048 - 25.6 MHz

Duty Cycle dCLK 40 - 60 %

LRCK Timing

Frequency fs 8 44.1 50 kHz

Duty Cycle Duty 45 - 55

Serial Interface Timing

SCLK Period tSCK 312.5 - - ns

SCLK Pulse Width Low tSCKL 130 - - ns

Pulse Width High tSCKH 130 - - ns

LRCK Edge to SCLK “↑” (Note 8) tLRS 50 - - ns

SCLK “↑” to LRCK Edge (Note 8) tSLR 50 - - ns

LRCK Edge to SDTO (MSB) tDLR - - 80 ns

SCLK “↓” to SDTO tDSS - - 80 ns

SDTI Hold Time tSDH 50 - - ns

SDTI Setup Time tSDS 50 - - ns

Reset Timing

PWADN or PWDAN Pulse Width tPW 150 - - ns

PWADN “↑” to SDTO Valid (Note 9) tPWV - 2081 - 1/fs

Note 8. SCLK rising edge must not occur at the same time as LRCK edge.

Note 9. These cycles are the number of LRCK rising from PWADN rising.

ASAHI KASEI [AK4554]

MS0325-E-00 2004/07

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 Timing Diagram

1/fCLK

MCLK VIH

VIL

tCLKLtCLKH dCLK = tCLKH x fCLK x 100

= tCLKL x fCLK x 100

1/fs

LRCK VIH

VIL

tLRLtLRH Duty = tLRH x fs x 100

= tLRL x fs x 100

tSCK

tSCKL

VIH

tSCKH

SCLK VIL

Figure 1. Clock Timing

tLRS

LRCK

VIH

SCLK VIL

SDTO 50%VDD

tDSS

VIH

VIL

tSLR

tSDS

SDTI VIH

VIL

tSDH

tDLR

Figure 2. Serial Interface Timing

tPW

VIL

PWADN

tPWV

SDTO 50%VDD

tPW

VIL

PWDAN

VIH

Figur e 3 . Re se t & I n it ialize Timing

ASAHI KASEI [AK4554]

MS0325-E-00 2004/07

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OPERATION OVERVIEW

 System Clock Input

The AK4554 can be input M CLK= 256fs, 384fs, 512fs, 768fs or 1024fs (fs is equal to or lower tha n 25kHz when MCLK

is 1024fs). The input clock applied to the MCLK pin as internal master clock is divided into 256fs automatically. When

MCLK is 1024fs, oversampling rate of D/A converter is automatical ly changed from 128fs to 256fs. The relationship

between the external cl ock applied to the MCLK input and the desired sam ple rate is defined in Table 1. The LRCK cl ock

input should be synchronized with MCLK. The phase between these clocks does not matter. *fs is sampling frequency.

When the synchronization is out of phase by changing the clock frequencies during normal operation, the AK4554 may

occur click noise.

All external clocks(MCLK, SCLK and LRCK) must be present unless PWADN=PWDAN= “L”. If these clocks are not

provided, the AK4554 may draw excess current and may not possibly operate properly because the device utilizes

dynamic refreshed logic internally .

fs MCLK SCLK

256fs 384fs 512fs 768fs 1024fs 32fs 64fs

8.0kHz 2.0480MHz 3.0720MHz 4.0960MHz 6.1440MHz 8.1920MHz 0.2560MHz 0.512MHz

16.0kHz 4.0960MHz 6.1440MHz 8.1920MHz 12.2880MHz 16.3840MHz 0.5120MHz 1.024MHz

32.0kHz 8.1920MHz 12.2880MHz 16.3840MHz 24.5760MHz N/A 1.0240MHz 2.048MHz

44.1kHz 11.2896MHz 16.9344MHz 22.5792MHz 33.8688MHz N/A 1.4112MHz 2.822MHz

48.0kHz 12.2880MHz 18.4320MHz 24.5760MHz 36.8640MHz N/A 1.5360MHz 3.072MHz

Table 1. System Clock Example

For low sampl ing rates, outband noise causes S/ N of DAC to degrade. S/N is im proved by setting MCLK to 1024fs. Table

2 shows S/N of DAC output.

fs MCLK S/N(fs=8kHz, A-weighted)

8kHz ∼ 50kHz 256fs/384fs/512fs/768fs 84dB

8kHz ∼ 25kHz 1024fs 90dB

Table 2. Relationship among fs, MCLK frequency and S/N of DAC

ASAHI KASEI [AK4554]

MS0325-E-00 2004/07

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 Audio Serial Interface Form at

Data is shifted in/out the SDTI/SDTO pins using SCLK and LRCK inputs. The data is MSB first, 2’s compliment.

SDTI(i)

SCLK(i)

LRCK

SDTI(i)

SCLK(i)

0 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 1

(32fs)

(64fs)

014

115 16 17 31 0 1 14 15 16 17 31 0 1

15:MSB, 0:LSB Lch Data Rch Data

15 14 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 15 1415 14 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

15 14 0 15 14 0

Don’t care Don’t care

SDTO(o)

15 14 210 1514

15 14 2 1 0

SDTO(o)

Figure 4. Audio Interface Timing

 De-emphasis filter

The DAC of AK4554 includes the digital de-emphasis filter (tc=50/15µs) by IIR filter. This filter corresponds to three

frequencies (32kHz, 44.1kHz and 48kHz). The de-emphasis fil ter sel ected by DEM 0 and DEM1 pins is enable d for input

audio data. The de-emphasis is also disabled at DEM1 pin = “L” and DEM0 pin = “H”.

DEM1 pin DEM0 pin Mode

L L 44.1kHz

L H OFF

H L 48kHz

H H 32kHz

Table 3. De-emphasis filter control

 Digital High Pass Filter

The AK4554 has a Digital High Pass Filter (HPF) for DC-offset cancel. The cut-off frequency of the HPF is 3.4Hz at

fs=44.1kHz and the frequency response at 20Hz is −0.12dB. It also scales with the sampling frequency (fs).

ASAHI KASEI [AK4554]

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 Power-down & Reset

The ADC and DAC of AK4554 are placed in the power-down mode by bringing each power down pin, PWADN,

PWDAN = “L” independently and each digital filter is also reset at the same time. These resets should always be done

after power-up. In case of the ADC, an anlog initiali zation cy cle starts after exiting the power-down m ode. Therefore, the

output data, SDTO becomes a vailable afte r 2081 cycles of LRC K clock. This i nitiali zation cycle does not affect the DAC

operation. Figure 5 shows the power-up sequence when the ADC is powered up before the DAC power-up.

Idle N o ise

The clocks may be stopped.

DC Internal

State

PWADN 2081/fs

Normal Operation Po wer-down Init Cycle Normal Operation

GD GD

Clock In

MCLK,LRCK,SCLK

DC In

(Analog)

Idle N o is e “0”data

DC Out

(Digital)

PWDAN

Normal Operation Power-down Normal Operation

DAC Internal

State

“0”data

DAC In

(Digital)

DAC Out

(Analog)

External

Mute Mute ON

Figure 5. Power-up Sequence

ASAHI KASEI [AK4554]

MS0325-E-00 2004/07

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SYSTEM DESIGN

Figure 6 shows the system connection diagram. An evaluation board[AKD4554] is available which demonstrates

application circuit, optimum layout, power supply arrangements and measurement results.

VCOM1

INR2

INL 3

VSS 4

VDD 5

DEM06

DEM17

SDTO8

AOUTR

AOUTL

PWADN

SCLK

MCLK

LRCK

SDTI

AK4554

Top View

0.1u

Rch In

Lch In

Analog Supply 10u +

Controller

Sy stem GroundAnalog Ground

PWDAN Reset

Reset

0.1u

Mode

Control

1.6 ∼ 3.6V

Figure 6. System Connection Diagram Example

Notes:

- When AOUT drives some capacitive load, some resistor should be added in series between AOUT and capacitive

load.

- Capacitor value of VCOM depends on low frequency noise of supply voltage.

ASAHI KASEI [AK4554]

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1. Grounding and Power Supply Decoupling

VDD and VSS are supplied from analog supply and should be separated from system digital supply. Decoupling

capacitors should be as near to the AK4554 as possible, with the small value ceramic capacitor being nearest.

2. Voltage Reference

The input to VDD volta ge sets the analog input/out put range. A 0.1µF cerami c capacitor and a 10µF el ectrolytic capacit or

is connected to VDD and VSS pins, normally. VCOM is a signal ground of this chip. An electrolytic less than 4.7µF in

parallel with a 0.1µF ceramic capacitor attached to these pins eliminates the effects of high frequency noise. No load

current may be drawn from VCOM pin. All si gnals, especially cloc k, should be kept away from the VDD and VCOM pins

in order to avoid unwanted coupling into the AK4554.

3. Analog Inputs

ADC inputs are single-ended and internally biased to VCOM. The input signal range scales with the supply voltage and

nominally 0.6xVDD Vpp(typ). The ADC output data format is 2’s compliment.

The AK4554 samples the analog inputs at 64fs. The digital fi lter rejects noise above the stop band except for multiples of

64fs. The AK4554 includes an anti -aliasing filter (RC filter) to att e nuate a noise around 64fs.

4. Analog Outputs

The analog outputs are also si ngle-ended and centered around t he VCOM voltage. The output signal range scales with the

supply voltage and nominal ly 0.6xVDD Vpp(ty p). The DAC input data forma t is 2’s com plim ent. The out put voltage is a

positive full scale for 7FFFH(@16bit) and a negative full scale for 8000H(@16bit). The ideal output is VCOM voltage

for 0000H(@16bit). If the noise generat ed by the delta-sigma modulator beyond the audio band would be the problem, the

attenuation by external filter is required.

DC offsets on analog outputs are eliminated by AC coupling since DAC outputs have DC offsets of a few mV.

ASAHI KASEI [AK4554]

MS0325-E-00 2004/07

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 Layout Pattern Example

AK4554 requires careful attention to power supply and grounding arrangements to optimize performance.

(Please refer to AKD4554 Evaluation Board layout pattern.)

1. VDD pin should be supplied from analog power supply on system, and VSS pin should be connected to analog

ground on system. The AK4554 i s placed on the analog ground plane , and near the analog ground and digital ground

split. And analog and digital ground planes should be only connected at one point. The connection point should be

near to the AK4554.

2. VDD pin should be distributed from the point with low impedance of regula tor etc.

3. The series resistors are prevent on the clock lines to reduce overshoot and undershoot. To avoid digital noise

coupling to analog c ircuit i n the AK4554, a 10pF c eram ic capa citor on M CLK pin i s connected wi th digit al ground.

4. 0.1µF ceramic capacitors of VDD-VSS pins and VCOM-VSS pins should be located as close to the AK4554 as

possible. And these lines should be the shortest connection to pins.

0.1u

Rch In

Lch In

Analog Supply

10u

Controller

Digital Ground

Analog Ground

0.1u

1.6 ∼ 3.6V

VCO

IN L

VSS

VDD

DEM0

DEM1

SDT

AOUTL

PWADN

SCL

MCL

LRC

SDTI

AK4554

Top View

PWDAN

10P

Reset &Power-down

Mo de C ontrol

+51

Figure 7. Layout Pattern Example

ASAHI KASEI [AK4554]

MS0325-E-00 2004/07

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PACKAGE

0-10°

Detail A

Seating Plane 0.10

0.17

0.05

0.22±0.1 0.65

*5.0±0.1 1.05±0.05

916

in TSSOP

(

Unit: mm

)

*4.4±0.1

6.4±0.2

0.5±0.2

0.1±0.1

NOTE: Dimension "*" does not include mold flash.

0.13 M

 Package & Lead frame material

Package molding compound: Epoxy

Lead frame material: Cu

Lead frame surface treatment: Solder (Pb free) plate

ASAHI KASEI [AK4554]

MS0325-E-00 2004/07

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MARKING

AKM

4554VT

XXYYY

1) Pin #1 indication

2) Date Code : XXYYY (5 digits)

XX: Lot#

YYY: Date Code

3) Marketing Code : 4554VT

4) Asahi Kasei Logo

Revision History

Date (YY/MM/DD) Revision Reason Page Contents

04/07/28 00 First Edition

ASAHI KASEI [AK4554]

MS0325-E-00 2004/07

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IMPORTANT NOTICE

• These produc ts and their spec ifications are subject to c hange without notice. Before considering

any use or applic ation, consult the Asahi K asei Microsystems Co., Lt d. (AKM) sales office or

authorized di stributor c oncerning their curr ent status .

• AKM as sumes no liability f or infringement of any patent, intell ectual property, or other right in the

applicat ion or use of any informat ion contained herein.

• Any export of thes e products , or devices or systems containing t hem, may require an export license

or other official approval under the law and regulations of the country of export pertaining to customs

and tarif fs, currenc y exchange, or st rategic materi als.

• AKM product s are neither int ended nor authorized f or use as crit ical component s in any safet y, life

support , or other hazard related dev ice or syst em, and AKM ass umes no responsib ility relating to

any such use, except with t he express written c onsent of the Representative Di rector of AK M. As

used here:

(a) A hazard related device or system is one designed or intended for life support or maintenance of

safet y or for applications in medicine, aerosp ace, nuclear energy, or other fields, in which its

failure t o func tion or perform may reaso nably be expec t ed to result in lo ss of li f e or in significant

injury or damage to pers on or property.

(b) A cri tical c omponent is one whose fail ure to func tion or perf orm may r easonably be expected to

result, whether dire ctly or indirectl y, in the loss of the safety or ef fectivenes s of the device or

syst em containing it , and which must theref ore meet very high s tandards of perfor mance and

reliability.

• It is the respons ibility of the buyer or dis tributor of an AKM pro duct who dist ributes, dispo ses of , or

otherwise plac es the product wit h a third party to noti fy that part y in advance of the above content

and conditio ns, and t he buyer or dist ribut or agrees t o ass ume any and al l respons ibili ty and l iabilit y

for and hold AK M harmless f rom any and all claims arising from the use of said product in th e

absence of such notif ication.